I .Theoretical and methodological problems.
1. The place of literary culture of the XI - XVIII centuries. in the history of Russian literature, its connection and echo with the literary life XIX- XX centuries. The Relativity of Similar Approaches Arising as a Result of Rethinking cultural phenomena XI - XVIII centuries. in the spirit of later aesthetic ideas and, at the same time, their necessity for understanding the integrity and historical continuity of Russian literature. The fruitfulness of a double perspective in the philological representation of historical and literary epochs: from the point of view of the epoch itself and from the point of view of modernity. The possibilities of reconstructing the cultural consciousness of a certain historical period associated difficulties and limitations. The need to respect historicism when referring to archaic literary epochs.
2.Problems of studying ancient Russian books and literature culture XVIII century. Transfer to the literary culture of the 11th - 18th centuries. principles of describing the history of literature developed on the material of the 19th - the first half of the 20th centuries, the costs of this. Double resistance ( actual material And public consciousness), rendered by the literature of the 11th - 18th centuries to these concepts (sociological, formalistic, structural). The discrepancy between the literary culture of the XI - XVIII centuries. the concept of historical literary process.
3. The possibility of considering the literary culture of the XI - XVIII centuries. as a single system in its diversity verbal creativity. The factors that determine its internal unity are (a) the absence of the concept of literariness and the associated special place of literature in the cultural system, b) the reflective-traditionalist attitude to the word - the culture of the “ready word”, c) an unconventional understanding of the genre and its ontological nature, the influence of this on the structure of the text, etc.). The dynamic, changing nature of this system.
4. Periodization of the literary culture of the 11th - 18th centuries, emerging problems, conventionality of periodization. Old Russian literature Kyiv period(XI - XIII centuries). North-Eastern - Moscow verbal culture (late XII-XVI centuries). The transition period from the Middle Ages to new literature(Early New Time) (middle of the 17th – middle of the 18th centuries). Literature of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries.
II . Old Russian literature ( XI – XVI centuries) as a classical medieval verbal culture of the Orthodox Slavs
1. Features of the literary culture of the Middle Ages as a special period in the history of Russian literature: a) the specifics of cultural everyday life, b) the religious nature of verbal creativity, c) the lack of national self-identification: Old Russian literacy as part of the Pax Slavia Orthodoxa, d) the ultimate weakening of the personal principle, e ) lack of explicit rhetoric.
2. Features of the verbal culture of Kievan Rus. The entry of East Slavic writing into European cultural space. Bookishness of Kievan Rus and Byzantine literature. Genre composition Kyiv literature, its spiritual-ascetic and secular component. The weakening of the secular (princely) literary tradition in the XIII century.
3. Features of verbal culture late XII 1st-16th centuries Differences from the Kyiv era. The main genres, the dynamics of their development. Periodization of literature of the 13th - 16th centuries, characteristics of periods.
4. Experiences of a retrospective reading of the monuments of ancient Russian literature, the identification of verbal and semantic principles in them, acquiring, in the context of the cultural consciousness of the 19th - 20th centuries, aesthetic meaning (works).
III .Transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age (Early Modern Time) (middle XVII - first half XVIII centuries): bookishness of the Orthodox Slavs on the paths of Europeanization.
1.Purpose and content transition period. Europeanization, it various options implemented in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Allocation of elite book culture. Transitional period and secularization processes in the development of culture. The development of the literary baroque; two stages of Russian baroque - ecclesiastical and secular, their similarities and differences. Change of writer's type in the Petrine era, its influence on literary life. Changing the external literary context (the nature and type of international literary connections).
2.Transformation genre system in the transitional period, its stages; rethinking the meaning and functions of traditional genres; the gradual formation of a new core of the genre system, oriented towards the European literary tradition.
3. The impact of Europeanization and secularization processes on the literary language and verse. The problem of creating a new literary language. Reform of Russian verse, its main stages.
4. Introduction of East Slavic writing to the European rhetorical tradition; the emergence of rhetorical theory and the change in the type of verbal culture.
5. Assimilation of the ancient heritage in the transitional era, various forms this offered by Russian culture. awareness by Russian literature of itself as a reception of antiquity and the final transition of Russian literary culture into the European paradigm.
6. Gradual formation of the concept of literary in mid-eighteenth V. The emergence of an idea about the connection between the aesthetic beginning of the word and its referential function, a change in attitude towards fiction and the transformation of mimesis, preparing the ground for the emergence of individual artistic worlds.
IV .Literature of the second half XVIII - start XIX centuries: from traditional literary culture to the literary process .
1. Changes in the status of literature in the middle of the XVIII century. New forms of literary life and literary centers. Literary circles. Magazines. Satirical journalism of the years and the beginning of the formation of public opinion. The problem of national self-identification of literature in the second half of the 18th century.
2.Development of leading literary genres in the second half of the 18th century. History of Russian ode. The evolution of tragedy. Comedy in the second half of the 18th century, its main varieties. The development of narrative prose, the strengthening of the fictional principle.
3. The general movement of literature from the culture of the "ready word" to the culture of the "unfinished word". Individualization literary creativity, the ratio of individual intentions and rhetorical regulation in the verbal culture of the second half of the 18th century. The problem of the artistic (possible) world in literary practice late XVII I - the beginning of the 19th century.
4. The beginning of the movement of literary culture to existence in the forms of the literary process, the duration and gradualness of this movement. The Pushkin era as a transitional area between traditional literary culture and the period of the literary process.
Literature
1. Alekseev's ode. The development of the odic form in the XVII - XVIII centuries. SPb., 2005.
3. Bulanin Rus // History of Russian translated fiction. SPb., 1995.
4. Bukharkin Church and Russian Literature in the 18th – 19th Centuries: Problems of Cultural Dialogue. SPb., 1996.
5. Gukovsky literature XVIII V. L., 1939.
6. Gukovsky poetry of the XVIII century. L., 1927.
7. Demkov Russian literature. Poetics, interpretations, sources. SPb., 1997.
8. Eremin and articles on the history of ancient Russian literature. L., 1987.
9. Eremin of Ancient Rus' (Etudes and Characteristics). M., L., 1966.
10. Zhivov in the field of history and prehistory of Russian culture. M., 2002.
12. Likhachev of ancient Russian literature. M., 1979.
13. Likhachev of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries. L., 1973.
14. Mikhailov culture. M., 1997.
15. Nikolaev culture of the Petrine era. SPb., 1996.
16. Panchenko culture on the eve of Peter's reforms. L., 1984.
17. Panchenko poetry culture XVII century. L., 1972.
18. Picchio R. Slavia Orthodoxa. Literature and language. M., 2003.
19. On the history of Russian classicism // Pumpyansky Tradition. M., 2000.
20. Sazonova culture of Russia. Early New Age. M., 2006.
21. Čiževskij D. History of Russian Literature from the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque. S'Gravenhage. 1962.
(or 1030s) - compilation of Yaroslav's Pravda.
Transferable monuments of the 11th century
Questions about whether the translations of certain monuments are South Slavic or Old Russian still often do not have a generally accepted solution. According to D. M. Bulanin, not a single monument of the 11th century can be confidently identified as translated in Rus', and not in Bulgaria, but there is also no indisputable evidence to the contrary.
main sources
- Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Issue. I (XI - the first half of the XIV century). L., Science. 1987. 496 pages.
- History of Russian literature. In 4 vols. T.1. L., Science. 1980. S.19-61.
- History of Russian translation fiction. Ancient Rus'. XVIII century. T.1. Prose. St. Petersburg, Dmitry Bulanin. 1995. Ch.1. Ancient Rus'.
- Story world literature. In 9 t. T.2. M., 1984.
- Likhachev D.S. The Tale of Bygone Years: a historical and literary essay; Archaeographic review of the lists of the Tale of Bygone Years. // The Tale of Bygone Years. St. Petersburg, Science. 1999. pp. 271-378 (reprint of articles 1950).
- Comments in the publishing house: Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. In 20 tons. T.1-3. XI-XII centuries. 1997-1999.
Notes
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Books
- Old Russian literature, Demin S.A. The book is a textbook containing a broad analysis of ancient Russian literary monuments dedicated to Russian literature of the XI beginning. XVIII centuries. The collection is based on...
The tutorial contains full course history of Russian medieval literature, which developed over seven centuries. Students will find in it not only the necessary information, but also samples philological analysis medieval texts of various genres, varieties and styles. In accordance with the course program, the manual contains both overview sections characterizing entire literary periods, as well as paragraphs devoted to the ideological and artistic features of the masterpieces of ancient Russian literature.
Addressed to philology students of higher educational institutions.
Life Literature.
From Byzantine hagiography, the translations of the lives of Alexis, the man of God, Andrew the Holy Fool, Anthony the Great, George the Victorious, Demetrius of Thessalonica, Eustathius Plakida, Cosmas and Damian, Mary of Egypt, Nicholas of Myra, Pa-raskeva-Friday, Savva the Sanctified, Simeon Stylites, Theodore Stratilates and others. Translated lives (Byzantine, more rarely Bulgarian and Serbian) were no less in circulation than the original Russian ones. In Rus', all Orthodox saints were equally revered, regardless of what nationality they were and in what country they lived. Thanks to the monuments of translated hagiography, Russian "writers" of hagiographies were able to use the ready-made form of narration about the saint and his miracles, quickly reached professional heights in this matter, and the genre itself became productive in literature, found readers and admirers among the people.
An exceptional place in the Russian religious consciousness was occupied by St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, the miracle worker. According to the results of the study by B.A. Uspensky, this is the most beloved saint in Rus', whose veneration was close in importance to the cult of the Virgin and even Christ himself. It is no coincidence that in church paintings he often “replaced” John the Baptist, standing on the left hand of Christ (the Mother of God was depicted on the right). Among the people there was an opinion that St. Nicholas is included in the Trinity, that any icon with his image is miraculous. In popular perception, Nicholas of Myra, like pagan god Slavs Volos (Veles), - the patron of agriculture and cattle breeding, therefore he was considered a "peasant" saint, a "muzhik intercessor", in contrast to the punishing sinners Elijah the Prophet. Merchants and seafarers revered him as their heavenly patron, for Saint Nicholas, according to legend, helps all travelers, all those in natural disasters.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
§1. Features of the literature of Ancient Rus'
§2. The problem of Russian periodization medieval literature
§3. Specifics of Old Russian book culture
Chapter I. LITERATURE OF KIEVAN Rus'. FORMATION OF THE GENRE SYSTEM OF OLD RUSSIAN LITERATURE
§1. Translation literature and its significance in the history of Russian culture
§2. History of Russian Chronicle XI-XII centuries. "The Tale of Bygone Years" as a literary monument of the beginning of the XII century
§3. Formation of genres of oratorical prose in the literature of Ancient Rus'
§4. National originality of the hagiographic literature of Kievan Rus
§5. Formation of the genre of "walking" in the literature of Ancient Rus'
Chapter II. THE APPEARANCE OF LITERATURES OF INDIVIDUAL PRINCIPALITIES DURING THE ERA OF FEUDAL Fragmentation
§1. The development of the literature of the Kyiv principality
§2. Literature of the Novgorod Principality
§3. Vladimir-Suzdal literature
§4. Galician-Volyn chronicle as a monument of the Galician literary tradition
§5. The genre of solemn teachings in the work of Kirill Turovsky
§6. Poetic originality and main problems in the study of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Chapter III. NEW PHENOMENA IN LITERATURE DURING THE BEGINNING OF THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOG
§1. Varieties of the genre of the military story in the annals. The emergence of non-chronic military stories
§2. New trends in hagiography
§3. Artistic originality and the problem of the genre "Words about the destruction of the Russian land"
§4. Teachings of Serapion of Vladimir
Chapter IV. LITERATURE OF THE ERA OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOV
§1. Life of Epiphanius the Wise. Features of the style of "weaving words"
§2. Ways of development of annalistic and non-annalistic military stories
§3. Genre "jogging". The emergence of merchant "walking"
Chapter V. LITERATURE OF THE ERA OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE (XVI century)
§1. The main features of the literature of the Moscow kingdom
§2. Russian medieval journalism of the late XV-XVI centuries. Evolution of author's concepts and styles
§3. Development historical narrative
§4. Unconventional in hagiography. "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom"
§5. A new variety of the genre of "walking" in the era of the Muscovite kingdom
Chapter VI. RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 17TH CENTURY: TRANSFORMATION OF THE MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF GENRES AND THE ORIGIN OF NEW LITERARY FORMS
§1. general characteristics historical and literary process of the XVII century
§2. New trends in the development of hagiographic genre....
§3. Russian story XVII V. in its movement from the historical to the fictional
§4. Travel Literature of the Transitional Period
§5. Problem-thematic and genre-style diversity of Russian satire of the 17th century
§6. Translated literature of the 17th century
§7. The rise of poetry and drama
Conclusion.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Old Russian Literature, XI-XVII centuries, Korovin V.I., 2003 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- History of Russian literature of the XIX century, Part 3, 1870-1890, Korovin V.I., 2005
Literature of the period of centralized Russian
period literature feudal fragmentation and unification of North-Eastern Rus' (XII-XV centuries)
The process of feudal fragmentation led to the disintegration of Kievan Rus and the formation of new political and cultural centers: Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Tver principalities. Literature develops in each of them separately. But during the period of the struggle against the Tatar-Mongols, literature called for the unification of all forces to fight against the enemies. The most significant literary monuments of this period are “The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, “Zadonshchina”, “Journey Beyond the Three Seas”, “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”.
states (XVI-XVII centuries)
During this period, the literature of the emerging Russian nation was created. The ecclesiastical worldview is giving way to a secular one, and a more mass democratic readership is emerging. become more democratic both in form and content literary genres. Arises fiction, which until the XVII century. was not in the literature. Literature of the 17th century was mainly journalistic in nature, reflecting the ideological positions of the warring parties (Correspondence of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky). The literature of this period is characterized by the development of the story, presented in its various genre exploits: hagiographic ("The Tale of Yuliana Lazarevskaya"), historical ("The Tale of the Azov Siege Sitting Don Cossacks”), everyday life (“The Tale of Woe and Misfortune”), satirical (“The Tale of Shemyakin Court”, “The Tale of Ruff Ershovich”, “The Tale of the Hawk Moth”).
An outstanding writer of the 17th century. was Archpriest Avvakum, the author of the Life.
In addition to democratic literature in the XVII century. continues to develop and high literature, there is a special style, called "baroque". Baroque was an aristocratic phenomenon, opposed to Russian democratic and satirical literature. This trend embraced court poetry and dramaturgy.
1. On what materials were books written and correspondence conducted in Kievan Rus?
2. What types of writing do you know?
3. What is the language of Old Russian literature?
4. What genres of Old Russian literature do you know?
1. Ancient chronicle.
2. "The Tale of Bygone Years" as a literary monument.
3. A. A. Shakhmatov about "The Tale of Bygone Years".
4. Genre diversity.
5. Style features.
Basic vocabulary:
Original Russian literature, chronicle writing, literary etiquette, legends, toponymic legends, the principle of medieval historicism, lives of saints, genre features, stamina, meekness, humility.
Literature:
Likhachev D.S. Development of the Russian Literature X-XVII VV: Epochs and styles. L. 1973
Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural historical meaning M., L., 1947
Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Issue. 1 (XI - the first half of the XIV century) L., 1987
11th century - the heyday of the political power of Kievan Rus, the heyday of Russian culture. Under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the territory of the ancient Russian state was unified, and the independence of Rus' was strengthened. The 11th century is the time of active political and cultural ties between Rus' and all European countries. It was in Kyiv in the XI century. annalistic writing was born, which was carried out throughout Rus' until the 17th century. At the Sophia Cathedral in the 11th century, a library was founded, where manuscripts were stored and copied. “Great is the benefit of the teaching of the book. These are the rivers that water the universe, in them are the source of wisdom, immeasurable depth, with which we console ourselves in sorrow. This is a hymn in honor of the book, indicating a high cultural level. Eastern Slavs 12th century
A central theme runs through all Russian literature - the theme of the Russian land and its historical destinies. Already in the first ancient Russian works the idea of patriotism, pride in one's native land, its power, political and religious independence sounds.
After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a variety of translated literature appeared: chronicles, historical stories, solemn words, teachings. But it would be wrong to think that it was the translated literature that became the basis of Old Russian literature, a model for Old Russian writers. It was greatly influenced by the rich traditions of oral folk art. When writing appeared, Russian scribes began to write down everything major events of his time. Thus, one of the first genres of Russian literature, the chronicle, arose. Chronicles - Russian historical works in which the story was told over the years.
The greatest historical and literary monument of ancient Rus' was The Tale of Bygone Years, written in 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. About this work, Acad. D.S. Likhachev wrote: “High literary education Nestor, his exceptional erudition in the sources, the ability to select everything significant in them, made The Tale of Bygone Years not just a collection of facts of Russian history and not just a historical and publicistic work, but a whole literary exposition of the history of Rus'. (The Tale of Bygone Years-M., L., 1950, part 2. str. 123).
However, The Tale of Bygone Years is not the oldest chronicle. For more than two centuries, many generations of scientists have been studying the issue of the origin and development of chronicle writing in Rus'. At present, thanks to the research of acad. Shakhmatova A.A. we can talk about the history of Russian chronicle writing. A.A. Shakhmatov applied the comparative-historical method. He proved that this historical and literary monument is based on more ancient chronicles, in particular, the Ancient Kyiv Code. A.A. Shakhmatov outlined the results of his research in the work “Investigations about the most ancient chronicles” (St. Petersburg, 1908), “The Tale of Bygone Years” (vol. 1, Pg. 1916)
Chronicle writing appears in the St. Sophia Monastery, but in the 70s. 11th century Chronicle was moved to Kiev Caves Monastery, the outstanding figures of which were its founders - Anthony, Theodosius and Nikon the Great. A.A. Shakhmatov believes that Nikon the Great was the author of the Kiev-Pechersk annals. At the end of the XI century. there is the Kiev-Pechersk or Initial set.
The initial set became the basis of The Tale of Bygone Years. The first edition was compiled by Nestor in 1113, the second by Sylvester in 1116, the third by unknown author in 1118.
Interesting refinements of A.A. Shakhmatov about the history of the emergence of chronicle writing are made by Acad. Likhachev in the book. ”Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance” (M., L., 1947) and in the study of acad. Rybakova B.A. "Ancient Rus'. Legends. Epics. Chronicle" (M., 1963).
The Tale of Bygone Years reflected the interest of the Russian people in the historical past of their Motherland. “Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kyiv began before the prince and from where the Russian land began to eat ”- this is the task that the chronicler set himself. The theme of the Motherland, its greatness and power, its unity, deep patriotism constitute the ideological and thematic content of the chronicle. Whatever the chronicler tells about - about the military campaigns of the Russian princes, about their activities aimed at strengthening the political and religious independence of Russia, about fratricidal feudal wars, about the events of bygone years - always the interests of the Motherland and the high patriotic idea determine the point of view of the author, his assessment of the actions of the princes and the events about which he narrates. Noting ideological orientation"The Tale of Bygone Years", historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote that it is characterized by "the awakening in the whole society of the thought of the Russian land as something integral, inevitable, obligatory matter of everyone and everyone." (V.O. Klyuchevsky. Course of Russian history. M., 1911. Vol. 1 p. 248).
In terms of genre, the Russian chronicle is not something unified. In addition to brief records of events (weather records), Nestor introduced into the chronicle various genres literature (tales, messages, lives), business documents, works of oral folk art. Despite the difference in the genres included in the chronicle, it is unified education, because the genres of the annals make up a certain ensemble. For each genre, a certain stylistic manner of presentation, literary etiquette was developed. Reports about the military campaigns of the princes occupy more than half of the chronicle. They are followed by news of the death of the princes. An important group of chronicle news is information about heavenly signs - eclipses of the sun, moon, earthquakes, etc.
The multi-genre nature of the chronicle also determined the variety of artistic and stylistic means of The Tale of Bygone Years.
The role of oral folk art in shaping the style of the annals is great. The chronicler makes extensive use of toponymic legends and tribal traditions, ritual poetry and folk tales, legends proverbs and sayings. Talking about the first Russian princes, he resorts to certain methods of oral communication. folk epic/ limiting generalization, hyperbolism, strict objectivity, repetitions /.
The dominant style in the annals, as well as in general in Russian Literature XI-XII I centuries, is the style of monumental historicism. The chronicler writes only in those historical figures that occupy high position in the feudal hierarchy. The leading principle of depicting a person in the literature of this time is the principle of medieval historicism, according to which purely official events of historical significance for the state are recorded in the annals. Private life man, his way of life remain out of sight of the chronicler.
The principles of medieval historicism are most clearly presented in historical stories and legends included in the "Tale of Bygone Years": "The legend of 1015 about the murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk and the revenge of Yaroslav"; "The Tale of the Blinding of Vasilko Terebovskiy".
The language of The Tale of Bygone Years reflects the oral colloquial speech of his time. Direct speech historical persons occupies a significant place in the style of the chronicle. The prince addresses his retinue with speeches, the ambassadors conduct diplomatic negotiations. They testify to high oratory skills. Special terminology is widely represented in the Tale: legal, ecclesiastical, military, hunting.
"The Tale of Bygone Years" played important role in the development of regional annals and in the creation of annalistic codes of the XV-XVI centuries. The chronicle has not lost its historical, educational and educational value Nowadays.
1. What is the purpose of creating a chronicle?
2. What does the principle of weather records mean?
ORATORIC PROSE. LIVES LITERATURE.
With the establishment of Christianity in Rus', the genre of church preaching begins to play an important role. In the XI century. there were already translations of the "words" of talented Byzantine preachers. Under the influence of Byzantine preaching, original genre ancient Russian sermon. In ancient Russian oratorical prose, two types are distinguished: political eloquence and solemn or panegyric eloquence.
An outstanding work of solemn eloquence of the first half of the 11th century. is the "Sermon on Law and Grace" of the Kyiv Metropolitan Hilarion. It was written between 1037-1050. Priest of the princely church in Berestov.
The "Sermon on Law and Grace" is imbued with patriotic pathos of glorifying Rus' as equal in rights among all states of the world. Its main theme is the equality of all Christian peoples, regardless of when they adopted Christianity. The "Sermon on Law and Grace" consists of three parts. The first part is devoted to comparing the Law (Jewish) with Grace (Christianity) and substantiating the superiority of Grace over the Law. Hilarion sees this advantage in the fact that the Law is nationally restricted and applied only to the Jewish people. The relationship of people with God in the era of the Old Testament was determined by unfree obedience to the Law. In the era of the New Testament, these relationships were determined by a free principle - Grace and reflected the idea of equality of all peoples, regardless of the time of their introduction to Christianity.
Hilarion in the second part proceeds to describe the spread of Christianity in the Russian land. According to Hilarion, Rus' is equal in rights with all countries and peoples and does not need anyone's guardianship.
The logical transition from the second to the third part of the word "Words" is the medieval theological idea for Hilarion, according to which each of the countries had its own apostle, who enlightened it in Christian faith. Such an educator of the Russian land was Prince Vladimir the Baptist. Hilarion lists the merits of Vladimir to the Russian land, compares his activities with the deeds of the apostles and Emperor Constantine Flavius. Illarion exalts the feat of Vladimir in the adoption and spread of Christianity in Rus'. For Hilarion, the feat of Vladimir is higher than the feat of Constantine, for the latter introduced Christianity in a country where most of population already professed this religion. Vladimir baptized a pagan country.
Hilarion's work is distinguished by a pronounced political orientation. Defending the idea of equality of all Christian peoples, the speaker thereby affirmed the idea of the political and religious independence of Rus' from Byzantium. Glorifying the feat of Vladimir, Hilarion says with a sense of pride that Vladimir ruled "not in a bad and not in an unknown land, but in Russian, which is heard and known in all parts of the earth."
Hilarion's "Word" is notable for its high artistic merit. Hilarion is brilliant at oratory, using numerous methods of rhythmic organization of the text. He makes extensive use of book metaphors, symbols, rhetorical questions and exclamations.
Talented Old Russian orator of the late XII century. was also Kirill Turovsky. In his works, Kirill Turovsky used allegorical images and symbolic parallelism, internal monologues, dialogues, laments.
The emergence of the original Russian hagiography was due to the internal needs of the ancient Russian state. Surrounding the personality of the prince with an aura of holiness, the lives contributed to the political strengthening of the foundations of the feudal system.
Lives are biographies of clergy and secular persons canonized by the church, i.e. recognized as saints. The heroes of the lives were either Christian ascetics or princes. Boris and Gleb became the first Russian saints. Yaroslav the Wise, after persistent attempts, achieved the canonization of his brothers from Byzantium. Two lives are told about the life and death of Boris and Gleb - “Reading about Boris and Gleb” and “The legend and passion and praise of Boris and Gleb” written at the end of XI - early XII centuries
Boris and Gleb became victims of the struggle for the Kiev princely table. Princely strife in the struggle for power is a common phenomenon in the history of any early feudal state.
The most important idea of the lives of Boris and Gleb is the idea of the unity of Rus' based on the observance of feudal relations between princes: all princes are brothers, but the elders must protect the younger ones, and the younger ones must obey the elders. The righteous behavior of Boris and Gleb consisted in the fact that, even under the threat of death, they refused to speak out against their older brother, to raise a hand against him. Such behavior was to serve as an example to other princes, to help end civil strife, to strengthen the state as a whole. In "The Tale of Boris and Gleb" it is emphasized that after the decisive battle between the "cursed and damned" Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, peace and order came to Russian land: "And from that time sedition on Russian land ceased."
Svyatopolk - this second Cain - is punished, and Boris and Gleb are recognized as saints who help the Russian land, and are especially revered for this.
Lives were built according to certain canons / rules / in accordance with literary etiquette. They begin with a lengthy introduction / so, in "Reading about Boris and Gleb" the story starts from the creation of Adam and Eve, the crucifixion of Christ and focuses on the baptism of Rus'. Then the fate of the hero is outlined, the lives of the description of the miracles that occur after the death of the hero are completed, then a prayer follows. The author emphasizes every time that Boris and Gleb are aware of the danger that threatens them, but do not resist.
D.S. Likhachev finds the origins of the high psychologism of modern literature in ancient Russian literature: “The appearance of an internal monologue in Russian literature is associated with the names of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; meanwhile, the internal monologue is extremely developed in ancient Russian literature: it is already present in the life of Boris and Gleb, it develops strongly in the era of the second South Slavic influence and is represented by magnificent examples in the work of Archpriest Avvakum.
A special place in the literature of the XI-XII centuries. occupies the "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh." It was written by Vladimir Monomakh shortly before his death and is a political and moral testament of the prince to his descendants. The main idea of the "Instruction" is a call for strict observance of the requirements of the feudal legal order. In his activities, the prince must be guided by the national interests, subordinate to them personal grievances and selfish goals.
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1053-1125) - Grand Duke of Kiev. His mother, Princess Mary, was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. His father - Vsevolod was an educated man, loved books, collected a library, where there were works in many languages. Vladimir proudly wrote later in the "Instruction": "My father, sitting at home, knew five languages, that's why the honor from other countries."
Vladimir Monomakh was the largest political and military figure in Rus' at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time outstanding writer. Striving for peace and voluntary unity, Vladimir Monomakh patronized chronicle writing, recalling the historical unity of the princely family and propagandizing the legend of the origin of all Russian princes from one prince - Rurik.
During the reign of Monomakh, great successes were achieved that ensured the prosperity of Rus'. Main literary work Vladimir Monomakh - his famous "teaching" to children. This is one of outstanding works ancient Russian literature, it reflected the high cultural level that was achieved in Kievan Rus.
In his "teaching" Vladimir Monomakh covers wide circle life phenomena, gives answers to questions of political, social, moral life of his time. The author appears before the reader as a politician, philosopher, warrior, statesman.
Considerable space is occupied by the idea of sympathy and assistance to the weak and oppressed, of indulgence towards them. The old should be revered as a father, and the young as brothers. The one who asks should be fed and drunk, visiting merchants, noble and simple, as well as ambassadors should be presented, because both of them, passing through different countries, will glorify a person either good or evil. “Visit the sick, see the dead, for we are all mortal. Don't let a person pass without greeting him, and good word speak to him."
Vladimir Monomakh considers laziness to be the main vice. Monomakh pays much attention moral qualities prince. The most important of them, he honors diligence. Work for the prince is military feat, concern for the protection and well-being native land. Monomakh argues his wishes and instructions with references to the Holy Scriptures and his own life experience. This gives a special character to the author's narrative, in which elements of didactics are intertwined with autobiography.
A strong influence on the nature of the "Instruction" was exerted by Monomakh's favorite "Six Days" - a story about the world, nature, plants, man - a kind of commentary on the biblical story "about the creation of the world in 6 days." They had a very strong influence on the "Instruction" and lyric psalms attributed to David, a king and poet who lived in the 1st century BC.
A.I. Musin-Pushkin, who published the “Instruction” in 1793, called it “Spiritual”, i.e. Monomakh's testament to his children. It is believed that the "Instruction" was completed in 1117, when Vladimir was already 64 years old, and he could sum up his life. "Instruction" has come down to us in a single list of the XIV century. - as part of the Laurentian Chronicle.
1. What is life and who could become the hero of life?
2. What is historical background works about Boris and Gleb?
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
1. The history of the discovery and the study of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
3. Idea content"Words about Igor's Campaign"
4. Genre originality and the meaning of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
5. Walking Abbot Daniel
