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✪ Plushkin. In Plyushkin's house
✪ Chichikov at Plushkin's
✪ Plushkin. Deal
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Biography of Plushkin:
In his youth he was married, was the father of two daughters and a son. He was the owner of a rich estate. Reputed to be a thrifty owner:
a neighbor came to him to dine, to listen and learn from him housekeeping and wise stinginess. Everything flowed vividly and took place at a measured pace: mills, felters were moving, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills were working; everywhere the keen eye of the owner entered into everything and, like an industrious spider, he ran troublesomely, but quickly, along all ends of his economic web. Too much strong feelings were not reflected in the features of his face, but the mind was visible in the eyes; his speech was permeated with experience and knowledge of the world, and it was pleasant for the guest to listen to him; the friendly and talkative hostess was famous for her hospitality; two pretty daughters came out to meet them, both blond and fresh as roses; the son ran out, a broken boy, and kissed everyone, paying little attention to whether the guest was happy or not happy about this. All the windows in the house were open, the mezzanine was occupied by the apartment of a French teacher, who had a nice shave and was a great shooter: he always brought black grouse or ducks for dinner, and sometimes only sparrow eggs, from which he ordered himself scrambled eggs, because there are more in the whole house nobody ate it. His compatriot, the mentor of two girls, also lived on the mezzanine. The owner himself appeared at the table in a frock coat, although somewhat worn, but neat, the elbows were in order: there was no patch anywhere. But the good mistress died; part of the keys, and with them minor worries, passed to him. Plyushkin became more restless and, like all widowers, more suspicious and stingy. He could not rely on his eldest daughter Alexandra Stepanovna in everything, and he was right, because Alexandra Stepanovna soon ran away with the staff captain, God knows what cavalry regiment, and married him somewhere hastily in the village church, knowing that her father does not like officers due to a strange prejudice, as if all military gamblers and motishki. Her father sent a curse to her on the road, but did not care to pursue. The house became even more empty. In the owner, stinginess began to be more noticeable, his gray hair sparkled in his coarse hair, her faithful friend, helped her develop even more; the French teacher was released because the time had come for his son to serve; Madame was driven away, because she turned out to be not without sin in the abduction of Alexandra Stepanovna; son being sent to provincial city in order to find out in the ward, in the opinion of his father, an essential service, he decided instead to join the regiment and wrote to his father already according to his definition, asking for money for uniforms; it is quite natural that he received for this what is called shish in the common people. Finally last daughter, who remained with him in the house, died, and the old man found himself alone as a watchman, keeper and owner of his wealth. A solitary life has given nourishing food to stinginess, which, as you know, has a ravenous hunger and the more it devours, the more insatiable it becomes; human feelings which were already not deep in it, became shallow every minute, and every day something was lost in this worn-out ruin. If it happened at such a moment, as if on purpose to confirm his opinion about the military, that his son lost at cards; he sent him his father's curse from the bottom of his heart and was never interested in knowing whether he existed in the world or not. Every year the windows in his house pretended to be, finally only two remained.<…>every year more and more of the main parts of the household went out of sight, and his petty glance turned to the pieces of paper and feathers that he collected in his room; he became more uncompromising to the buyers who came to take away his household works; the buyers bargained, bargained, and finally abandoned him altogether, saying that he was a demon and not a man; hay and bread rotted, stacks and haystacks turned into clean manure, even plant cabbage on them, flour in the cellars turned into stone, and it was necessary to chop it, it was terrible to touch the cloth, canvas and household materials: they turned into dust. He himself had already forgotten how much he had, and he only remembered where in his closet there was a decanter with the rest of some kind of tincture, on which he himself made a mark so that no one thieves would drink it, and where the feather lay. or wax. Meanwhile, income was collected on the farm as before: the peasant had to bring the same amount of quitrent, every woman had to pay the same amount of nuts, the weaver had to weave the same amount of linen - all this fell into the pantries, and everything became rotten and torn , and he himself turned at last into some kind of tear in humanity. Alexandra Stepanovna once came a couple of times with her little son, trying to see if she could get something; Evidently, life on the march with the staff captain was not as attractive as it had seemed before the wedding. Plyushkin, however, forgave her and even gave his little granddaughter a button to play with, which was lying on the table, but did not give her any money. Another time, Alexandra Stepanovna came with two little ones and brought him an Easter cake for tea and a new dressing gown, because the father had such a dressing gown, which was not only ashamed to look at, but even ashamed. Plyushkin caressed both grandchildren and, placing them one on his right knee and the other on his left, shook them in exactly the same way as if they were riding horses, took the Easter cake and dressing gown, but gave absolutely nothing to his daughter; with that Alexandra Stepanovna left.
Describing the manic greed of his hero, Gogol reports: ... he still walked every day through the streets of his village, looked under the bridges, under the crossbars and everything that came across to him: an old sole, a woman's rag, an iron nail, a clay shard - he dragged everything to himself and put it in the pile that Chichikov noticed in the corner of the room ... after him there was no need to sweep the street: it happened to a passing officer to lose his spur, this spur instantly went into a well-known heap: if a woman ... forgot a bucket, he dragged the bucket away.
The writer gives the following description of his appearance unusual hero: his face was nothing special and looked like other thin old people. Only the chin protruded very far forward, and the attention was drawn to the small eyes that ran like mice from under high eyebrows. Much more remarkable was his attire: no means and efforts could have got to the bottom of what his dressing gown was concocted from: the sleeves and upper floors were so greasy and shiny that they looked like yuft, which is used for boots; behind, instead of two, four floors dangled, from which cotton paper climbed in flakes. There was also something tied around the neck that could not be made out: whether it was a stocking, a garter, or an underbelly, but not a tie.
The meeting of the hero Chichikov with Plyushkin is preceded by a description of the devastated village and the dilapidated family estate of Plyushkin: he noticed some special dilapidation(i.e. Chichikov) on all wooden buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve: on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs ... The windows in the huts were without glass, others were stopped up with a rag or zipun ... Parts of the master's house began to show out ... This strange castle looked like some kind of decrepit invalid, long, unreasonably long... The walls of the house slitted bare stucco bars in places... Of the windows, only two were open, the rest were covered with shutters or even boarded up... Green mold had already covered the fence and the gate. Some revival was brought to this sad picture by the “merry garden” - old, overgrown and decayed, leaving behind the estate somewhere in the field.
When the owner of this whole estate, which has fallen into complete decline, appears, Chichikov initially takes him for an old housekeeper - he was dressed so outlandishly, dirty and poorly: Listen, mother, - he said, leaving the britzka - What is the master? ...
Perception:
According to some researchers of the work of N.V. Gogol, the image of this half-mad landowner-hoarder is the most vivid and successful in the description of Chichikov's "business partners" in the poem "Dead Souls" and represented the greatest interest for the writer himself. IN literary criticism there was a perception of this unusual character N.V. Gogol as a kind of standard of hoarding, greed and penny. The writer himself is undoubtedly interested in the history of the transformation of this educated and intelligent man in his youth into a walking laughing stock even for his own peasants and into a sick, insidious person who refused to support and participate in the fate of his own daughters, son and grandchildren.
In Russian spoken language and in literary tradition the name "Plyushkin" has become a household name for petty, stingy people, seized with a passion for hoarding unnecessary, and sometimes completely useless things. His behavior, described in the poem by N.V. Gogol, is the most typical manifestation of such a mental illness ( mental disorder), as pathological hoarding. In foreign medical literature even introduced special term - «
Completes the gallery of persons with whom Chichikov makes deals, the landowner Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity." Gogol notes that such a phenomenon is rare in Rus', where everything likes to turn around rather than shrink. Acquaintance with this hero is preceded by a landscape, the details of which reveal the soul of the hero. Dilapidated wooden buildings, dark old logs on the huts, roofs resembling a sieve, windows without glass, stuffed with rags, reveal Plyushkin as a bad owner with a dead soul. But the picture of the garden, although dead and deaf, creates a different impression. When describing it, Gogol used more joyful and bright hues- trees, “a regular marble sparkling column”, “air”, “cleanliness”, “tidiness” ... And through all this, the life of the owner himself peeps through, whose soul has died away, like nature in the wilderness of this garden. Everything in Plyushkin's house also speaks of the spiritual decay of his personality: heaped furniture, a broken chair, a dried lemon, a piece of rag, a toothpick ... Yes, and he himself looks like an old housekeeper, only gray eyes, like mice, run from under high-growing eyebrows . Everything dies, rots and collapses around Plyushkin. The story of the transformation of an intelligent person into a “hole in humanity”, which the author introduces us to, leaves an indelible impression. The ultimate degree of human decline is captured by Gogol in the image of the richest landowner of the province (more than a thousand serfs) Plyushkin. The portrait of Plyushkin bears an indelible imprint of the hero's life practice, his attitude to the world; erasure is clearly indicated human personality, her death. To an outsider's eye, Plyushkin appears to be a creature, extremely amorphous and indefinite. The only purpose of his life is the accumulation of things. As a result, he does not distinguish the important, the necessary from the little things, the useful from the unimportant. Everything that comes to his hand is of interest. Plyushkin becomes a slave to things. The thirst for hoarding pushes him onto the path of all sorts of restrictions. But he himself does not experience any discomfort from this. Unlike other landowners, the story of his life is given in full. She reveals the origins of his passion. The more the thirst for hoarding becomes, the more insignificant his life becomes. At a certain stage of degradation, Plyushkin ceases to feel the need to communicate with people. The biography of the character allows you to trace the path from a "thrifty" owner to a half-crazy miser. "Earlier, he was a good, zealous owner, even the neighbors went to him to learn how to manage. But his wife died, eldest daughter married a military man, his son began to make a career in the army (Plyushkin was extremely hostile to the military), soon the youngest daughter also died, and he was left alone and became the guardian of his wealth. But this wealth was worse than poverty. It was accumulated without purpose, without finding not only reasonable, but also any use. He began to perceive his children as plunderers of his property, not experiencing any joy when meeting with them. In the end, he ended up all alone. Plyushkin in senseless hoarding sank to the extreme. As a result, that moral degradation of the personality began, which made a “hole in humanity” out of a good owner, a sickly miser who collects all sorts of rubbish, be it an old bucket, a piece of paper or a pen. This comparison indicates the pettiness, suspicion, greed of the hero. Just as a mouse drags everything it finds into its hole, so Plyushkin walked the streets of his village and picked up all sorts of rubbish: an old sole, a shard, a nail, a rag. All this he dragged into the house and put in a heap. The landowner's room was striking in its wretchedness and disorder. Dirty or yellowed things and little things were piled everywhere. Plyushkin turned into a kind of sexless creature. Before us, the tragedy of loneliness is played out, developing into a nightmarish picture of lonely old age. To an outsider's eye, Plyushkin appears to be a creature, extremely amorphous and indefinite. “While he (Chichikov) was examining all the strange decorations, a side door opened, and the same housekeeper that he met in the yard came in. But then he saw that it was rather a housekeeper than a housekeeper; the housekeeper, at least, does not shave his beard, but this one, on the contrary, shaved, and, it seemed, quite rarely, because his entire chin with the lower part of his cheek looked like an iron wire comb, which is used to clean horses in the stable. For all the general amorphous appearance of Plyushkin, separate sharp features appear in his portrait. In this combination of formlessness and sharply distinguished features - the whole of Plyushkin. “His face did not represent anything special,” “one chin only protruded very far forward, so that he had to cover it with a handkerchief every time so as not to spit; little eyes had not yet gone out and were running from under high-growing eyebrows, like mice, when, sticking out their pointed muzzles from dark holes, pricking up their ears and blinking their mustaches, they look out for a cat or a naughty boy hiding somewhere, and they sniff suspiciously the very air. . Small shifting eyes, diligently looking out for everything around, perfectly characterize both Plyushkin's petty greed and alertness. But with special attention when describing Plyushkin's portrait, the writer stops at the hero's costume. “Much more remarkable was his outfit: no means and efforts could have got to the bottom of what his dressing gown was concocted from: the sleeves, and the upper floors were so greasy and shiny that they looked like yuft, which goes on boots; behind, instead of two, four floors dangled, from which cotton paper climbed in flakes. He also had something tied around his neck that could not be made out: whether it was a stocking, a garter, or an underbelly, but not a tie. This description vividly reveals the most important feature of Plyushkin - his all-consuming stinginess, although nothing is said about this quality in the description of the portrait.
When he first saw Plyushkin, Chichikov “for a long time could not recognize what gender the figure was: a woman or a man. Her dress was completely indefinite, very similar to a woman's hood, on her head was a cap worn by village yard women, only her voice seemed to him somewhat hoarse for a woman: “Oh, a woman! he thought to himself, and immediately added: “Oh, no!” "Of course, grandma!" Chichikov could not even imagine that this was a Russian master, a landowner, the owner of serf souls. The passion for accumulation unrecognizably disfigured Plyushkin; he saves only for the sake of hoarding... He starved the peasants to death, and they are "dying like flies" (80 souls in three years). He himself lives from hand to mouth, dresses like a beggar. With a terrible mien of a half-madman, he declares that "the people are painfully gluttonous with him, from idleness he got into the habit of cracking." About 70 peasants fled from Plyushkin, became outlaws, unable to endure a hungry life. His servants run barefoot until late winter, since the stingy Plyushkin has the same boots for everyone, and even then they are put on only when the servants enter the porch of the manor's house. He considers the peasants to be parasites and thieves, he hates them and sees in them beings of a lower order. Already the appearance of the village speaks of the hopeless lot of serfs. The deep decline of the entire serf way of life is most clearly expressed precisely in the image of Plyushkin.
Plyushkin and his ilk hampered the economic development of Russia: “On the vast territory of Plyushkin’s estate (and he has about 1000 souls), economic life froze: mills, felters, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills stopped moving; hay and bread rotted, luggage and haystacks turned into pure manure, flour turned into stone, into cloth, canvases and household materials were terrible to touch. it became rot and dust." In the village of Plyushkin, Chichikov notices "some special dilapidation." Entering the house, Chichikov sees a strange heap of furniture and some street rubbish. Plyushkin is an insignificant slave of his own things. He lives worse than "the last shepherd of Sobakevich." Countless riches go to waste. Gogol's words sound warning: "And to what insignificance, pettiness, disgustingness a person could descend! He could change like that! .. Everything can happen to a person." Plyushkin folded papers, pieces, sealing wax, etc. The detail in the interior is symbolic: “a clock with a stopped pendulum”. So Plyushkin's life froze, stopped, lost ties with the outside world.
Plyushkin begins to resent the greed of officials who take bribes: “The clerks are so shameless! Before, it used to be that you could get away with half a copper and a sack of flour, but now send a whole cartload of cereals, and add a red piece of paper, such a love of money! And the landowner himself is greedy to the last extreme. In the buying and selling scene dead souls reveals expressively main feature hero - stinginess, brought to the point of absurdity, has crossed all boundaries. First of all, Plyushkin's reaction to Chichikov's proposal attracts attention. For a moment, the landowner is speechless with joy. Greed has so "saturated" his brain that he is afraid to miss the opportunity to get rich. He had no normal human feelings left in his soul. Plyushkin, like a wooden block, he does not love anyone, he does not regret at all. He can only experience something for a moment, in this case, the joy of a bargain. Chichikov quickly finds mutual language with Plushkin. Only one thing worries the "patched" gentleman: how not to incur losses when making a purchase of a fortress. Soon, the fear and care familiar to him return to the landowner, because the purchase of a fortress will entail some expenses. He cannot bear this.
From the scene of the sale of "dead souls" you can learn new examples of his stinginess. So, for Plyushkin, for the whole household: both for the young and for the old, "there were only boots that were supposed to be in the hallway." Or another example. The owner wants to treat Chichikov with a liquor, which used to contain "goats and all sorts of rubbish", and the liquor was placed in a decanter, which "was covered in dust, like in a jersey." He scolds the servants. For example, he addresses Proshka: “Fool! Oh wow, fool!" And the master calls Mavra a "robber". Plyushkin suspects everyone of stealing: “After all, my people are either a thief or a swindler: in a day they will rob them so that there will be nothing to hang a caftan on.” Plyushkin is deliberately trying to be mean in order to "snatch" an extra penny from Chichikov. Characteristic in this scene is that Plyushkin bargains with Chichikov for a long time. At the same time, his hands tremble and tremble with greed, "like mercury." Gogol finds a very interesting comparison, testifying to the complete power of money over Plyushkin. Author's assessment character is merciless: “And to what insignificance, pettiness, disgustingness a person could descend! Could change like that!” The writer calls on young people to preserve "all human movements" in order to avoid degradation, so as not to turn into Plyushkin and his ilk.
The description of the life and customs of the hero reveals all his disgusting qualities. In the heart of the character, stinginess has taken all the place, and there is no longer any hope for saving his soul. The deep decline of the entire feudal way of life in Russia was most realistically reflected in the image of Plyushkin.
Plyushkin's image is important for implementation ideological concept the whole work. The author in the poem raises the problem of human degradation. Hero completes portrait gallery landowners, each of which is spiritually insignificant than the previous one. Plyushkin closes the chain. He is a terrible example of moral and physical degeneration. The author claims that "dead souls" such as Plyushkin and others are ruining Russia.
Dead Souls, Where main character decided to buy the souls of dead peasants from the landowners, we meet with different ways landowners of that time. There are five of them, and each of them has a soul that has long since died. Just Plyushkin, the last of the landowners, where Chichikov came for the souls. Plushkin in poem Dead souls we will present in our essay.
Plushkin, characterization of the hero
Considering Plyushkin and making his characterization according to the plan, we see not only his description, general image, but also his attitude to the serfs, his family, as well as his attitude to his estate.
The surname Plyushkin was not chosen by Gogol by chance, because the writer often resorted to symbolic names. So the surname Plyushkin can be applied to those who are greedy and stingy in life. These people do not save for a good life, but for the sake of saving. They save aimlessly, and therefore the life of such people is aimless. This is precisely the fifth landowner of Plyushkin's work with his further description.
So, in Gogol's work, we met Plyushkin, who, if earlier, if he was a rich landowner and an exemplary family man, then after the death of his wife, his life changed. Children from such a father left. With all his wealth, he does not want to help them. Having good savings, Plyushkin does not invest his money in anything. He only saves, and he really likes this process.
When Chichikov first sees Plyushkin, he confuses the owner with the housekeeper. He was so poorly dressed that he could be confused with a beggar at the church. And here we understand that it is a pity for a skvolyga to spend his money not only on children, but also on himself. Plushkin is not worried about the estate, which has long been impoverished, and is dilapidated. He continues to save and everything suits.
Plyushkin is constantly being downcast. Despite the stocks, which are full in the warehouse and they simply disappear, he says that he does not have enough food. And then we again see his greed, because from his warehouses he does not give out a crumb to the serfs.
Speaking about the attitude towards serfs, he is very cruel. His serfs, like himself, are beggarly dressed, always hungry and skinny. Despite their hard work, he calls them lazy and accuses them of stealing, although they never took crumbs without the master's permission.
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Among all the landlords, the image of Plyushkin is the most unassuming and repulsive. This is perhaps the only one of all the landowners in whose personality one can find at least one small positive quality seems like a feat.
Personality characteristics of Plushkin
The reader gets acquainted with Stepan Plyushkin during his advanced age. Unfortunately, nothing is known about his character in his youth and the reasons for the formation of certain qualities, so readers and researchers have no choice but to take the features of his personality for granted, without particularly going into the details of the formation of his character.
hallmark Plushkin is his extraordinary greed and avarice. This characterization of him applies not only to the peasants, but also to his closest relatives and even himself personally.
Plyushkin is a very rich man, but he lives as if he has nothing but what he is wearing.
Dear readers! On our website you can view the table, which is described in Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"
Such an opinion about Plyushkin is not only Chichikov, who visited this landowner, but also everyone around him. Sobakevich speaks extremely disapprovingly of this landowner and does not even try to hide his irritation and disapproval of his personality: “I don’t even advise you to know the way to this dog! Sobakevich said. “It’s more excusable to go to some obscene place than to him.”
Plyushkin is biased towards officers - he believes that they are all dishonest people who spend all their money at the card table and live on lies and deceit. The older, the more restless and suspicious Plyushkin becomes: he is looking for a catch and deceit in everything, which greatly complicates communication with him.
Plyushkin's life is meaningless - he does most of his deeds and actions "because it is necessary", he has no purpose in life, as a result, his life becomes more and more like existence and expectation of death.
Stepan Plyushkin is an extremely inhospitable person, he does not like to communicate with other people, and guests annoy him, even if they come on business. He does not hide such an attitude and directly speaks about this to Chichikov, who has arrived at his estate, as if arguing that he is not happy with his arrival.
Plushkin's appearance
Plushkin has an unusual repulsive appearance. This state of affairs is not connected with his physical data, as, for example, in the case of Sobakevich. His unpleasant appearance has led to ignorance of certain hygiene procedures and a general indifference to his appearance. When Chichikov first saw Plyushkin, for a long time was perplexed after what he saw, because "he had never seen such a thing." Outwardly, Plyushkin resembled something between a man and a woman. He was very thin, his face had no distinctive features - it was as thin as his body.
We invite readers to familiarize themselves with the poem by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Dead Souls"
The chin stood out especially on the face - it was very pointed and wrapped up so much that from time to time I had to wipe it, because during the conversation Plyushkin spat on his chin. His eyebrows were set high on his face, and his eyes were unreasonably small, like hunted animals. Plyushkin shaved very rarely - his chin "with the lower part of his cheek looked like a comb made of iron wire, which is used to clean horses in the stable."
Plushkin's clothes also want to be better. First of all, she does not correspond to his gender aspect - it is difficult to determine whether she is male or female by her appearance. The condition of these clothes is simply horrendous - they look like tatters of a uniformly dirty color.
In general, Plyushkin's costume is difficult to divide into elements - it seems like a solid piece of rags: “no means and efforts could have got to the bottom of what his dressing gown was concocted from: the sleeves and upper floors were so greasy and glossy that they looked like yuft*, which goes on boots; behind, instead of two, four floors dangled, from which cotton paper climbed in flakes. He also had something tied around his neck that could not be made out: whether it was a stocking, a garter, or an underbelly, but not a tie.
Family and tragic changes in personal life
The image of Plyushkin is one of those images about whose family and past we know the most (we can only guess about the past of other landowners and their families from hints). Apparently, Plyushkin was never particularly humane and cheerful, but family life unusually transformed this man. Most likely, Plyushkin's wife had a great influence on him and kept him within limits. However, this state of affairs did not last forever - after the death of his wife, the negative qualities of Plyushkin's character began to develop rapidly - and he became an absolutely negative person. After the death of his wife, Plyushkin left three children - a son and two daughters. Youngest daughter dies very young. Plyushkin's relationship with other children did not work out - soon both children leave parental home. Daughter - Alexandra - marries without the blessing of her father, and the son runs away to the army. Plyushkin loses all connection with his son, perhaps he is no longer alive.
Plyushkin periodically communicates with his daughter Alexandra, but it is impossible to call this full-fledged communication - Plyushkin hostilely and inhospitably accepts his daughter and her children, although he forgave her for such an impious act. In general, “human feelings, which were not deep in him anyway, became shallow every minute, and every day something was lost in this worn-out ruin” and he remained in splendid isolation not only in his big house, but also in society in in general.
Plushkin's estate
Based on such a description of Plyushkin's appearance and character, waiting for a well-equipped estate is an empty business. And in practice, this is proven once again. Plyushkin feels sorry for the material for the repair of buildings and the construction of peasant houses, so all his buildings look like dull ruins.
In general, Plyushkin's estate is vast and large - many serfs live in the village, but their life cannot be called full-fledged. At the time when Plyushkin's farm was flourishing, there were two churches in the village, but at the time of the story, both of them are inactive and are in disrepair.
When Plyushkin's wife was alive, Plyushkin's farm prospered - the peasants worked hard and brought significant income. After the death of his wife, everything stopped - the peasants, out of habit, are engaged in the cultivation of various crops, but they do not come true anywhere and therefore rot.
Plushkin's house
Plyushkin's house is in the same dismal state as everything else on the landowner's estate. His house used to be bright and beautiful. There used to be frequent guests here, and the house was full of fun, but over time the house became more and more dilapidated and desolated. “This strange castle looked like some kind of decrepit invalid, long, unreasonably long. In some places it was one story, in other places it was two; on the dark roof, which did not reliably protect his old age everywhere, two belvederes * stuck out, one against the other, both already shaky, devoid of the paint that once covered them.
The house has not been renovated for a long time - natural phenomena and time have significantly destroyed its structure and noticeably worsened general state.
All the windows in Plyushkin's house are closed and the light penetrates only two windows - the study and the bedroom of Plyushkin himself.
The condition inside the house is not much different from appearance- due to the darkness, Chichikov was unable to examine the details in detail, but general impression it was not rosy - Plyushkin's house resembled an uninhabited house.
Plyushkin's office is in disarray, all things are mixed with garbage. Old things, even if they were faulty and could hardly be repaired, are still not thrown away, but are stored in the corners of the room.
The garden and its meaning in the poem
The only cheerful place in Plyushkin's estate is the garden. Located behind the house, it personifies the greatness and power of nature. Like all things in Plyushkin's estate, no one takes care of the garden and it gradually fell into disrepair, but it still looks majestic and beautiful: “green clouds and irregular quivering domes lay on the sky horizon connected tops of trees that had grown in freedom. A colossal white birch trunk, devoid of a top broken off by a storm or a thunderstorm, rose from this green thicket and rounded in the air, like a regular marble sparkling column; its oblique pointed break, with which it ended upward instead of a capital, darkened on its snowy whiteness, like a hat or a black bird.
Attitude towards peasants and the state of peasant houses
At Plushkin largest number serfs, in comparison with all other landowners - about a thousand. Plyushkin has an extremely negative attitude towards the peasants, regardless of their attitude and the quality of their work. Plyushkin believes that the serfs constantly rob him and therefore he is very skeptical and picky about all his savings. He so intimidated his peasants that they are afraid to take anything without asking, even if these are things necessary for life: “After all, my people are either a thief or a swindler: they will rob me in such a way that there will be nothing to hang a caftan on.” In Plyushkin's warehouses, most of the food is lost and then simply thrown away: "hay and bread rotted, stacks and stacks turned into clean manure, flour in the cellars turned into stone, it was terrible to touch the cloth, canvas and household materials: they turned into dust", but peasants cannot use even slightly spoiled products.
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In Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" all the characters have the features of collectiveness and typicality. Each of the landowners whom Chichikov visits with his strange request for the sale and purchase of "dead souls" personifies one of the characteristic images of the landowners of Gogol's modernity. Gogol's poem in terms of describing the characters of the landowners is interesting primarily because Nikolai Vasilyevich was a foreigner in relation to the Russian people, Ukrainian society was closer to him, so Gogol was able to notice specific features character and behavior of certain types of people.
Age and appearance of Plushkin
One of the landowners visited by Chichikov is Plyushkin. Until the moment of personal acquaintance, Chichikov already knew something about this landowner - basically it was information on the subject of his stinginess. Chichikov knew that thanks to this trait, Plyushkin's serfs "die like flies", and those who did not die run away from him.
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with which reveals the theme of patriotism and love for the Motherland.
In the eyes of Chichikov, Plyushkin became an important candidate - he had the opportunity to buy up a lot of "dead souls".
However, Chichikov was not ready to see Plyushkin's estate and get to know him personally - the picture that opened before him plunged him into bewilderment, Plyushkin himself also did not stand out from the general background.
To his horror, Chichikov realized that the person he took for the housekeeper was in fact not the housekeeper, but the landowner Plyushkin himself. Plyushkin could have been taken for anyone, but not for the richest landowner in the district: he was unreasonably thin, his face was slightly elongated and just as terribly thin as his body. His eyes were small size and unusually lively for an old man. The chin was very long. His appearance was complemented by a toothless mouth.
The work of N. V. Gogol reveals the theme little man. We invite you to read its summary.
Plushkin's clothes were absolutely not like clothes, it could hardly even be called that. Plyushkin absolutely did not pay attention to his costume - he was worn out to such an extent that his clothes looked like rags. Plyushkin could well have been mistaken for a tramp.
Natural senile processes were added to this appearance - at the time of the story, Plyushkin was about 60 years old.
The problem of the name and the meaning of the surname
Plyushkin's name is never found in the text, it is likely that this was done intentionally. In this way, Gogol emphasizes Plyushkin's detachment, the callousness of his character and the lack of a humanistic principle in the landowner.
In the text, however, there is a point that can help reveal the name of Plyushkin. The landowner from time to time calls his daughter by her patronymic - Stepanovna, this fact gives the right to say that Plyushkin's name was Stepan.
It is unlikely that the name of this character is chosen as a specific character. Translated from Greek, Stepan means “crown, diadem” and indicates a constant attribute of the goddess Hera. It is unlikely that this information was decisive in choosing a name, which cannot be said about the hero's surname.
In Russian, the word "plyushkin" is used to nominate a person who is characterized by stinginess and a mania for accumulating raw materials and material base without any purpose.
Marital status of Plushkin
At the time of the story, Plyushkin is a lonely person leading an ascetic lifestyle. He has been a widow for a long time. Once upon a time, Plyushkin's life was different - his wife brought the meaning of life into Plyushkin's being, she stimulated the appearance of positive qualities in him, contributed to the emergence of humanistic qualities. In their marriage, three children were born - two girls and a boy.
At that time, Plyushkin was not at all like a petty miser. He gladly received guests, was a sociable and open person.
Plyushkin was never a spender, but his stinginess had its reasonable limits. His clothes were not new - he usually wore a frock coat, he was noticeably worn, but he looked very decent, he did not even have a single patch on him.
Reasons for changing character
After the death of his wife, Plyushkin completely succumbed to his grief and apathy. Most likely, he did not have a predisposition to communicate with children, he was little interested and fascinated by the process of education, so the motivation to live and be reborn for the sake of children did not work for him.
In the future, he begins to develop a conflict with older children - as a result, they, tired of constant grumbling and deprivation, leave their father's house without his permission. The daughter is getting married without Plyushkin's blessing, and the son is starting to military service. Such liberty became the cause of Plyushkin's anger - he curses his children. The son was categorical towards his father - he completely cut off contact with him. The daughter still did not abandon her father, despite such an attitude towards her relatives, she visits the old man from time to time and brings her children to him. Plyushkin does not like to mess with his grandchildren and takes their meetings extremely cool.
Plyushkin's youngest daughter died as a child.
Thus, Plyushkin remained alone in his big estate.
Plushkin's estate
Plyushkin was considered the richest landowner in the county, but Chichikov, who came to his estate, thought it was a joke - Plyushkin's estate was in a dilapidated state - the house had not been renovated for many years. Moss could be seen on the wooden elements of the house, the windows in the house were boarded up - it seemed that no one really lived here.
Plyushkin's house was huge, now it was empty - Plyushkin lived alone in the whole house. Because of its desolation, the house resembled an old castle.
Inside the house was not much different from appearance. Since most of the windows in the house were boarded up, the house was incredibly dark and it was difficult to see anything. The only place where it penetrated sunlight These are Plyushkin's private rooms.
An incredible mess reigned in Plyushkin's room. It seems that it has never been cleaned - everything was covered in cobwebs and dust. Broken things lay everywhere, which Plyushkin did not dare to throw away, as he thought he might still need them.
Garbage also was not thrown anywhere, but was piled up right there in the room. Plyushkin's desk was no exception - important papers and documents lay mixed with garbage here.
A huge garden grows behind Plyushkin's house. Like everything in the estate, it is in disrepair. No one has cared for the trees for a long time, the garden is overgrown with weeds and small bushes, which are covered with hops, but even in this form the garden is beautiful, it stands out sharply against the background of deserted houses and dilapidated buildings.
Features of Plyushkin's relationship with the serfs
Plyushkin is far from the ideal of a landowner; he behaves rudely and cruelly with his serfs. Sobakevich, talking about his attitude towards serfs, claims that Plyushkin starves his subjects, which significantly increases the death rate among serfs. The appearance of Plyushkin's serfs becomes a confirmation of these words - they are unnecessarily thin, immensely thin.
Not surprisingly, many serfs run away from Plyushkin - life on the run is more attractive.
Sometimes Plyushkin pretends to take care of his serfs - he goes into the kitchen and checks whether they are eating well. However, he does this for a reason - while the control over the quality of food passes, Plyushkin manages to eat heartily. Of course, this trick did not hide from the peasants and became an occasion for discussion.
Plyushkin constantly accuses his serfs of theft and fraud - he believes that the peasants are always trying to rob him. But the situation looks completely different - Plyushkin intimidated his peasants so much that they are afraid to take at least something for themselves without the knowledge of the landowner.
The tragedy of the situation is also created by the fact that Plyushkin's warehouse is bursting with food, almost all of it becomes unusable and then thrown away. Of course, Plyushkin could give the surplus to his serfs, thereby improving living conditions and raising his authority in their eyes, but greed takes over - it is easier for him to throw away unusable things than to do a good deed.
Characteristics of personal qualities
In his old age, Plyushkin became an unpleasant type because of his quarrelsome nature. People began to avoid him, neighbors and friends began to visit less and less often, and then they completely stopped communicating with him.
After the death of his wife, Plyushkin preferred a solitary way of life. He believed that guests are always harmful - instead of doing something really useful, you have to spend time in empty conversations.
By the way, such a position of Plyushkin did not bring desired results- his estate confidently fell into disrepair, until it finally acquired the appearance of an abandoned village.
There are only two joys in the life of the old Plyushkin - scandals and the accumulation of finances and raw materials. Sincerely speaking, he gives himself to one and the other with his soul.
Plyushkin surprisingly has the talent to notice any little things and even the most insignificant flaws. In other words, he is overly picky about people. He is unable to express his remarks calmly - basically he shouts and scolds his servants.
Plyushkin is incapable of doing something good. He is callous and Cruel person. He is indifferent to the fate of his children - he lost contact with his son, while his daughter periodically tries to reconcile, but the old man stops these attempts. He believes that they have a selfish goal - the daughter and son-in-law want to get rich at his expense.
Thus, Plyushkin is a most terrible landowner who lives for a definite purpose. In general, he is endowed with negative character traits. The landowner himself does not realize the true results of his actions - he seriously thinks that he is a caring landowner. In fact, he is a tyrant, destroying and destroying the fate of people.
Plyushkin in the poem "Dead Souls": analysis of the hero, image and characteristics
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