MERCHANT, -bird, m.
1. Wealthy merchant, owner of a trading enterprise. K. of the first guild.
2. Buyer (obsolete and special). Find a merchant for the house. Merchants from different countries came to the fur auction.
| reduce merchant, -a, m. (to 1 value).
| led away. merchant, -s, m. (to 1 value).
| and. merchant's wife, -i (to 1 value ).
| collected merchants, -a, cf. (to 1 value).
| adj. merchant, -th, -th (to 1 value) and ~cue, -th, -th (to 1 value; obsolete. simple.). merchant corporations. merchant luxury(trans.: tasteless, lurid). Merchant habits(trans.: boastful, ostentatious waste). Merchant's son.
S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
MERCHANT What is it MERCHANT, meaning of the word MERCHANT, synonyms for MERCHANT, origin (etymology) MERCHANT, MERCHANT stress, word forms in other dictionaries
+ MERCHANT origin, etymology - Etymological dictionary Russian language. Vasmer Max
MERCHANT origin, etymology
merchant
I merchant
genus. n. -ptsa I., Ukrainian merchant, senior-glory. koupt' ἔμπορος (Supr.), Bolg. merchant, Serbohorv. merchant, Slovenian kurǝ̀s, Czech. kures, Polish. kuries, v.-puddle., n.-puddle. course. From buy.
II merchantbird II. "jay", Olonetsk. (Sandpiper.). Loans. from fin. kuukso - the same and transformed by folk. etymology influenced by merchant I (see Kalima 139).
+ MERCHANT- T.F. Efremova New dictionary Russian language. Explanatory- derivational
MERCHANT is
merchant
kup e ts
m.1) A person conducting private trade, owning a trading enterprise.
2) A person who belonged to the merchant class (in Russian state until 1917).
3) outdated. Buyer.
4) trans. obsolete The groom during the matchmaking, wedding ceremony.
+ MERCHANT- Small academic dictionary of the Russian language
MERCHANT is
merchant
bird, m.
A person who owns a trading enterprise engaged in private trade.
(Franz:) The merchant, sitting at his books, counts, counts, swears, cunning in front of every buyer. Pushkin, Scenes from chivalrous times.
From morning till night the merchant stood at the desk, opened a drawer and threw money into it. M. Gorky, Three.
IN pre-revolutionary Russia: a person who belonged to the merchant class.
Merchant of the second guild.
It was the owner of the house, the First Guild merchant Grigory Nikolaevich Kartashev. Gilyarovsky, Moscow and Muscovites.
2. Obsolete Buyer.
- A chaise is cheap, sir! buy! - No, I'm not a merchant on a cart. N. Nikitin, Fist.
3. Obsolete For sailors:
merchant ship.
- A strange ship may jump from all over, or you yourself will run over some merchant! - How, merchant? - Yes; We call every merchant ship a merchant. Grigorovich, The ship "Retvizan".
This is a sea-going ship. medium size, a merchant who seemed to me rather tolerable after the Baikal and Amur steamships. Chekhov, Sakhalin Island.
The heroes of the poem by A.N. Nekrasov, solving the question of “who is good in Rus'”, among other “candidates”, commemorate the “fat-bellied merchant”. Indeed, this character has been known for a long time - even among ancient civilizations, and traditionally represented as "fat-bellied", greedy and cunning ... to be honest, such a stereotype at all times was "glued" to those who were related to trade - even in Soviet times when trade was entirely state-owned... What was the merchant class really like and how did it arise?
The merchant is, in fact, old name entrepreneur, a person who conducts commercial transactions on his own behalf. Such a person bought a product not in order to use it, but in order to sell it to someone else - i.e. acted as an intermediary between the manufacturer and the buyer. This is especially important, for example, when the goods are produced far away from the place of residence of potential buyers, however, even without taking into account distances, it is more convenient for the manufacturer when he does not need to take care of finding buyers himself. Of course, mediation is associated with certain costs (as the Russian proverb says, “Across the sea a heifer is a half, and a ruble is a transfer”), and the intermediary himself needs to live on some kind of income - therefore he sells goods more expensive than he buys from the manufacturer.
This profession was born along with trade during the collapse of the tribal system, when subsistence farming was “losing ground” and already played in the civilizations of the Ancient World. significant role, and not only economic: trade contacts helped peoples get to know each other, merchant caravans were brought from distant countries not only goods, but also fairy tales, songs, legends ... The most famous were in ancient world, perhaps, the Phoenician merchants.
In medieval society, merchants are united in trade guilds (just as artisans are united in workshops). And although such guilds protect the interests of merchants, after all, the risk associated with trading operations is different for everyone - and success (or vice versa, failure) too. Therefore, a merchant in the Middle Ages is a special person who differs from other people of that era primarily in his “course of individualization”, less connection with the community than that of a peasant or even an artisan. The activity of a merchant required the ability to read, write, count - while knights and even dukes were often illiterate ... In in a certain sense Medieval merchants can be considered the forerunners of the coming eras - the Renaissance and the New Age, when it is from the merchant class that the class of owners of manufactories, in the long term - capitalists, is formed.
Merchants also existed in our country. In ancient Rus', the main trade routes were rivers - it is no coincidence that cities arose on their banks. Since the 13th century, Rus' has been included in the system of the Great silk road, and the main burden falls on land transport - goods are transported on horseback. Until the advent railways in the 19th century, it was horse-drawn transport that was the basis of trade, giving rise along the way to the famous coachman songs that modern academic singers love to include in the repertoire, especially with the Russian folk orchestra.
Originating in Ancient Rus', the merchants in the XVIII century. becomes a semi-privileged class. turning point was the guild reform of 1775, when merchants were ordered to pay a guild contribution in the amount of 1% of the capital instead of the poll tax. Not everyone was able to do this - the number of merchants was reduced to 12% of their previous number. True, the situation changed after the Charter of the cities of 1785, which gave the merchants a monopoly on trade. According to this act, the merchants were divided into three guilds: the merchants of the 1st guild had the right to move freely around the country (“passport privilege”), conduct foreign trade and own sea vessels, and the 2nd guild - river ones, both of them were exempted from recruitment duty, owned plants and factories. Merchants of the third guild were engaged in petty trade and kept inns.
At the same time, a specific merchant life, as they would say now - "lifestyle", sung by A.N. Ostrovsky: big family patriarchal warehouse, as a rule, large families, often in addition to their own children there were foster children - the so-called. "pupils". Children of merchants already at the age of 15-16 were included in professional activity: kept account books, worked in shops and even traveled to other cities to conclude trade deals. The merchant's wife was by no means always such a disenfranchised being, as is sometimes imagined: if she herself was from merchant family, then she could have her own merchant certificate, independently conduct business and even conclude deals with own husband. True, the merchant's wife was not always a merchant's daughter: merchants often married bourgeois women - representatives of the lower stratum of the urban class (apparently, this was the fate of Katerina in A.N. Macbeth of the Mtsensk District).
The merchants were also distinguished by a peculiar manner of dressing: a cap, a long-brimmed frock coat made of dark blue crepe or thick cloth, boots with high tops, often a mixture of styles: a fur coat and a top hat. However, over time, merchants are increasingly switching to European style clothes (remember Vozhevatov from A.N. Ostrovsky's drama "Dowry": "a European in costume").
As for people of art, they, as a rule, did not favor merchants: a merchant in literature is usually a deceiver, a swindler, a miser, a family despot and a narrow-minded person. The desire of merchants to become on a par with the nobles is often ridiculed - however, they also have their own interests: a ruined nobleman is not averse to profitably marrying the daughter of a wealthy merchant ... It even came to serious conflicts on this basis: after the release of the play by A. Ostrovsky "Our people - we will settle" Moscow merchants demanded that action be taken against the author, and the writer was under police surveillance for five years ...
In what relation to reality were such literary images? Of course, it is impossible to call them one hundred percent slander - all this really happened. But like everyone literary type, they are exaggerated - there were among the merchants and people who differ high culture, such often became patrons. Let's remember Savva Mamontov, whose advice even F. Chaliapin listened to! The merchant dynasty of the Demidovs created the industry of the Urals... in a word, the role of the merchants in the history of our country in particular and civilization in general can hardly be overestimated!
A merchant is a person (merchant) engaged in trade, purchase and sale.
The profession of a merchant is known in ancient Rus', in IX - XIII centuries. At first, the merchants were wanderers, but later they began to settle in settlements where the greatest exchange took place.
IN Russian Empire merchants were singled out in a separate estate (see Merchants), with their own status and taxes.
A merchant's wife is a merchant's wife, or a woman registered in a merchant's guild.
On weekdays, merchants wore a cap (a kind of cap), a long-brimmed, insulated frock coat made of thick cloth, boots with high tops. Merchants preferred frock coats of black or dark blue crepe, castor or cloth. The buttons on merchants' coats were small, the size of a two-kopeck coin, flat, covered with silk. Wide trousers (harem pants) were tucked into boots. They often wore trousers in small checks or stripes. Fur coats were worn in winter. Small merchants wore an insulated version of a frock coat, which was called "Siberian". The Siberian at the same time served as both a summer coat and an executive suit.
IN holidays merchants followed European fashion, wearing frock coats, waistcoats, shoes, sometimes tailcoats and top hats.
In order to stand out, the merchants combined different styles in their clothes: an overcoat could be combined with a top hat. Gradually, the traditional Russian clothes in the merchant's wardrobe were replaced by European ones: tailcoats, business cards, suits, often made by the capital's masters.
Marriages[edit] | edit wiki text]Merchants' wives were usually younger husbands. Inter-class marriages were widespread. For example, in late XVIII centuries in Tomsk and Tyumen, about 15% of merchant marriages were intraclass. The wives of the rest of the merchants came mainly from peasants and philistines. In the first half of the 19th century, merchants began to marry bourgeois women more often, and the number of intra-class marriages increased to 20% - 30%.
Family[edit] | edit wiki text]Merchant families are of the patriarchal type, with a large number of children. The families of Jewish merchants and Old Believers were larger.
The merchant family was also a form of merchant company, a family business. Some of them have become the largest companies in Russia, for example, the Partnership of A.F. Vtorov with his sons.
After the death of her husband, merchants often continued their husband's trading activities, despite the presence of adult sons. The daughters of merchants in marriage could receive a merchant's certificate in their name and independently conduct their business, even make deals with their own husbands.
Divorces were extremely rare. The permission to divorce was issued by the Holy Synod.
Children with early age started labor activity. From the age of 15-16, they traveled to other cities to make deals, worked in shops, kept account books, and so on.
Many merchant families had "pupils" - adopted children.
On weekdays, merchants wore a cap (a kind of cap), a long-brimmed, insulated frock coat made of thick cloth, boots with high tops. Merchants preferred frock coats of black or dark blue crepe, castor or cloth. The buttons on merchants' coats were small, the size of a two-kopeck coin, flat, covered with silk. Wide trousers tucked into boots. They often wore trousers in small checks or stripes. Fur coats were worn in winter. Small merchants wore an insulated version of a frock coat, which was called "Sibirka". The Siberian simultaneously performed the role of both a summer coat and an executive suit.
During holidays, merchants followed European fashion, wearing frock coats, waistcoats, shoes, and sometimes tailcoats and top hats.
In order to stand out, merchants combined different styles in their clothes: an overcoat could be combined with a top hat. Gradually, traditional Russian clothes in the merchant's wardrobe were replaced by European ones - tailcoats, business cards, suits, often sewn from the capital's masters.
marriages
The wives of merchants were, as a rule, younger than their husbands. Inter-class marriages were widespread. For example, at the end of the 18th century in Tomsk and Tyumen, about 15% of merchant marriages were intra-class. The wives of the rest of the merchants came mainly from peasants and philistines. In the first half of the 19th century, merchants began to marry bourgeois women more often, and the number of intra-class marriages increased to 20% - 30%.
Family
Merchant families are of the patriarchal type, with a large number of children. The families of Jewish merchants and Old Believers were larger.
The merchant family was also a form of merchant company, a family business. Some of them have become the largest companies in Russia, for example, A.F. Vtorov's Partnership with Sons.
After the death of her husband, merchants often continued their husband's trading activities, despite the presence of adult sons. The daughters of merchants in marriage could receive a merchant's certificate in their name, and independently conducted their business, and even made deals with their own husband.
Divorces were extremely rare. The permission to divorce was issued by the Holy Synod.
Children started working from an early age. From the age of 15-16, they traveled to other cities to make deals, worked in shops, kept account books, etc.
Many merchant families had "pupils" - adopted children.
The image of a merchant in Russian art
The image of a merchant in Russian art often had a clearly negative character. For the first time in Russian art, the image of a merchant appeared in the second half of the 18th century.
Operas and plays were known: M. A. Matinsky’s opera “St. Petersburg gostiny dvor"(1779), the comedy "The Dwelling Merchant" by V. P. Kolychev (1780), "The Merchant's Company" by O. Chernyavsky (1780), "A Funny Gathering, or the Philistine Comedy" by Blagodarov (1787), an anonymous comedy " Change in morals ”(1789). The comedy "Sidelets" by P. A. Plavilshchikov (Sidelets is a tavern worker selling excise goods) was considered the best.
The main character of M. A. Matinsky’s opera “St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor” was a merchant named Skvalygin. The opera has become very popular. For the first time, the life and customs of the “third estate” were shown on stage.
The plays "Merchant's Company" and "The Dwelling Merchant" show the desire of merchants to acquire the nobility, or simply imitate the nobles.
In the comedy Sidelets by P. A. Plavilshchikov, new type merchant - striving for education, knowledge and culture. IN this work the merchant is depicted as the guardian of virtue and honest disposition.
IN works of the XVIII century, the main theme remains the relationship between the merchants and the nobility: ruined nobles marry merchant daughters for the sake of a dowry, merchants seek to intermarry with the nobles. The merchant is portrayed as greedy, cunning and poorly educated.
Proverbs and sayings about merchants
- Do not cheat - do not sell
- The merchant swears, but denies himself
- What is the edge, then the custom; what the people, then the faith; what a merchant is a measure
- Merchant, that archer: hit, so with the field; but did not hit, so the charge was gone!
- He drinks tea like a merchant, but pays not like a merchant
- For rotten goods, a blind merchant
see also
- holy merchant - righteous Vasily Gryaznov
Literature
- Berlin P. Bourgeoisie in Russian fiction // New life. 1913. N1.
- Levandovskaya A., Levandovsky A. Angle of refraction. Russian entrepreneur in the mirror fiction// Book review "Ex libris NG". Weekly Supplement to Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 2000. N45 (168). Nov 30
- Ushakov A. "Our merchants and trade from a serious and caricature side." Moscow, 1865.
- Berkov P. "Russian Comedy and Comic Opera of the 18th Century // Russian Comedy and Comic Opera of the 18th Century". Moscow, 1950.
- Vsevolozhsky-Gernsross V.N. Russian Theater II half of XVIII century // History of the Russian drama theater". T. 1. Moscow, 1977.
- Gukovsky G.A. " comic opera// History of Russian Literature". Volume IV: Literature XVIII century. Moscow, 1947
- Bryantsev M.V. "Culture of the Russian merchant class: Education and upbringing". Bryansk, 1999
- Goncharov Yu. M. " family life citizens of Siberia the second half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century." Barnaul, 2004. ISBN 5-7904-0206-2
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- Kuptsov Valentin Alexandrovich
- Kupchegen (village, Ongudaysky district of the Republic of Altai)
See what "Merchants" are in other dictionaries:
merchants- dengoroby (Corinthian); moneybag merchants (Sadovnikov) Epithets of literary Russian speech. M: The supplier of the court of His Majesty, the partnership of the printing press A. A. Levenson. A. L. Zelenetsky. 1913 ... Dictionary of epithets
Merchants- Merchants. In the Middle Ages, only people who belonged to merchant guilds could be K.. Now in Zap. In Europe, K. represent a non-class, but a class whose corporate organization is expressed in chambers of commerce. According to French trades. code of 1807 ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Merchants- (Is.23:2). One of ancient species trade, no doubt, was caravan. The merchants to whom Joseph was sold belonged to caravan merchants. The oldest trade with India, about which we have some information, was also carried out by caravan route ... ... Bible. Old and New Testaments. Synodal translation. Bible encyclopedia arch. Nicephorus.
merchants- 1. In historical sources initial period Middle Ages K.y. mentioned relatively rarely. This does not mean, however, that they did not play any role in the economic and public life. Trade relations in the Mediterranean region are not ... ... Dictionary of Medieval Culture
Merchants- In the Middle Ages, only people who belonged to merchant guilds could be K. (see Merchant Guilds.). Now in Zap. In Europe, K. are not an estate, but a class (see Class.), The corporate organization of which is expressed in chambers of commerce ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Merchants do not stand on the threshold in the shop.- (buyers drive away). See TRADE… IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people
