I had to linger, because the negligent coachman Selifan did not warn in time about the malfunction of the britzka. I had to wait five or six hours for the hastily found blacksmiths to repair it. When the britzka left the city very late, she had to wait funeral procession. A prosecutor was carried to the cemetery, the cause of whose death was unwittingly Chichikov himself. Now he drew down the curtains on the windows of the carriage and hid himself until the procession passed by.
Having passed the city barrier, the britzka rolled along high road. After two digressions- about this road and about uncomfortable, but always alluring Rus' - Gogol introduces the reader to the biography, explaining the purpose of buying dead serfs.
Chichikov - main character « dead souls» Gogol
Chichikov's father and mother were poor nobles who owned a single serf family. His sick parent did nothing, but only, shuffling, walked around the room and tore his son by the ear. Very young, Chichikov was taken from the village to an old relative in the city and sent to a school there. The father, parting with his son forever, advised him to please teachers and bosses and save a penny, because "this thing is more reliable than anything in the world, you can do everything and break everything in the world with a penny." (See Chichikov's childhood.)
Father's instruction sunk into the boy's soul. Not distinguished by outstanding talents, young Chichikov became the most exemplary student in the class in terms of behavior. Thanks to currying favor with teachers, he received an excellent certificate. Already at school, he showed a very inventive money-grubbing: having bought edibles on the market, he sat in the classroom next to those who were richer, and as soon as he noticed that a friend was hungry, he would stick out from under the bench, as if by chance, a corner of a gingerbread or a roll and take it by the hand. him money, according to his appetite.
Leaving the school, Chichikov entered the service in treasury chamber. At first, he was paid the lowest salary. But Chichikov managed to flatter himself with his elderly boss, who had an ugly, pockmarked daughter. Chichikov pretended to be ready to marry her. He even moved to the boss's house and began to call him daddy. The boss got him promotion, but immediately after that Chichikov skillfully hushed up the matter of the wedding, as if there had been no talk of it.
glib and sly Chichikov began to rise rapidly in the ranks. Everywhere he mercilessly took bribes, but he did it covertly and deftly: he never accepted money from the petitioner himself, but only through subordinate clerks. Having joined the commission for the construction of one state-owned building, Chichikov managed things in such a way that this structure did not go beyond the foundation, and he and his associates acquired beautiful houses of their own.
The authorities, however, started up and sent a strict military man to them as a new chief. Chichikov involuntarily had to leave his bread place. He spent some time in low positions, but soon got a job in customs. Here he showed unheard-of quickness and truly canine instinct. No smuggler on the western frontier could fool him. Chichikov's talents were noticed here too. For a long time he showed complete incorruptibility. But when, satisfied with his success, his superiors made him the head of a team to fight against one large smuggling society, he entered into an agreement with him and began to facilitate the transportation of illegal goods, earning hundreds of thousands on this.
However, this enterprise of Chichikov was also upset due to the negligence of one assistant. With difficulty avoiding a criminal court, Chichikov lost almost everything he had, lost his place, and only with difficulty got a job as an attorney. Once one of his clients, a bankrupt landowner, decided to mortgage his ruined estate to the state board of trustees. On the security of the peasants, the treasury gave money - two hundred rubles per capita. Chichikov suddenly found out that his client would receive these amounts not only for living serfs, but also for the dead, because before the financial census (audit) conducted every few years, all peasants were formally listed as alive. In the fraudulent mind of Chichikov, the thought flashed: to travel around Russia, buying from the landlords at a cheap price, and where, out of friendship, taking for nothing, dead peasant souls. Then Chichikov hoped to pledge them in bulk, as if alive, to the board of trustees and get a rich jackpot.
Today we are considering a criminal case against Pavel Chichikov from Gogol's poem Dead Souls. All quotes are taken from the literary source.
For the sake of this goal, he went to abuse of trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior.
“And in the office they didn’t have time to look back, how things turned out so that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and necessary person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the clerk papa and kissed him on the hand; everyone put in the ward that at the end of February, before Lent, there would be a wedding. The stern assistant even began to fuss with the authorities for him, and after a while Chichikov himself sat down as an assistant to one vacant position that had opened up..
Then Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took away things from the benefactor's house. In the new place, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign. He also abused his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and extorted bribes (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
At the end of his service as an assistant, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale.
2. Got a job at customs for personal illicit enrichment
“It must be said that this service has long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what smart foreign gizmos the customs officials got excited about, what porcelain and cambric they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, for a long time, he had already said with a sigh: “That would be where to get over: (…) what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It must be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special kind of French soap, which imparted an unusual whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks ... " The purpose of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to inflict most damage the state from abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. Perpetrated a famous scam called "Dead Souls"
The investigation insists on bringing to justice not only Chichikov, but also the accomplices of the fraud, who knew about the criminal intent and received material benefits from it. It's about about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribery by Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. Evidence of Manilov's guilt was not found.
Prosecutor: "Chichikov's goal is to cause the greatest damage to the state"
Lawyer Daniil Markhiev
Today, the consideration of the criminal case, in which Pavel Chichikov is accused of a crime in accordance with Article 159 of the Criminal Code, is being completed. Russian Federation, namely, that he is a professional recidivist fraudster. IN different cities, at various places of service of Chichikov, various fraudulent schemes used by him were uncovered. The investigation managed to collect information about how Chichikov honed his fraudulent schemes with school years. as a prosecutor main task I see it in substantiating the charge and proving that the crime was committed by the defendant. What is Chichikov accused of:
1. With the help of deceitful actions, Chichikov received the position of assistant. For the sake of this goal, he went to abuse the trust of his immediate superior, having received the position of assistant, Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took away things from the benefactor's house.
At the new place, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign, and also abused his official position and extorted bribes.
At the end of his service as an assistant, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale. Beyond the damage state budget Chichikov, profaning building orders, caused damage to the urban environment, society and workers who lost their jobs.
2. After that, Chichikov got a job at the customs, where he again used all available resources to get the highest possible place. There is evidence that Chichikov deliberately sought employment in customs for the purpose of personal illegal enrichment.
The purpose of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from the abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this position, Chichikov was engaged in fraud using corruption schemes on an especially large scale, and also took part in the illegal activities of organized crime and forced his colleagues to enter into a criminal conspiracy (Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
After revealing the activities of the criminal community, Chichikov escaped legal responsibility thanks to a bribe to the investigation (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. A scam called "Dead Souls" requires special consideration. The investigation insists on bringing to justice the accomplices of Chichikov's fraud, who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribery by Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. Evidence of Manilov's guilt was not found.
To implement his fraudulent "Dead Souls" scam, Chichikov was forced to accept a bribe. The probable help of Nozdrev to Chichikov in avoiding punishment deserves special consideration.
Nozdryov deliberately gave false testimony to the investigation. Thus, he introduced into difficulty and confused the preliminary investigation, presented the existing accusations against Chichikov in an absurd light, mixing them with all the existing rumors, which ruined the case and gave Chichikov time to escape from the court.
I ask the respected court to find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing a crime and to appoint general punishment as a real imprisonment for 9 years 6 months.
Defense: “The Chichikov case is not justice, but deliberate persecution”
Lawyer Vladislav Kocherin
Dear court, dear participants of the process!
I am glad that I have the opportunity to defend Pavel Chichikov, since the latter's accusation of committing crimes, provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is a blatant example of how they are trying to bring to justice an innocent person who is engaged in his professional business. I responsibly declare that Pavel Chichikov is not a criminal, but only an enterprising person.
So, for example, Pavel Chichikov is accused of “abusing the trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior in order to obtain the position of assistant. At the same time, Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation actually provides for liability for causing property damage to the owner or other owner of property by deception or abuse of trust in the absence of signs of theft. However, Pavel Chichikov did not inflict any property damage on his immediate superior, or anyone else.
After reading the text of the indictment regarding the acquisition of "Dead Souls" by P. Chichikov, I was sincerely amazed - what is my client accused of? In fact, he is accused only of making transactions at a loss to himself, buying non-existent peasants and paying real money for it, paying taxes for them, doing all this from his own pocket. However, Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for theft of other people's property through deceit and abuse of trust, however, P. Chichikov's goal was only to acquire dead souls through paid civil law transactions, which he directly stated to potential sellers of souls when they were made. That is, when acquiring souls, P. Chichikov did not deceive anyone, except himself, since he suffered direct losses from this, paying for the souls a clearly inflated purchase price, as well as taxes and taxes. In addition, it should be noted that " dead Souls"were formally considered alive, which made it possible to conduct any civil law transactions with them, which corresponded to the legislation in force at that time. P. Chichikov did not receive any property benefits from such transactions, therefore, his accusation under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not have any or legal grounds and is subject to rejection.
Thus, the actions of P. Chichikov constituted the performance of ordinary activities, as a result of which no material damage was caused to anyone except himself. It can be said that he simply collected "dead souls", which is not prohibited by law.
Thus, from all of the above, only one obvious conclusion can be drawn: my client, Pavel Chichikov, is innocent on all counts of the charges against him.
The accusation is based solely on assumptions and conjectures, there is no evidence of the circumstances set forth by the prosecution, P. Chichikov is being charged not only with crimes that he did not commit, but also with those for which sentences have already been passed and the perpetrators have been identified.
All this may not indicate the administration of justice, but only a deliberate persecution of Pavel Chichikov, who is a respectable citizen and has brought considerable benefits to society and the state, no matter what this enterprising person does.
The position of accusing my client of committing economic crimes does not hold water and is based only on personal hostility towards my client and the desire to see him behind bars, where he can no longer be useful to society and can become a member of the criminal environment, while he has significant services to society both during the period of service in government bodies, and with the deliverance of Russian landowners from the material and bureaucratic burden in the form of "dead souls".
I ask you to acquit my client on all counts of the charges.
Verdict in the case of Pavel Chichikov
The verdict is read by Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSUA) Maxim Mikhailovich Polyakov.
Having considered the criminal case on the charge of Pavel Chichikov, having heard the side of the prosecution and the defense, as well as the evidence presented in the case under consideration, the court makes the following decision:
1. Convicted of abuse of power
Chichikov undoubtedly abused the trust of citizens who turned to him for the execution of the necessary documents. The position of the defense in this regard cannot be considered justified, since the facts available in the case testify to the illegal schemes developed by P. Chichikov with the involvement of office employees, which allowed him to steal on a large scale. Citizen Chichikov acted solely out of selfish motives and contrary to the interests public service. The court interrogated the office staff, who confirmed the facts of his purchase of Dutch shirts and rare French soap, as well as other expensive items. Moreover, the house built by citizen Chichikov is ten times more expensive than his income for several years.
2. Acquit the defendant under the article “Infliction of property damage by deceit or breach of trust”
It can be considered quite reasonable the arguments of the defense that no property damage was caused to the immediate superior of P. Chichikov, thanks to whom he received the position of assistant. The actions that he committed while in the boss's house (courteous attitude, purchases of products for household needs, showing signs of attention to his daughter) are not illegal and do not constitute a crime under the incriminated article.
3. Found guilty of fraud in the purchase of "dead souls"
The court considers proven at least three episodes of fraudulent activities of citizen Chichikov, for the purchase of so-called "dead souls" from citizens Sobakevich, Korobochka and Plyushkin. The court took into account, first of all, the fact that dead souls were bought under the guise of living ones, which is confirmed by the documents provided by the investigation on the facts of the sale.
Evidence of the guilt of citizen Chichikov is the petitions seized from him for a large land plot and the subsidies from the state in the amount of 200 rubles in gold. The court found that the main criterion for obtaining such preferences is that a person has at least 500 souls.
The court, during the consideration of the criminal case, took into account the personality of Pavel Chichikov, which can be described as extremely negative. During court session Citizen Chichikov interfered in every possible way with the course of the trial, changed his testimony, made every effort to delay the adoption of a decision by the court.
Based on the foregoing, the court ruled:
Recognize Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing crimes under Art. 159 and Art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on Art. 69 part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, by partial addition of punishments, to appoint Pavel Chichikov a punishment in the form 4 years in prison, with a sentence of penal colony general mode.
All materials of the case can be viewed.
In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol refers to Chichikov's career only at the end of the work. At the beginning, Chichikov appears to readers as some enigmatic personality, whose origin is unknown. Given that Chichikov is the protagonist of the poem, there is a danger that readers will treat him as goodie despite the clearly fraudulent nature of its activities. Gogol himself felt this danger, and in the 11th chapter he begins to reduce the image of Chichikov: “It is very doubtful that the hero we have chosen will please the readers. The ladies will not like him, this can be said in the affirmative, because the ladies demand that the hero be decisive perfection, and if there is any spiritual or bodily speck, then trouble! ... And virtuous person after all, he was not taken as a hero ... No, it's time to finally hide the scoundrel. So, let's harness the scoundrel!" Further, the author writes about the origin of the hero and about his career: "Leaving the school, he did not even want to rest: he had such a strong desire to quickly get down to business and service. However, despite the commendable certificates, he decided with great difficulty in the state chamber. "However, in this chamber, Chichikov could vegetate until the end of his life, because" he got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year. was to take a decisive step.
"Finally, he sniffed out his (his boss - author's note) home, family life, found out that he had a mature daughter, with a face that also looked like it was threshing peas at night. he came up with the idea of inducing an attack. Sundays, every time he stood opposite her, cleanly dressed, having starched his shirt-front heavily, - and the case was a success: the stern clerk staggered (in the old days - the official in charge of office work in court - author's note) and invited him for tea! And in the office they didn’t have time to look back, how things turned out in such a way that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and necessary person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the clerk papa and kissed him on the hand; everyone put in the ward that there would be a wedding at the end of February before Lent. The stern assistant even began to fuss with the authorities for him, and after a while Chichikov himself sat down as an assistant to one vacant position that had opened up. This seemed to be the the main objective his ties with the old associate, because he immediately sent his chest secretly home and the next day found himself in another apartment. Povytchik ceased to be called papa and no longer kissed his hand, and the matter of the wedding was so hushed up, as if nothing had happened at all. However, every time he met him, he affectionately shook his hand and invited him to tea, so that the old clerk, despite his eternal immobility and callous indifference, shook his head every time and said under his breath: !"
It was the most difficult threshold he had crossed. Since then, things have gotten easier and more successful. He became a prominent person."
I once happened to be a witness to a similar turn in the fate of one person. Let's call him Peter Olegovich. He was a graduate student at the time. The term of graduate school was drawing to a close. This graduate student came from a small town. After graduating from graduate school, he faced a dilemma: to return to his homeland, which he apparently really did not want, or to do something to stay in Moscow. And to stay in Moscow in those days (80s) was very, very difficult. The only legal way is to marry a Muscovite. This path was chosen by our graduate student. Events unfolded rapidly (there was little time left before the defense). At some conference, he met a girl. She was vertically challenged and completely inconspicuous. "But what can you do - love!" - said the staff of the department. A wedding was scheduled two weeks before the defense. After the young people went to Honeymoon. "What is Petya thinking about?!" - his leader was indignant. Those who are familiar with the dissertation defense process know that last month before the defense - the most intense. But Petya drove away with his young wife, and seemed to have forgotten everything. But, thank God, everything worked out. Petya returned, the defense was successful. But what do we hear a month later? Peter is getting divorced! In his own way, he acted nobly. He did not apply for housing. All he needed was a Moscow residence permit. Subsequently, he exchanged his apartment in a provincial town for a Moscow one and moved with his mother to Moscow. It was very gentle, loving, caring son. Only when his mother died did he get married, this time for real. What was he thinking when he got married for the first time? After all, for his first wife it was a tragedy: to find your love, and then lose it, to understand that she was deceived, she was used to achieve her goals. How did her life turn out? Perhaps Petya thought: “Yes, I will do a bad deed, marry a girl I don’t love, for the sake of my goals. But then, throughout my life, I will behave honestly and atone for my meanness.” Isn't it all very familiar. Raskolnikov adhered to the same philosophy, but he failed as a result. It's a novel, some would say. In life, everything can be different. In life, scoundrels live to a ripe old age and die in their bed, surrounded by loved ones. Is it so? This story is not over yet, and we will probably have to find out how it will end.
Let us continue, however, the theme of Chichikov’s career: “Everything turned out to be in him that is necessary for this world: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and briskness in business affairs. them in a great way."
"Bread towns" exist in our time. Allow me one more memory. One employee worked in our laboratory. Once she announced that she was leaving, found a job in the authorities (in the city hall or in the council - I don’t remember now). Somehow she opened up and, not at all embarrassed, said that this was a bread place, where you could take bribes. And she said it completely without embarrassment, honestly and openly. Apparently, she thought that this was a matter of course, and others did not take bribes just because they were not given.
Further, Gogol writes: "You need to know that at the same time the strictest persecution of all bribes began; he was not afraid of persecution and turned them at the same time in his favor, thus showing directly Russian ingenuity, which is only during the squeeze." It turns out that there have already been campaigns to prosecute bribes in Russia. What did they end up with? Maybe we overcame this disease a long time ago and have been living in an honest country for a long time? I'm afraid that the reader will say: stop being ironic. Of course that's enough. Everyone knows that a similar campaign is being carried out in our country now, hundreds of officials are imprisoned. How many officials do we have in Russia? Maybe it is necessary to plant not hundreds, but half should be transplanted?
Reading "Dead Souls" gave rise to such memories (even re-reading, because we all studied this poem by Gogol at school). It will soon be 170 years since the creation of this masterpiece, but the problems, heroes, people who were, have remained so. Maybe they are immortal?
"Dismissal from military service" - Important: Administration of Baikonur. The following categories have the right to receive social benefits: Citizens subject to resettlement from the Baikonur complex. Citizens who participated in the liquidation of the consequences of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the period 1986-1987. federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation.
"Military service" - On the call for alternative civilian service. Chairman of the relevant education management body. Special duties. Citizens are exempt from conscription for military service: Arrest with detention in a guardhouse for up to 10 days. On exemption from conscription for military service. Deputy Head local government- chairman of the committee.
"Internet Services" - FTP service. The network service defines the data format. Examples: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]. A list of popular irc servers can be found on the Internet. website. Web service. Programs: ProShare (Intel); NetMeeting (Microsoft). Email. Web site example. Internet services.
"Psychological Service" - There are 64 PPMS Centers in Moscow: Basic and specialized packages of psychological services. Two-tier delivery system psychological help. Creation of mechanisms for the examination of psychological tools and updating the registry. The variety of models complicates the coordination and forecasting activities.
"Exhibits of the Armory" - Decorated with gold, turquoise and gems. The Armory is located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, at the Borovitsky Gate. Ancient manuscripts are richly represented liturgical books. A bit of history. Our tour has come to an end. The throne was brought by the Persian ambassador to Tsar Boris Godunov. Are there similar museums in your country?
"Legal Foundations of Military Service" - The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Hostage taking. Legal basis military service. Hague conventions. Department of military-patriotic and civic education CDT "Shield". The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation.
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Very often in literature, the authors give only a fragmentary biography of their characters, focusing the reader's attention only on a certain moment in the life of the hero. N.V. Gogol did not follow this trend in his story Dead Souls. He describes in detail the life of his main character in the story, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, allowing the reader to trace all the stages of the formation of this character.
Chichikov's childhood
Chichikov as a child lived in a simple hut, where the windows did not open at all, even in summer. Chichikov had no friends in childhood, which greatly aggravated an already unhappy existence. His father was ill all the time, which also significantly affected financial condition families. The Chichikov family owned only one family of serfs. This did not allow them to provide a comfortable existence. In general, Chichikov himself has too few memories of his childhood.
However, the situation of Pavel Ivanovich was not hopeless - his parents had sufficient finances to send their son to study. Therefore, despite his childhood, bordering on life simple peasants, Chichikov had the opportunity to break out of poverty.
School education
As Pavel Ivanovich grew older, the main issue was to obtain a proper education and skills that allow him to take a good place in life.
Soon the decision was made, and Pavel Ivanovich became a student of one school. He lived with his distant relative. This made it possible to provide decent living conditions and at the same time save a significant part of the money.
Chichikov was not a particularly gifted student - his knowledge and talent did not allow him to stand out favorably from the crowd of students like him. In this case, Chichikov was saved by his diligence and diligence.
Over time, he learned to please the teachers, which played an important role in his education and created the illusion of a good and exemplary student. Chichikov never saw his father again. They always had a tense relationship - the father did not know how to be affectionate with his son, he always behaved towards his son strictly and harshly, leaving his home only strengthened these feelings of remoteness. Chichikov's father died at a time when Pavel Ivanovich was still a student. There was no special inheritance left from his father, so Chichikov decides to sell everything that was. After the sale, he was able to get a thousand rubles, which, of course, was a small amount, but allowed the economical Chichikov to start in life.
Pavel Ivanovich learned to take care of money back in youth. During training, he tried in every possible way to find an opportunity to earn money, he usually did not spend the accumulated money, which allowed Chichikov to make a small personal capital. First, Pavel Ivanovich sculpted birds from wax and painted them, then he trained a mouse and was also able to successfully sell it.
Dear readers! We offer to follow in the poem by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Dead Souls"
At the school, Chichikov also failed to find a friend, the reason for this was, most likely, his stinginess and greed. Pavel Ivanovich was not loved in the team.
Service Chichikov
After graduating from college, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov proceeds to civil service. His first workplace and the position was the most common and simple - with a lot of effort, he got a job as an employee in the Treasury.
However, he did not stop looking for a better place. Soon such a position was found and Chichikov began to serve, where he had the opportunity to make significant savings in a dishonest way. However, nothing lasts forever - the new bosses managed to expose Chichikov.
After this incident, Chichikov has no choice but to start all over again. He works in small, insignificant positions in different cities, until he gets the opportunity to become a customs worker, which Chichikov takes advantage of.
His service begins to take shape quite successfully and Chichikov even gets promoted to collegiate adviser. However, this did not last long.
His unpleasant story at his last job did not teach him anything - Chichikov again gets involved in a scam, this time he interacts with smugglers. This business turns out to be very profitable, and Pavel Ivanovich soon has significant savings, which is true not for long - his scam was cashed out and Chichikov again loses everything.
Left at broken trough, he has no choice but to start all over again - Chichikov begins his career for the third time. This time he starts working as an attorney. At the same time, Chichikov has a plan for his next scam, which allows him to get rich on empty place- he plans to buy up "dead souls" in order to resell them to get rich. Hoping to carry out his plan, Chichikov takes his only two servants, a chaise and all his savings - 10 thousand, and goes to the county to buy.
