Quoted from the book "Shakarim Kudaiberdy-uly. Pedigree of the Turks, Kirghiz, Kazakhs and Khan dynasties. - Alma-Ata: SP Dastan, 1990" with translation and notes by B.G. Kairbekov.
From ... genealogies, it is obvious that the Kazakhs descend from Jafs, the son of the prophet Nuh (Noah), from the people of Tukyu (in Chinese), i.e. Turks. The Türk, as we already know, will say "helmet". After that, the Turkic people were called Hun or Gun. Najip Gasimbek claims that this name comes from the name of the river - Orkhon. In the following centuries, the Turks are known by many names, but we are from the Uighur branch. All known genealogies translate the word "Uighur" as "united, joined (to each other)". This people were taifas:
[Taifa (teip) - ethnic group, as well as: clan, tribe, people. - B.K.]
Kyrgyz, Kanly, Kypchak, Argynot, Naiman, Kereit, Doglat, Oisyn - i.e. our direct ancestors. Subsequently, Genghis Khan conquered all the Tatars and Moghuls and divided the entire (tribal) people between his four sons. All Tatars went to the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi and his brother Chagatai, who followed him, and became known as the ulus of Jochi and the ulus of Chagatai. Then, when Khan Ozbek - a descendant of Jochi - converted to Islam, everyone who was in his ulus and our ancestors began to be called Ozbeks, and when Az-Zhanibek separated from Khan Nogai and our people followed him, we began to be called Kirghiz and Cossacks.
[Modern "Kazakh" - a later spelling. In a note to the work of V.V. Radlov "From Siberia" says: "Radlov refers to the Kazakhs mainly as the Kazakhs, although he indicates that they correct name and self-name Cossack. Such an erroneous name for the Kazakhs was widely used in pre-revolutionary literature. They were also called Cossack-Kyrgyz, Kirghiz-Kaisaks, Kirghiz-Cossacks, but by no means because of the lack of self-name of the people Kazakh (Cossack), which existed at least since the 15th century, and was already used in Russian documents in the 16th-17th centuries. ., which was noted at the beginning of the 19th century. A. Levshin in his article "On the name of the Kirghiz-Cossack people ...". He wrote that the Kirghiz-Kaisaks are given a strange name, which neither they themselves nor their neighbors, except for the Russians, call ... Kirghiz is the name of a completely different people ... The name Cossack belongs to the Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes from the beginning of their existence, they themselves otherwise not called. The replacement of the self-name of the people by another name, as the researchers of the issue believe, occurred as a result of the desire to distinguish this people in official documents from the Russian Cossacks of neighboring regions of Siberia ... P.579-580 "- B.K.]
At that time, the name "Cossack" was worn not only by three Kazakh zhuzes, but also by other tribes. Most of them became sedentary and, having settled in different parts, began to be called some Nogais, some Bashkirs, and some Uzbeks and Sarts. In the end, the name "Cossack" was assigned to us alone.
At the very beginning, I already said that there is no genealogy that would chronologically trace all the tribes from the prophet Adam to the present day. Even from Az-Zhanibek to the present day, there are both truthful and explicit information about our ancestors. fabulous character. Among them, of course, we are interested in information that exactly corresponds to the above genealogical books. So:
After the death of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Batu (son of Jochi) sat on the Khan's throne instead. The Russians call him Batu. His other name is Sain Khan. After Batu, his brother Burge was Khan.
[Berke (1257-1266) - Khan of the Golden Horde (History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.130). According to Rashid ad-Din, the beginning of the reign of Khan Berke is 652 AH. (1254-1255). See: Rashid ad-Din, Sat. Chronicles, v.2, M., 1960. P.81. See also: History of the MPR. S.144 - (1255-1266). - B.K.]
Even before Jochi, Edil and Zhaik were inhabited by Turkic tribes Kypchaks. Therefore, their land was called the Deshti-Kipchak Khanate. During the time of Burge Khan, this khanate was divided into three parts: Golden Horde, White Horde and Blue Horde.
[Altan Orda, Ak-Orda, Kok-Orda. - B.K.]
The Golden Horde, to which all others were subordinate, was ruled by Burge Khan. The Khan of the White Horde was the son of Jochi Shaiban. Khan of the Blue Horde - son of Jochi Tokay-Temir. Our Abilmansur Ablai is a descendant of Tokay-Temir. The aforementioned Burge Khan converted to Islam and became known as Bereke Khan. Tokay-Temir followed the example of his brother, also becoming a true believer. In place of Burge Khan as kagan
[Here: senior khan, i.e. ruler over the khans of the White and Blue Hordes. - B.K.]
becomes the son of Tokay-Temir Munke, then his brother Toktogu. He was replaced by Khan Ozbek, the son of Togrol, the son of Batu Mentemir. This happened in 1301. Khan Ozbek was a Muslim and converted all his people to the Muslim faith. Since that time, our people have not changed their faith and are still Muslim. Hence the expression among the people: "Faith has remained to us from Ozbek." By the name of this khan and the entire ulus of Jochi began to be called Ozbeks (Uzbek).
Headquarters of the Khan of the Golden Horde
[Dynasty of Khans of the Golden Horde:
Batu (1227-1255) - the first ruler of the Golden Horde - the state of the Jochids with the capital Sarai-Batu (near modern Astrakhan), later the capital was moved to Sarai-Berke (above Sarai-Batu along the Volga). History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.127. And then the years of the reign of the khans of the Golden Horde are given according to this source: p.130.
Berke (1257-1266).
Mengu-Timur (1266-1280).
Uzbek Khan (1312-1342).
Janibek (1342-1357).
Dynasty of Khans Kok (Blue) Horde by Ghaffari.
Tokhta, son of Kurbukuy, son of Horde, son of Jochi.
Toghrul, son of Tokhta. He died in 727 AH. (1326/27).
Uzbek, son of Toghrul.
Dzhanibek, son of Uzbek.
Berdibek, son of Janibek.
Khan dynasty of the Ak (White) Horde by Ghaffari.
Tuda-Munke, son of Nokai, son of Kuli, son of the Horde.
Sasy-Buka, son of Nukai. Died in 720 AH. (1320/21).
Erzen, son of Sasa-Buka. He died in 745 AH. (1344/45).
Mubarek-Khoja, son of Erzen.
Urus Khan, son of Chimtai. Died 778 AH. (1376/77)
Toktakia, son of Urus Khan. (He died in 778 AH - History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2, p.167).
Timur-Melik, son of Urus Khan. Killed in 778 AH.
Toktamysh, son of Tui-Khoja-Oglan. Died 807 AH. (1404/05).
Nuzi-oglan, son of Urus-khan.
Timur-Kutlug, son of Timur-Melik. Died 802 AH. (1399-1400).
Shadibek. Died 811 AH. (1408/09).
Fulad Khan. Died 811 AH. (Son of Timur-Kutluk - Pulat. History of the KazSSR, v.2... P.153-154)
Timur, son of Shadibek. Died 813 AH. (1410/11).
Toktamysh, son of Timur-Kutlug.
Jalal-ad-din, son of Kuizi (Koychirak-oglan), son of Urus Khan. Killed in 831 AH. (1427/28).
Muhammad-Sultan, son of Timur, son of Kutlug-Timur.
Kasim Khan, son of Seyidak Khan, son of Janibek, son of Berdi Khan.
Haknazar, son of Kasym Khan.
See V.G. Tiesenshausen. Sat. materials relating to the history of the Golden Horde. T.II. M.-L., 1941. S.210
The years of the reign of the khans:
Chimtai - 1344-1361
Urus Khan - 1361-1376/77
Timur-Melik - 1376-1379
Toktamysh - 1380-1395
Barrack - 1423/24 - 1248
Kasym - 1511-1518 (or 1523)
Hakk-Nazar - 1538-1580
History of the Kazakh SSR, T. 2. S.386
Chronological tables of Muslim dynasties give the names of the khans of Ak-Orda in the following sequence: Orda-Ejen, Sartak, Konichi, Bayan, Sasy-Buka, Erzen, Mubarak, Chimtai, Urus-khan, Koychirak and Barak. History of the Kazakh SSR, V.2 ... S.151.
At Rashid ad-Din: Horde, Sartaktai, Kuindzhi, Bayan (Rashid ad-Din. Collection of Chronicles. T.II. M.-L., 1960. P.67).
The capital of the ulus of Jochi - to this day is located on the banks of the Yedil between Astrakhan and Saratov. This is the city of Tsarev. The Nogais called him Saray, while the Russians called him Tsarev in their own way.
[About Saray, its history and location, see: A.N. Nasonov. Mongols and Rus'. (History of the Tatar policy in Rus' - M.L., 1940. P. 119) - B.K.]
At that time, the current Sary-Arka was the dwelling place of the Kazakhs.
In 1446, after the death of Jochid Mohammed the Great (Ormanbet Khan)
[Emir Timur, known as Tamerlane (1336-1405). - B.K.]
[Apparently a mistake, Timur was not a Chingizid, much less a Jochid. - Rustam Abdumanapov]
in the struggle for the throne, the descendants of Jochi split (Timur's empire) into small specific khanates. The real name of Ula Muhammad is Temir. As mentioned above, at one time the eastern part of the Jochi ulus, regardless of the Kazan and Crimean khans, was ruled by Khan Abulkhair.
[Abulkhair (years of reign 1428-1468) - a descendant of the Jochid Shayban, the son of Davlyat-Shaikh-oglan. In 1428 he was proclaimed khan in the region of Tura ( Western Siberia). Formed the "state of nomadic Uzbeks". See History of the Kazakh SSR. v.2. P.176-181 - B.K.]
Then the khan of the Kazakhs was Az-Zhanibek.
[Az-Zhanibek - Sultan Janibek, son of Barak-Khan, great-grandson of Urus-Khan, together with his relative Giray, having united part of the nomadic population, migrated to Mogolistan. "Isa-Buga-khan (Yesen-Buga - Khan of Moghulistan) willingly accepted them and provided them with the district of Chu and Kozy-Bashi." Tarikh-i Rashidi. In the book: History of the Kazakh SSR, v.2. P.256 - B.K.]
He was subordinate to Abulkhair. His real name is Abu Sagid. He is one of the descendants of Tokai-Timur. But Khan's blood. In 1455, Khan Az-Zhanibek, together with his brother Shahgirey,
[Girey, Kerey. - B.K.]
being offended by Khan Abulkhair, he went to Khan Tugluk, the son of Esen-Buga from the Chagatai family, who stood on the Chu River. The Kazakhs explain the reason for this resentment as follows:
The distant ancestor of the Argyns - the famous Dair-Khoja was the favorite judge of Khan Abulkhair. The people called him Akzhol-biy for justice.
[Righteous. Ak zhol - letters. "light path" - B.K.]
Another favorite of Abulkhair was Kara-Kipchak Koblandy-batyr. Akzhol-biy and batyr Koblandy secretly hated each other, and one day Koblandy (having met Akzhol-biy in the steppe) killed him. Upon learning of this, Az-Zhanibek turned to Khan Abulkhair with a demand to betray the murderer in accordance with Sharia law with a painful execution. But the khan, fearing the indignation and intercession (for the batyr) of a large Kipchak clan, refuses to execute Koblandy and offers to take from the Kipchaks a kun (ransom for murder) equal to the kun of three people.
[Hun among the Kazakhs was, in essence, a kind of vira or golovnichestvo, which arose during the tribal system. For example, in Ancient Rus', Germany and other peoples, it was a ransom fine instead of blood feud for murder and mutilation. The size of the khun among the Kazakhs depended on the class, sex and age of the killed and maimed. (S.E. Tolybekov. Nomadic society of the Kazakhs in the XVII-beginning of the XX century. Political and economic analysis. Alma-Ata., Nauka, 1971. P.358)
The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the center of Eurasia, mostly territorially located in Asia and less in Europe. The lands of Kazakhstan are washed by the Caspian Sea, and border on China, the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia and the Lower Volga region.
Multinational Kazakhstan began to form in the 15th century, when the Kazakh Khanate flourished. It was formed thanks to the creation of a nation, which included the Turkic Mongol tribes.
Peoples inhabiting Kazakhstan
About 17,950,000 people live in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Today, Kazakhs are the main population of these territories, the number of which is 63.1% of the total population.
And yet Kazakhstan is a multinational republic. Representatives of other nations live here, who preserve the culture of their people and at the same time honor the historical culture of the indigenous people. The number of Russian residents is 23.7%, Ukrainians - 2.1%, Uzbeks - 2.9%, Tatars - 1.3%, Uighurs - 1.4%, Germans - 1.1%. In addition to all the listed peoples, about 4.5% of people of other nationalities live here.
Most of the population of Kazakhstan are urban dwellers - about 60%. At the same time, the most densely populated cities are Almaty (Kazakh language), also called Alma-Ata ( 1 806 833 people for 2018), in second place is the capital Astana ( 1,035,537 people for 2018), and the third place in terms of the number of inhabitants is occupied by the city of Shymkent ( 1,005,996 people for 2018).
Culture and life of the peoples of Kazakhstan
(traditional yurt)
Speaking of Kazakhstan, first of all, it is worth thanking these people for the fact that they have preserved yurts to this day. Yurts appeared quite a long time ago, Turkic tribes lived in them. Thanks to the Kazakh people, we can see them today.
If speak about Everyday life Kazakh people, we can say that the basis of their economy, of course, is cattle breeding. For a long time, cattle was everything for the Kazakhs: food, transport, savings, clothing. With the help of cattle breeding, the Kazakhs obtained milk, from which they prepared dairy products, and then they could sell them. From camel milk, which was also available for the Kazakhs, they made various products useful for health. Ordinary cow's milk was a source of cheese, ayran, cottage cheese, kurt and other products.
Camels were habitual and ordinary livestock for the population, while people preferred the two-humped ones. In order for them to be hardy, the owners made the camel thirsty by adding salt to its food. If the camel is full and drunk, and he can drink 50 liters of water, he can carry heavy luggage on it for 6 or even 10 days. Therefore, camels were very much in demand by the Kazakh people.
The national clothes of the Kazakhs are nomadic clothes made from animal hair - camel, sheep and goat. This clothing is not particularly colorful, but it is comfortable and symbolic for the Kazakh people.
Traditions and customs of the Kazakh people
(ancient dance)
The traditions and customs of Kazakhstan are rooted in deep pagan antiquity. Every holiday in Kazakhstan is very bright, colorful, cheerful and charming. Even wedding ceremony in Kazakhstan takes place with an unusual twist. Matchmaking and the wedding itself must take place on certain days. Before the groom sees the bride, the groom's messengers will go on reconnaissance to the future father-in-law. Then the groom will be able to see the betrothed, but for a fee - dowry. As soon as a man enters the house future wife, he will have to pass a few more tests, and only then will he be able to begin official preparations for the wedding.
The brightest holiday among the Kazakhs is the Nauryz holiday - the birthday of spring. According to ancient calendars, this day is celebrated on the New Year. Spring was met in clean, tidied houses, in beautiful clothes and tables full of food. Kazakhs believe that if spring enters a clean and comfortable house, they will bring good luck and happiness to its inhabitants. Today this holiday is celebrated on March 22.
Dastarkhan holiday is a holiday of politeness and friendliness. On this day, the Kazakhs are open and hospitable as never before. People are ready to let any guest, traveler and stranger into their homes, feed him, drink and give shelter. On this day, people get to know each other, invite neighbors and ordinary passers-by to tea. If the guest leaves hungry and not quite cheerful, then the hosts could not keep the atmosphere of the holiday within their walls.
26512 1-05-2015, 00:00
The mystery of the origin of the ethnonym "Cossack / Kazakh"
ENG ENG KZ
If the qualified majority of scientists agree with the date of the emergence of the Kazakh Khanate (1465/1466), then there is no such unanimity regarding the origin of the name of the people itself "Kazakh". This ethnonym is unique and mysterious in the sense that even what language gave it life is not known for certain, although it is believed that it has ancient Turkic roots. But with the same success one can argue about its ancient Iranian or ancient Mongolian foundations.
Difficult question
This question is a big scientific interest both linguistically and historically. The answer to it is very difficult, in many respects hypothetical and so far unambiguously impossible.
A recognized expert in this extremely confusing issue, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan B. Kumekov writes that for two centuries scientists have been trying to uncover the semantics this concept. However, so far no one has been able to make a final judgment. We add from ourselves that in the near future there is no chance of this. Although the best scientific minds at one time worked on unraveling the mystery of the name "Kazakh".
Thus, the historian A. Levshin, whom Ch. Valikhanov called with good reason "Herodotus of the Kazakh people", stated, referring to the opinion of Eastern historians, that "the antiquity of the name" Cossack "goes back further from the birth of Christ", that "the Cossacks constituted an independent and an independent people in the remotest ages of our reckoning." And the "Tatar Cossacks" of his time were only "imitators and their name is not Tatar, but borrowed from another people." And he came to the conclusion that "the very name of them, as the proper name of the people, is not subject to either translations or etymological disputes." That's it, no more, no less.
Chokan Valikhanov himself wrote that in the era of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate and the Kazakh people, "the name kazak ... had a rather respectable meaning and meant loftiness of spirit, soundness - corresponded to European chivalry. A nomadic steppe, to distinguish himself from his urban relatives-neighbors, Uzbeks and Nogais, was proud of the name of the Kazakh - a free steppe, a nomadic man. As we can see, he preferred not to delve into the semantics and morphology of this specific military heroic term.
A great connoisseur of the history and genealogy of the Kazakhs Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev also noted that all possible interpretations of the word "Cossack" in addition to "various absurdities only confuse the issue." Therefore, he did not even consider these "interpretations" in view of their "complete failure." And he directly stated that looking for the meaning of the word "Cossack" is just as useless as trying to find the meaning of the words "Russian", "Arab", "French", etc.
The first Kazakh professor of history S. Asfendiarov criticized one-sided, "linguistic sophistications and research", considered them completely fruitless and rightly said that the question of the origin of the word "Kazakh" and the Kazakh people should be resolved "not by abstract linguistic interpretations", but only by concrete historical analysis.
In 1943, the "History of the Kazakh SSR (from ancient times to the present day)" was published - the first systematized scientific history Kazakh people. Well-known Soviet and Kazakh scientists participated in its writing. It would seem that in this fundamental academic publication on national history the origin of the term "Kazakh" will be given paramount attention. However, contrary to expectations, he was given only about one page. Denoting the problem "The question of the origin of the word "Kazakh", the authors only stated that the term itself goes back to a very ancient basis, the origin and meaning of which are still unclear. Eminent authors have not made any attempts to clarify this issue. One can only guess for what reason. Apparently, ideologically: they were afraid of being accused of bourgeois nationalism in the field of linguistics.
The same applies to other publications of the "History of the Kazakh SSR" Soviet period, except that in the edition of 1979 this ethnonym is mentioned in more detail. But it is also noted that there was no exact, unambiguous answer to the question of its origin in science, and there is no one to this day.
free people
In the second volume of the "History of Kazakhstan" edition of 1997, Academician B.Kumekov analyzes in detail and critically all the versions that try to explain the meaning of the term "Kazakh". However, he states that there is nothing new in the stated opinions - they, with rare exceptions, are based on the views expressed in the past.
In the early 2000s, Russian scientists S. Klyashtorny and T. Sultanov made another attempt to find out the historical, political and ethnic content of the term "Cossack". They have traditionally emphasized that historical literature there are still a variety of interpretations of its origin. They noted that one of the first mentions of the word "Cossack" in Muslim written sources found in an anonymous Turkic-Arabic dictionary, probably compiled in Egypt, known from a manuscript of 1245 and with the meaning "homeless", "homeless", "wanderer", "exile". Nevertheless, the authors also admitted that there is still no reliable etymological explanation of the word "Cossack".
But whatever its origin, there is no doubt that initially it had a nominal meaning, in the sense of a lonely, free, homeless, wanderer, exile, earner. That is, many different figurative meanings: from a robber and a robber to a daring young hero.
Thus, initially the word "Cossack" had neither political nor ethnic content, but only social. Any free person who broke away from his state, people and tribe, forced for this reason to lead the life of an adventurer, was called a Cossack. There have always been many people in the steppe who led such a way of life (by necessity or by good will).
That is, any person could become a "Cossack", regardless of origin, clan and tribe, even princes of the blood, for example, Genghisides or Timurids. Like Timur himself, Tokhtamysh, Babur, Sultan Hussein Baykara, Muhammad Shaibani, the Siberian Khan Kuchum and others. Moreover, leading a Cossack lifestyle was not something shameful and reprehensible, on the contrary, it was considered a matter of honor and heroism, when a contender for the throne would “cossack” for some time of his life, thereby confirming his right to power.
Later, this Turkic word appeared in the Russian language, and the original homeland of the Slavic Cossacks is the southern outskirts of Rus', adjacent to the Kypchak steppe (the so-called "Wild Field"). As you know, the Cossacks were not only Turkic, but also Russian (for example, Don), Ukrainian (Zaporozhye), Lithuanian (from the fugitive Crimean Tatars), as well as Mongolian, Mogul, Nogai, Kyzylbash and others. The author of these lines, who at one time defended his doctoral dissertation in history Russian Cossacks in Kazakhstan, I agree with this point of view.
To denote the way of life of a Cossack, the noun kazaklyk appeared in Eastern sources - "Cossacks", "Cossacks", "wandering", "liberty", as well as the verb "kazaklamak" - "wander", "freedom". Such Cossacks constituted special Cossack societies, or "Jamaat-i Cossacks".
Their references are found in the works of many medieval Muslim authors - both Turkic and Persian.
The well-known Kazakh orientalist V.Yudin in his unpublished article "On the etymology of the ethnonym Kazakh (Cossack)" summarized all previously published materials on the origin this term. Noting at the same time that the results of scientific research are still insignificant, since to this day it has not even been possible to establish the language that gave life to the word "Kazakh".
Variants of etymologies
To date, scientists have proposed more than twenty very different etymologies: from "kaz ak" and "kyz ak" to "kas sak" and "kai sak" - depending on the scientific or anti-scientific preferences of their authors. Such a large number of unsystematic interpretations of the ethnonym "Cossack/Kazakh" in itself is proof of their inconsistency with historical reality. That is why they are not accepted by serious scientists. Especially often the ethnonym "Cossack" is derived from the syllable "Sak", although between the Kazakhs and the Saks there is a time gap of more than one and a half thousand years, which makes such hypotheses fantastic and completely unacceptable.
A common drawback of all these hypotheses is the external sound similarity with the prototype (i.e. "Cossack" and modern word"Kazakh"). For this reason, searches are conducted within a predetermined lexical sphere, which a priori dooms such attempts to failure. Against such superficial sound rapprochements of various historical terms and ethnonyms, Academician V. Bartold spoke sharply.
Such unscrupulous methodological techniques, which lie outside the bounds of serious science, allow, with the great desire of the authors, to find any ethnonym in any era and in any geographical region of the world. There are plenty of such vulgar and archaic constructions, caricature examples in modern domestic publications that came out from the pen of home-grown "discoverers of America". Reading such authors, you think whether they are writing seriously or joking.
While the hypothesis about the origin of any ethnonym can acquire a scientific character only in cases of its adequacy to the facts of historical phonetics, semantic correspondence and compulsory registration prototype by various written monuments (stone steles, sacred books, historical writings, chronicles, testimonies of travelers, geographers, ambassadors, missionaries, merchants, etc.).
It should also be emphasized that the required array historical sources written in many different system languages - Arabic, Armenian, Latin, Chinese, Mongolian, Old Persian, Persian, Central Asian Farsi, Polish, Old Turkic, Turkic, Old Slavonic, Old Uighur/Chagatai and others. Therefore, they are fixed by means of completely different lexicographic systems, which sometimes gives rise to insurmountable difficulties for researchers.
From this it is clear that the failures associated with the search for adequate answers to the question of the origin of the ethnonym "Kazakh" are primarily associated with this circumstance.
Thus, the question of the time and place of the origin of the word "Cossack", as well as its semantics, continues to be controversial. In the written sources of the pre-Mongolian period (before the 13th century), it was not recorded. So, Mahmud Kashgari in his famous dictionary of Turkic dialects "Diuani lugat-at Turk" (XI century) does not even name him. Although this social phenomenon as "Kazaklyk" (Cossacks), it must be assumed that it already existed among the Kimak-Oguz-Kypchak nomads of the Eastern Desht-i Kypchak.
What does history say?
As noted, for the first time the word "Cossack" in the post-Mongolian period was recorded in a written monument in Egypt in the middle of the 13th century. It is also known that quite a considerable time passes from the moment of the birth of a new term to its fixation in written speech.
In the XIV-XV centuries. the entire population of modern Kazakhstan was referred to by the collective name "Uzbeks", only the population of Zhetysu was given the special name "Moguls" (until the 16th century, the region was part of Mogulistan). From the middle of the XV century. nomadic Uzbeks began to be divided into Uzbek-i Shayban proper, Uzbek-i Cossacks and Mangyt-Nogai, whose rulers (descendants of Shaiban, Urus and Edyge) were in constant internecine hostility. The isolation of a group of tribes called "Cossack" or "Kazakh" became an incubation period for the subsequent maturation of a new ethnic group under a new name.
After the departure from Shaybanid Abulkhair of the descendants of Khan "Ak Orda" Urus - the sultans of Kerey and Dzhanybek, who made a lightning march from the Syrdarya region to Zhetysu, the pair name "Uzbek-and-Cossack" was assigned to them in the new habitat, i.e. . "Uzbeks-fugitives". As part of the people who broke away from the maternal ethnic group of the Uzbeks, as free residents of the steppe.
At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI centuries. under the leadership of the grandson of Abulkhair - Muhammad Shaybani, the bulk of the nomadic Uzbeks from the Eastern Desht-i Kypchak, under pressure from the Kazakhs and Mangyts, moved to Maverannahr, the Ferghana Valley and Khorezm. Behind them on new homeland V Central Asia the usual name of the Uzbeks was fixed, the country - the Uzbek Khanate, now - Uzbekistan. Moreover, nomadic Uzbeks under the influence local peoples And environment gradually moved to settled life, irrigated agriculture, trade and crafts, finally adopted Islam.
And the nomads who originally migrated to Zhetysu and returned after the death of Abulkhair for political reasons needed a new name that would distinguish them from the Uzbeks proper who went to Central Asia. Therefore, for the tribes that remained in the steppe under the rule of the descendants of Urus Khan, the name of the free and free nomads of the steppe was finally fixed - the Kazakhs, for the country - the Kazakh Khanate, today - Kazakhstan.
Moreover, the Kazakhs, unlike the Uzbeks, were ideal nomads for several centuries, classic model nomadic world, and the words "Kazakh" and "nomad" were synonymous.
Although Islam was formally considered the dominant religion among the Kazakhs, they largely retained shamanism (Tengrianism), the remnants of which safely exist to this day, which indicates the vitality of traditional folk beliefs and cults.
From "Cossacks" to "Kazakhs"
Thus, the word "Cossack", which originally had social significance, after the migration of Kerey and Dzhanybek, it first acquired a political and then an ethnic meaning, turned into a new ethnonym - Kazakhs, i.e. into the self-name of the new people. Arose in 1465/1466. the independent Kazakh Khanate became the first in time in Central Asia nation state, created by the currently existing people, and not by its predecessors or historical ancestors.
With the passage of time between the nomadic Uzbeks of Central Asia and yesterday's Uzbek-Kazakhs of Kazakhstan, certain differences arose in language, culture, life, customs and customs. Although once it was a single superethnos with common history, name, territory, tribal structure, economy and way of life. This still brings together two fraternal Turkic-speaking peoples - Kazakhs and Uzbeks. It is no coincidence that the Kazakhs remembered for a long time: "My ancestors, my beginning is the Uzbeks."
The Kazakh ethnos has a very complex and branched tribal structure. But it is interesting that among the Kazakhs there was no separate clan or tribe "Kazakh", while the Azerbaijanis, for example, have a clan "Kazakh", now living in the Kazakh region of this republic.
Thus, throughout the vast territory of the former Eastern Desht-i Kypchak: from Altai and Alatau to Zhaiyk, from Southern Siberia to Tashkent, on the basis of numerous local and newcomer tribes and clans, numerous Turkic-speaking people- Kazakh, as part of a single centralized state- Kazakh Khanate.
It seems that the formation of an independent Kazakh Khanate, the formation of a single nationality and the assignment of a new name to it, the completion of the formation common language are links of one historical process- appearance in Eurasia in the XIV-XVII centuries. new passionate ethnic group - Kazakh.
Although it has been established that the history of a people and the history of an ethnonym may sometimes not coincide. However, the case with the ethnonym "Kazakh" is a happy exception. However, the adventures of the new ethnonym did not end there.
If our ancestors always called themselves Kazakhs, then not all neighbors recognized such a self-name of the people. So, in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Kazakhs were known in Rus' under the name of "Cossacks", "Cossack horde" or "Cossack horde". After joining the tsarist Russia Kazakhs, in order not to be confused with the Russian Cossacks (Orenburg, Siberian, Ural and Semirechye) and the Tien Shan Kyrgyz proper, began to be called "Kaisaks", "Kyrgyz-Cossacks", "Cossack-Kyrgyz", "Kyrgyz-Kaisaks", and in everyday life is simply "Kyrgyz". This went on until October revolution 1917, which returned the Kazakhs their true name. True, not immediately.
In August 1920, the Soviet government issued a decree "On the Formation of the Autonomous Kirghiz Socialist Soviet Republic" within the RSFSR. Those. in the name of the first Soviet republic Kazakh people, by inertia, the former name "Kirghiz" was preserved. In April 1925, through the efforts of the national intelligentsia, the historically correct name of the people, Kazakhs, was restored, and the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazak ASSR, the population began to be called "Cossacks". Since the Russian language then adopted the spelling "Cossack", and not "Kazakh" and, accordingly, Kazakhstan, and not Kazakhstan. On February 9, 1936, the Presidium of the KazCEC plucked up the courage to recognize as more accurate the spelling of the name of the people - "Kazakhs" and, accordingly, the country - Kazakhstan. With which Moscow was forced to agree in order to finally distinguish the Kazakh Turks from the Russian Cossacks.
Such is the winding and confusing fate of the modern ethnonym "Kazakh", which, despite all historical upheavals, showed amazing resilience, preserved in its original form and has come down to our days. But he could disappear, as it happened more than once in history.
The Kazakh people are full amazing features. Having formed unique culture, in which there are borrowings from other peoples, the Kazakhs have become one of the most interesting descendants of the Turkic-speaking population. Now they are actively developing national idea identity based on culture and tradition.
Story
The history of the Kazakh people covers several periods, including:
- Early;
- Middle Ages;
- Kazakh Khanate;
- History in the composition Russian Empire and the USSR;
- History of modern independent Kazakhstan.
The formation of the Kazakh people is associated with the Huns, after the collapse of their empire, the Turks entered the arena, mainly living in the Altai Territory. It is this version that is voiced by Chinese scientists, researchers involved in Turkology.
After the defeat of the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 15th century, the formation of the Kazakh Khanate began. The Turkic tribes finally consolidated into the Kazakh nation around the middle of the 15th century. The unification of the tribes took place under the auspices of Khan Kasym, whose conquests affected the Nogai Horde.
The rapprochement between Kazakhstan and Russia was due to a policy that encouraged peasants working in the border areas. Many fortresses were built on the borders. The power of the Russian Empire was very great, so the Kazakh khans decided to swear allegiance to it.
With the advent of Soviet power, a number of changes took place, some of which were carried out by force. In particular, the Bolsheviks eliminated the Alash autonomy and dealt with its leaders. In the 20s of the last century, mass collectivization and dispossession took place, which led to several years of famine. Many Kazakhs were forced to flee to China. Later, the Bolsheviks began to hold mass repression, during which it was destroyed most of intelligentsia. During the Second World War, about 500 thousand people were called to the front.
Now Kazakhstan is an independent country. His geographical position obliges to conduct a special policy that takes into account the interests Russian Federation and China. All this has a significant impact on people's lives.
KAZAKH people are the main population of Kazakhstan. The obsolete name is the Kirghiz (not to be confused with the modern Kyrgyz people). Total Kazakhs exceeds 14 million people, of which 10.5 million live in Kazakhstan. 1.5 million Kazakhs live in China, from 800 thousand to 1.1 million in Uzbekistan, and 650 thousand in Russia. Kazakh language belongs to the Altai family ( Turkic group). Kazakhs use the Cyrillic alphabet for writing. By religious views are Sunni Muslims.
The ancestors of the people were tribes that roamed the territory of present-day Kazakhstan. These tribes of Indo-Iranian origin in the 1st millennium AD were influenced by migrating Turks. Initial formation Kazakh people belongs to the 12th-13th centuries. A little bit later Mongol conquests led to the fact that the Kazakhs assimilated a certain number of Mongols. In the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate arose. Within the framework of this state, the Kazakhs finally formed as an independent people, divided into three zhuzs (tribal groups).
The accession of the Kazakh territory to the Russian Empire took place in the 18-19 centuries on a voluntary basis. After the October Revolution, the Kazakh ASSR arose. With the breakup Soviet Union In 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan gained independence.
The traditional occupation of the Kazakhs is nomadic or semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Kazakhs breed sheep, goats, cattle, horses, camels. In winter and summer, nomads visited different areas with the most suitable climatic conditions for the season. Agriculture was not so developed and played a controversial role in the economy. When Kazakhstan became part of Russia, the situation with agriculture changed. It developed, the role of crops such as wheat and millet increased.
Among the artisans there was and still is a division along gender lines. Thus, women work with wool, are engaged in sewing (including gold thread), and make rugs and mats. Kazakh men work with metal, wood, leather, and make jewelry.
Settled Kazakhs traditionally lived in auls, nomads transported yurts with them. Men wore shirts, trousers and a beshmet thrown over their shoulders. For rich Kazakhs, the dressing gown could be velvet, with gold embroidery and fur trim. A skullcap was put on the head, on top of it there could be another headdress. Women put on pants, a sleeveless jacket, a dress (multi-colored for young women, black or white for older women), various headdresses, jewelry from precious metals and glass.
The diet of the Kazakhs in the warm season consisted of milk and drinks based on it (airan, katyk, koumiss), as well as cheese. In the cold season, the Kazakhs switched to meat and plant foods. This was due to the annual cycle of migration and grazing and harvesting.
unit public organization Kazakhs have a nomadic community. Families are small, the wife lives with her husband's relatives. Levirate and sororate accepted. In the first case, the widow may marry the brothers of the deceased husband. In the second, on the contrary, the widower has the right to marry his wife's sister. The customs of matchmaking, the obligatory payment of bride price for the bride, are curious. The Kazakhs have preserved their national art, including songs, epics, improvised poetry of akyns, and stories about ancestors.
