1. V. G. Belinsky on Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin*.
2. Historicism of the work.
3. Lyrical digressions in the novel.
Role digressions in the creation of an "encyclopedia of Russian life". A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" is realistic work. V. G. Belinsky wrote that “Onegin is a poetically true picture of Russian society in known era". The critic noted: “we see a poetically reproduced picture of Russian society, taken in one of interesting moments its development. From this point of view, "Eugene Onegin" is a historical poem in the full sense of the word, although there is not a single historical person among its heroes.
Belinsky's opinion cannot but seem interesting to us, modern readers. But, on the other hand, in what way is the historicism of the work manifested? After all, the author does not speak of any historical event. And the life story of a young nobleman is actually not so connected with historical era... But in fact, the novel brilliantly recreates a picture of the real life of that time, recreated largely thanks to lyrical digressions. There are more than enough of them in the work. The undoubted advantage of lyrical digressions is that the novel does not read like a story about privacy Main character. They allow us to perceive the novel as a real "encyclopedia of Russian life", that is how V. G. Belinsky called the work.
The novel contains autobiographical digressions. In them, the poet refers to his past, talks about himself and own life. The elegiac tonality inherent in digressions of this nature gives us the opportunity to impartially observe the ideological evolution of the poet himself, to realize how he himself changes as the novel is written. The creation of "Eugene Onegin" took Pushkin about eight years. This is a very significant period of human life. And if we consider that the poet died in a duel at a relatively young age (thirty-seven years), then for him short life eight years is a long time. Great importance have lyrical digressions in which the poet speaks about the culture of that time. He turns to theater and literature, names the most famous figures arts and culture:
Magic edge! there in the old days,
Satyrs are a bold ruler,
Fonvizin shone, friend of freedom,
And enterprising Knyazhnin;
There Ozerov involuntary tribute
People's tears, applause
I shared with the young Semyonova;
There our Katenin resurrected
Corneille is a majestic genius;
There he brought out the sharp Shakhovskoy
Noisy swarm of their comedies,
There Diderot was crowned with glory,
There, there under the shadow of the wings
My young days flew by.
One can understand that Pushkin is proud of them. He is well versed in the present and the past, feels his involvement with the world of beauty. No less interesting are the lyrical digressions in which the poet talks about Moscow:
Moscow, I thought about you!
Moscow ... how much in this sound
Merged for the Russian heart!
How much resonated in it!
Here, surrounded by its oak forest,
Petrovsky castle. He is gloomy
Proud of recent glory.
Napoleon waited in vain
Intoxicated with last happiness,
Moscow kneeling
With the keys of the old Kremlin:
No, my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
Moscow, in the view of Pushkin himself, is closely connected with the fate of the Russian people. It is no coincidence that the poet recalls Napoleon, who wants to conquer Russia. The fact that the native country survived, according to the author, is a regularity, because the Russian people are ready to defend their state to the last drop of blood.
Thanks to the digressions of the author, the reader is revealed bright pictures. From them you can learn more about the features of the life of provincial landowners, about the life of peasants. Much has been said about folk customs. The life of the Larin family, provincial landowners, is closely connected with the life common people. We learn that the "habits of the sweet old days" are necessarily observed in their family, we also observe how they spend time, how they have fun:
They kept in a peaceful life
Sweet old habits;
They have oily Shrovetide
There were Russian pancakes;
Twice a year they fasted;
Loved the round swing
Podbludny songs, round dance;
On Trinity Day, when the people of Yawning listen to a prayer service,
Tenderly on a beam of dawn They dropped three tears;
They needed kvass like air,
And at their table the guests wore dishes according to their ranks.
We get the impression that the life of rural landowners is more harmonious than the life of a brilliant secular society. The contradictions, falsehood and hypocrisy inherent in noble people are too obvious:
But everyone in the living room takes
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything in them is so pale indifferent;
They slander even boringly;
In the barren dryness of speeches,
Questions, gossip and news
Thoughts will not flash for a whole day,
Though by chance, at least at random;
The languid mind will not smile,
The heart will not tremble, even for a joke.
And you won't even find funny stupidity in you, the light is empty.
Belinsky brilliantly wrote about how great the role of lyrical digressions in the novel “Eugene Onegin” is: the personality of the poet in them is so loving, so humane. In his poem, he was able to touch on so many things, to hint about so many things, that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society! This connection of the work with real life Russian Society XIX century is felt even now, despite the fact that we, contemporary readers, separates a huge time interval from Pushkin's time. We enthusiastically read Pushkin's lines, which make it possible to better know and understand history. home country, her past. It is no coincidence that the novel "Eugene Onegin" is considered one of the the best works Russian classical literature.
The novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" is one of the greatest assets of Russian literature of the 19th century. Everyone who read this work found something new for themselves. V. G. Belinsky rightfully called the novel an “encyclopedia of Russian life”.
In "Eugene Onegin" A. S. Pushkin separated the author from the protagonist. The narrator, on whose behalf the story is told, is present in the novel along with other characters. And the attitude of the author is different from the attitude of his characters.
The poet in the novel raises many problems: the position of a person in society, the influence historical conditions on personality, unhappy love, the meaning of life. A special originality of the novel is given by lyrical digressions in which the author expresses his attitude to events and characters, and also philosophizes on various topics.
In my opinion, in lyrical digressions, Pushkin emphasizes the spiritual closeness of himself and the protagonist of the work: “Onegin is my good friend”, “Tatiana is a dear ideal”. The author's thoughts are primarily an extra-plot element, with the help of which the narrator addresses the reader from the pages of the book, while certain ideas are expressed directly, and not on behalf of any character.
In "Eugene Onegin" there are twenty-seven lyrical digressions and about fifty different lyrical inserts. For the novel, which the author himself called "free", this form of communication with the reader is very important, since it creates a feeling of a relaxed conversation on the most different topics. So, Pushkin reflects on his favorite pastime - literature, on the desire to write in prose.
I think the lyrical digressions seem to recreate the image of Pushkin himself - a smart, loving, humane man. This was the reason for Belinsky to say: “Onegin” is Pushkin’s most sincere work, the most beloved child of his imagination, here is all his life, all his soul, all his love; here are his feelings, concepts, ideals.” In lyrical digressions, the poet raises the pressing problems of his time, and also addresses eternal, human issues. Most often it is associated with love:
Love for all ages;
But to young virgin hearts
Her impulses are beneficial,
Like storms external fields.
In the rain of passions they freshen up,
And they are renewed, and they ripen -
And a mighty life gives
And lush color and sweet fruit.
In another digression, Pushkin writes about romantic literary heroes, to which the author gives his own, special characteristic:
Lord Byron by a lucky whim
Cloaked in dull romanticism
And hopeless selfishness.
The poet also addresses his contemporary society, in which there is a lot of envy, pretense and cruelty. Often some absurdity in this society can cause the death or murder of a person:
Enemies!
They are each other in silence
Prepare for death in cold blood.
Do not laugh at them until
Their hand did not turn red,
Do not part amicably.
But wildly secular feud
Fear of false shame.
Pushkin eschews the traditional introductory address to the muse, but there is something similar to this at the end of the seventh chapter:
Yes, by the way, there are two words about that:
I sing a young friend
And many of his quirks
Bless my long labor
Oh you epic muse!
The language of lyrical digressions is distinguished by liveliness, simplicity and expressiveness, which, in my opinion, creates immediacy and friendliness towards the reader and the heroes of the novel. Through the language of the narrative, the author expressed his attitude to the characters. So, in the first chapter, familiar to the reader with Onegin, Pushkin applied the style of secular speech with its peculiarity “without being forced to touch everything lightly in a conversation.” He used French English words, with a grin, spoke about the upbringing of Onegin, about his education. Describing the subtle and impressionable nature of Lensky, the author used romantic vocabulary: “He wandered the world with a lyre”, “his soul ignited with poetic fire.”
The author describes his beloved heroine Tatyana in a completely different way. Special caress and warmth sound in his words. The epithet dear is used very often: “I love Tatiana so much”, “Tatiana, dear Tatiana”, “and sweet Tanya's youth fades”. Also, describing her image, the narrator uses diminutive forms of words: “she wrote with a lovely finger”, “a voice sounds”. Talking about the love of a girl, the poet decorates the lines with epithets and metaphors, emphasizing her emotional unrest: “drinks, seductive deceit”, “the cheeks are covered with an instant flame.” Thus, various artistic and stylistic means were successfully used by Pushkin to express his attitude towards the characters and to characterize them more accurately.
Thus, we can say that the author in the novel appears as an educated and wise person. He is deep and attentive to the problems of contemporary society. His statements are so bright and expressive that they later became aphorisms (“it is possible to efficient person and think about the beauty of nails ..”, “all ages are submissive to love”, “like rosy lips without a smile, without grammatical error I don't like Russian language). The author often empathizes with his characters, and he is not indifferent to their fate.
I think "Eugene Onegin" - amazing work, because it was not like the others either in its form or content. The peculiarity of the novel is its content and relevance both for the nineteenth century and for our days.
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- Creating the novel "Eugene Onegin", this "encyclopedia of Russian life", Pushkin gave a picture of all strata of Russian society. But describing all this Pushkin ...
Lyrical digressions in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
"Eugene Onegin" - the first realistic novel in Russian literature, which "reflected the century and modern man depicted quite correctly.
A.S. Pushkin worked on the novel from 1823 to 1831.
In this work, the author freely moves from a plot narrative to lyrical digressions that interrupt the course of " free novel". In lyrical digressions, the author tells us his opinion about certain events, gives characteristics to his heroes, tells about himself. So, we learn about the author's friends, about literary life, about plans for the future, we get acquainted with his thoughts about the meaning of life, about friends, about love and much more, which gives us the opportunity to get an idea not only about the heroes of the novel, about the life of Russian society at that time, but also about the personality of the poet himself.
We meet the first lyrical digressions already in the first chapter of the novel by A.S. Pushkin. The author describes Eugene Onegin and shows his attitude towards the silent
“The conditions of light overthrowing the burden,
How he, lagging behind the hustle and bustle,
I became friends with him at that time.
I liked his features."
Pushkin considers himself to be in the generation of Eugene Onegin. At the beginning of the novel
Onegin is still drawn without malicious irony, disappointment in the light brings him closer to the author: “I was embittered, he is gloomy,” and makes readers feel sympathy for him: “I liked his features.” Pushkin notices those features that make him related to the hero: attention to appearance: “you can be a practical person and think about the beauty of your nails,” and ladies at balls, but at the same time he is always “glad to notice the difference” between them and asks the reader not to identify them. But in relation to nature, Pushkin and Onegin are not alike. Pushkin sees nature as a source of inspiration and positive emotions:
"I was born for a peaceful life,
For rural silence
And then Pushkin notes:
"Flowers, love, village, idleness,
Fields! I am devoted to you soul
I'm always glad to see the difference
Between Onegin and me.
Everything truly Russian, Pushkin believes, is inextricably linked with the natural principle, is in complete harmony with it.
We see the same reverent attitude to the beauties of nature in the heroine Tatyana Larina, who is spiritually close to the poet. It is in nature that she finds peace of mind. So, leaving for Petersburg,
“She, as with old friends,
With their groves, meadows
And having got into the “noise of brilliant vanities”, he yearns most of all for the “field life”. Thus, the author paints his heroine with the “Russian soul”, despite the fact that she “expresses with difficulty in her native language”. Tatyana "believed in the legends of antiquity, and dreams, and card divination, and predictions of the moon."
Lyrical digressions are usually associated with the plot of the novel, but there are also those in which Pushkin reflects on his fate:
"The spring of my days has rushed by
(What did he say jokingly until now)?
And is she really no age?
Am I really thirty years old soon? ”, - about the lifestyle of the poet:
"I knew with you
All that is enviable for a poet:
Oblivion of life in storms of light,
Conversation sweet friends "
Pushkin tells in lyrical digressions about the idea of the novel:
Many, many days have passed
Ever since young Tatyana
And with her Onegin in a vague dream
Appeared to me for the first time
And the distance of free romance
I'm through the magic crystal
I still don't see it clearly."
In lyrical digressions A.S. Pushkin, we learn a lot about the poet himself, his attitude to the heroes of the novel, to way of life that time. These digressions make it possible to present the image of the poet more clearly and more clearly.
The role of lyrical digressions in the novel "Eugene Onegin"
In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" there are twenty-seven lyrical digressions and fifty different types of lyrical inserts. Some of them take only one line. Others are very extensive, and if they are combined, they form two independent chapters in their volume.
It is thanks to lyrical digressions that the action of the novel goes beyond the private life of the hero and expands to the scale of the all-Russian.
Belinsky: “The deviations made by the poet from the story, his appeal to himself are full of extraordinary grace, sincerity, feeling, intelligence, sharpness; the personality of the poet in them is so loving, so humane. In his poem, he was able to touch on so many things, to hint about so many things, that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society!
The image of the author is not limited to lyrical digressions (author's comments and remarks are scattered throughout the text of the novel). In the course of the novel, the author, like his characters, undergoes evolution. Thus, researchers, studying the style of the poet, note the difference between the chapters written before and after 1825. The author does not associate himself with Onegin, emphasizing the differences in their attitude to life, nature, theater, wine, women, etc. Pushkin goes to his development further than Lensky, becoming a poet of reality and emphasizing that a poetic and enthusiastic attitude to life are two different things. The poet himself believed that he was closest to Tatyana. In the last chapters, Pushkin is a man of the post-December era, he has taken shape as a poet and personality. Thus, in the novel, Pushkin appears as if in two forms - the author and the narrator, and it is obvious that the image of the first is much broader than the image of the second.
“Now I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a diabolical difference,” A. S. Pushkin reported about the beginning of work on Eugene Onegin, emphasizing its unconventionality. Poetic speech presupposes a certain freedom of the author, which is why in the eighth chapter the author calls his novel in verse "free".
The freedom of Pushkin's work is, first of all, the author's easy conversation with readers, the expression of the author's "I". Such a free form of narration allowed Pushkin to recreate historical picture contemporary society.
One of major topics author's digressions in "Eugene Onegin" is the image of nature. Throughout the novel, the reader passes both winter with merry games of children and skating on “neater than fashionable parquet” ice, and spring - “time for love”. Pushkin draws a quiet "northern" summer, "a caricature of the southern winters", and, undoubtedly, he does not disregard his beloved autumn.
The landscape exists in the novel along with the characters, which makes it possible for the author to characterize them. inner world through relationships with nature. Emphasizing the spiritual closeness of Tatiana with nature, the author highly appreciates moral qualities heroines. Sometimes the landscape appears to the reader as Tatyana sees it: “... she loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony”, “... through the window Tatyana saw a whitened yard in the morning.”
It is impossible not to note the author's descriptions of the life and customs of the society of that time. The reader will learn about how secular youth was brought up and spent time, even albums of county young ladies open before him. The author's opinion about balls, fashion, attracts attention with the sharpness of observation.
What brilliant lines are dedicated to the theatre. Playwrights, actors ... We ourselves seem to find ourselves in this “magic land”, where Fonvizin shone - a friend of freedom, we see Istomina “flying like fluff from the lips of Eol”.
Some lyrical digressions in the novel are directly autobiographical in nature. This gives us the right to say that the novel is the story of the personality of the poet himself, a creative, thinking, extraordinary personality. Pushkin is both the creator of the novel and its hero.
"Eugene Onegin" was written by Alexander Sergeevich for seven years in different times, under different circumstances. The poetic lines describe the poet's memories of the days "when in the gardens of the Lyceum" the Muse began to "appear" to him, about the forced exile "will the hour of my freedom come?". The poet ends his work with sad and bright words about the days lived and the departed friends: “There are no others, and those are far away ...”
As if with close people, Pushkin shares with us, readers, reflections on life:
Who lived and thought, he cannot
Don't despise people in your heart...
But it's sad to think that in vain
We were given youth...
The poet is worried about his own poetic fate and the fate of his creation:
Perhaps it will not sink in Lethe
A stanza composed by me;
Perhaps (flattering hope!),
The future ignorant will indicate
To my illustrious portrait
And he says: that was the Poet!
Expressed in lyrical digressions and literary preferences of Alexander Sergeevich, his creative position, realized in the novel:
... just tell you
Traditions of the Russian family,
Love captivating dreams
Yes, the morals of our side.
Friendship, nobility, devotion, love are qualities highly valued by Pushkin. However, life confronted the poet not only with the best manifestations of these moral values, so the following lines appeared:
Whom to love? Whom to believe?
Who won't change to one? --
The heroes of the novel are like “good friends” of its creator: “I love my dear Tatyana so much”, “Eugene was more tolerable than many”, “... I love my hero from the bottom of my heart”. The author does not hide his affection for the characters, he emphasizes his difference with Onegin, so that the “mocking reader” does not reproach him for “staining” his portrait. It is difficult to agree with Pushkin. His image lives on the pages of the novel, not only in his characters.
The poet speaks to us in lines of lyrical digressions, and we, his descendants, have a unique opportunity to talk with Pushkin through the centuries.
Alexander Sergeevich put his mind, his powers of observation, life and literary experience, their knowledge of people and Russia. He put his soul into it. And in the novel, perhaps more than in his other works, the growth of his soul is visible. As A. Blok said, the writer's creations are "external results of the underground growth of the soul." To Pushkin, to his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" this is applied to the fullest extent.
What do we call a lyrical digression? Maybe, from the point of view of plot development, this is generally superfluous in the work? First, it distracts from the main line. Secondly, - lyrics, but give us events and conflicts, a story about the actions of the main characters or, at worst, a description of nature. But such an opinion is superficial. If you think about it, the goal of any work is not the development of the plot, but the realization of the author’s ideas related to it, his response to historical or historical events. contemporary author outlook on life.
Pushkin himself stepped onto the pages of the novel "Eugene Onegin", stood next to the characters, talking about personal meetings and conversations with them. It is from the words of the author that we largely learn the character of Onegin, it is his memoirs and assessments that become signs of the times for the reader. Lyrical digressions in the novel are not just sweet memories from the author's life, not only flashes of his bright personality, but the most truthful and brightest illustrations of the Russian life of the first quarter XIX centuries written the greatest artist, sprouts, from which, miraculously intertwining, formed, grew pictures of life.
For example, a lyrical digression about women's legs is kind of comic, funny, like sketches on the margins of a draft, which are insensitively drawn by the hand, while the mind gives rise to a thought, while the line is being formed. But his ending is about youthful love: I remember the sea before a thunderstorm:
How I envied the waves
Running in a stormy succession
Lie down at her feet with love!
How I wanted then with the waves
Touch your lovely feet! -
Not an accidental flash-vision of young Maria Raevskaya, but important detail storytelling, because tragic fate Pushkin will return to this proud and brave woman more than once. Is it not her selflessness and respect for her husband that will sound in the last answer of Pushkin's beloved heroine - Tatyana! It is her fidelity and self-sacrifice, the ability to live in debt to loved ones that symbolizes the soul of a Russian woman for the poet. Or a lyrical digression about Moscow, about the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, permeated with a sense of pride for the fact that
... my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
Not a holiday, not an accepting gift,
She was preparing a fire
An impatient hero.
Pride in one's capital, in one's homeland, a sense of belonging to its history, a feeling of being an integral part of it are characteristic of the Russian character of Pushkin's contemporary and like-minded person. It was from this that the desire to change the foundations of the state grew, from here the Decembrists paved the way to Senate Square and the mines of Siberia. In lyrical digressions, we see the interweaving of the personal with the public, the voices of the heart and soul and the calls of the mind. Here is another lyrical digression - at the beginning Chapter VIII. The result of a separate segment of life and creativity, when the muse
sang<…>
And the glory of our antiquity,
And heart trembling dreams
When the poet proudly says:
Old man Derzhavin noticed us
And, descending into the coffin, he blessed.
You immediately remember that Derzhavin and Pushkin have many common themes in poetry, and one of them is “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...”. No, lyrical digressions are not superfluous. There is nothing “superfluous” in the brilliant novel of the brilliant Russian poet, because the “encyclopedia of Russian life”, written by the great poet and a bright personality, is composed of events comprehended by his mind and feelings that agitated his soul.
