Izba
Slides: 19 Words: 969 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Hut. In the steppe regions, rich in clay, huts (huts) were built instead of huts. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. This structure persisted for a long time. Since the 15th century, stoves with pipes have become widespread. But, basically, among princes, boyars, merchants, etc., and only in cities. Some of these huts have survived to this day. The floors in the peasant hut were earthen, that is, the earth was simply trampled down. The floors were made from logs split in half, in rich houses - from boards. The floors were laid along the hut from the entrance. As already mentioned, the hut did not have windows as such. The hut was installed directly on the ground or on poles. - Izba.pptx
Russian hut
Slides: 10 Words: 589 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian hut. Hut on the territory of the museum in the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal. Izba, a log dwelling among Russians; heated living space in the house. The construction of the hut. Building a house for a peasant was a significant event. During construction, the location of the house was important. General form hut. A kind of entrance hall was often attached to the hut - a canopy about 2 m wide. They used the canopy in a different way. The cage served as a summer bedroom, a year-round pantry, and in winter - a kind of "refrigerator". The interior space of the hut. Furniture, utensils and decoration of the Russian hut. Icons were the main decoration of the houses. - Russian izba.ppt
Houses in Rus'
Slides: 53 Words: 8000 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Educational and methodological manual "traditional life in a Russian house." Main page. Traditional life in a Russian house. Exit. The construction began with felling the forest and a settlement appeared on the cleared land - a "village". It wasn't built in a day or two. First, the area had to be mastered. They prepared the land for arable land, cut down, uprooted the forest. It was they who chopped, not sawed: it was believed that this way the tree would be better preserved. Such was the experience of centuries-old wooden construction. Back. Table. Izba - a wooden (log) log house. The log house was made up of "crowns". From the ground to the roof of such "crowns" it was necessary to collect about 20. - Houses in Russia.ppt
Russian life
Slides: 38 Words: 297 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian hut. Life of Russian people. Museum "Kanavino at the turn of the century". Russian proverbs (tell): Do you like to ride:…… Hurry up:….. What you sow, then……. Measure seven times: .... Business - time: ... .. The hut is not red in the corners: ... ... Russian stove. Items of Russian life. Millstone. Pots, pots, bowls. Samovars, jugs, krinks… Babi kut. Dishes. The situation of the hut. Riddles: There are four legs under the roof, Soup and spoons on the roof. Table. There is a bullock, akimbo barrel, Hisses and boils, orders everyone to drink tea. Samovar. Walks, walks But does not enter the hut. Door. The borders are wooden and the fields are glass. Window. In the hut - a hut, in the hut - a pipe. - Russian life.ppt
Life of the Russian people
Slides: 10 Words: 342 Sounds: 0 Effects: 33Project. There are also photographs of household items, costumes, production tools. Winter. FORTUNE about one of the most ancient rites of the Russian people. Fortune-telling most often took place on Christmas, Epiphany and St. Basil's Day. Nativity. Spring. The Annunciation is the holiday of the Annunciation - one of the most revered for the Russian people. SOWING about the rules and stages of sowing grain. Summer. Haymaking. Autumn. Collection of berries and mushrooms. Exaltation about the feast of the Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord. Spinning. Tree Origins and roots of the Russian people Traditions and rituals of the Russian people. - Life of the Russian people.ppt
Culture and life of Rus'
Slides: 77 Words: 2942 Sounds: 0 Effects: 187Culture and life Ancient Rus'. Europeans called Rus' "Gradariki" - a country of cities. Medieval cities were centers of culture. The largest in Europe were Kyiv, Novgorod, Galich. Behind the fortress walls, crafts developed, which numbered about 70. Many items were for sale. Urban development. Torzhok. Engraving of the 16th century. Plan of Kyiv in the middle of the 12th century. As a rule, the Golden Gate was built at the entrance. On the walls, on birch bark, scientists find many inscriptions. Golden Gate in Vladimir. Reconstruction. A typical view of the boyar choir. Most of the buildings of Kievan Rus were wooden. - Culture and life of Russia.ppt
Russian national cuisine
Slides: 15 Words: 921 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian National cuisine. Old Russian cuisine of the IX-XVI centuries.1. Old Russian cuisine of the IX-XVI centuries.2. Cuisine of the Moscow state of the XVII century. Cuisine of the Peter and Catherine era of the 18th century. Petersburg cuisine late 18th century-60s XIX years V. All-Russian national cuisine of the 60s of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 1. The main place on the Russian table, especially on the national table, was and is occupied by bread. Soups have been of paramount importance in the history of Russian cuisine. The spoon has always been the main cutlery of Russians. Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 2. - Russian national cuisine.ppt
Folk costume
Slides: 6 Words: 21 Sounds: 1 Effects: 16Tula folk costume. Kursk folk costume. Oryol folk costume with pony and red apron. Tambov folk costume with a pommel. Voronezh folk costume with poneva. Nizhny Novgorod folk costume. - Folk costume.pps
National costumes
Slides: 6 Words: 115 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0National costumes. National men's suit. In the past, the Kyrgyz costume had territorial differences associated with the settlement of tribes. Women's national costume. Conclusion. We got acquainted with the Kyrgyz national costumes. We learned the names of women's and men's hats. All costumes are beautifully decorated with ornaments. - National costumes.ppt
Russian folk costume
Slides: 16 Words: 444 Sounds: 0 Effects: 9Russian folk costume. The clothes reflect the soul of the people. Russian costume surprises with its diversity. Each pattern and cut has its own story. By clothing you can learn about the traditions and customs of your people. The peasants sewed clothes from simple fabrics - linen, wool. A boyar costume could weigh 15-20 kg. In Rus', the main clothing for women was a sundress and an embroidered shirt. From above they put on a shower warmer. If the sleeves were lowered, then it was impossible to do any work. Hence the expression - to do carelessly. Sundresses could be of different colors: red, blue, brown ... At that time, only natural dyes were used for fabric. - Russian folk costume.pps
Finnish clothing
Slides: 10 Words: 221 Sounds: 0 Effects: 25Finnish folk clothes. Folk clothes - the result of the creativity of many generations - are an integral part of cultural heritage Finns. Clothing differed in composition, way of wearing, cut, material, colors, ornament. Local features existed in each county, and conceived in a separate church parish (kirchspiel). On turn of XIX– In the 20th century, Finnish folk clothing fell into disuse almost everywhere. Folk clothes of the Finns of the Vyborg province. -
The Old Russian state from the first decades of its existence was distinguished by the existence of stable household traditions and customs. The wooden Russian hut has not changed its appearance for many centuries and retained certain functional and structural features. This testified that the inhabitants of the eastern part of Europe have long been able to find the best combinations of natural elements provided by the environment.
.jpg)
Most of the dwellings of that time were ground or semi-dugout huts with wooden or earthen floors. Basements were often built in them - lower rooms used for livestock and storage of various things.
Wealthy people of noble origin owned houses from several log cabins with porches, stairs and passages. Depending on the financial situation families, the situation in the house could be different. People with less income were content with wooden benches, tables and benches located along the walls, while the rich could also boast of stools covered with paintings and carvings, and small footstools. The huts were illuminated by torches inserted into a metal light or stove crevices. Wealthy people had wooden or metal candlesticks with tallow candles in their homes.
Merchants, boyars and princes dressed in long robes embroidered with precious stones, while the poor wore simple shirts with belts made of homespun cloth. In the winter months, ordinary people wore bear coats and bast shoes, and the rich - jackets and coats made of expensive furs, opashi and single-row. Noble women also purchased fur coats and fur coats and wore summer coats, kortels and quilted jackets made of velvet, expensive foreign cloth, decorated with pearls, sables and stones. Expensive clothes could afford and the monks.
The poor people made dishes from wood and clay; only a few objects were created from copper and iron. Wealthy representatives of society used metal, and sometimes gold or silver utensils. In ordinary homes, bread was baked from rye flour. Here they used products grown on their own. Also, ordinary people were engaged in the manufacture of various drinks - bread kvass, beer and honey. However, more varied and plentiful dishes appeared on the table of the rich. Old Russian life had significant differences in different strata of society, which was reflected in all spheres of life.
HOW DO YOU DRESS IN THE OLD
The old clothes of the Russian nobility in their cut generally resembled the clothes of people of the lower class, although they differed greatly in the quality of the material and finish. The body was fitted with a wide shirt, which did not reach the knees, made of simple canvas or silk, depending on the wealth of the owner. At an elegant shirt, usually red, the edges and chest were embroidered with gold and silk, a richly decorated collar was fastened at the top with silver or gold buttons (it was called a “necklace”). In simple, cheap shirts, the buttons were copper or replaced with cufflinks with loops. The shirt was worn over the underwear. Short ports or trousers were worn on the legs without a cut, but with a knot that allowed them to be pulled together or expanded in the belt at will, and with pockets (zep). Pants were sewn from taffeta, silk, cloth, and also from coarse woolen fabric or canvas.
A narrow sleeveless zipun made of silk, taffeta or dyed, with a narrow small collar fastened (encirclement) was worn over the shirt and trousers. Zipun reached the knees and usually served as home clothes.
A common and common type of outerwear worn over a zipun was a caftan with sleeves reaching to the heels, which were folded so that the ends of the sleeves could replace gloves, and in winter serve as a muff. On the front of the caftan, stripes with ties for fastening were made along the slit on both sides of it. The material for the caftan was velvet, satin, damask, taffeta, mukhoyar (Bukhara paper fabric) or simple dyeing. In elegant caftans, sometimes a pearl necklace was attached behind a standing collar, and a “wrist” decorated with gold embroidery and pearls was fastened to the edges of the sleeves; the floors were sheathed with braid with lace embroidered with silver or gold. "Turkish" caftans without a collar, which had fasteners only on the left side and at the neck, differed in their cut from the "stand" caftans with an interception in the middle and with button fasteners. Among the caftans, they were distinguished according to their purpose: dining, riding, rain, "tearful" (mourning). Winter caftans made with fur were called "casings".
Sometimes a “feryaz” (ferez) was put on the zipun, which was an outer garment without a collar, reaching to the ankles, with long sleeves tapering to the wrist; it was fastened in front with buttons or ties. Winter feryazi were made on fur, and summer ones - on a simple lining. In winter, sleeveless feryazi were sometimes worn under the caftan. Elegant feryazi were sewn from velvet, satin, taffeta, damask, cloth and decorated with silver lace.
The cape clothes that were worn when leaving the house included single-row, okhaben, opashen, yapancha, fur coat, etc. Single-row - wide, long-sleeved clothes without a collar, with long sleeves, with stripes and buttons or ties, - usually made of cloth and other woolen fabrics; in autumn and in bad weather they wore it both in sleeves and in a nakidka. A robe looked like a single-row, but it had a turn-down collar that went down to the back, and the long sleeves folded back and there were holes under them for the hands, as in the single-row. A simple coat was sewn from cloth, mukhoyar, and elegant - from velvet, obyari, damask, brocade, decorated with stripes and fastened with buttons. The cut was slightly longer at the back than at the front, and the sleeves tapered to the wrist. The fields were sewn from velvet, satin, obyari, damask, decorated with lace, stripes, fastened with buttons and loops with tassels. The opashen was worn without a belt (“wide open”) and saddle. The sleeveless yapancha (epancha) was a cloak worn in bad weather. A traveling japancha made of coarse cloth or camel hair differed from an elegant japancha made of good fabric lined with fur.
The fur coat was considered the most elegant clothing. It was not only put on when going out in the cold, but the custom allowed the owners to sit in fur coats even while receiving guests. simple fur coats they were made of sheepskin or hare fur, marten and squirrel were higher in quality; noble and rich people had fur coats with sable, fox, beaver or ermine fur. Fur coats were covered with cloth, taffeta, satin, velvet, obyary or simple dye, decorated with pearls, stripes and fastened with buttons with loops or long laces with tassels at the end. "Russian" fur coats had a turn-down fur collar. "Polish" fur coats were sewn with a narrow collar, with fur cuffs and fastened at the neck only with a cuff (double metal button).
For tailoring menswear foreign imported materials were often used, and bright colors were preferred, especially “wormy” (crimson). The most elegant was considered colored clothes worn on ceremonial occasions. Clothes embroidered with gold could only be worn by boyars and duma people. The stripes were always made of a material of a different color than the clothes themselves, and the rich people were decorated with pearls and precious stones. Simple clothes were usually fastened with pewter or silk buttons. Walking without a belt was considered indecent; the belts of the nobility were richly decorated and sometimes reached several arshins in length.
As for shoes, the cheapest were bast shoes made of birch bark or bast and shoes woven from wicker rods; to wrap the legs, they used onuchi from a piece of canvas or other fabric. In a prosperous environment, shoes, chobots and ichetygi (ichegi) made of yuft or morocco, most often red and yellow, served as shoes.
Chobots looked like a deep shoe with a high heel and a pointed toe turned up. Elegant shoes and chobots were sewn from satin and velvet of different colors, decorated with silk embroidery and gold and silver threads, trimmed with pearls. Elegant boots were the shoes of the nobility, made of colored leather and morocco, and later - of velvet and satin; the soles were nailed with silver nails, and high heels- silver horseshoes. Ichetygi were soft morocco boots.
With smart shoes, woolen or silk stockings were put on their feet.
Russian hats were varied, and their shape had its own meaning in everyday life. The top of the head was covered with a tafya, a small cap made of morocco, satin, velvet or brocade, sometimes richly decorated. A common headdress was a cap with a longitudinal slit in front and behind. Less prosperous people wore cloth and felt caps; in winter they were lined with cheap fur. Elegant caps were usually made of white satin. Boyars, nobles and clerks in ordinary days put on low hats of a quadrangular shape with a “circle” around the hat made of black-brown fox, sable or beaver fur; in winter, such hats were lined with fur. Only princes and boyars had the right to wear high "throat" hats made of expensive furs (taken from the throat of a fur-bearing animal) with a cloth top; in their form, they slightly expanded upwards. On solemn occasions, the boyars put on a tafya, a cap, and a throat cap. It was customary to keep a handkerchief in a hat, which, while visiting, was held in hands.
In winter cold, hands were warmed with fur mittens, which were covered with plain leather, morocco, cloth, satin, velvet. "Cold" mittens were knitted from wool or silk. The wrists of elegant mittens were embroidered with silk, gold, and trimmed with pearls and precious stones.
As an adornment, noble and wealthy people wore an earring in their ear, and a silver or gold chain with a cross around their neck, and rings with diamonds, yachts, emeralds on their fingers; on some rings personal seals were made.
Only nobles and military people were allowed to carry weapons with them; townspeople and peasants were forbidden. According to custom, all men, regardless of their social status, left the house with a staff in their hands.
Some women's clothes were similar to men's. Women wore a long shirt in white or red, with long sleeves, embroidered and decorated with wrists. Over the shirt they put on a letnik - light clothing that reached to the heels with long and very wide sleeves (“caps”), which were decorated with embroideries and pearls. Letniki were sewn from damask, satin, obyari, taffeta of different colors, but worm-like ones were especially valued; a slit was made in front, which was fastened up to the very neck.
A neck necklace in the form of a braid, usually black, embroidered with gold and pearls, was fastened to the collar of the letnik.
The outerwear for women was a long cloth fur coat, which had a long row of buttons from top to bottom - pewter, silver or gold. Under the long sleeves, slits were made under the armpits for the arms, a wide round fur collar was fastened around the neck, covering the chest and shoulders. The hem and armholes were decorated with embroidered braid. A long sundress with sleeves or without sleeves, with armholes, was widespread; the front slit was fastened from top to bottom with buttons. A body warmer was worn on a sundress, in which the sleeves tapered to the wrist; These clothes were sewn from satin, taffeta, obyari, altabas (gold or silver fabric), bayberek (twisted silk). Warm padded jackets were lined with marten or sable fur.
Various furs were used for women's fur coats: marten, sable, fox, ermine and cheaper ones - squirrel, hare. Fur coats were covered with cloth or silk fabrics of different colors. In the 16th century, it was customary to sew women's fur coats in white, but in the 17th century they began to be covered with colored fabrics. The cut made in front, with stripes on the sides, was fastened with buttons and bordered with an embroidered pattern. The collar (necklace) lying around the neck was made of different fur than the fur coat; for example, with a marten coat - from a black-brown fox. The decorations on the sleeves could be removed and kept in the family as a hereditary value.
Noble women in solemn occasions put on their clothes a drag, that is, a sleeveless cloak of worm-colored, made of gold, silver-woven or silk fabric, richly decorated with pearls and precious stones.
On their heads, married women wore "hairs" in the form of a small hat, which for rich women was made of gold or silk fabric with decorations on it. To take off the hair and “to goof off” a woman, according to the concepts of the 16th-17th centuries, meant to inflict great dishonor on a woman. Over the hair, the head was covered with a white scarf (ubrus), the ends of which, decorated with pearls, were tied under the chin. When leaving the house, married women put on a “kiku”, which surrounded the head in the form of a wide ribbon, the ends of which were connected at the back of the head; the top was covered with colored cloth; the front part - the ochelie - was richly decorated with pearls and precious stones; the headdress could be separated or attached to another headdress, depending on the need. In front of the kick, pearl strands (lower) that fell to the shoulders were hung, four or six on each side. When leaving the house, women put on a hat with a brim and with falling red cords or a black velvet hat with a fur trim over the ubrus.
The kokoshnik served as a headdress for both women and girls. It looked like a fan or a fan attached to a volosnik. The headpiece of the kokoshnik was embroidered with gold, pearls or multi-colored silk and beads.
The girls wore crowns on their heads, to which pearl or beaded pendants (cassocks) with precious stones were attached. The girlish crown always left her hair open, which was a symbol of girlhood. By winter, girls from wealthy families were sewn tall sable or beaver hats (“columns”) with a silk top, from under which loose hair or a braid with red ribbons woven into it descended onto their backs. Girls from poor families wore bandages that tapered at the back and fell down the back with long ends.
Women and girls of all strata of the population adorned themselves with earrings, which were varied: copper, silver, gold, with yachts, emeralds, "sparks" (small pebbles). Solid gemstone earrings were rare. Bracelets with pearls and stones served as decoration for the hands, and rings and rings, gold and silver, with small pearls, on the fingers.
A rich neck decoration for women and girls was a monisto, consisting of precious stones, gold and silver plaques, pearls, garnets; in “the old days, a row of small crosses was hung from the monist.
Moscow women loved jewelry and were famous for their pleasant appearance, but in order to be considered beautiful, according to the Moscow people of the 16th-17th centuries, one had to be a portly, magnificent woman, rouged and made up. The harmony of a thin camp, the grace of a young girl in the eyes of the then beauty lovers had little value.
According to the description of Olearius, Russian women had average height, slender build, were gentle face; city dwellers all blushed, eyebrows and eyelashes tinted with black or brown paint. This custom was so rooted that when the wife of the Moscow nobleman prince, Ivan Borisovich Cherkasov, a beautiful woman, did not want to blush, the wives of other boyars persuaded her not to neglect the custom. native land, not to dishonor other women and ensured that this naturally beautiful woman was forced to give in and apply blush.
Although compared to the rich noble people the clothes of the “black” townspeople and peasants were simpler and less elegant, nevertheless, even in this environment there were rich outfits that accumulated from generation to generation. Clothes were usually made at home. And the most cut vintage clothes- without a waist, in the form of a dressing gown - made it suitable for many.
HOME FURNITURE AND Utensils
The interior decoration in the houses of the nobility and large merchants was very different in its wealth from the unpretentious situation in simple huts"black" townspeople.
The floor in the rooms was usually covered with matting or felt, and in rich houses - with carpets. Along the walls, tightly attached to them, stood wooden benches upholstered in wicker matting or cloth; in wealthy houses, benches were covered from above with cloth or silk "polovochnik", which hung down to the floor. Room furniture was complemented by special benches, up to two arshins wide, which had an elevation (headrest) at one end, so that you could relax on the benches after dinner with great convenience. For seating served quadrangular stools (capitals). The long narrow tables that stood in front of the benches, most often made of oak, were often decorated with artistic carving; met in rich rooms and small tables decorated with colored stones. The custom demanded that tables be covered with tablecloths, on which, during meals, tablecloths were also laid: cloth or velvet, embroidered with gold and silver. "Black" townspeople used coarse linen tablecloths or did without them at all.
Icons hanging on the wall were an integral part of every room. The material for the icons was most often wood, less often stone or white bone; metal folds were also made with doors that had images on the inside and outside. Icons with lamps and wax candles in front of them were placed in the front corner of the room and could be pulled back by a curtain called "dungeons". Prosperous houses had a special “cross” room, all lined with icons, where domestic prayers took place.
Wall mirrors, even in rich mansions, were then a rarity, and small mirrors abroad were widespread. As for the wall paintings, in Moscow they appeared on sale late XVII century.
As a bed, they used a bench standing against the wall, to which they moved another, wide one, and spread the bed, which in rich houses consisted of downy featherbeds, a headboard, pillows in elegant pillowcases, linen or silk sheets and a satin blanket lined with expensive fur. However, luxuriously finished beds were only in the homes of the nobility and the rich. For most of the population, felt served as a bed, or they slept on stoves, beds, wooden benches, putting a fur coat or other clothes on.
Household items were stored in chests and hides, that is, chests of drawers with drawers. Women's jewelry was kept in artistically decorated caskets and was inherited as family jewels. Pocket clocks (zepny) were a rarity, but wall clocks were often brought to us from abroad. It is known that Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was a great lover and collector of watches. According to the descriptions of foreigners, in the house of the boyar Artamon Sergeevich Matveev, in one of the chambers, which had a wooden floor made of square floorboards, there was a large tiled stove, a chandelier hung from the ceiling, and parrots and others were sitting in cages hung around. beautiful birds; along with wall paintings, a large mirror and a table artistic work, there were clocks of different devices: on some, the hands showed the time from noon - an astronomical day, on others - from sunset, on the third - from sunrise, on the fourth, the day began at midnight, as was customary in the Latin church. However, in home life, the so-called “fighting clocks” were more common, where the dial rotated, and not the arrow.
Used for lighting wax candles, in houses with low incomes - sebaceous; they also used a dry torch made of birch or spruce. Candles were inserted into "wall" candlesticks or into "standing" ones, small in size, which could be rearranged, depending on the need. If in the evening it was required to go to the stable or to the barn, then they used a mica lantern for lighting.
Household supplies were stored in barrels, tubs and bast baskets, standing in crates. Kitchen utensils were scarce and primitive; fried in iron and copper tin pans; the dough was kneaded in wooden vats and troughs.
The washstands used for washing were copper, pewter and even silver. When it was required to cook food for a large number of people, then in the kitchens they used copper or iron "food" boilers with a capacity of several buckets. Beer and wine boilers had a significant capacity - up to 50 buckets.
Tableware for liquid food was wooden, pewter or silver bowls, and for roasts - wooden, earthenware, pewter, tinned copper or silver dishes. The plates were seldom used, and even more rarely washed; instead of plates, cakes or slices of bread were usually used. Even less common were knives and forks (at that time they were two-pronged). For lack of napkins, sitting at the table, they wiped their hands with the edge of the tablecloth or a towel. The vessels in which all kinds of drinks were brought to the table were varied: valley, bucket, quarter, brother, etc. The often used valley had a capacity of one or several buckets. A quarter was shaped like a soup cup and in its full measure was a quarter of a bucket (a quart), but in reality it was made in different sizes. Bratina, intended for comradely treats, was like a pot with a tire; they scooped wine from the bratina with ladles or scoops.
The vessels from which the hosts and guests drank had the following names: mugs, bowls, goblets, crusts, ladles, cups. Mugs usually had a cylindrical shape, somewhat narrowed upwards, but there were also tetrahedral and octahedral mugs. A full measure mug was one-eighth of a bucket. Round wide vessels with handles or brackets were called "cups". Cups were round vessels with a lid and on a stand. In contrast to the ladles with their oval bottoms, the crusts had a flat bottom. Small round cups with a flat bottom sometimes had legs and a lid. Wines were also used for drinking, according to ancient custom, mounted in silver horns.
In the homes of noble and wealthy people, precious silver and gilded vessels were placed as decoration in the cabinets that occupied the middle of the front room. On such vessels, inscriptions were usually made containing a saying or dedication to the one to whom the vessel was offered as a gift.
Olga Lyukhina
Summary of the lesson "Life of the Russian people"
Target: Formation of ideas about life and life Russian people about its traditions.
Tasks: Introduce children to the hut and Russian life of people. Develop the ability to work together, listen carefully to the teacher, engage in dialogue. Instill interest in Russian culture, the history of people.
Material: hut illustration, domestic utensil: poker, tong, bread shovel, cradle, etc. Decorate a room to reproduce a residential village space (Houseware)
Methods:
verbal
visual methods
practical methods.
tricks:
surprise moment (the appearance of the teacher in Russian folk costume) ;
looking at household items Russian hut;
story, show, conversation;
Lesson progress:
The mistress of the hut meets the children at the entrance.
Hello dear guests! A guest on the threshold - joy to the owner. I ask you to go to the hut, make yourself at home, sit down. Let's sit side by side and have a good conversation.
IN ancient times, and in our time, every person had a house.
What do you guys think, why does a person need a house?
How do we feel at home?
- Why say: "Being a guest is good, but being at home is better?"
Even in the old days, people made a dwelling for themselves, where they could hide from the cold and bad weather, from wild animals, warm themselves by the fire. We come home to rest and gain strength.
And from what people used to build their own house? From what tree? Now I will guess a riddle, and you try guess:
“A relative has a Christmas tree
non-thorny needles,
But, unlike the tree,
Those needles are falling (larch)
Why were houses built from larch?
Because when larch gets wet, it becomes stronger and stronger, almost like a stone. Such a house will stand for a long time, will not rot. But they built houses from pines, and tried to lay the lower logs from larch.
In such a house, the air always smells of tar. It is especially warm in it in winter, when there is frost and a blizzard outside the window.
Children, how do you think, what was the most important thing in the hut?
Listen, guess my riddle:
Sleeping in the summer
Burning in winter
The mouth opens
What they give - swallows " (bake)
The oven is the heart of the home. The stove fed the family, heated the house, younger children and old people slept on it, dried clothes and even washed themselves. As soon as the hostess gets up in the morning, the first thing she starts is to heat the stove. The stove is a village nurse.
How could the oven feed its owners?
IN Russian oven cooked cabbage soup, porridge, baked bread, pies.
Between the stove and the wall of the house there was a place called "baby kut" or a kutok is a corner that was separated from the rest of the hut by a colored curtain.
Where do you think you could be in our hut "baby kut"?
A woman was in charge of the hut - hostess: cooked food, baked bread, cooked, spun, sewed. There, on a hook hammered into the ceiling, hung a cradle for the smallest in the family.
But not only people lived in the house. There were tenants in it - some from the forest, some from the field, some from the earth. The economy cannot do without them. What items were still in Russian hut? Enough to silently visit - it's time to guess the riddles. I will make riddles, and you try to find answers in our hut.
"Releasing hot steam
Ancient teapot…” (samovar).
The whole large peasant family gathered behind the samovar, drinking hot tea with honey, with pies and pancakes. The samovar has become a symbol of kindness, home comfort and family peace.
“I feed everyone with pleasure,
And she's dumb" (spoon)
IN peasant family each member of the family had their own spoon, which was carved from wood. And they also always went to visit with their spoon. They even made a saying "A thrifty guest does not go without a spoon".
You and I have sat up, it's time to play. "Business before pleasure", They say Russian people. Here I am, I invite everyone to the circle, and listen to me one more time. Pro Russian folk I will tell you the game now, and I will teach you how to play.
Join hands together and join the circle with me together!
(the teacher starts a circle with the children, picks up two scarves).
educator:
- What is the name of the game?: "Blind Man's Blinds of Masha and Ivashka". How funny, how wise she is. Because the boy here will speak in a thin voice, and the girl should speak in a rough bass voice. Now we will choose Mashenka and Ivashenko (selects children).
The circle is wider, turn around, and Masha and Ivashenko need to different sides go around in a circle, (The teacher moves them in different directions.). In order for you to stand in the circle again, Ivashka, you need to catch Mashenka. Stretching out his hands forward, Ivashka, in a thin voice will call Mashenka: "Masha, where are you?", and Masha in a rough voice reply: "Ivashka, I'm here!" trying not to fall into the hands of Ivashka. And we will blindfold you. Does everyone understand the game? Then let's blindfold those who drive, and our game will begin.
caregiver: Guys, let's remember what we know about how people used to live. Let's play a game "What was, what became"
(The teacher asks questions, the children answer)
They used to wear bast shoes, but now (boots)
They used to cook in the oven, but now ... (on the stove)
Previously, they slept on the benches, but now ... (on the bed)
Previously, clothes were stored in chests, but now ... (in the closet)
They used to carry water from the well, but now ... (pouring from a water pipe)
caregiver: Well done! Russians people have always been famous for their hospitality and loved to treat with pies, gingerbread, loaf.
And I baked bread for you, lush and ruddy. And now I really want to treat you to delicious bread, and some tea. The teacher treats the children with bread and tea.
Related publications:
"Bright Easter" - the tradition of the Russian people"Bright Easter" is a tradition of the Russian people. Teacher of the middle group: Bitarova O. S. s. Elkhotovo, 2016 Theme: "Bright Easter".
Good afternoon everyone, everyone, everyone! I want to tell you about my leisure time, which took place on October 19th. We got acquainted with the new material accompanied by.
Purpose: Formation of ideas about the socio-cultural values of the Russian people. Tasks: To consolidate the knowledge of children about our traditions and customs.
Abstract of the GCD in the middle group on acquaintance with the life and traditions of the Russian people "Visiting Pelageyushka" Synopsis of GCD in middle group on acquaintance with the life and traditions of the Russian people "Visiting Pelageyushka" Topic: "Visiting Pelageyushka" Integration:.
editor, 12/24/2011Not one year, but several millennia formed Russian life, undergoing historical changes and additions. In various social strata, it took shape and was supported by certain means. Let's talk a little about it.
Russia in the 19th century consisted of 80% villagers, therefore, first of all, we should dwell on the life of this particular part of society.
The peasant's house was a complex of wooden, chopped with an ax, household buildings. A residential building, "cross" or "five-wall", was covered with straw, board or shingles. It was surrounded by goose houses, cowsheds and other outbuildings, cages, sheds. The richer lived Russian people, the stronger, more solid and neat was his dwelling.
The interior of the house was subject to unwritten rules. A certain part of the furniture (benches, benches) appeared, saying modern language, "built-in" - that is, forming part of the design of the hut. The center of the hut, often consisting of just one room, was rightfully considered a Russian stove. They cooked food in it, heated the house, dried berries, mushrooms, used it as a sleeping place for the elderly and children. Near it was a china shop - the eldest woman in the house was in charge there. In the "kutny" "red" corner, there were icons and lamps. Household utensils were stored on the shelves, “slaves”, clothes hung on pegs driven into the wall. The Russian people decorated the pier and walls of the dwelling in accordance with their taste, skill and wealth: the walls and ceiling were painted, decorated with wood carvings.
The main food of the peasant is rye and oat bread, wheat and buckwheat pancakes, kalachi, pies with various fillings. Porridge - oatmeal, millet, millet was present daily in the life of a Russian person. Peasants could afford meat no more than 2 times a week, or on a holiday, they mainly ate fish - salted, dried, boiled. A good help to the peasant table were mushrooms, berries, vegetables, carefully grown in their gardens.
Peasant life was subject to church laws and holidays. For marriage and conception, children were allocated free from fasting, days and months of the year.
At the end of the 19th century, noble Russian life was a bizarre mixture of primordially Russian customs and traditions of other countries. Only hunting remained the same tradition. Otherwise, except for animal hunters, the general fashion for traditionally Russian samovar tea parties was combined with cocaine wild parties. On Maslenitsa, French champagne and Italian lobsters were side by side on the table with real Russian pancakes, which were baked by a village woman specially brought for this occasion. Lunch moved from noon to European time: 5-6 pm, however, the table was served as prescribed: the dishes were taken out as they were cooked, and not all at once, as in England or Germany. Tennis and going “to the people” with the aim of touching the original Russian way of life are extremely popular among young people.
The life of the nobility prescribed spending autumn abroad, in Nice, Cannes, on the picturesque shores of the Mediterranean, celebrating merrily from Christmas to Epiphany in Russia, in winter, at balls, looking after profitable parties for their children and entering into commercial alliances. In the summer, according to tradition, the nobles with their households moved to country estates or rented a dacha for the whole season. Clothing is one of the constituent parts of everyday life, among the nobles sometimes it was a strange and bizarre combination of elements of Russian national costume and Western fashion models. Home upbringing and education of children replaced boarding houses and schools. Art Nouveau replaces eclecticism in the interior of a home environment.
According to the famous scientist Yu. M. Lotman, “life is the usual course of life in its real-practical forms; life is the things that surround us, our habits and everyday behavior. Life surrounds us like air, and like air, it is noticeable only when it is not enough or it deteriorates. We notice the features of someone else's life, but our own life is elusive for us - we tend to consider it "just life", a natural norm of practical life. So, everyday life is always in the sphere of practice, it is the world of things first of all” (Lotman 1994, 10).
The phrase "traditional life" literally means the course of a person's daily life in the forms defined by tradition - in a society where accepted and established rules of behavior, skills, and a system of ideas are passed on from generation to generation. Naturally, traditional life always has an ethnic coloring. That is why the phrase "traditional life" is often replaced by the words "folk life", "national way of life", "traditional household culture", etc. In the book in question mainly about the everyday way of life of the peasants and the population of small provincial towns, who have maintained contact with countryside. This is due to the fact that in Russia XVIII - the first quarter XIX V. it was the peasantry that was the bearer of traditional forms of culture and life.
Russian nobility most of merchants, workers of large industrial enterprises lived within the framework of European culture, urbanistic at its core and supranational in essence. The way of life of a nobleman and a peasant was so different that it made it possible to speak about the presence of two different civilizations among Russian people: noble and peasant. According to the well-known historian A. A. Zimin, “the divergence between civilizations in the 18th and 19th centuries was so striking that one could get the impression of two worlds, each living its own life” (Zimin 2002, 11). Such a gap in the everyday culture of the Russian people occurred in the Petrine era, at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Until that time, representatives of all strata of Russian society lived within the framework of traditional culture, characteristic features which were static, isolated, faithful to antiquity.
The reforms of Peter the Great and his successors in the economic and political spheres of life, the development of industry, trade, the establishment of strong contacts with European countries revolutionized the cultural consciousness of the country. The renewal of Russian life was associated with an orientation towards secular culture. Western Europe- the upper strata of Russian society and the townspeople turned out to be ready for its perception and assimilation. Russian peasantry, on the contrary, for the most part gravitated towards the traditional patriarchal way of life. Archpriest Avvakum in the 17th century expressed this attitude as follows: “I hold it to death, as if I had taken it; I do not lay down the limit of the eternal, it has been laid down before us: lie it like this forever and ever!” The desire to live as fathers and grandfathers lived was supported by faith in the once and for all acquired “truth-truth” of Orthodoxy, adopted by Russia in the 10th century.
The appearance of any innovations was considered as a rollback to the side, a violation of the world order established by God. The closedness of the Russian medieval consciousness, unwillingness to communicate with other cultures grew out of faith in the special mission of Russia, in the chosenness of the Orthodox people. In the peasant environment, a gradual departure from traditions began in the middle - second half of the 19th century. New trends that originated in trade and craft villages, whose population had strong contacts with the city, then reached many villages, including the most remote from large industrial centers. Today, the way of life of Russian peasants is built according to the urban model, but they also have many “remnants of sweet antiquity” that have irretrievably disappeared from the life of the townspeople.
The world of the Russian village is presented in the book through the description peasant dwelling and things that people used in their daily practice. This approach is entirely legitimate. Both the house and any household item are endowed with “memory”, and therefore, by studying them, one can learn a lot about the social, religious, and economic aspects of the life of their owners. The house was the focus of a person's vitality, here he was protected from bad weather and enemies, from the dangers of the outside world. Here, generations of ancestors succeeded each other, here he continued his family, here for centuries Russian traditional life was formed, which included many items necessary for a person to live and work.
First of all, these were tools of labor: arable and for harrowing the soil, harvesting and further processing the crop, with the help of which daily bread was obtained; livestock care equipment; tools used in crafts and trades. Of considerable importance was the winter and summer transport. Life was in the house interior decoration which was organized for work and leisure. The house was filled with things used to decorate it, give it comfort, objects of religious worship, as well as various utensils. A person could not do without clothes: everyday and festive, without shoes, hats, etc. All these items folk life were created either by the peasants themselves, or by village or city craftsmen, who took into account the needs and tastes of their customers.
The things that came out of the hands of the master were well thought out and often struck with amazing beauty. V. S. Voronov, a well-known specialist in the field of Russian folk decorative art, wrote: “All the diverse abundance of everyday monuments - from a powerful carved platband and painted sleigh to a carved pointer, colored clay toys and a top-inch copper figured castle - amazes with the richness of a mature creative fantasy, wit, invention, observation, decorative flair, constructive courage, technical dexterity - the fullness of artistic talent, in which it was easy and simple for a peasant artist to construct and richly decorate any household item, turning everyday life in a deep and quiet holiday of living beauty "(Voronov 1972, 32-33).
The objective world of the Russian peasants was comparatively uniform throughout the space they occupied in Russia. This is especially true for agricultural, handicraft tools, Vehicle, furnishings and decoration of the dwelling, which, with rare exceptions, were the same everywhere, which is explained by similar natural and climatic conditions, the agricultural type of the peasant economy. Local originality was distinguished by objects that had little to do with the production activities of people, such as, for example, clothing or festive utensils. So, the costume of a married peasant woman from the Vologda province was not similar to the costume of a woman from the Kursk province; the vessels for serving beer from the Vyatka province were not the same as in the villages of the Voronezh province.
Local differences were due to the vast expanses of Russia, the disunity of its individual territories, the influence of neighboring peoples, etc. characteristic feature the objective world of the Russian peasant was its relative immutability, stability. In the XVIII - early XX century. it was basically the same as in the 12th-13th centuries: the plow with two coulters and a folding plow, a wooden harrow, a sickle, a scythe, a bucket, a yoke, clay pot, a bowl, a spoon, a shirt, boots, a table, a bench and many other things that a person needs. This is due to the age-old stability of the living conditions of the Russian peasants, the immutability of their main occupation - agriculture, which determined material needs. At the same time, the objective world of peasant farmers was not once formed and frozen.
Over the centuries, new things were gradually included in it, the need for which was determined by technological progress and, as a result of this, an inevitable, albeit relatively slow, change in lifestyle. So, at the beginning of the XV-XVI centuries. appeared spit-Lithuanian, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in peasant everyday life, such an arable tool as a roe deer began to be used in the 19th century. peasants began to drink tea from a samovar, cook food in a cast-iron pan, women began to tie their heads instead of an old ubrus with a square scarf, put on a couple instead of a shirt and sundress - a skirt with a blouse. What once seemed alien, gradually took root, became our own, traditional. In parallel with this, things that had become obsolete left out of use.
In the first half of the XIX century. stopped using chests-headrests for storing money and valuables on the road. IN late XIX V. the stapler disappeared from festive use, which from the 12th century. served to serve beer on the table. The change of objects took place imperceptibly; some things were parted without regret, others, losing their functionality, turned into ritual ones, others were left “for a wake” of people who left this world. Each item of Russian traditional life had a dual nature: in everyday practice, things were used for their direct, utilitarian purpose, in ritual practice they showed the meanings of symbols.
For example, a hut was swept with a broom, on Good Thursday a broom was used to protect the house from evil spirits: a woman mounted her and with certain spells went around her house. In a mortar, cereal grains were crushed with a pestle; in the hands of a matchmaker, a mortar with a pestle turned into a symbol of male and female intercourse. A fur coat was worn in the cold season - a fur coat spread out for the newlyweds on a bench became a sign of their fertility in marriage. The pot was an indispensable attribute of the wedding and funeral rituals, it was broken as a sign of a change in the status of a person. After the wedding night, it was broken by a friend on the threshold of the newlyweds' room, thereby, as it were, showing those present that the night went well. In the funeral ritual, the pot was broken when the deceased was taken out of the house so that the deceased could not return to the world of the living. The kokoshnik remained a women's festive headdress and a symbol of marriage. "Thingness" and "significance" were present in all objects of folk life.
Some objects had a greater semiotic status, while others had a lesser one. For example, towels were endowed with a high degree of symbolism - panels of ornamented fabric, designed to decorate the interior. In the native-baptismal, wedding, funeral and memorial rites, they acted mainly as signs of a person's belonging to a certain family - "clan-tribe". In some situations, some objects, turning into symbols, completely lost their material nature.
So,. Yu. M. Lotman in the same book gave examples when bread from the usual sphere of use for us passes into the sphere of meaning: in the words of the famous Christian prayer “Give us our daily bread today”, bread turns into food needed to sustain life; in the words of Jesus Christ given in the Gospel of John: “I am the bread of life; whoever comes to me will not hunger” (John 6:35), bread and the word denoting it form a complex symbolic combination. Traditional Russian life is so rich and vibrant that it is virtually impossible to present it in its entirety in one book. This encyclopedic dictionary combines articles about the arrangement of a peasant dwelling, about transport, about tools of labor and about the main items of peasant use, which make it possible to tell about the life of many generations of people who have gone into the past.
