Mikhail Evgrafovich. The childhood of Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin - writer, one of the classics of Russian literature, vice-governor.

Biography

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. Now it is the Moscow region, Taldomsky district. Michael's family was very wealthy. Father, Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov, served as a collegiate adviser. Mother, Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina, was the daughter of wealthy merchants.

Mikhail's initial education was at home: his parents assigned him a smart serf, artist Pavel Sokolov. After that, a governess, a priest, a seminary student and an older sister were engaged in the upbringing of the future writer. When Saltykov-Shchedrin was 10 years old, he entered the Moscow Noble Institute. Here he demonstrates great success in learning (largely due to home education), and two years later he was sent to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

The period of study at Tsarskoye Selo, and then at the Alexander Lyceum, also becomes the period of the beginning of Saltykov-Shchedrin's work. It is noteworthy that the poems he wrote at that time were characterized by teachers as "disapproving". And this was not about style, but about content, because even then Mikhail began to show his tendency to ridicule the shortcomings of the world around him. These verses, combined with far from ideal behavior forced Mikhail to graduate from the Alexander Lyceum in the second category. Although with his knowledge, he could well get the first rank.

In 1844, shortly after graduating from the lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin entered the service in the office of the military ministry. He had to work there for two years before getting a full-time position. The state service does not prevent the free-thinking ideas of Saltykov-Shchedrin from developing, and the reaction of the authorities to his works was not long in coming.

One of the first works of the writer is the story "A Tangled Case", which ridiculed some of the orders of the then Russia. In 1848, for this work, Saltykov-Shchedrin was sent to serve in Vyatka. Officially, it was a service transfer, but in reality it was a link away from the capital.

The life of the province was given to Mikhail Evgrafovich not easily and for a long time, and later the writer did not really like to remember it. Nevertheless, he was very well treated by the local society, he was a welcome guest in every home. His reputation as an official was impeccable: he worked fairly and did not take bribes even from those who offered "offerings". Observations of the life of the gray province provided rich material for future writings.

Only in 1855 did Saltykov-Shchedrin receive permission to leave Vyatka. Saying goodbye to his friends, he happily goes to St. Petersburg. A year later, Mikhail Evgrafovich became an official for special assignments under the Minister of the Interior. Then the official is sent with an inspection to the Tver and Vladimir provinces. During this trip, the official finds out that in the province there are many small and major shortcomings and they are becoming more and more ominous.

In 1958 follows new round career of Saltykov-Shchedrin. He was appointed Ryazan vice-governor, and two years later he was transferred to Tver to a similar position. The service takes a lot of time, but he is actively engaged in creativity, begins to collaborate with several domestic magazines.

During this period, Saltykov-Shchedrin became more and more interested in literature. His works are published in the magazines Moskovsky Vestnik, Russkiy Vestnik, Library for Reading, Sovremennik.

In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin decides to say goodbye to public service. He resigns and moves to Petersburg. The following year, the former official becomes a full-time employee of Sovremennik. This period turned out to be extremely fruitful. Reviews, articles, reviews of literary works come out from the writer's pen. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote really a lot, but he could not be satisfied with the meager remuneration that the magazine provided for his work. I have to think again about returning to the service. Editorial staff recalled that Saltykov-Shchedrin once made a scandal, saying that the work of a writer can only lead to starvation.

He really again becomes an official in 1864 and is appointed chairman of the Penza Treasury Chamber. Then Saltykov-Shchedrin works in similar positions in Tula and Ryazan.

The craving for literature does not leave the writer, and in 1868 he again resigns. Begins new period creativity, during which some of the most famous works: "The history of one city", " Poshekhonskaya antiquity”, “Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg” and others. "The History of a City" is the pinnacle of the writer's work as a satirist.

Having become the editor-in-chief of Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1877, Saltykov-Shchedrin simply amazes the employees with his enormous capacity for work. Nothing could make him give up work even for a while. It seemed that he was always working, not even interrupted by sleep. At the same time Saltykov-Shchedrin visits Western Europe, meets many famous contemporaries- Zola, Flaubert and others.

In the 1880s, the writer's satire is at the height of its poignancy. The most topical works ("Lord Golovlevs", " Modern idyll”, “Poshekhon stories”) were written during this period.

The writer is very painfully going through the closure of the magazine " Domestic notes» in 1884. After that, his health deteriorates, physical suffering is superimposed on moral turmoil. Saltykov-Shchedrin's publications are now published in Vestnik Evropy.

At this time, the writer feels worse and worse, his strength noticeably leaves him. He is often sick, but works hard on his works.

In May 1889 Saltykov-Shchedrin Once again got sick with a cold. The weakened body could not resist the disease. May 10, 1889 Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin died. He bequeathed to bury himself next to I. S. Turgenev, which was done on May 14. The body of Saltykov-Shchedrin rests on Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.

The main achievements of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• Saltykov-Shchedrin managed to do an excellent job of exposing the vices of the society of his time. For two decades, his works, like a sponge, absorbed all the shortcomings of the life of the Russian Empire. In fact, these essays are historical documents, because the reliability in some of them is almost complete.
• The creative heritage of Saltykov-Shchedrin does not lose its relevance long years after the writer's death. The images of his satire were often used by Vladimir Lenin, and thanks to the active propaganda of Turgenev, the works are well known to the Western reader.
• The prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin is one of the most valuable examples of world satire. The style of criticism, framed in a fairy tale, was used by the writer very actively and became a role model for many writers in the future. A fairy tale, which is aimed at criticizing social imperfection, was used as literary device and before Saltykov-Shchedrin, but it was he who was able to make this technique a classic.

The main dates of the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• January 15, 1826 - birth in the village of Spas-Ugol.
• 1836 - 1838 - studying at the Noble Institute in Moscow.
• 1838 - transfer to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. For academic success, it is transferred to education at the state expense.
• 1841 - the beginning of poetic experiments. Publication of the poem "Lyra".
• 1844 - completion of studies at the Lyceum. Work in the Office of the Military Department.
• 1847 - publication of the first story - "Contradictions".
• 1848 - publication of the story "A Tangled Case". Arrest and exile in Vyatka.
• 1848 - 1855 - work in Vyatka.
• 1855 - return to St. Petersburg. Work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Business trip to Tver and Vladimir provinces.
• 1856 - marriage to Elizaveta Apollonovna Boltina, daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka. The beginning of the publication of a series of stories from the satirical cycle " Provincial essays". Public acceptance.
• 1858 - appointment to the post of Ryazan vice-governor.
• 1862 - return to St. Petersburg. Starting work with the Sovremennik magazine.
• 1864 - return to government service. Frequent changes of duty stations due to the bold ridicule of the shortcomings of bureaucracy.
• 1868 - resignation in the rank of real state councilor. The beginning of work in the staff of "Domestic Notes".
• 1869-1870 - publication of fairy tales " wild landlord”, “The story of how one man fed two generals”, famous novel"History of a city".
• 1872 - the birth of his son Konstantin.
• 1873 - the birth of daughter Elizabeth.
• 1876 ​​- a serious deterioration in health.
• 1880 - the novel "Lord Golovlevs" goes to press.
• 1884 - the ban on the journal "Domestic Notes".
• 1889 - publication of the novel "Poshekhonskaya old times" and sharp deterioration writer's health.
• May 10, 1889 - the death of Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Interesting facts from the life of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• The word "softness" was coined by Saltykov-Shchedrin.
• The novel "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" is considered partly biographical.
• After the first attempts to create poems, Saltykov-Shchedrin abandoned poetry forever.
• The story "Contradictions" was called by Belinsky "idiotic stupidity."
• Saltykov-Shchedrin strongly condemned the assassination of Alexander II.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826 - 1889) - famous writer- satirist.

The famous satirist writer Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov (pseudo-N. Shchedrin) was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village. Spas-Angle of the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. A native of the old noble, on his mother - merchant family.

Under the influence of socialist ideas, he came to a complete rejection of the landlord way of life, bourgeois relations and autocracy. The first major publication of the writer - "Provincial essays" (1856-1857), published on behalf of the "court councilor N. Shchedrin".

After a decisive rapprochement with the Social Democrats in the early 1860s. was forced in 1868 to temporarily withdraw from large-scale activities in the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine in connection with the crisis of the democratic camp; from November 1864 to June 1868 he was engaged in provincial administrative activities successively in Penza, Tula and Ryazan.

In Tula he served from December 29, 1866 to October 13, 1867 as the manager of the Tula State Chamber.

The peculiar features of Saltykov's character, shown by him during the leadership of an important government agency in Tula, the most expressive features of his personality were captured by the Tula official I.M. Mikhailov, who served under him, in an article published in the Historical Bulletin in 1902. in Tula, Saltykov vigorously and in his own way fought against bureaucracy, bribery, embezzlement, stood for the interests of the lower Tula social strata: peasants, handicraftsmen, petty officials.

In Tula, Saltykov wrote a pamphlet on Governor Shidlovsky, "A Governor with a Stuffed Head."

Saltykov's activities in Tula ended with his removal from the city due to sharply conflicting relations with the provincial authorities.

In 1868, this "restless man" was finally dismissed by order of Emperor Alexander II as "an official imbued with ideas that do not agree with the types of state benefits."

Continuing writing activity, Saltykov opened the 1870s with the work "The History of a City", where, according to the assumptions of Tula local historians, in portrait characteristic Mayor Pryshch contains living features of Governor Shidlovsky.

Tula and Aleksin are mentioned by Saltykov in his works Diary of a Provincial in Petersburg and How One Man Feeded Two Generals. into Tula practical experience Saltykov, apparently, relied on one of his "Letters from the provinces". However, local historians agree that it is difficult to take into account with documentary accuracy in what other works of Shchedrin's Tula impressions were reflected.

The stay of Saltykov-Shchedrin in Tula is marked by a memorial plaque on the building of the former Treasury Chamber (43, Lenin Ave.). Documents about the official activities of the writer are stored in the State Archives of the Tula Region. The Tula artist Y. Vorogushin created eight etchings-illustrations for "The History of a City" in memory of the satirist.

On January 15, 1826, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was born in a small village in the Tver province. The biography of this man is thoroughly permeated with philanthropy and contempt for the reactionary state apparatus of his time. However, first things first.

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich: a biography of the early years

The future famous writer was born in the family of a wealthy nobleman. By the way, Saltykov is his real name. Shchedrin - creative pseudonym. The boy spent the first years of his life in his father's family estate. During this period, the most hard years serfdom. When in most states it has already taken place or was taking place scientific and technological revolution, as well as the development of capitalist relations, Russian empire more and more mired in its own medieval way. And in order to somehow keep pace with the development of the great powers, the state machine worked more and more actively, squeezing all the juice out of the peasant class in an extensive way. Actually, all further biography Saltykov-Shchedrin eloquently testifies to the fact that he had a sufficient opportunity to observe the situation of the peasants in his youth.

This greatly impressed the young man and left an imprint on all his further work. Elementary education Michael gets in home, and being ten years old, enters the Moscow Institute of the nobility. Here he studied for only two years, showing extraordinary abilities. And already in 1838 he transferred to receiving a state scholarship for education. Six years later he ends it educational institution and enters the ministerial military office for service.

Biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin: the beginning creative activity

Here, a young man is seriously interested in the literature of his time, avidly reads French enlighteners and socialists. During this period, his first own stories were written: "Contradictions", "A Tangled Case", "Domestic Notes". However, the nature of these works, replete with free-thinking and satire on the tsarist autocracy, already then set state power against the young official.

Biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin: creative recognition and acceptance by the government

In 1848, Mikhail Evgrafovich went into exile in Vyatka. There he enters the service of a clerical official. This period ended in 1855, when the writer was finally allowed to leave this city. Returning from exile, he is appointed an official for special assignments under the state minister of the interior. In 1860 he became the vice-governor of Tver. At the same time, the writer resumes his creative activity again. Already in 1862, he resigns from public office and focuses on literature. At the invitation of Sergei Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin arrives in St. Petersburg and settles in the editorial office of Sovremennik. Here, and later in the journal "Domestic Notes", where he got under the patronage of the same Nekrasov,

the most fruitful years of his creative activity. Many stories, satirical articles and, of course, the famous grotesque novels: "The History of a City", "Modern Idyll" and others - were written in the second half of 1860-1870.

Biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin: last years life

In the 1880s satirical works The writer's works are becoming more and more famous among the intelligentsia, but at the same time they are being increasingly persecuted by the tsarist regime. Thus, the closure of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, where he was published, forced Mikhail Evgrafovich to look for publishing houses abroad. This ban on printing home country greatly undermined the health of an elderly man. And although he also wrote the famous "Tales" and "Poshekhonskaya antiquity", for several years he had aged a lot, his strength was rapidly leaving him. May 10, 1889 Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin died. The writer, in accordance with his request in his will, was buried in St. Petersburg, next to the grave of I.S. Turgenev.

). Future Writer was the sixth child in the family of a hereditary nobleman and retired collegiate adviser Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov (1776-1851). M.E. Saltykov's childhood years were spent in his father's estate.

In 1836-1838, M.E. Saltykov studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, in 1838-1844 - at the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo (since 1843 - Alexander) Lyceum. During his studies, he began to write and publish poetry.

After graduating from the lyceum, M.E. Saltykov served in the office of the military ministry (1844-1848). In the 1840s, he experienced a fascination with the utopian socialism of C. Fourier and Saint-Simon, and became close to the socialist circle of M. V. Petrashevsky.

The first stories by M.E. Saltykov "Contradictions" (1847) and "A Tangled Case" (1848), filled with sharp social issues provoked the displeasure of the authorities. In April 1848, the writer was arrested and then sent to serve in Vyatka (now) "for a harmful way of thinking."

In M. E. Saltykov, he served as a senior official for special assignments under the governor, from August 1850 he was an adviser to the provincial government. From numerous official trips around the Vyatka and adjacent provinces, he took out a rich supply of observations on peasant life and the provincial bureaucracy.

After the accession of the emperor, M.E. Saltykov was allowed to leave. At the end of 1855, he returned to the atmosphere of the ensuing public upsurge and immediately resumed the interrupted exile literary work. Huge success and fame to the writer brought "Provincial essays" (1856-1857), published under the name of "court councilor N. Shchedrin." This pseudonym almost supplanted real name author in the minds of contemporaries.

In 1856-1858, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin served as an official for special assignments in the Ministry of the Interior, participated in the preparation of the peasant reform. In 1858-1862, he served as lieutenant governor in, then in. As an administrator, M.E. Saltykov actively fought against landlord arbitrariness and corruption in the bureaucratic environment. In early 1862, he retired "due to illness".

During the years of vice-governorship, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin continued to publish stories, essays, plays, scenes (since 1860, most often in the Sovremennik magazine). Most of them were included in the books "Innocent Stories" and "Satires in Prose" (both - 1863). Leaving the service, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin attempted to publish his own journal Russkaya Pravda, but did not receive permission from the authorities.

After the arrest and 8-month suspension of the publication of Sovremennik, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, at the invitation, became one of the co-editors of the journal. His monthly review "Our public life" remained outstanding monument Russian journalism and literary criticism 1860s. In 1864, due to disagreements within the leadership of Sovremennik, M.E. Saltykov left its editorial office, but did not stop the author's cooperation with the publication.

In 1865, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to public service. In 1865-1868, he headed the State Chambers in, and. Observations made in the service formed the basis of "Letters from the Provinces" and partly "Signs of the Times" (both -1869).

In 1868, by order of M.E. Saltykov, he was fired into final retirement with a ban on holding any position on public service. At the same time, he accepted an invitation to become a member of the renewed Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, designed to replace Sovremennik, which was closed in 1866. Sixteen years of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's work in Otechestvennye Zapiski form the central chapter in the writer's biography. In 1878, after his death, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin headed the editorial office of the magazine.

The 1870s-1880s became the time of higher creative achievements M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. At this time, he wrote a satirical chronicle "The History of a City" (1869-1870), a series of essays "Lords of Tashkent" (1869-1872), "Diary of a provincial" (1872), " well-intentioned speeches"(1872-1876) and" Mon Repos Shelter "(1878-1879), a socio-psychological novel" Lord Golovlev "(1875-1880).

In 1875-1876, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was treated abroad. Subsequently, he traveled to Europe in 1880, 1881, 1883 and 1885, and reflected his impressions of the trips in the book "Abroad" (1880-1881). The struggle against the political reaction of the 1880s was devoted to the artistic and journalistic cycles of the writer "Modern Idyll" (1877-1881), "Letters to Auntie" (1881-1882) and "Poshekhonsky Stories" (1883-1884).

In 1884, the publication of Otechestvennye Zapiski was banned. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin had a hard time with the closure of the journal. He was forced to publish in Vestnik Evropy and Russkiye Vedomosti, which were alien to him in the direction. In the last years of his life, he created "Tales" (1882-1886), which reflected almost all the main themes of his work. The chronicle novel Poshekhonskaya Antiquity (1887-1889) reflects the writer's childhood memories of the life of his parents' estate.

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich

Russian writer and publicist Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, located in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. The father of the future writer Evgraf Vasilievich Saltykov belonged to the ancient noble family, mother Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina came from a wealthy merchant family. The childhood of the writer passed in the family estate of the Saltykovs. In his work "Poshekhonskaya side" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin described the features of landlord life, familiar to him from childhood. Mikhail's elder sister and the serf painter Pavel were his first teachers.

At the age of 10, Mikhail Saltykov entered the Moscow Noble Institute, where he studied for two years, achieved great success in his studies and was recognized as an excellent student. For special successes, he was transferred to study at public expense at the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. During the years of study at the Lyceum 1838-1844, he began to compose and print poetry, but soon decided that he did not have any special abilities for poetry. In 1844, after graduating from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Mikhail Saltykov was hired by the office of the Military Ministry, where he worked until 1848.

While working at the Ministry of War, M.E. Saltykov was carried away by the ideas of utopian socialism, became close to the Petrashevites, who belonged to the advanced strata of the youth of St. Petersburg. During these years he wrote and published the first literary works- the stories "Contradictions" and "A Tangled Case", which were recognized as harmful, containing ideas that contradict the regime. In 1848, Mikhail Saltykov was exiled from St. Petersburg to Vyatka for spreading anti-regime ideas.

In Vyatka, Saltykov was appointed to the Vyatka provincial government as a clerical official, and then as a senior official for special assignments under the Vyatka governor. Later, Mikhail Saltykov was appointed governor of the provincial office, and in August 1850 - adviser to the provincial government. The link continued until 1856. The writer was released from exile after the death of Emperor Nicholas I, having received in November 1855 the right to live anywhere at his discretion.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov returns to St. Petersburg, where he enters the service of the Ministry of the Interior, where he served until 1858. In August of this year, he was sent on a business trip to the Tver and Vladimir provinces to study the militia committees that were created in 1855 in connection with eastern war. During a business trip, Saltykov visited several small towns in both provinces, and in August 1856, under the pseudonym N. Shchedrin, he published Provincial Essays, which brought him great popularity and determined the nature of all further literary creativity. In Russia, he began to be considered the literary heir of N.V. Gogol.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin married the young Elizaveta Boltina, who was the daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka.

In 1858 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was appointed vice-governor of the city of Ryazan, and two years later, in 1860, vice-governor of Tver.

While serving as the Tver vice-governor, Mikhail Evgrafovich fought against bribe-takers and thieves, surrounding himself with honest, decent people. He was the initiator of the initiation of several dozen lawsuits accusing the landlords of various crimes, and removed from work the administrators convicted of misconduct. For his activities, he received from the feudal lords the nickname "vice-Robespierre". Saltykov-Shchedrin welcomed the reform of 1861 and contributed in every possible way to its implementation.

In Tver, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote satirical essays “Our Friendly Rubbish”, “Our Foolov Affairs”, “Characters”, “After Dinner Away”, “Literary Writers”, “Slander”, newspaper articles, plays “Songs” and “Chasing for happiness."

In February 1862, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin resigns and leaves for Petersburg. In honor of his departure on March 22, 1862, he organizes literary evening in the hall of the Noble Assembly, in which the poets A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov, A.N. Pleshcheev, playwright A.N. Ostrovsky, artist I.F. Gorbunov.

In St. Petersburg, at the invitation of N.A. Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin was accepted into the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine. The disagreements that have arisen in Sovremennik lead to the fact that he leaves the magazine and returns to public service.

From November 1864 to April 1868 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin heads the state chambers of Penza, Tula and Ryazan. In 1868, having the rank of real state councilor, he was sent into final retirement.

In June 1868, N.A. Nekrasov invited M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to become, together with him, co-editor of the journal Domestic Notes, which replaced Sovremennik. He accepts this invitation and works for the magazine until it was banned in 1884.

In the 80s XIX writer many works have been written. Among them are Pompadours and Pompadourses (1873), Well-meaning Speeches (1876), Gentlemen Golovlevs (1880), Poshekhonskaya Antiquity (1889) and others.

M.E. died Saltykov-Shchedrin May 10, 1889 in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Volkovo cemetery next to I.S. Turgenev.