Brief information about the Kazakhs. Education of the Kazakh people

A people that does not remember its past is not worthy of the future. This phrase, like no other, is suitable to understand the topic of the article. We will talk about the formation of the Kazakh people. We will tell you who the Kazakhs are and where they came from, who the ancestors of the people of the Great Steppe were, and also about the origin of the term “Kazakh”. Read on: it will be interesting.

Who are the Kazakhs: the origin of the Kazakhs

The formation of a nation, or ethnogenesis, is a long and extremely complex process. It is necessary to form a common language, external, spiritual and cultural features. In addition, you need your own territory.

This is interesting! The term “Kazakh” comes from the Turkic word “Kazakh”, which means ‘free’, ‘free’, ‘independent’ or ‘wanderer’.

According to historians, the main event in the formation of the Kazakh people took place in the middle of the 15th century. Then the first Kazakh khans Zhanibek and Kerey took about 100 thousand people to Semirechye. This happened during the uprising against the Uzbek Khan Abulkhair.

Search a better life attached to people the term “Uzbek-Cossack”, which in translation is “free Uzbek” or “Uzbek who has gone to wander”. A hundred years later, the term "Uzbek" began to apply to the population Central Asia, and the people who remained on the territory of the western Semirechye began to be called Kazakhs.

At the beginning of the 16th century, several Turkic tribes and nomads joined the Kazakhs, who finally formed an ethnic group. It was the final stage of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people. Now we propose to understand in more detail the processes that preceded the formation of modern Kazakhs.

Education of the Kazakh people

Where did the Kazakhs come from? This question spans nearly a thousand years of history. Conventionally, the process of ethnogenesis can be divided into three stages:

• Stage #1

Begins in bronze age. At this time, various tribes settled in the territory of Central Asia. They were based on Caucasian peoples, and their appearance was appropriate.

According to scientists, it was here that pastoral nomadism originated. Immediately tamed and traveled the first horse. A noticeable trace in the emergence of Kazakh culture at that time was played by the Andronovo tribes. Many of their buildings and burials have been preserved on the territory of Kazakhstan. And on the found pots and jugs, patterns can be seen that can be found on Kazakh carpets.

At the beginning of the Iron Age, Kazakhstan was inhabited by Saks, Sarmatians, Usuns and Kangyuis. According to the records of Herodotus, the Saks desperately fought the Persians, defending the borders of their lands. It is known that there was a war with the kings Darius I and Cyrus II.

The Turkic tribes had a strong influence on the education of the Kazakh people. The union of the Usuns and Kangyuis led to the emergence of the state of Kangyui and the settlement of Eastern Turkestan. The clans of Kanly and Sary Uysyn are still preserved in the Senior Juz. By the end of the Iron Age appearance the ancestors of the Kazakhs remained European. However, the migration of the Huns introduced a Mongoloid element into the appearance of the representatives of the ancient tribes of Kazakhstan.

• Stage #2

Started in the 6th century AD. e. from the mass settlement of Turkic tribes. They mixed with the descendants of the Scythian tribes, the Usuns and the Kangyuis. The language and culture of the ancient people has changed. With the advent of the Arabs, Islam spread among the settled tribes, as well as the Islamic calendar.

From the VI to the XIII centuries on the territory of modern Kazakhstan there are large Turkic states. The Türgesh Khaganate was a powerful state, but over time it broke up into the Karluk and Kimak Khaganates, as well as the Oghuz state. After them, the Karakhanid state was formed, which for the first time among the Turkic countries adopted the Islamic religion.

In the XI century, the unification of the Turkic tribes led to the emergence of the historical region of Eurasia - Desht-i-Kipchak (Kipchak steppe). IN Russian history it is called the Polovtsian steppe. The development and interconnection of pastoral nomadism, agriculture and the urban way of life at that time seriously influenced the formation of the Kazakh ethnic group.

A significant contribution to the appearance of modern Kazakhs was made by the conquests of Genghis Khan and the emergence of the Golden Horde. Mongoloid features are due to the assimilation of scattered Mongolian tribes by the Turks.

• Stage 3

The final stage of the formation of the Kazakh people is associated with the unification of all clans and tribes of the Turks, who have already acquired a single look. This happened in the period from the 14th to the 15th centuries, after the collapse of the Golden Horde. After it, separate states arose: Ak-Orda (White Horde), Nogai Horde and the Uzbek Khanate.

In 1458, Zhanibek and Kerey, dissatisfied with the rule of the Uzbek Khan, took people from the Syr Darya to the eastern Semirechye, where they founded the Kazakh Khanate. At that time, a single language had already been formed, later called Kazakh. Under the leadership of Khan Kasym, the Kazakhs recaptured Saraichik, the capital of the Nogai Horde, from the Nogais and expanded the territory of the state from the Irtysh to the Urals. By 1521, the number of Kazakhs reached a million people.

Who are the Kazakhs? This is a people with a distinctive language and culture, which has been formed for almost a thousand years. Many nationalities perished over time, but the Kazakhs survived and founded a country with great potential. Now more than 18 million people live in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and every year this figure is growing. Kazakhstanis sing the Great Steppe in memory of the state of Desht-i-Kipchak - the cradle of independent Kazakhstan, which we congratulate on the Constitution Day.

KAZAKH

ethnicity and nation indigenous people Kazakhstan

Kazakhs have long lived in regions of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, adjacent to Kazakhstan, as well as in the west of Mongolia

• Historically, they consisted of three large associations-zhuzes: the Senior Zhuz, the Middle Zhuz and the Younger Zhuz.
• Language - Kazakh, which is part of the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of languages
• Kazakhs - Turkic origin, refers to the Turanian race (also known as the South Siberian), considered a transitional between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races

Story

• Kazakhs have a complex ethnic history. The ancient roots of the material culture and anthropological type of the Kazakhs can be traced archaeologically among the tribes of the Bronze Age that lived on the territory of Kazakhstan. The ancient ancestors of the Kazakhs included the Iranian-speaking tribes of the Saks, Massagets, who lived on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
• 3rd-2nd century BC - on the territory of Southern Kazakhstan a tribal association of the Usuns arose, and in the South-West lived the tribes that were part of the Kangyuy tribal union. In the first centuries A.D. Iranian-speaking Alans lived to the west of the Aral Sea, who also influenced the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs.
• Starting from the 5th-6th centuries, with the emergence and expansion of the Turkic Khaganate, the process of Turkization of the Iranian-speaking tribes that inhabited the territory of modern Kazakhstan began.
• VI-VП centuries - the tribes that inhabited the south-eastern part of Kazakhstan were under the rule of the Western Turkic Khaganate. At the same time, tribes that came from the East (Türgesh, Karluks, etc.) settled on the territory of Kazakhstan.
• Later, short-term political associations of the early feudal type appeared in various regions of Kazakhstan:
  • VIII century - Turgesh Khaganate
  • VSH-X centuries - Karluk Khaganate
  • IX-XI centuries - Oghuz associations
  • VSH-XI centuries - associations of Kimaks and Kypchaks
    • The latter occupied the vast steppe spaces of modern Kazakhstan, called Desht-i-Kipchak
• X-XII centuries - the emergence of the state of Karakhanids contributed to the ethnic unity of local tribes
  • At the beginning of the 12th century, the territory of Kazakhstan was invaded by the Khitan, who subsequently mixed with the local Turkic-speaking population
• At the beginning of the 13th century, tribes of Naimans and Kereites moved to the territory of modern Kazakhstan from the east from the regions of modern Mongolia and from Altai
  • The ensuing hostilities on the territory of Central Asia and eastern Turkestan led to intensive processes of percolation, displacement, fragmentation and unification of tribes of various origins.
  • around the middle of the XV century - on the ruins of the Golden Horde in its eastern part, the Kazakh Khanate arises
• By the XV century - the Kazakh nation is finally formed into a centralized national state
• The Kazakh people historically formed from three groups of zhuzes, each of which expressed primarily national interests:
  • The elder zhuz - Semirechie, included the tribes of Dulat, Alban, Suan, Kangly, Zhalaiyr, Sirgels, Shanshkyly, Shaprashty, Sary-Uisin, etc.
  • Middle zhuz - mainly Argyn, Naiman, Kypchak, Kerey, Konyrat, Uak tribes
  • Junior zhuz - consisted of tribal associations:
    • alim-uly - shomekey, karasakal, kara cake, shekty, kete
    • Bai-uly - Adai, Alasha, Zhappas, Berish, Sherkesh, Maskar, Tana, Baybakty, Kzylkurt, Esentemir, Ysyk and Taz
    • jeti-ru - genera Zhagal-bayly, kerderi, etc.
• the beginning of the 19th century - the Inner or Bukey Horde separated from the Younger Zhuz and went beyond the Ural River
• the beginning of the 20th century - the formal division into zhuzes actually disappeared
• the beginning of the 1930s - a massive famine occurred as a result of the repressive Stalinist agricultural policy pursued in Kazakhstan by the first secretary of the Kazkraykom of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Filipp Goloshchekin, and which consisted in the forcible selection of livestock from the indigenous population. Left without a livelihood, about one and a half million inhabitants of the republic died, hundreds of thousands fled to China
  • Partially, this catastrophe is also recognized by Soviet sources. According to official data, according to the USSR Population Census of 1926, there were 3.968 million Kazakhs, and according to the 1939 census - only 3.1 million people. There is an opinion that the data of this census cannot be trusted, since, in order to hide the monstrous consequences of the famine, the data was repeatedly altered and falsified.
  • According to the All-Russian census of 1897, the number of citizens of the Russian Empire, who indicated the Kirghiz-Kaisatsky (Kazakh) language as their native language, was 4.08 million people, which was only about 3 million people less than all other peoples of the Middle Asia taken together (taking into account 3 million inhabitants of the Russian protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khiva Khanate, not covered by the census. If not for this famine, the population of modern Kazakhstan could be much larger than in reality.
• Currently, Kazakhstan is pursuing a policy of repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs who were forced or voluntarily left the territory of the country, or found themselves outside its modern borders after the national-state demarcation in Central Asia, and their descendants living in other countries (the term is used oralmans)
  • In total, over the past two decades, up to 1 million ethnic Kazakhs have moved to Kazakhstan, according to official estimates.
  • The program is currently being implemented "Nurly kosh" for 2009-2011, (literal translation "bright migration", "bright moving"). The program was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 2, 2008 No. 1126. This state program for rational resettlement and assistance in settling: ethnic immigrants; former citizens Kazakhstan, who arrived to carry out labor activities on its territory; citizens of Kazakhstan living in disadvantaged areas of the country.
• The ethnonym appeared in the 15th century, when in 1460, dissatisfied with the harsh policy of the Khan of the Uzbek ulus Abu-l-Khair, the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey with their auls migrated from the banks of the Syr Darya to the east in Semirechye, to the lands of the ruler of Moghulistan Yesen-buga, where they formed the Kazakh Khanate (1465). These tribes began to call themselves free people - "Cossack" (Kazaktar"), in Russian - "Kazakhs". In Kazakh speech in this word, both letters "k" are pronounced as a hard k, but the spelling "Kazakh" has taken root in modern Russian grammar Within a century, under this name (Khazakh), all the Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes of the Eastern Polovtsian steppe | Desht-i-Kypchak united, forming a single Kazakh Khanate (1465-1729) from the Irtysh to Itil (Volga). tsarist Russia the current Kazakhs were called Kirghiz or Kirghiz-Kaisaks. Initially, the ethnonym "Kazakh" was fixed in the form "Cossack" in 1925 after the renaming of the Kirghiz ASSR into the Kazak ASSR, and in the form "Kazakh" after the transformation of the Kazak ASSR into the Kazakh SSR.

Population

• There are different versions of the origin of the meaning of the word "Kazakh" in terms of the degree of reliability. The most substantiated to date is the following etymology:
  • Translated from the ancient Turkic word "Cossack" means " free, independent person, daring, adventurer "
• The total number of Kazakhs - St. 14 million people
  • Kazakhstan - 10.5 million people
  • China - 1.4 ... 1.5 million people
  • Uzbekistan - 0.8 ... 1.1 million people
  • Russia - 654 thousand people
  • Mongolia - 140 thousand people
  • Turkmenistan - 40 ... 90 thousand people
  • Kyrgyzstan - 39 thousand people
  • Türkiye - 15 thousand people
  • Afghanistan - 13 thousand people
  • Iran - 12 thousand people
  • USA - about 10 thousand people.
  • Tajikistan - 900 people
  • France - 10 thousand people
  • Germany - 7 thousand people
  • Italy - 4 thousand people
• The number of Kazakhs and their share in the population of Russia has been constantly increasing. Despite the fact that Kazakhs live compactly in the border regions, newspapers and magazines in the Kazakh language are not published in the Russian Federation, there is also no secondary education in the Kazakh language, but there are several dozen schools where the Kazakh language is taught as a separate subject
  • The Astrakhan region remains the subject of the Russian Federation, most actively cooperating with Kazakhstan, there is only one school in the Altai Territory, where teaching is conducted in the Kazakh language according to the program of the Kazakhstan department of public education and according to Kazakhstan textbooks

Religion

• Traditional religious affiliation- Sunni Muslims with the influence of the Sufi teachings of Ahmad Yasawi.
  • Madhab - Muslim legal school of Imam Abu Hanif
  • there are also minor groups of Shiites - Imamis
• The penetration of Islam into the territory of modern Kazakhstan took place over several centuries, starting from the southern regions. Initially, Islam established itself among the settled population of the Semirechye and the Syr Darya at the end of the 10th century.
  • For example, Islam was already in the Karakhanid Empire at the end of the 20th century.
  • At present, the bulk of the Kazakh population consider themselves Muslims and observe at least part of the rituals to one degree or another.
  • For example, the rite of circumcision - sunnet / sundet, is performed by the overwhelming majority of the believing part of the Kazakhs, almost all Kazakhs are buried according to Muslim rites. Although it should be noted that only a certain part (minority) regularly prays and observes other religious requirements.
  • Currently, there are 2,700 mosques in Kazakhstan, while in the Soviet period there were only 63. The number of believers has now increased, including Muslims.
• The spread of Islam among the nomads was not as active as among the settled population of the Turkic peoples, since traditional religion nomadic Turks was Tengrianism. But Islam continued to spread in the following centuries.
  • So Islam was accepted by Khan of the Golden Horde Berke (1255-1266) and Khan Uzbek (Ozbek) (1312-1340). At that time, the influence of the Sufi clergy was strong among the Turks. A huge contribution to the propaganda of Islam among the Kazakhs was made by the founder of the Sufi order Ahmet Yasawi, who died in 1166 in the city of Turkestan.
• Tengrianism arose in a natural historical way on the basis of the people's worldview, which embodied both early religious and mythological ideas related to man's attitude to the surrounding nature and its elemental forces. Peculiar and feature This religion is the relationship of man with the world around him, nature. Tengrianism was generated by the deification of nature, the eternal sky above the head and the veneration of the spirits of ancestors. The Turks worshiped objects and phenomena of the surrounding world not out of fear of incomprehensible and formidable elemental forces, but out of a sense of gratitude to nature for the fact that, despite the sudden outbursts of its unbridled anger, it is often affectionate and generous. They knew how to look at nature as an animated being. The Tengrian faith gave the nomadic Turks the knowledge and ability to feel the spirit of nature, to be more aware of being a part of it, to live in harmony with it, to obey the rhythm of nature, to enjoy its endless changeability, to rejoice in its many-sided beauty. Everything was interconnected, and the nomadic Turks carefully treated the steppes, meadows, mountains, rivers, lakes, that is, nature as a whole, as bearing a divine imprint.

Language

• The ancient Turkic peoples, who later became ancestors, including modern Kazakhs, played a significant role in the history of Eurasia. It should be noted that in the period from the 5th to the 15th century, the Turkic language was the language of interethnic communication in most of Eurasia. Even under the Mongol khans Batu and Munk, all official documents in the Golden Horde, international correspondence, in addition to Mongolian, were also conducted in the Turkic language.
• The formation and development of a language close to the modern Kazakh language took place in the XIII-XIV centuries. It should be noted that the modern Kazakh language as a whole is very close to the old Kazakh.
• From the XIII to the beginning of the XX century, there was a single literary Turkic language - "Turks", which laid the foundation for all local Turkic languages in Central Asia.
• Scientists for the first time discovered a monument of ancient Turkic runic writing on the territory of modern Khakassia. Later - on the territory of Tuva, Mongolia, Altai, Kazakhstan, Talas (Kyrgyzstan), etc.
• The material for writing was the surface of a stone, wood, bone, coins, household items, etc. Archaeological exhibits with samples of ancient Turkic runic writing are stored, among other things, in the Kazakh State Museum.
• The runic alphabet consisted of 24 letters and a word separator
  • to the VIII century alphabet classical period in the Orkhon variety consisted of 38 letters and a word separator.
  • In total, taking into account regional and chronological variants, there are more than 50 graphemes.
• The language of the inscriptions made on ancient Turkic runic writing was Orkhon-Yenisei language(named after the rivers Orkhon in Mongolia and Yenisei in Russia), which belonged to the Karluk group of Turkic languages ​​and precedes the Uzbek language.
• As Islam spread and strengthened at the beginning of the 10th century, the Arabic alphabet began to become more widespread.
  • Of course, it was significantly changed and adapted to the norms of Turkic speech.
  • The main centers for the spread of Arabic writing among the Turkic peoples were the cities of Bolgar (in modern Tatarstan) and Khorezm (in modern Uzbekistan), located outside the territory of the Kazakh settlement, where Islam was entrenched as early as the 10th-11th centuries.
  • The Islamization of the majority of Kazakhs and the perception of the Arabic script by the literate part of the population occurred in the 18th century.
• 1912 - Akhmet Baitursynov reformed the Kazakh script on the basis of the Arabic script, making it possible for millions of Kazakhs living abroad to use it. He excluded all purely Arabic letters not used in the Kazakh language and added letters specific to the Kazakh language. The new alphabet, called " JANA EMLE (New spelling)”, is still used by Kazakhs living in China, Afghanistan, Iran.
• During the Soviet period in Kazakhstan, for political purposes, the Kazakh alphabet was translated into:
  • Latin graphics (1929)
  • Cyrillic (1940)
• Currently, the Kazakh language in Kazakhstan uses the Cyrillic alphabet, and there is a discussion on the feasibility of returning to the Latin script:
  • "Latin script dominates today in the communication space," said President N. Nazarbayev, speaking to the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan. “We need to return to the issue of switching to the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language,” he told delegates representing various ethnic groups Kazakhstan.
• Modern Kazakhs are characterized by bilingualism:
  • 75% of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently
  • 81% of Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan are fluent in Russian
  • 98% of Kazakhs in Russia are fluent in Russian
• Among the Kazakhs of China and Mongolia, the majority, along with Kazakh, also speaks Chinese and Mongolian, respectively.
• In modern Kazakhstan, the development of Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh bilingualism is one of the priorities national policy Nursultan Nazarbaev.

Kitchen

• The main dishes are meat. One of the popular Kazakh dishes is called " ET (Meat)”, this dish is often called and known in Russian-language literature and the press as beshbarmak, from boiled fresh lamb with pieces of rolled boiled dough ( kamyr). Also popular:
  • kuyrdak- fried pieces of liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, etc.
  • kespe or salma- noodles
  • sorpa - meat broth
  • ak-sorpa- milk soup with meat, or just meat soup with kurt
• The main dishes often also include a variety of boiled sausages:
  • kazy- horsemeat sausage, divided according to the degree of fat content
  • map
  • shuzhyk
• Previously, the main dishes also included the stuffed stomach, once popular with shepherds, baked in ashes (similar to haggis), but now it belongs to the exotic even among the Kazakhs.
• Popular dishes are:
  • Sirne- roasted young lamb cooked in a cauldron with onions and potatoes
  • palau- pilaf in Kazakh style with lots of meat and carrots
• Of the fish dishes, the most famous cocktail- strung on willow branches, char-grilled fish seasoned with vegetables
• Mutton, beef, horsemeat, less often camel meat are widely used for cooking. The use of fish and seafood is traditional for the inhabitants of the Caspian and Aral coasts. Due to the nomadic way of life, the bird was not bred, and was present only as a game for hunters.
• In addition to meat dishes, there is a wide variety of dairy dishes and drinks:
  • koumiss- sour mare's milk
  • shubat- sour camel milk
  • day- cow's milk
  • ayran- kefir
  • kaimak- sour cream
  • kilegei- cream
  • sary-may - butter
  • suzbe- cottage cheese
  • katyk- the average between yogurt and cottage cheese
  • Kurt- dried salted cottage cheese
  • irimshyk- dried sheep's milk cheese
  • hut or ashmal- liquid yogurt, etc.
• Tea is the main drink. Any dastarkhan ends with tea drinking. Moreover, tea in Kazakh is strong tea with cream, just like tea in English. The consumption of tea by the inhabitants of Kazakhstan is one of the highest in the world - 1.2 kg per person per year.
  • For comparison, in India it is only 650 grams per capita.
• Famous sweets include shortpack- This is a mixture of honey and horse fat from "kazy". It was mostly on the dastarkhan of the Kazakh bais.
• The main varieties of traditional bread:
  • baursaks- fried in boiling oil in a cauldron round or square pieces of dough
  • schelpek And taba-nan- thin cakes fried in boiling oil
  • tandoor- cakes in clay pans baked under dung
  • taba-nan(taba - pan) - bread baked on coals, the dough is baked between two pans
  • shek shek- chak-chak
  • tandoor-nan- bread baked in a tandoor oven
    • The most common are baursaks, as they are easily cooked in field conditions - in a cauldron, and now they are traditionally prepared for any holiday, being additional decoration festive table, while the tandoor requires tandoor ovens and was baked mainly in sedentary places (cities on the Great Silk Road, some winter camps with pastures (kystau - winter huts).
  • Also: talkan, zharma, zhent, balauyz, balkaimak

Kinds of sports

• Baiga- jump to a distance of 10…100 shakyrym(one “shakyrym” is approximately equal to half a kilometer. Usually it was equal to the distance from which it was possible to shout to another person and call him: “ shakir" - "call for")
• Alaman-baige- long-distance races (40 shakyryms)
• Coonan-baige- races of young horses - two years old
• Zhorga-zharys- horse races
• Kyz kuu(chasing a girl) - horseback riding between a girl and a guy
• Kokpar- goat-wrestling - the struggle of horsemen for the carcass of a goat
• tenge alu- pick up a coin at a gallop and other horse riding
• Sayys- wrestling on horseback
• Kazakhsha kures- national Kazakh wrestling
• Togyz kumalak- nine balls - board game
• Asyk- game with lamb knee bones on the court (similar to the game of grandmas)
• Burkut-salu- falconry until the first game
• Zhamby atu- shooting at a high-hanging "jamba" target on a fast galloping horse
• Tartyspak- team riding game for pulling off horses

Traditions

• Modern Kazakhstan is going through a period national revival and the revival of national statehood
• Previously, there was a conscious elimination and destruction of traditions throughout the twentieth century. During the seventy years of the Soviet period, traditions were fought in Kazakhstan as “remnants of the past”

Sources

• "National composition and language skills, citizenship"

The people, the indigenous population of Kazakhstan. Total number K. more than 9.4 million people, incl. in Kazakhstan 6540 thousand people. They also live in Uzbekistan (807 thousand people), in the Russian Federation (636 thousand people), in Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine and Tajikistan, in China 1150 thousand people, in Mongolia 125 thousand people, in Afghanistan 40 thousand people, in Turkey 25 thousand people. etc. They speak Kazakh. Turk. Altai family groups. Writing in Russian graphic basis. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

The ethnogenesis of K. took place under conditions of a long period of time. interactions of heterogeneous nomadic tribes. In ethnogenesis important role played primarily substrate Indo-Iranian. tribes of the Bronze Age. In the 1st millennium BC. e. Kazakhstan is the habitat of the Iranian-speaking Saka tribes. In the 1st floor. 1st millennium AD e. There were complex processes of Turkization associated with the migration of the Xiongnu and other Turkic-speaking tribes to the territory. Kazakhstan. The final stage of Turkization was associated with the inclusion of Kazakhstan in the zone of influence of heterogeneous tribes from the middle. 1st mill. In the 9th-11th centuries. political hegemony in Kazakhstan belonged to the Oguzes, Kimaks and Karluks. In the 11th-13th centuries. terr. Kazakhstan is included in the zone of formation of the Kypchak ethno-cultural community. All R. 12th c. the Kidans (Karakitai) penetrate into Semirechie, and in the beginning. 13th c. - Naimans and Kereites. This period, according to the anthropological materials of Kazakhstan, is early stage formation of a characteristic phenol for the Kazakhs. The Mong. conquest and entry of territories. Kazakhstan in the composition of the Mong.-Tatar states (Kok-Orda, the ulus of Siban, Mogolistan, etc.) had a mean. impact on ethnicity. processes, causing movement, crushing and unification decomp. tribes and nationalities, during which the Mongols were completely assimilated by the local Turks. population. in con. 14-beginning 15th century most of the Turkic-speaking tribes of Kazakhstan (Kipchaks, Argyns, Naimans, Karluks, Kangly, Kereits) became part of the Uzbek and Nogai Khanates. With the emergence of the Kazakh Khanate in the 2nd half. 15th c. the end of the ethnogenetic process, Kazakh was formed. ethnic generality. It included three economic and cultural associations - zhuz, each of which included a group of tribes and occupied isolated district: Semirechye - Senior zhuz (ulu zhuz), Center. Kazakhstan - Middle zhuz (orta zhuz) t Western Kazakhstan - Junior zhuz (kishi zhuz). In 1731, the Little Zhuz voluntarily became part of Russia; in 1740, the Middle Zhuz and parts of the Senior Zhuz became part of Russia; the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia was completed in the 60s. 19th century In 1920 Kirg was formed as part of the RSFSR. ASSR, rev. In 1925 in Kazakh. ASSR, which in 1936 was transformed into Kazakh. SSR. Since 1991 - Rep. Kazakhstan.

Traditional occupation - semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding (sheep breeding, mainly coarse-haired fat-tailed breeds, red horn cattle, goats), incl. horse breeding and camel breeding, based on year-round pasture keeping of livestock. The radius of migrations reached 1000-1200 km. Each nomadic group had strictly defined pastures and nomadic routes. Pasture lands were divided according to the season: in winter they were located in the main. in the south - with meridional nomadism, in river valleys and foothills - with vertical nomadism; in summer - respectively in the steppe and forest-steppe zones and in the mountains. Agriculture (irrigated) was of an auxiliary nature. In subsequent years, the intensification of cattle breeding, as well as the reduction of pasture territories (as a result of Russian colonization) and the development of agriculture, led to the settling of some nomads.

Traditional crafts for women - spinning sheep and camel wool, making carpets and felts, embroidery, sewing with gold and beads, weaving mats; for men - jewelry, metal processing, wood and bone carving, leather embossing.

Traditional settlements - aul. Main kind of traditional dwellings - yurt (retains an auxiliary role). During migrations, it was transported in a pack in disassembled form. Winter permanent dwellings were widespread: stone shoshala, or toshala, and yurt-like buildings made of wood, wattle, turf and reeds, as well as dugouts (zhertole, or kazba uy).

Traditional husband. clothing consists of a shirt, trousers and a beshmet - narrow shoulder-length clothing to the knees with a standing collar. Top. clothing - bathrobe (shapan); the rich K. had a robe made of velvet and embroidered with gold or lace; sometimes trimmed with fur. An indispensable part of the husband. clothing - leather belt. The headdress of men is a skullcap, over it they put on either a felt hat with split folding brim, or a hood, or a hat in the form of a cap with fur inward with brim folded outward, or tymak - a winter hat lined with fur, with wide brim descending to the neck and shoulders .

Traditional female clothing - shirt-dress, cotton-boom pants. dress - dark or white for the elderly and colored for the young, sleeveless. Young women have a bib made of cloth and other fabrics, embroidered with threads, galloons and various decorations. Female headdresses differed depending on the tribes. accessories, age and marital status. A typical wedding dress (saukele) is a high cap made of red cloth or velvet, often richly decorated with pendants, beads and chains, married women kimeshek - a kind of hood made of white cotton-paper, less often silk fabric, covering the head, shoulders, chest and back, with a cutout for the face; a white turban was worn over the hood. Women wore silver, copper and glass jewelry: earrings, beads, bracelets, rings, etc.

The basis of tradition nutrition from spring to autumn was milk, in the main. in fermented form (katyk or ayran - from sheep and cow's milk, koumiss - from mare), cheese; since November - meat and grows. products.

The basis of tradition social organization- a nomadic community, the head of the cell was a small family with patriarchal foundations. Marriage is patrilocal. The customs of levirate and sororat were common. The marriage was preceded by matchmaking, repeated visits to the bride, mutual gifts between matchmakers and the payment of bride price.

K. retains a rich folklore (songs, epic tales performed by narrators-zhyrshy, the work of poets-improvisers - akyns). Big role genealogical legends, epics (“Koblandy”, “Kozy-Korpesh” and “Bayan-Slu”, etc.) and legends play in the spiritual culture.

Nationality Kazakhs

Kazakhs are mainly settled in the Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Region, Mulei-Kazakh and Balikun-Kazakh Autonomous Counties of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, a minority - in the Aksai-Kazakh Autonomous County of Gansu Province.

Kazakhs speak the Kazakh language, which belongs to the Turkic language group Altai language family. The Kazakh language has two dialects: southwestern and northeastern.

Kazakh writing originated in the second half of the 19th century, was reformed twice in the Soviet Union, and in 1954 was revised in China and is currently based on the Arabic script.

Most Kazakhs profess Islam.

The Kazakh nation has ancient history. The ancient ancestors of the Kazakhs were the Usuns, who in the Han era inhabited the territories to the south and north of the Tien Shan (II century BC - II century AD). Subsequently, an important role in the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs was played by the Turks (mid-VI century AD), the ancient tribes of Geloulu, Huihu (X century - XII century), Khitan (XII century), Kereites, Naimans, Tsincha (XIII century .). For the first time, the name of the nation appeared in the middle of the 15th century, when the Kazakhs created the Kazakh Khanate. According to the folk legends of the Kazakhs, “Kazakh” means “white goose”. Some believe that the name of the nation comes from the ancient Chinese names of the tribes “Gesa”, “Esa”, “Kesa”, others explain the name “Kazakh” as “warrior”, “free man”, “fugitive”. With the exception of a small number of those engaged in agricultural production, the majority of Kazakhs are engaged in cattle breeding. They live in picturesque steppes. The life and work of the Kazakhs cannot do without horses. Every Kazakh boasts excellent horse riding and is proud that the Kazakh nation is a “nation of riders”. The pride of the Kazakhs is the famous Ili horses, which, due to their beauty and magnificence, were called “heavenly horses” by the Emperor of Han Wudi more than 2000 years ago.

Kazakhs, Kazakhs in China
Qazaqtar, Qazaqtar, قزاقتر

Number and range

Total: St. 14 million
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: 11,244,547 (1.01.2014)
PRC PRC: 1,462,588 (2010 census)

• • Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Region: about 1 million

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan: 800,000 - 1,100,000

• • Karakalpakstan: 300,000 - 400,000
  • Tashkent region: 200,000 - 300,000
  • Tashkent: 46,000

Russia Russia: 647 732 (2010), 653 962 (2002)

• • Astrakhan region Astrakhan region:
    149 415 (2010), 142 633 (2002)
  • Orenburg region Orenburg region:
    120 262 (2010), 125 568 (2002)
  • Omsk region Omsk region:
    78 303 (2010), 81 618 (2002)
  • Saratov region Saratov region:
    76 007 (2010), 78 320 (2002)
  • Volgograd region Volgograd region:
    46 223 (2010), 45 301 (2002)
  • Chelyabinsk region Chelyabinsk region:
    35 297 (2010), 36 219 (2002)
  • Tyumen region Tyumen region:
    19 146 (2010), 18 639 (2002)
  • Samara region Samara region:
    15 602 (2010), 14 918 (2002)
  • Republic of Altai Republic of Altai:
    12 524 (2010), 12 108 (2002)
  • Kurgan region Kurgan region:
    11 939 (2010), 14 804 (2002)
  • Novosibirsk region Novosibirsk region:
    10 705 (2010), 11 691 (2002)
  • Moscow Moscow:
    9 393 (2010), 7 997 (2002)
  • Altai Territory Altai Territory:
    7 979 (2010), 9 825 (2002)
  • Kalmykia Kalmykia:
    4 948 (2010), 5 001 (2002)
  • Sverdlovsk region Sverdlovsk region:
    4 406 (2010), 4 403 (2002)
  • Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra:
    4 382 (2010), 4 258 (2002)
  • Bashkortostan Bashkortostan:
    4 373 (2010), 4 092 (2002)
  • Moscow region Moscow region:
    3 507 (2010), 2 493 (2002)
  • St. Petersburg St. Petersburg:
    3 349 (2010), 2 830 (2002)
  • Rostov region Rostov region:
    3 046 (2010), 3 021 (2002)
  • Krasnoyarsk Territory Krasnoyarsk Territory:
    1 970 (2010), 4 489 (2002)
  • Stavropol Territory Stavropol Territory:
    1 861 (2010), 1 779 (2002)
  • Tatarstan Tatarstan:
    1 758 (2010), 1 832 (2002)
  • Tomsk region Tomsk region:
    1 705 (2010), 1 215 (2002)
  • Kemerovo region Kemerovo region:
    1 701 (2010), 1 919 (2002)
  • Krasnodar Territory Krasnodar Territory:
    1 616 (2010), 1 331 (2002)
  • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:
    1 532 (2010), 1 404 (2002)
  • Republic of Sakha Republic of Sakha:
    1 338 (2010), 1 525 (2002)
  • Primorsky Territory Primorsky Territory
    1 235 (2010), 1 296 (2002)
  • Dagestan Dagestan
    522 (2010), 619 (2002)

Mongolia Mongolia: 101,526
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan: 32,981

• • Chui region: 12,800
  • Bishkek: 9 013
  • Issyk-Kul region: 6,464
  • Talas region: 3,049

Turkey Turkey: 30,000
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan: ca. 20 000
Canada Canada: 7,000
Iran Iran: 3,000 - 4,000
Ukraine Ukraine: 5 526
USA USA: up to 3,000
Belarus Belarus: 1,355 (2009)
Germany Germany: ca. 1000
United Kingdom United Kingdom: ca. 1000
Tajikistan Tajikistan: 595

Language

Kazakh

Religion

Sunni Islam, Tengrianism

Racial type

South Siberian race

Included in

Altai family
Turkic branch
Kypchak group
Nogai subgroup

Related peoples

Turkic peoples

Origin

Turkic

Kazakhs(Kazakh qazaqtar /qɑzɑqtɑr/; singular qazaq / qɑzɑq/) - Turkic people, the indigenous population of Kazakhstan. Kazakhs also have long lived in the regions of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and in the west of Mongolia adjacent to Kazakhstan. The language is Kazakh, which is part of the Turkic group of languages.

• 1 ethnic history Kazakhs
  • 1.1 Anthropology
  • 1.2 Ethnonym "Kazakh" (Kazakh)
  • 1.3 Kazakhs in the Russian Empire in the XIX-XX centuries
• 2 Number
  • 2.1 Kazakhs in China
  • 2.2 Kazakhs in Russia
  • 2.3 Kazakhs in Uzbekistan
• 3 Religion
• 4 Language and writing
• 5 Life and culture
  • 5.1 National cuisine
  • 5.2 national views sports
  • 5.3 Traditions
• 6 Repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs to Kazakhstan
• 7 Ethnographers about Kazakhs
• 8 See also
• 9 Notes
• 10 Literature
• 11 Links

Ethnic history of the Kazakhs

Main article: History of Kazakhstan

Since ancient times, the ethnic picture of the territory of present-day Kazakhstan has been diverse, which has left its mark on the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs, who are descendants of the ancient Turks of the Turkic Kaganate.

Anthropology

Anthropologically, the Kazakhs belong to the South Siberian race, transitional between the Mongoloid and Caucasoid large races. Genetic studies have shown significant genetic diversity among Kazakhs, common features which is that modern Kazakhs are carriers of genetic material of both Caucasoid and Mongoloid types and are rightly attributed to the transitional South Siberian race.

Ethnonym "Kazakh" (қазақ)

Main article: Kazakh Khanate

The ethnonym “Kazakh” appeared in the 15th century, when in 1460 the khans Zhanibek and Kerey with their auls migrated from the banks of the Syr Darya to the east in Semirechie, on the Chu River, on the lands of the ruler of Moghulistan Yesen-buga, where they formed the Kazakh Khanate (1465). These tribes began to call themselves free people - "қазақ" ("қазақтар"), in Russian - "Kazakhs". In Kazakh speech in this word, both letters “k” are pronounced as a solid Қ, but since 1936, the spelling “Kazakh” has been established in modern Russian orthography.

In Tsarist Russia, the current Kazakhs were called Kirghiz or Kirghiz-Kaisaks, so as not to be confused with Russian Cossacks. Misuse before the revolution, the ethnonyms "Kazakh" and "Kyrgyz" were associated with the mistakes of incompetent authors and administration. Back in 1827, A. I. Levshin argued that “the Kirghiz is the name of a completely different people ... the name Cossack ... belongs to the Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes from the beginning of their existence, they don’t call themselves otherwise.” Initially, the ethnonym "Kazakh" was fixed in the form "Cossack" in 1925 in Soviet Russia after the renaming of the Kirghiz ASSR into the Kazakh ASSR, and in the form of "Kazakh" after the transformation of the Kazak ASSR into the Kazakh SSR in 1936.

The main etymology of the ethnonym "Kazakh": the word "Cossack" means "free, free, independent person, daring, adventurer".

Kazakhs in the Russian Empire in the XIX-XX century

According to 1890 data published in the Alphabetical List of Peoples Living in the Russian Empire, the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (that is, Kazakhs) lived on the territory of the Orenburg and Astrakhan provinces, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk, Turgai and Ural regions with a total number of 3 million people. In the Younger juz in early XIX century, the tsarist government of Russia created and maintained the Internal, or Bukey Horde.

A general assessment of the policy of tsarism in Kazakhstan was given by the Kazakh historian R. Temirgaliev:

... not so much the humanity of the Slavs in comparison with the Anglo-Saxons, but the significant difference in soil fertility between Sary-Arka and the Great Plains was one of the reasons for the difference in the fates of the Kazakhs and North American Indians. True, after the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the resettlement of peasants in Kazakhstan acquired a fairly wide scope, but these migrants were mainly limited to only a few regions, and Kazakhs continued to roam in most of the rest of the territory.

By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 40 large tribal groups among the Kazakhs. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published in late XIX- early XX centuries, noted that individuals from the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (then Russian name Kazakhs) sometimes designate their nationality by the common name Cossack, but more often they define it by the name of the genus to which they consider themselves to belong.

At the same time, Russian ethnographic science has never questioned that these genera constitute united people, noting that they speak the same language.

In terms of numbers, the Kirghiz occupy the first place among the nomadic races of Asia. The Kirghiz-Kaisaks roam across boundless spaces (over 50,000 square miles) from the banks of the Volga to the Tarim basin and from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya to the Irtysh. Their total number far exceeds 3 million souls. The largest part of them (over 3 million) is subject to Russia, where they live within the Astrakhan province (216 thousand souls of both sexes), the regions of the Urals (412,601 people, or 79% of the total population of the region), Turgai (338,802 people), Akmola ( 341414 people, or 73% of the population of the region), Semipalatinsk (547577 people, or 90.6% of the population of the region), northern districts of the Semirechensk region (600 thousand people), Syr-Darya region (730 thousand people, or 60% of the population of the region ), Amudarya department (40 thousand people), regions of Samarkand (20 thousand) and Transcaspian (over 40 thousand); in addition, part of the Kirghiz-Kaisaks of the Ural and Turgai regions (up to 40 thousand) migrate to the Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk and Troitsk districts of the Orenburg province (the so-called "new line strip"). Several tens of thousands of Kirghiz-Kaisaks are considered in the Khiva Khanate. within China (northwestern Mongolia), the Kirghiz-Kaisaks occupy the steppe valley of the Black Irtysh, the northern slope of the Tarbagatai and Saura ridges and the southern slope of Altai; some of them (from the end of the 1860s) move to the northern slope, and roam along the tributaries of the Kobdo River. All Kirghiz-Kaisaks recognize themselves as members of the same nationality, which breaks up into three departments or hordes: Great, Middle and Small; Bukeevskaya horde separated from the Small Horde.

The formal division into zhuzes actually disappeared by the beginning of the 20th century, but until now representatives of the Senior Zhuz live mainly in the south of Kazakhstan, the Middle Zhuz in the north and east, and the Younger Zhuz in the west of the country.

population

The share of Kazakhs by districts and cities of regional and republican subordination of Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2014 10.0-19.9% ​​20.0-29.9% 30.0-39.9% 40.0-49.9% 50.0-59.9% 60.0-69.9% 70.0-79.9% 80.0-89.9% more than 90.0%

The total number of Kazakhs is over 14 million people.

• Kazakhstan - 11.2 million people
• China - 1.5 million people
• Uzbekistan - 0.8 - 1.1 million people
• Russia - 648 thousand people
• Mongolia - 102 thousand people
• Turkmenistan - up to 40 thousand people.
• Kyrgyzstan - 30 thousand people
• Türkiye - 20 thousand people
• Iran - 12 thousand people
• USA - 3 thousand people
• Germany - 1 thousand people
• Great Britain - 1 thousand people

Kazakhs in China

Main article: Kazakhs in China

The bulk of the Kazakhs live in the XUAR (about 1.25 million people), where a system of national autonomous entities has been created for them: the majority of the Kazakhs of the PRC live in the Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Okrug (ICAO); also live in the Barkel-Kazakh Autonomous County as part of the Khami District and Mory-Kazakh Autonomous County (as part of the Changji-Hui autonomous region). In addition to these autonomous entities in Chinese province Gansu has Aksai-Kazakh Autonomous County. Kazakhs in China are among the small ethnic groups with state status.

In the XUAR of the PRC, there are schools with teaching in the Kazakh language, more than 50 newspapers and magazines in the Kazakh language are published, 3 TV channels operate, which broadcast 7 days a week.

The state restriction "One family - one child" does not apply to Kazakhs in China.

Kazakhs in Russia

Main article: Kazakhs in Russia

The number of Kazakhs and their share in the population of Russia has been constantly increasing. Kazakhs live compactly in border regions. The Astrakhan region publishes a newspaper in the Kazakh language "Ak Arna", in the Kurgan region - the newspaper "Birlik". in a number of regions there are several dozen schools where the Kazakh language is taught as a separate subject, there is one school in the Altai Republic where teaching is conducted in the Kazakh language according to the program of the Kazakh department of public education and according to Kazakh textbooks, but there is no secondary education in the Kazakh language in Russia .

Kazakhs in Uzbekistan

Main article: Kazakhs in Uzbekistan

Religion

Main articles: Islam in Kazakhstan, Religion in Kazakhstan Mosque named after Mashkhur Zhusup

• The traditional religious affiliation is Sunni Muslims. Traditional madhhab (Muslim legal school) of Imam Abu Hanif.

The penetration of Islam into the territory of modern Kazakhstan took place over several centuries, starting from the southern regions. Initially, Islam established itself among the settled population of the Semirechye and the Syr Darya at the end of the 10th century. For example, Islam was already in the Karakhanid Empire at the end of the 10th century. Kazakhs are now Muslims. Observe in one way or another at least part of the Islamic rites. For example, the rite of circumcision (sunnet / sundet) is performed by absolutely all Kazakhs, and they are all buried according to Muslim rites. Although it should be noted that only a certain part (minority) regularly prays and observes other religious requirements. This is explained by the fact that during the Soviet period religious activity was persecuted and many Kazakhs could not fully comply with Islamic norms. Currently, there are 2,700 mosques in Kazakhstan, while in the Soviet period there were only 63. The number of Muslims observing Sharia norms has now increased.

The spread of Islam among the nomads was not as active as among the settled population of the Turkic peoples, since the traditional religion of the nomadic Turks was Tengrianism. But Islam continued to spread in the following centuries. So, Khan of the Golden Horde Berke (1255-1266) and Khan Uzbek (Khan Ozbek) 1312-1340 accepted Islam. At that time, the influence of the Sufi clergy was strong among the Turks. A huge contribution to the propaganda of Islam among the Kazakhs was made by the founder of the Sufi order Yasaviya Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, who died in 1166 in the city of Turkestan.

Main article: Tengrianism

Before the advent of Islam, paganism intertwined with tribal customs was widespread in the Kazakh steppe. Later, Gumilyov gave a definition of the steppe religion - Tengrianism. Later Buddhism and Manichaeism. Since the ethnic customs of the Kazakhs were associated with pagan beliefs, then even after the arrival of Islam, the Kazakhs retained national characteristics, which left their mark on the so-called. steppe Islam, which differs in many ways from the Islam of non-nomadic peoples.

Tengrianism arose in a natural historical way on the basis of the people's worldview, which embodied both early religious and mythological ideas related to man's attitude to the surrounding nature and its elemental forces. A peculiar and characteristic feature of this religion is the kinship of a person with the world around him, nature. Tengrianism was generated by the deification of nature, the eternal sky above the head and the veneration of the spirits of ancestors. The Turks worshiped objects and phenomena of the surrounding world not out of fear of incomprehensible and formidable elemental forces, but out of a sense of gratitude to nature for the fact that, despite the sudden outbursts of its unbridled anger, it is often affectionate and generous. They knew how to look at nature as an animated being. The Tengrian faith gave the nomadic Turks the knowledge and ability to feel the spirit of nature, to be more aware of being a part of it, to live in harmony with it, to obey the rhythm of nature, to enjoy its endless changeability, to rejoice in its many-sided beauty. Everything was interconnected, and the nomadic Turks carefully treated the steppes, meadows, mountains, rivers, lakes, that is, nature as a whole, as bearing a divine imprint.

The Kazakhs of Central and Northern Kazakhstan still have Tengrian customs, but already closely related to Islamic traditions:

There are Tengrian customs associated with babies, so the Kazakhs have long performed a rite of purification by fire when the child is first placed in a “besik” (cradle).

“Tusau kesu” (circumcision of the fetters on the legs, this ceremony was performed when the child was one year old and he marked that the child would now begin to walk on his own.

Language and writing

Main articles: Kazakh language, Kazakh writing

The Kazakh language belongs to the Turkic group of languages, is included in the Kypchak subgroup of Turkic languages ​​(Nogai, Karachay-Balkarian, Kumyk, Karaite, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, Karakalpak, Karagach). Together with the Nogai, Karakalpak and Karagach languages, it belongs to the Kypchak-Nogai branch. Upcoming related languages are Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Nogai, Tatar, Kumyk, Balkar. Representatives of these peoples can easily communicate with each other without an interpreter.

The ancient Turkic peoples, who later became the ancestors of modern Kazakhs, played a significant role in the history of Eurasia. It should be noted that in the period from the 5th to the 15th century, the Turkic language was the language of interethnic communication in most of Eurasia. Even with Mongolian khans Batu and Munk, all official documents in the Golden Horde, international correspondence, in addition to Mongolian, were also conducted in the Turkic language. The formation and development of a language close to the modern Kazakh language took place in the XIII-XIV centuries. It should be noted that the modern Kazakh language as a whole is very close to the old Kazakh. From the 13th to the beginning of the 20th century, there was a single literary Turkic language - "Turks", which laid the foundation for all local Turkic languages ​​in Central Asia.

Scientists for the first time discovered a monument of ancient Turkic runic writing on the territory of modern Khakassia. Later - on the territory of Tuva, Mongolia, Altai, Kazakhstan, Talas (Kyrgyzstan), etc. The material for writing was the surface of a stone, wood, bone, coins, household items, etc. Archaeological exhibits with samples of ancient Turkic runic writing are kept, including in the Kazakh State Museum.

The runic alphabet consisted of 24 letters and a word separator; by the 8th century, the alphabet of the classical period in the Orkhon variety consisted of 38 letters and a word separator. In total, taking into account regional and chronological variants, there are more than 50 graphemes. The language of the inscriptions made in the ancient Turkic runic script was the Orkhon-Yenisei language (named after the Orkhon in Mongolia and the Yenisei in Russia).

With the spread and strengthening of Islam at the beginning of the 10th century. the Arabic alphabet is becoming more and more widespread. Of course, it was significantly changed and adapted to the norms of Turkic speech. The main centers for the spread of Arabic writing among the Turkic peoples were the cities of Bulgar (in modern Tatarstan) and Khorezm (in modern Uzbekistan), located outside the territory of the Kazakh settlement, where Islam was entrenched as early as the 10th-11th centuries. The Islamization of the majority of Kazakhs and the perception of the Arabic script by the literate part of the population occurred in the 18th century.

In 1912, Akhmet Baitursynov reformed the Kazakh script on the basis of the Arabic script, making it possible for millions of Kazakhs living abroad to use it. He excluded all Arabic letters not used in the Kazakh language and added letters specific to the Kazakh language. The new alphabet, called "Zhana emle" ("New spelling"), is still used by Kazakhs living in China, Afghanistan, Iran.

During the Soviet period in Kazakhstan, for political purposes, the Kazakh alphabet was translated into Latin script (Latinization, 1929), and then another translation was carried out already into Cyrillic (Cyrilization, 1940). Currently, the Kazakh language in Kazakhstan uses the Cyrillic alphabet, and discussions are underway on the expediency of returning to the Latin script.

"Latin script dominates today in the communication space," said President N. Nazarbayev, speaking to the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan in 2006. "We need to return to the issue of switching to the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language," he told delegates representing various ethnic groups in Kazakhstan.

Modern Kazakhs are characterized by bilingualism. Thus, 75% of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan are fluent in Russian, in Kyrgyzstan 81% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, and in Russia 98% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian. Among the Kazakhs of China and Mongolia, the majority, along with Kazakh, also speaks Chinese and Mongolian, respectively.

Life and culture

Main article: Kazakh culture

National cuisine

Main article: Kazakh cuisine Kazy - delicacy horse meat

The main dishes are meat. One of the popular Kazakh dishes is called "As" (food), this dish is often called and known in Russian-language literature and the press as beshbarmak, boiled fresh lamb with pieces of rolled boiled dough (zhaima or kamyr). Also popular are kuyrdak (fried pieces of liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, etc.), kespe or salma (noodles), sorpa (meat broth), ak-sorpa (milk soup with meat, or just meat soup with kurt). The main dishes often also include a variety of boiled sausages - kazy (horse meat sausage, divided according to the degree of fat content), map, shuzhyk, ham - zhaya. Previously, the stuffed stomach, once popular among shepherds, baked in ash (analogous to haggis), was also included in the main dishes, but now it belongs to the exotic even among the Kazakhs.

Popular dishes are: “sirne” (fried young lamb cooked in a cauldron with onions and potatoes) and “palau” (Kazakh pilaf with lots of meat and carrots)

Of the fish dishes, the most famous is “koktal” - fish strung on willow branches, fried on coals, seasoned with vegetables.

Kuyrdak - traditional Kazakh meat dish

Mutton, beef, horsemeat, less often camel meat are widely used for cooking. The use of fish and seafood is traditional for the inhabitants of the Caspian and Aral coasts. due to the nomadic way of life, the bird was not bred, and was present only as a game for hunters.

In addition to meat dishes, there is a wide variety of dairy dishes and drinks: koumiss (sour mare's milk), shubat (sour camel's milk), sut (cow's milk), airan (kefir), kaymak (sour cream), kilegey (cream), sary-may (butter), suzbe (cottage cheese), katyk (more acidic dehydrated ayran), kurt (dried katyk), irimshik (dried sheep milk cottage cheese), shalap or ashmal (liquid yogurt), kozhe (milk drink with cereals), etc. Of the drinks, tea is the main one. Any dastarkhan ends with tea drinking. Moreover, Kazakh tea is strong tea with milk (cream is also used). The consumption of tea by the inhabitants of Kazakhstan is one of the highest in the world - 1.2 kilograms per person per year. For comparison, in India it is only 650 grams per capita.

Famous sweets include "shertpek" - a mixture of honey and horse fat from "kazy". it was mostly on the dastarkhan of the Kazakh bais.

Three types of traditional bread: baursaks - round or square pieces of dough fried in boiling oil in a cauldron; cakes fried in boiling oil - shelpek; "taba-nan" - cakes in clay pans, baked under dung; tandoor - cakes baked in the tandoor. Other types of bread: kulshe, karma. The most common are baursaks and shelpeks, as they are easily cooked in field conditions - in a cauldron, and now they are traditionally prepared for any holiday, being an additional decoration of the festive table, while tandoor requires tandoor ovens and is baked mainly in settled places ( cities on the Great Silk Road, some winter camps with pastures (kystau - winter quarters).As oil, fat (mutton, beef) was used, which allows you to keep the taste and freshness of baursako and shelpeks for a long time.

Also: "talkan", "zharma", "zhent", "balauyz", "balkaymak"

National sports

Main article: Kazakh national games Commemorative coin of Kazakhstan "Kyz Kuu" from the series "National rites and games", 2008

• Baiga - a jump at a distance of 10 - 100 shakyrym (one "shakyrym" - approximately equal to half a kilometer. Usually it was equal to the distance from which you could shout to another person and call him: "shakyru" - "call").
• Alaman-baige - long-distance races (40 shakyryms).
• Kunan-baige - races of young horses - two years old.
• Zhorga-zharys - races of pacers.
• Kyz kuu (chasing a girl) - horseback riding between a girl and a guy. The guy must catch up and then kiss the girl he likes, if he cannot do this, the girl must catch up with him and beat him with a whip
• Kokpar - the struggle of jigits on horseback for the carcass of a goat, it is necessary to bring the carcass to the "cauldron" (conditional gate).
• Tenge alu - raise a coin at a gallop and other horse riding.
• Sayys - wrestling, sitting on horseback.
• Kazaksha kures - national Kazakh wrestling.
• Togyz-kumalak - nine balls (board game).
• Asyki - a game of lamb knee bones on the court (similar to the game of grandmas).
• Burkut-salu - hunting with birds of prey (golden eagles, falcons) until the first game.
• Zhamby atu - shooting at a high-hanging target "jamby" on horseback on a fast galloping horse.
• Tartyspak is a team riding game for dragging horses.

Traditions

Main article: Kazakh traditions

Modern Kazakhstan is going through a period of national revival and the revival of national statehood.

Previously, there was an eradication and destruction of traditions throughout the twentieth century. During the Soviet period, Kazakhstan struggled with traditions as with "remnants of the past".

Repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs to Kazakhstan

Main article: Nurly kosh

Currently, Kazakhstan is pursuing a policy of repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs who were forced or voluntarily left the territory of the country or found themselves outside its modern borders after the national-state demarcation in Central Asia, and their descendants living in other countries (the term oralman is used). In total, over the past 2 decades, up to 1 million ethnic Kazakhs have moved to Kazakhstan, according to official estimates.

The program is currently being implemented "Nurly kosh" for 2009-2011 (kaz. Nurly kosh literal translation "bright roaming", "bright crossing"). The program was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 2, 2008 No. 1126. This state program of the Republic of Kazakhstan for rational resettlement and assistance in settling: ethnic immigrants; former citizens of Kazakhstan who arrived to carry out labor activities on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; citizens of Kazakhstan living in disadvantaged areas of the country.

Ethnographers about Kazakhs

Ch. Ch. Valikhanov: “Besides innate sensitivity, a Kazakh is forced to be compassionate by the fear, understandable to everyone, today or tomorrow of impoverishing himself through baranta or case, so frequent in the steppe. Mutual assistance to each other, provided by the Kazakhs in the latter case, is worthy of imitation and an enlightened European.

V. V. Radlov: “The Kazakhs differ sharply from the nomadic Turks of Altai, and in terms of their way of life and thinking they are at a higher level.”

G. N. Potanin: “Kazakhs can be classified as musical. They themselves are aware of this and tell a legend that people learned to sing from the goddess of the Song, who once descended from the sky and flew over the earth; where it flew high, people sing badly, where it is low, masters of singing live there. It flew low over the Kazakh steppe and the Kazakhs are masters of singing. They sing extremely expressively, moving from an insinuating whisper to a stormy major. Steppe voices are remarkable for their purity and strength; and I believe that in fifty years the Kazakhs will supply singers to the capital's stage.

P. S. Pallas: “The numerous Kazakh people live in unlimited freedom in comparison with the Kalmyks, who have so many small rulers over themselves. Each Kyrgyz lives like a free master, and therefore the Kazakhs are not as terrible as other enemies.

AI Tevkelev (commenting on the possibility of using, if necessary, the military forces of the Kazakhs of the Little Zhuz against the Middle Zhuz): "The Kyrgyz will not be cut with the Kyrgyz, and this entire Kyrgyz horde will remain useless."

see also

Wiktionary has an article "Kazakh"

• World Association of Kazakhs
• List of Kazakhs
• Kazakh names
• Kazakh clan

Notes

1. 1 2 Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on statistics. Ethno-demographic collection of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014.
2. 1 2 Ethnic composition of the PRC population (in Chinese)
3. 1 2 share of Kazakhs in the population of Uzbekistan according to 1959-1989 censuses. remained stable at about 4.1% (there is an estimate given by the CIA, according to which in 1996 the share of Kazakhs decreased to 3%). There is an official assessment of Uzbekistan (quoted from the book by E. Yu. Sadovskaya "Migration in Kazakhstan at the turn of the XXI century: main trends and prospects" ISBN 9965-593-01-9), according to which in 1999 the number of Kazakhs was 940.6 thousand people or 3.8%. If we accept the preservation of the share of Kazakhs at the level of 4.1% (excluding the repatriation of part of the Kazakh oralmans to Kazakhstan) and the population of Uzbekistan in mid-2008 in the amount of 27.3 million people, then the number of Kazakhs in Uzbekistan will be approx. 1.1 million people, if we apply the estimate of the share of Kazakhs in 3%, their number in mid-2008 will be approx. 0.8 million people According to the Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan in 2000, there were 990,022 Kazakhs in the country
4. 1 2 ETHNO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE NEAR ABROAD COUNTRIES С.123
5. Data for 2008. Official website of the Khokimiyat of Tashkent
6. 1 2 Census data of the Russian Federation in 2010
7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 All-Russian population census 2010 Ethnic composition of the regions of Russia
8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 All-Russian population census 2002. Retrieved December 24, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011.
9. 1 2 2010 Mongolian census
10. 1 2 National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. The national composition of the population. Estimated as of January 1, 2012. According to the 1999 census, there were 42,657 Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan (Demographic trends, the formation of nations and interethnic relations in Kyrgyzstan in 1926-2000, Demoscope), the number of Kazakhs is declining as a result of leaving Kyrgyzstan, so in 2008 alone, the decline due to migration amounted to 701 people. or 2.1% of the number of Kazakhs (Distribution of external migrants by nationality in 2008), in 2009 the decline was 630 people. or 1.9% (Distribution of external migrants by nationality in 2009), in 2010 - a decrease of 759 people. or 2.3% (Distribution of external migrants by nationality in 2010). Their assimilation also has a certain impact on the number of Kazakhs.
11. 1 2 http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2207298 According to the leader of the Kazakh community in Turkey, about ten thousand Kazakhs live in Turkey, of which about two hundred families live in Istanbul.
12. 1 2 According to the preliminary results of the 2012 census; in 1995, the number of Kazakhs, according to official census data, was 86,987 people, or 1.94% of the population. The total volume of repatriation of the Kazakhs of Turkmenistan to Kazakhstan for the period 1991-2014, according to the official data of the Kazakh side, amounted to about 65 thousand people and about 65 thousand people, which means that most of the Kazakhs of Turkmenistan left the country.
13. 1 2 Kazakhs in America
14. 1 2 http://news.iran.ru/news/32852/ Kazakhs of "nuclear" Iran
15. &n_page=5 All-Ukrainian population census of 2001. Distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
16. Population census of the Republic of Belarus in 2009. POPULATION BY NATIONALITY AND NATIVE LANGUAGE. belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
17. 1 2 http://www.botschaft-kaz.de/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=35 Kazakh Diaspora in Germany
18. 1 2 http://www.neonomad.kz/neonomadika/kultura/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=4530 Now about 35 - 40 people live in London Kazakh families, in general, there will be 300-400 ethnic Kazakhs. at one time they moved here because of the economic crisis in Turkey, so in London they had to start everything from scratch, practically laborers, so at first not everyone was able to give their children a good education. Some have to work as waiters in restaurants and canteens. There are also employed textile industry- perhaps the influence of the Turkish industry affects. For the last two or three years, 6-7 children from Kazakh families have already graduated from the university. There are about 1,000 Kazakh families living in the whole of Great Britain.
19. Volume 3. Ethnic composition and language skills, citizenship of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan
20. South Siberian race // TSB. - 3rd edition. - 1969-1978.
21. The peoples of the world: historical and ethnographic reference book / Ch.ed. Yu.V. Bromley. Ed. collegium: S.A. Arutyunov, S.I. Brook, T.A. Zhdanko and others - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1988.-624s.
22. The Analysis of the Genetic Structure of the Kazakh Population as Estimated from Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism. Galina Berezina, Gulnara Svyatova, Zhanar Makhmutova. Medical and Health Science Journal, MHSJ www.academicpublishingplatforms.com ISSN: 1804-1884 (Print) 1805-5014 (Online) Volume 6, 2011, pp. 2-6
23. 1 2 Why in pre-revolutionary Russia Kazakhs were called Kyrgyz
24. Institute of Ethnography named after N. N. Miklukho-M. Races and peoples: Modern ethnic and racial problems. Yearbook. - Nauka, 1974. - T. 4. - S. 23.
25. "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire". "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
26. Kazakh secret | Community History of Kazakhstan on Your Vision
27. Institute of Ethnography named after N. N. Miklukho-M. Races and peoples: Modern ethnic and racial problems. Yearbook. - Nauka, 1974. - T. 4. - P. 16. Among the Kazakhs by the beginning of the 20th century. There were more than 40 tribal groups, among the Kirghiz - 39, among the Karakalpaks - 12, among the Turkmens - more than 20.
28. Kirghiz-Kaisaki // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
29. Kirghiz // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
30. Census 2010
31. Astrakhan region remains the subject of the Russian Federation most actively cooperating with Kazakhstan | Information portal ZAKON.KZ
32. Orenburg IPK
33. Abstract - Kazakh people: history and modern…
34. Volobueva M. M. About national communities in the Altai Territory
35. Population census of Kazakhstan 1999
36. Population census of Kyrgyzstan
37. 2. POPULATION BY NATIONALITY AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
38. News of Kazakhstan. Asyks and lyangs of Ural Amanzholov
39. unesco
40. Consulate General of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Frankfurt am Main
41. Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
42. Revival of traditions in modern Kazakhstan
43. Speech by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the opening of the III session of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the fourth convocation on September 1, 2009
44. Collected works. Volume 1. Chokan Valikhanov, Author Dmitry Ivanov, Chokan Valikhanov - Understand
45. Kazakh secret
46. Quote of the Day. Grigory Potanin
47. Footnote error?: Wrong tag ; no text specified for autogenerated2 footnotes

Literature

• Kazakhs // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010. - 320 p.: with illustrations. ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8
• Kazakhs // Ethnoatlas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Council of Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Control public relations; ch. ed. R. G. Rafikov; editorial board: V. P. Krivonogov, R. D. Tsokaev. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Krasnoyarsk: Platinum (PLATINA), 2008. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3.

Links

• Shezhire. Kazakh genealogy
• Where did the Kazakhs come from?
• Kazakhs of Russia
• Undasynov I. N. The history of the Kazakhs and their ancestors
• Kazakh beliefs
• Sh. K. Akhmetova. "Food of the Kazakhs of Western Siberia: traditions and innovations" (about the cuisine of Russian Kazakhs)
• The system of personal names of the Kazakhs
• Kazakhs. Review of scientific periodicals of Kazakhstan

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Kazakhs Information About

The Kazakh people are full amazing features. Having formed unique culture, in which there are borrowings from other peoples, the Kazakhs have become one of the most interesting descendants of the Turkic-speaking population. Now they are actively developing national idea identity based on culture and tradition.

Story

The history of the Kazakh people covers several periods, including:

• Early;
• Middle Ages;
• Kazakh Khanate;
• History within the Russian Empire and the USSR;
• History of modern independent Kazakhstan.

The formation of the Kazakh people is associated with the Huns, after the collapse of their empire, the Turks entered the arena, mainly living in the Altai Territory. It is this version that is voiced by Chinese scientists, researchers involved in Turkology.
After the defeat of the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 15th century, the formation of the Kazakh Khanate began. The Turkic tribes finally consolidated into the Kazakh nation around the middle of the 15th century. The unification of the tribes took place under the auspices of Khan Kasym, whose conquests affected the Nogai Horde.
The rapprochement between Kazakhstan and Russia was due to a policy that encouraged peasants working in the border areas. Many fortresses were built on the borders. The power of the Russian Empire was very great, so the Kazakh khans decided to swear allegiance to it.
With the advent of Soviet power, a number of changes took place, some of which were carried out by force. In particular, the Bolsheviks eliminated the Alash autonomy and dealt with its leaders. In the 20s of the last century, mass collectivization and dispossession took place, which led to several years of famine. Many Kazakhs were forced to flee to China. Later, the Bolsheviks began to carry out mass repressions, during which most of the intelligentsia was destroyed. During the Second World War, about 500 thousand people were called to the front.
Now Kazakhstan is an independent country. Its geographical position obliges to pursue a special policy that takes into account the interests of the Russian Federation and China. All this has a significant impact on people's lives.