How is the life and fate of Gemini? She is changeable. Since childhood, the twins have been distinguished by their inquisitive mind and curiosity, they are interested in absolutely everything that happens around, the twin does not get tired of asking questions, and uses the answers in order to communicate more successfully with other people.
The life of Gemini and their fate - what they need to learn
From the early childhood representatives of this sign are trying to form around themselves as large a circle of people as possible. This child will never agree to be left to himself - he is constantly looking for like-minded people. Even as a child, Gemini is extremely rarely timid, so he makes friends easily and naturally.
Gemini Study
Almost all Gemini capable students. However, this is not the result of hard work, they are simply given by nature amazing quick wit and a lively mind.
However, work on oneself is still useful for the Gemini - the student, because the most difficult thing for them at school is the need to concentrate, and oh, how badly they succeed! The vast majority of Gemini do not give preference to any one subject - they are interested in everything at once.
Twins in adulthood
Even having matured, representatives of this sign often remain children. Their life is developing rapidly. They already have a certain amount of knowledge, some experience, but they still have not lost their naivety. Gemini, even during a difficult adolescence, rarely shows prejudice or cynicism, they are not able to offend anyone intentionally.
The versatility of interests often leads to the fact that the life of the representatives of the Gemini sign turns into the conquest of new and new heights. However, adult representatives of this sign have one feature: the talent to do several things at the same time, and not just do it, but bring it all to the end, most often with a positive result.
The only thing that, again, the already adult Gemini lacks is the ability to concentrate, which is so necessary to achieve the goals. Due to the speed of their actions and reactions, the Gemini often achieve great success in sports, but victory for them is a secondary matter, the most important thing is participation.
Family life Gemini
The fate of the Gemini is such that they usually create a family quite late, but if they have already taken this step, they value family relationships.
Most often, these are jacks of all trades, capable of doing almost everything. And, of course, Gemini still needs and important communication and wide circle friends and acquaintances.
Ancient Japanese civilization did not have a significant impact on the ancient and medieval culture other regions. Its significance for world culture lies elsewhere.
Having developed a unique art, literature, worldview on the basis of the most diverse and diverse elements, Japan was able to prove that its cultural values have sufficient potential both in time and space, even if they remained unknown to contemporaries in other countries due to the country's insular position. . The task of the historian of Japanese antiquity is, in particular, to understand how the foundations of what we now call Japanese culture were laid, which, after a centuries-old period of accumulation cultural heritage other countries is currently making an ever-increasing contribution to the development of universal culture.
Japanese civilization is young. Young and the people who created it. It was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic mergers of settlers who overcame a water barrier, separating
Clay figurines. drawing the Japanese Islands from the mainland.
Pertschjomon. The earliest inhabitants
VIlI-I millennium BC e. r, _
Japan were, in all likelihood, proto-Ainu tribes, as well as tribes of Malayo-Polynesian origin. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC e. from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, there is an intensive migration of the proto-Japanese Wa tribes, who managed to largely assimilate the population of southern Japan ( Japanese, according to the latest research by S. A. Starostin, reveals the greatest relationship with Korean).
And although in that era all the tribes that inhabited the territory of Japan were at the level of the primitive communal system, even then, probably, one of the leading stereotypes of the worldview of the Japanese was laid, which can be seen throughout the history of this country - this is the ability to acquire skills and knowledge, coming from contacts with other peoples. It was after assimilation with local tribes at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. cultivation of irrigated rice and metal processing begins.
The period of six centuries (until the 3rd century AD) is called “yayoi” in Japanese historiography (according to the quarter in Tokyo, where
remains of this culture were discovered for the first time). The Yayoi culture is characterized by the creation of sustainable communities based on irrigated agriculture. Since bronze and iron penetrate Japan almost simultaneously, bronze was used mainly for the manufacture of cult items: ritual mirrors, swords, bells, and iron for the production of tools.
The ability to assimilate foreign samples becomes especially noticeable along with the emergence of statehood, dating back to
III-IV centuries. n. e. At this time, an aggressive campaign of the union of tribes of Southern Kyushu to Central Japan takes place. As a result, the so-called state of Yamato begins to form, the culture of which is characterized by unprecedented homogeneity.
The period from the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century. It is called kurgan (“kofun jidai”) after the type of burials, the structure and inventory of which are distinguished by features of strong Korean and Chinese influences. Nevertheless, such large-scale construction - and more than IO thousand mounds have been discovered at present - could not have been successful if the very idea of mounds was alien to the population of Japan. The Yamato mounds are probably genetically related to the dolmens of Kyushu. Among the objects of the funeral cult special meaning has clay plastic khaniva. Among these brilliant examples of ancient ritual art are images of dwellings, temples, umbrellas, vessels, weapons, armor, boats, animals, birds, priests, warriors, etc. Many features of the material and spiritual life of the ancient Japanese are restored from these images. kurgan type was obviously associated with the cult of ancestors and the cult of the Sun, which was also reflected in the monuments of early Japanese writing that have come down to us (mythological and chronicle codes "Kojiki", "Nihon shoki").
The cult of ancestors is of particular importance to native Japanese rela
gii - Shintoism, and therefore for the entire culture of Japan. Along with the openness to foreign influences noted above, the cult of ancestors is another powerful driving force development of Japanese civilization, a force that ensured continuity in the course of historical evolution.
At the state level, the cult of ancestors was embodied in the cult of the sun goddess Amaterasu, who is considered the progenitor of ruling family. Among the cycle of myths dedicated to Amaterasu, the central place is occupied by the narrative
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Detail of a clay figurine. III-
II millennium BC e.
Clay figurine. End of the Jomon period. 2nd century BC e.
about her hiding in a heavenly cave, when the world plunged into darkness and remained in it until the gods, using magical techniques, managed to lure the goddess out of her refuge.
The pantheon of early Shinto included the ancestral deities of the clans that occupied leading place V social structure Japanese society during the period of the formation of mi fa as a category state ideology. The ancestral deities were considered polyfunctional protectors of the clans that derived their origin from them. In addition to tribal deities, the Japanese also worshiped numerous landscape deities, which, as a rule, had local significance.
By the middle of the VI century. in the state of Yamato, a certain political stability was achieved, although the softening of centrifugal tendencies was still one of the main concerns of the ruling family.
To overcome the ideological fragmentation sanctified by the clan and regional cults of Shinto, the Japanese rulers turned to the religion of a developed class society - Buddhism.
It is difficult to overestimate the role that Buddhism has played in the history of Japan. In addition to his contribution to the formation of a nationwide ideology, the teachings of Buddhism formed new type a person deprived of tribal affection and therefore more suitable for functioning in the system of state relations. The process of Buddhist socialization was never fully completed, but nevertheless at this stage historical development Buddhism served as the cementing force that ensured the ideological homogeneity of the Japanese state. The humanizing role of Buddhism was also great, bringing positive ethical standards hostels that came to
Clay vessel. Jomon period.
VPI-I thousand before and. 3.
Dancer. Haniva. Kofun period. Middle III-mid VI century. n. e.
change of Shinto taboos.
Together with Buddhism, the material complex that serves the needs of this religion also penetrates into Japan. The construction of temples, the production of sculptural images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, and other objects of worship began. Syntonism at that time did not yet have a developed tradition of building covered places of worship for worship.
The layout of the first Japanese Buddhist temple complexes, with their orientation from south to north, generally corresponds to Korean and Chinese prototypes. However, many design features construction, for example, the anti-seismicity of structures, indicate that temples and monasteries were built with the direct participation of local craftsmen. An important property many of the first Buddhist temples in Japan was also the lack of room for prayer in them - a feature inherited from compositional construction Shinto shrines. The interior was intended not for prayers, but for the preservation of temple shrines.
The most grandiose Buddhist religious building was the Todaiji temple, the complex of which occupied more than 90 hectares (erected in the middle of the 8th century). The temple symbolized the power of the state. In addition to purely religious needs, it was also used for secular ceremonies of national importance, for example, for conferring official ranks. The Golden Pavilion (condo) of Todaiji has been repeatedly rebuilt after devastating fires. It is currently the largest wooden structure in the world. Its height is 49, width is 57. length-50 m. It houses a giant statue
the cosmic buddha of Vairochana, 18 m high. However, the “giant mania syndrome” was overcome rather quickly, and nothing like the Todaiji temple complex was built in the future. Characteristic is the desire for miniaturization in the 7th-8th centuries. continental Buddhist sculpture almost completely suppresses the local iconographic tradition.
Bronze Buddhist statues were either imported from Korea and China, or made by visiting craftsmen. Along with bronze sculpture from the second half of the eighth century. the production of lacquer, clay and wooden Buddhist images is becoming more and more common, in the form of which the influence of the local iconographic canon is noticeable. Compared with sculpture, monumental temple painting occupied a much smaller place in the pictorial canon.
The sculpture depicted not only buddhas and bodhisattvas. Since Buddhism brought with it a concept of personality that was more individualized than the one that Shinto had managed to develop by this time, it is no coincidence that from the middle of the 8th century. there is an interest in the portrait image of prominent figures of Japanese Buddhism (Gyoshin. Gien, Ganjin, etc.). However, these portraits are still devoid of personal traits of a person and tend to be typified.
By 710, the construction of the permanent capital of Napa was completed, which was a typical official-bureaucratic city with a certain layout, similar to the capital of Tang China, Chang'an. From south to north, the city was divided by nine streets, and from west to east by eight. Intersecting at right angles, they formed a rectangle measuring 4.8 by 4.3 km, in 72 blocks of which, together with the nearest suburbs, could, according to modern estimates, live up to 200 thousand people. Hapa was then the only city: the level of development Agriculture, crafts and social relations has not yet reached the stage when the emergence of cities would become a universal necessity. Nevertheless, the colossal concentration of the population in the capital at that time contributed to the development of product exchange and commodity-money relations. B VIII c. Japan already minted its own coin.
The construction of the capital on the continental model was one of the important measures to transform Japan from a semi-barbarian kingdom into an “empire”, which should have been facilitated by numerous reforms that began to be actively carried out from the middle
we are in the 7th century. In 646, a decree was promulgated, consisting of four articles. According to Article 1, the former hereditary system of ownership of slaves and land was abolished; instead, state ownership of the land was proclaimed and fixed feedings were allocated in accordance with official ranks. Article 2 prescribed a new territorial division of the country into provinces and counties; determined the status of the capital. Article 3 announced the census of households and the compilation of registers
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for redistribution of land. Article 4th Statement canceled the former arbitrary border. V-
labor conscription and established the size of the in-kind household taxation of agricultural products and handicrafts.
The entire second half of the 7th c. marked by increased activity of the state in the field of legislation. Subsequently, separate decrees were brought together, and on their basis, in 701, the drafting of the first universal legislation "Taihoryo" was completed, serving
Wall painting of the sheh with additions and modifications
groGchshtsy Tokamatsu-ts IYA mi the base of the feudal law
zuka. Vj V.H.E.
government throughout the Middle Ages. According to "Taihoryo" and "Eroryo" (757 r.), the administrative and bureaucratic apparatus of the Japanese
The state was a complex and branched hierarchical system with strict subordination from top to bottom. The economic basis of the country was the state monopoly on land.
During the VII-VIII centuries. The Japanese state is trying to ideologically substantiate the established and newly created management institutions. First of all, the mythological and chronicle collections “Kojiki” (712) and “Nihon shoki” (720 r.) should have served for this. Myths, records of historical and semi-legendary events have undergone significant processing in both monuments. The main goal of the compilers was the creation of a state ideology, in other words, the docking of "myth" and "history": the narrative of "Kojiki" and "Nihon shoki" is divided into "era of gods" and "era of emperors". Consequently, the then position of the royal family, as well as other most powerful families from among the tribal aristocracy, was justified in the role played by the primordial deities during the “era of the gods”.
The compilation of the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki marks milestone in the creation of a nationwide ideology based on the Shinto myth. This attempt must be considered very successful. The myth was brought into line with the realities of history, and the system of sacred genealogies until the 20th century played an outstanding role in the events of Japanese history.
Simultaneously with the active involvement of Shinto in state building, Buddhism is losing its position in this area. This becomes especially noticeable after the failed coup undertaken by the Buddhist monk Dokyo in 771. To avoid the pressure of the Buddhist clergy, who settled in the temples and monasteries of Hapa, in 784 r. the capital is transferred to Nagaoka, and in 794 to Heian. Lose yourself to a large extent state support However, Buddhism, nevertheless, to an enormous extent contributed to the formation of a personality that stood out from the collective and constantly participated in the process of its socialization. This is its enduring significance in the history of Japan.
Despite the fact that the compilation of the Kojiki and the Nihon shoki pursued the same goals, only the Nihon shoki was recognized as a "real" dynastic chronicle. Although both monuments were composed on Chinese("Kojiki" - with a large use of the phonetic notation of the characters "manyōgana"), "Kojiki" was written by Ono Yasumaro from the voice of the narrator Hieda no Are. Thus, the “oral channel” familiar to Shintoism was used for the transmission of sacred information. Only then, according to the beliefs of the adherents of traditionalism, did the text become a true text.
The text "Nihon shoki" from the very beginning appears as a written text. In view of the active spread of Chinese writing, which created new opportunities for fixing and storing important cultural property, Japanese society faced the question of which speech - written or oral - should be recognized as more authoritative. Initially, the choice was made in favor of the first. Chinese became the language of culture for some time. literary language. He served primarily the needs of the state. Chronicles were kept in Chinese, laws were drawn up. As textbooks in public schools, established in the 8th century, used the works of Chinese philosophical, sociological and literary thought.
Medieval Japanese poetry now known to the whole world. Ho the first of the poetic anthologies that have come down to us is "Kaifuso"
Ancient Japan is a chronological layer that some scholars date to the 3rd century BC. BC. - III century. AD, and some researchers tend to continue it until the 9th century. AD As we can see, the process of the emergence of statehood on Japanese islands delayed, and the period of the ancient kingdoms quickly gave way to the feudal system. This may be due to the geographical isolation of the archipelago, and although people settled it as early as 17 thousand years ago, connections with the mainland were extremely episodic. Only in the 5th century BC. here they begin to cultivate the land, but the society continues to be tribal.
Ancient Japan left behind extremely little material and written evidence. The first annalistic references to the islands belong to the Chinese and date back to the beginning of our era. By the beginning of the 8th century AD include the first Japanese chronicles: “Kojiki” and “Nihongi”, when the Yamato tribal leaders who stood out in the foreground had an urgent need to substantiate the ancient, and therefore sacred, origin of their dynasty. Therefore, the annals contain many myths, tales and legends, surprisingly intertwined with real events.
At the beginning of each of the chronicles, the history of the formation of the archipelago is described. The “age of the gods”, preceding the era of people, gave birth to the god-man Jimma, who became the founder of the Yamato dynasty. The cult of ancestors, which has been preserved on the islands since the primitive communal system, and new religious beliefs about the Heavenly goddess of the sun Amaterasu became the basis of Shintoism. Also, ancient Japan professed and widely practiced totemism, animism, fetishism and magic, like all agricultural societies, the basis of life of which was favorable weather conditions for the harvest.
Approximately from the II century. BC. ancient Japan begins to forge close ties with China. The influence of a more developed neighbor was total: in the economy, culture, and beliefs. In the IV-V centuries, writing appears - naturally, hieroglyphic. New crafts are born, new knowledge about astronomy and technology comes. Confucianism and Buddhism also penetrate the territory of the islands from China. It breeds real revolution in culture. Particularly important was the impact of Buddhism on the mentality of society: belief in accelerated the decomposition of the tribal system.
But despite the significant superiority of China, Ancient Japan, whose culture was especially influenced by its neighbor, remained an original country. Even in its political structure there were no features inherent in the social structure of society as far back as the 5th century. AD tribal elders and leaders played a significant role, and free farmers were the main class. There were few slaves - they were "domestic slaves" in the families of tillers. The classical slave-owning system did not have time to take shape on the territory of the islands, as tribal relations were rapidly replaced by feudal ones.
Japan, whose culture and traditions are closely connected with Confucianism and Buddhism, has given many architectural monuments religious architecture. These include temple complexes in the ancient capitals of Nara and Heian (modern Kyoto). The ensembles of the Naiku shrine in Ise (III century), Izumo (550) and Horyuji in Nara (607) are especially striking in their skill and completeness. originality Japanese culture is most pronounced in literary monuments. Most famous work of this period - "Manyoshu" (VIII century) - a huge anthology of four and a half thousand poems.
