However, for a long time, a significant part of the Armenian name list was made up of ancient national names. In the past, most of the peoples of Europe and Asia believed in the fateful power of the name. Since the name (or personal nickname) accompanied a person throughout his life path, it was believed that it was able to predetermine the future, to influence the character of the individual. Therefore, at all times there were so-called "ritual names" that parents gave their children, wishing that in the future they would be accompanied by success and prosperity, health and wealth, strength and dexterity.
The surname Ter-Hakopov is a Russian-adapted version of the Armenian surname Ter-Hakopyan, which is formed from the name Hakob. The male name Akop, translated into Russian, means "God help and protect."
The element "ter" in the surname indicates that the founder of this clan was a clergyman.
The need for family names appeared with the emergence of cities and the development of the trade and economic life of Armenia. The very first officially fixed surnames were received by representatives high society(Artsruni, Amatuni, Mamikonyans, Rshtuni). In the future, when mentioning eminent families, the words “azg” (“clan”) or “tun” (“house”, “smoke”) were added to the surnames. For example, “Clan of Mamikonyans”, “Clan of Rshtuni”, or “House of Artsruni”, etc.
Over time, surnames began to appear in the worker-peasant environment. For example, if someone from a family or several generations of its representatives became famous as jewelers, masons, bakers, etc., then their descendants already received a surname formed from the name of the craft that their ancestors were engaged in. This is how the surnames Voskerchyan (jeweler), Kartashyan (mason), Khatstukhyan (baker), etc. appeared.
For each nation, surnames were formed according to the local national tradition. characteristic feature Armenian surnames are the suffixes -yan, -yants, -ents, -unts, -onts, -uni, expressing belonging to a particular clan or kinship. All these formants originally meant "from the family of such and such" or "from the family of such and such." Accordingly, the surname Ter-Akopov at first meant "from the Akop clan." Over time, specific suffixes lost their original meaning and began to be perceived only as family endings.
Armenian surnames occupy a significant place in Russian onomastics. This is explained by the millennial ties between Armenia and Russia. High social activity Armenians began to appear in the XVIII-XIX centuries, when many representatives of this nationality occupied prominent places in the cultural, trade and economic life of Russia. However, despite the close contacts of Armenia with Russian Empire and joining it in 1878, the surname Ter-Hakopov, like many other Armenian surnames, did not undergo the process of Russification and retained its originality.
So, my first post, which is not a copy-paste from a Pokelig magazine. And it was thanks to which my blog appeared (which is written in the first blog post).
It all started with the fact that once my friend Zoana, who is fond of writing fanfiction, asked me: what do the prefixes to the surnames of some characters in this or that work mean? I was also interested in the question, but at first I didn’t really want to delve into it too much. However, just a day later, I wondered - why do some characters have more than one or two names? The answer question to my friend did not give any results, and I decided to get on the Internet and puzzle over these two questions, simultaneously writing down the results of the “research” for her and for other interested acquaintances.
Also, in fairness, I will point out that a considerable part of the information presented here was gleaned from the Internet, and together with my own reflections, a kind of mini-report was obtained.
Number of names
I decided to start with “my own” question - why do some characters have one or two names, and some have three, four or more (the longest I came across in a story about two Chinese boys, where the poor was simply called Chon, and the name of the rich took up lines maybe five).
I turned to Mr. Google, and he told me that the tradition of several names today takes place mainly in English-speaking and Catholic countries.
The most illustrative is the "naming" system in the UK, presented in many books. According to her, according to statistics, all English children traditionally receive two names at birth - a personal (first name) and a middle (middle name) or second name (second name). Currently, the middle name plays the role of an additional hallmark, especially for persons who have widespread names and surnames.
The custom of giving a child a middle name, as I found out in the same place, goes back to the tradition of assigning several personal names to a newborn. It is known that, historically, the name of a person had special meaning, as a rule, testifying to the life purpose of the child, and also associated with the name of God (or another Higher Patron), on whose patronage and protection the parents counted ...
Being distracted - at this moment I made some hesitation and chuckled a little over the idea that if someone cannot find the meaning of their life - then perhaps you need to study your name in more detail and act on the basis of it? Or (seriously), on the contrary, you can give your next character a name that will explicitly or implicitly testify to its purpose (which, by the way, was done by some famous authors giving the heroes of their works talking names and/or surnames).
In addition, as I read when I interrupted my reflections, the significance in society could also depend on the name. So, often, if the name did not contain the idea of patronage, the carrier was considered to be ignorant by genealogy or insignificant and did not enjoy respect.
Several names, as a rule, were given to an important person, recognized to do several glorious deeds - as many as he has names. For example, the emperor, king, prince and other representatives of the nobility could have several names. Depending on the nobility and the number of titles long form name could be a long chain of names and exalting epithets. For monarchs, the main lifetime name was the so-called “throne name”, which officially replaced the name received by the heir to the throne at birth or baptism. In addition, a similar tradition is observed in Roman catholic church when the elected Pope chooses for himself the name by which he will be known from that moment on.
Of course, the church system of names and naming is much wider, and can be considered in much more detail (which is worth only the system “worldly name - church name”), but I am not strong in this and will not go into depth.
It should also be noted that the church is traditionally the guardian of such customs. For example, the custom, partially preserved in the already mentioned Catholic Church, when a person often has three names: from birth, from baptism in childhood and from chrismation to entry into the world with the grace of the Holy Spirit.
By the way, at the same stage, there was once an additional - "nominal" - social stratification. The problem was that, historically, the church had to pay for every extra name at one time.
However, poor people contrived, and this "restriction" was bypassed - partly due to this, there is french name, uniting the patronage of all saints - Toussaint.
Of course, for the sake of fairness, I would recall the saying “seven nannies have a child without an eye” on this occasion ... It’s not up to me to decide, of course, although a good story could come out about the fate of a character with that name, whose patrons could not agree on joint patronage. Or maybe there are even such - I have not read so many works in my life.
Continuing the story, it is worth noting that middle names can also indicate the occupation or fate of the person wearing them.
Both personal names and geographical names can be used as middle names, common names etc. The middle name can be significant “generic” - when a child is called by a name that the next of kin did not have, but which from time to time appears in the family, foreshadowing a particular role for a person. The name can be “family”: when children are called “in honor” of one of the relatives. Any direct association of a name with its already known bearer will certainly connect the betrothed with the one in whose honor he or she was named. Although the coincidences and similarities here, of course, are unpredictable. And, often, the more tragic in the end is perceived dissimilarity. In addition, the surnames of the people in whose honor they are assigned are often used as middle names.
There is no law limiting the number of middle names (or at least I have not found any mention of such), but more than four additional middle names are usually not assigned. However, traditions and rules are often designed to be broken. In fictional worlds, the “legislator” is generally the author, and everything written lies on his conscience.
As an example of several names, a person from real world enough to remember famous professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.
Another illustrative - but already fictional - example is Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore (JK Rowling - Harry Potter series).
Also, I recently found out interesting fact that in some countries the "gender" of the middle name does not matter. That is, as the middle name of a man ( male character) can also be used female name. This happens, as I understand it, all from the same fact of naming in honor of the highest patron (patron in this case). I somehow didn’t see the opposite examples (or don’t remember), but logically, women with average “male” names can also be.
As an example, only Ostap-Suleiman was remembered -Bertha Maria-Bender Bay (Ostap Bender, yeah)
Personally, on my own behalf, I’ll add the fact that nothing, in principle, interferes with the author specific work come up with and justify your naming system.
For example: “in the world of Randomia, the number four is especially sacred, and in order for the child to be happy and successful, parents try to give him four names: the first is personal, the second is after his father or grandfather, the third is in honor of the patron saint and the fourth is in honor of one of great warriors (for boys) or diplomats (for girls) of the state”.
The example was invented absolutely right off the bat, and your invented tradition can be much more thoughtful and interesting.
I'll move on to the second question.
family prefixes
The question that my friend Zoana puzzled me with, and which I once asked myself, although I was too lazy to find out what was the matter.
To begin with, the definition Family prefixes- in some world nominal formulas, components and integral parts of the surname.
Sometimes they point to aristocratic background, but not always. Usually they are written separately from the main family word, but sometimes they can merge with it.
At the same time, as I found out for myself from what I read, family prefixes differ from country to country and can have different meanings.
I also note that this part of the article turned out to be much more copy-paste and excerpts, since this issue has a much closer connection with history and languages, and my education, which is not specialized in the topic, is hardly enough to retell in a freer style.
England
Fitz - "son anyone", distorted fr. Fils de(for example: Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick) .
Armenia
Ter- ter [տեր], in the ancient Armenian original tearn (Armenian տեարն), “lord”, “lord”, “master”. For example: Ter-Petrosyan.
This prefix can have two similar, in general, meanings, and mean:
1) The title of the highest Armenian aristocracy, similar to the British lord. This title was usually placed before or after generic name, for example tern Andzewats or Artzruneats ter, and most often referred to nahapet (Head of a clan or tribal leader in ancient Armenia), tanuter (In ancient Armenia, the head of an aristocratic family, patriarch) or gaherets ishkhanu (In I X-XI centuries chapter noble family, corresponding to the earlier naapet and tanuter) of this genus. The same title was used when referring to a person from the highest aristocracy.
2) After the Christianization of Armenia, this title also began to be used by the highest clergy of the Armenian Church. Unlike the original designation of an aristocrat, the title "ter" in church use began to be added to the names of clergymen. In such a combination, "ter" is similar to the church "father", "lord" and is not an indicator of the noble origin of the bearer of the surname. Now it is present in the surnames of those who had a priest in their ancestors in the male line. The word “ter” itself is still used today when referring to an Armenian priest or when mentioning him (akin to the more familiar to our ears address “[holy] father”).
Germany
Background(For example: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
Tsu(For example: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg)
Basically a family prefix "background", as it turned out, is a sign of nobility. It expresses the idea of land ownership by representatives of the ancient nobility, for example, “Duke von Württemberg”, “Ernst August von Hannover”. But there are exceptions. In the north of Germany, many "commoners" are called "von", which indicates only the place of residence / origin. Also, granted nobles, originally of burgher origin, who were elevated by the sovereign to noble dignity with the presentation of a copy of the letter of nobility (Adelbrief) and the salary of the coat of arms (Wappen), were given the family prefix "von" and Mr. Müller turned into Mr. Von Müller.
Unlike the "background" predicate "tsu" necessarily included a relation to a certain inherited land holding, mainly medieval castle- for example, "Prince von i zu Liechtenstein" (Liechtenstein = principality and family castle).
At present, the titles of aristocrats have become part of compound surnames in Germany. Such surnames often include the particle preposition "von", "von der", "von dem" (translated as "from"), less often "tsu" (translated as "in") or a mixed version of "von und tsu".
It is generally believed that "von" indicates the place of origin of the surname (family), while "zu" means that the area is still in the possession of the family.
With a particle und“No matter how much I read, I didn’t fully understand it. Although, as far as I understand, it simply plays the role of a bundle, denoting either a mixture of family prefixes, or a combination of surnames in general. Although perhaps I am hindered simply by ignorance of the language.
Israel
Ben- - son (presumably following the example of the English Fitz) (for example: David Ben Gurion)
Ireland
ABOUT‘ means "grandson"
Poppy means "son"
That is, both prefixes in Irish surnames usually indicate their origin. Regarding the spelling of the prefix "Mak", I read that in most cases in Russian it is written with a hyphen, but there are exceptions. For example, it is common continuous spelling such surnames as MacDonald, MacDowell, Macbeth, etc. general rule does not exist, and the spelling is individual in each case.
Spain
In the case of Spain, the situation is even more complicated, because, based on what I have read, Spaniards usually have two surnames: paternal and maternal. In this case, the paternal surname ( appellido paterno) is placed before the parent ( apellido materno); so that, in official address, only the paternal surname is used (although there are exceptions).
A similar system exists in Portugal, with the difference that in the double surname the mother's surname is the first, and the father's surname is the second.
Returning to the Spanish system: sometimes the paternal and maternal surnames are separated by the particle "and" (for example: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes)
Further, in some localities there is a tradition to add to the surname the name of the locality where the bearer of this surname was born or where his ancestors come from. The particle "de" used in these cases, unlike in France, is not an indicator of noble origin, but is only an indicator of the area of \u200b\u200borigin (and, by implication, the antiquity of origin, since we know that localities sometimes have the property of changing names for one reason or another ).
In addition, when married, Spanish women do not change their surname, but simply add the husband’s surname to “apellido paterno”: for example, Laura Riario Martinez, having married a man named Marquez, can sign Laura Riario de Marquez or Laura Riario, señora Marquez, where the particle "de" separates the surname before marriage from the surname after marriage
The “revelry of naming” is limited by the fact that, according to Spanish law, no more than two names and two surnames can be recorded in a person’s documents.
Although, of course, any author, creating his own story and guided by the Spanish naming model for his characters, can simply ignore this law, coupled with the above tradition of middle names. Remember such entertainment as double names? What about the tradition of double surnames in some languages (in Russian, for example)? Have you read the above information about the number of names? Yes? Four double names, two double surnames- can you imagine already?
And you can also come up with your own naming tradition, as I wrote above. In general, if you are not afraid that your character will look too extravagant, you have a unique opportunity to reward him or her with a family name design for at least half a page.
Italy
IN Italian historically, prefixes meant the following:
De / Dee- belonging to a surname, family, for example: De Filippo means "one of the Filippo family",
Yes- belonging to the place of origin: Da Vinci - "Leonardo from Vinci", where Vinci meant the name of the city, area. Later, Da and De became just part of the surname and now do not mean anything. Done not necessarily with this aristocratic origin.
Netherlands
Van- a particle that sometimes makes up a prefix to Dutch surnames derived from the name of a locality; often it is spelled together with the surname itself. Corresponding to grammatical meaning German "background » and French "de » . Often found as van de, van der and van den. It still means "from". However, if in German"von" means noble (with the exceptions mentioned) origin, then in the Dutch naming system the simple prefix "van" does not refer to the nobility. The nobility is the double prefix van ... that (for example, Baron van Voorst tot Voorst).
Meaning of other common prefixes such as Van den, van der- see above
France
French consoles, for me personally, are the most famous and indicative
In France, prefixes to surnames, as mentioned earlier, denote noble origin. Translated into Russian, prefixes denote the genitive case, "from" or "...sky". For example, Cesar de Vandom- Duke of Vendôme or Vendôme.
The most commonly used prefixes:
If the last name starts with a consonant
de
du
If the last name starts with a vowel
d‘
Other
In addition, there are a number of different family name prefixes, the origin of which, unfortunately, I could not find out.
Listed below are just a few of them.
- Le(?)
- Yes, doo, shower (Portugal, Brazil)
- La (Italy)
So, as I found out in the end, the traditions of naming and “assembling” surnames are quite extensive and diverse, and most likely I considered only the tip of the iceberg. And even more extensive and diverse (and, often, no less interesting) can be author's derivatives of these systems.
However, in conclusion, I’ll add: before raising your hands over the keyboard in anticipation, think about it - does your character really need a name for half a page? By itself long name character - the idea is not very original and, if there is nothing behind it except the author's "Wishlist", it is rather stupid.
Among the many factors that determine belonging to a particular people or nationality, Armenian surnames are of great interest and numerous discussions. Their origin, history, peculiarities of use are of concern to many native speakers, Russian-speaking representatives of the diaspora.
The process of the appearance of a surname is diverse, entertaining and informative, and also contains details by which one can identify a representative of a particular nationality.
Excursion to the past
The history of the origin of the name is always confusing. It is impossible to say with absolute certainty what was the impetus. In ancient times, groups of Armenians living compactly were small. Everyone was familiar with each other. In principle, there was no need for surnames, the first name was enough. When they coincided, characteristic nicknames were given.
The formation of surnames originates from the Middle Ages. This is the time of development of trade and crafts. names and local nicknames became insufficient. For understanding, I had to add a place of residence, type of activity or external signs.
Surnames commonly heard in modern sound, originated on turn of XIX centuries. The suffix -yang, borrowed from Persian, indicates kinship.:
- Abazyan (from the Abaza clan).
- Aramyan (genus of Aram).
- Baghdasaryan.
- Karapetyan.
- Mirzoyan.
- Manukyan and others.
That is why Armenians have surnames beginning with -yan.
The same applies to the suffixes -an and -yants, -ents and -onts. And if -yang expresses a close relationship, then -yants - a common generic affiliation. Due to their relationship to their family, many Armenian girls, entering into a marriage union, leave their maiden name.
There are also surnames indicating where a person is from.: Artikyan (Artik city), Masisyan (Masis), Gavaryan (Gavar); or professional affiliation: Alekyan - artist, Nalbandyan - blacksmith, Dallakyan - hairdresser, Ekimyan - doctor, Azoyan - healer, Balavyan - shepherd, Vanikyan - merchant.
There are borrowings from Turkish- Mumjyan (candlestick - mumji), Demirchyan (blacksmith - demirchi), Bardakchyan (potter - bardakchi), as well as those with Turkic, Iranian and Hebrew roots: Kocharyan, Shahinyan, Kaputikyan, Kardashyan, Parajanov, Gyulbekyan, Dolukhanov, Edigaryan, Arshakuni, Artashesyan, Pahlavuni, Ozanyan and others. Advantages and disadvantages were taken into account: Shishmanyan is a fat man, Gamburyan is hunchbacked, Barseghyan is prolific.
With the entry of Armenia into the Russian state many surnames were Russified, acquired the ending -ov and began to be pronounced like this: Arutyunov, Sarkisov, Oganesov, Simonov, Petrosov, Bagdasarov, Akopov, Karapetov, Aivazov.
Estate signs
Names carry certain information. From them it is possible to find out to which stratum of society a person belongs. The suffixes -uni, -unts and others indicated belonging to the nobility e:
This also includes what the prefix “ter” means in Armenian surnames. She, like "melik", was used in late XVII - early XIX centuries. The first pointed to the attitude towards the clergy, the second - to the nobility (Ter - Hovhannisyan, Melik - Ghazaryan). IN Soviet era they were tried to be avoided, but now they are coming back into use.
Beautiful and funny
If we consider Armenian surnames alphabetically, then among the funny ones such:
- Aveyan - fish.
- Adarian is a bachelor.
- Andoyan is an egg.
- Babasyan is a glutton.
- Hajiyan - elephant, elephant (for girls).
- Kokiyan is a cuckoo.
- Longuryan - tailed.
- Makaryan is a crocodile.
- Ushanyan - pepper.
- Khatlamadzhian is a donut.
The beautiful ones can't be counted either. Here are some of them:
Famous and Famous
There are many talented, well-known and outstanding representatives among the Armenians. Their names are polyphonic. They have the following meanings:
- Hakobyan - God bless.
- Galustyan - coming to the house.
- Dzhigarkhanyan - glory to the winners.
- Martirosyan - accepting torment.
- Petrosyan - paternal.
- Khachaturian is a crusader.
Rules for using in Russian
There are no gender differences. If the male is Mkrtchyan, then the female is Mkrtchyan. The only difference is case forms. Declension of Armenian surnames male on -yang and on other endings obeys general laws: Gagik Atunyan, Gagik Atunyan, Gagik Atunyan, but Anna Atunyan, Anna Atunyan, Anna Atunyan. That is, in males, the name and surname are inclined, which ends in a consonant, and in females - only the first name. This is the declension of Armenian surnames into -yan.
Of course, the culture of this wonderful people is not limited to names only. Ethnos takes care of own history, preserved religion, traditions and identity. Continues its development and plays last role in the global society.
Attention, only TODAY!
The main task is not to arouse spontaneous antipathy in anyone. Therefore, you should pay special attention to the unity of style, the softness of the lines and, last but not least, the general external neatness. An inappropriate detail in clothing produces the same unpleasant impression as well-worn, stale, any part of the costume. Try to learn to understand styles. Otherwise, striving for some average type can lead to the fact that you will look like a “gray mouse”.Ter name compatibility, manifestation in love
Ter, marriage for you symbolizes the beginning of the ascetic path, and your partner must be ready for the fact that every day he will receive “the moon from the sky”. At first glance, this is great, but there is a small problem: you certainly need the same “moon” in return, since the adequacy of the reaction, gratitude and admiration are necessary for you to peace of mind. The slightest doubt that you are selflessly loved and highly valued demoralizes you, and then carefully built well-being can collapse overnight.Motivation
Your heart is full of love and compassion for those around you. At the heart of spiritual aspirations is the desire to protect everyone for whom you can do this from trouble. Even to the detriment of their own interests. To do good and not ask for a reward for it is your choice in any situation.At first glance, this is the life of a saint. But not everyone is pleased with the constant guardianship and obsessive manifestation of participation. Even the closest people can get tired of everyday care. Moreover, to suffer, because by relieving them of the need to do at least something on their own, you deprive them of the opportunity to develop, turning them into “plankton”.
So, sooner or later you will surely hear a reproach. And your confidence that self-sacrifice is really capable of bringing the fruits you expected will be dealt a severe blow. Then instead of satisfaction you will get disappointment.
Therefore, the desire to nurture and protect should be limited to reasonable limits. Remember this, and your peace of mind will be preserved.
