KURGANOV Nikolai Gavrilovich, Russian educator, teacher, publisher of Pismovnik (the first name was “Russian Universal Grammar…”). Born in the family of a non-commissioned officer of the Semenovsky regiment. In 1741 he graduated from the Navigation School in Moscow, in 1746 - the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg, was left as a junior teacher at the academy, where he served all his life, taught "mathematical and navigational sciences", and from 1790 - experimental physics. He finished his professional career as a professor of navigation and higher mathematics (since 1773) with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1791). But the main work of Kurganov is rightfully considered his famous "letter" (1769). Initially, the book was called "Russian Universal Grammar, or Universal Writing, Offering the Easiest Way to Study the Russian Language with Seven Additions of Various Educational and Useful Fun Things."
"Letter" was intended for home use, has become an encyclopedia for self-education and entertainment. The grammar, which forms the basis of the book, was presented at the level of the then science quite intelligibly and clearly. Grammar is followed by "Additions" - collections of anecdotes, proverbs, riddles, teachings, reference materials, Dictionary etc. The authors of the famous Kozma Prutkov, writing Thoughts and Aphorisms, used many expressions from the Letter Book. It is significant that this section of the Letterbook was republished in 1976 with magnificent illustrations by N. V. Kuzmin. The Letterbook was compiled as a book that was supposed to instill a taste for reading and lay the foundations for education and moral education. Moving from simple and entertaining reading to more and more complex subjects, the "Pismovnik" introduced the reader to advanced scientific positions, ideas of enlightenment philosophy, revealed the panorama of the development of human thought, and formed an aesthetic taste. He provided the reader with material for small talk and models of wit. The book played a significant role in the history of Russian culture. Grammar, as well as articles on rhetoric and poetics, were used as teaching aids in schools. The poetic anthology was popular; poems from it were copied into notebooks and albums. And although by the beginning of the 19th century the material collected in the "Pismovnik" began to become obsolete both in scientific and cognitive and aesthetic terms, this publication is still for a long time satisfies the needs of the mass reader, becoming primarily a book "for the people."
31.Magically adventurous and satirical everyday stories of the collection of M.D. Chulkov "Mockingbird. Or Slavensky tales ":" picaresque "novel" Pretty cook "
"Mockingbird, or Slavic Tales" - fabulous compilation in five parts. In "Mockingbird" Chulkov collected and combined the most diverse material. The most widely used by him are international fabulous motifs presented in numerous collections. The composition of "Mockingbird" is borrowed from the famous "Thousand and One Nights". Chulkov takes from it the very principle of constructing the "Mockingbird": he motivates the reason that prompted the narrator to take up fairy tales, and also divides the material into "evenings" corresponding to the "nights" of the Arabic collection. In "The Mockingbird" there are not one, but two narrators: a certain Ladan, whose name was derived by Chulkov from the "Slavonic" goddess of love - Lada, and a runaway monk from the monastery of St. Babyla. Once in the house of a retired colonel, after the sudden death of the colonel and his wife, they take turns telling stories to their daughter Alenone to console and entertain her. At the same time, Ladan's tales are distinguished by magical, and the monk's stories - by real-everyday content. Main character fantastic tales- Tsarevich Siloslav, looking for his bride Prelepa, kidnapped by an evil spirit. Random meetings of Siloslav with numerous heroes who tell him about their adventures allow inserting short stories into the narrative. One of these short stories - the meeting of Siloslav with the severed but living head of Tsar Raxolan, goes back to the tale of Yeruslan Lazarevich. Pushkin will later use it in the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". Many motifs were taken by Chulkov from French collections of the late XVII - early XVIII century, known as the "Cabinet of the Fairies", as well as from old Russian stories, translated and original. However, the Russian folk tale in "Mockingbird" is presented very poorly, although the main task The writer was trying to create a Russian national fairy tale epic, as indicated primarily by the title of the book - "Slavic fairy tales". Chulkov seeks to give a Russian flavor to the extensive material, for the most part drawn from foreign sources, by mentioning Russian geographical names: Lake Ilmen, the Lovat River, as well as the “Slavonic” names he invented, such as Siloslav, Prelep, etc. In the monk’s tales, differing in real everyday content, Chulkov relied on another tradition: on the European picaresque novel, on " comic novel» by the French writer P. Scarron and especially on facets - satirical and everyday stories. First of all, the largest of the real-everyday stories is connected with the latter - "The Tale of the Birth of the Taffeta Fly." The hero of the story is student Neoh - a typical picaresque hero. The content of the story is divided into a number of independent short stories. Having experienced a series of ups and downs, Neokh achieves a strong position at the court of the sovereign and becomes the son-in-law of a great boyar. Three satirical everyday stories were fundamentally new in it: "A Bitter Fate", "Gingerbread Coin" and "Precious Pike". These stories differed from other works of the "Mockingbird" by their sharply accusatory content. The story "A Bitter Fate" speaks of exclusively important role in the state of the peasant and at the same time about his plight. The next story, "The Gingerbread Coin," touches on an equally important social problem- wine farming and feeding. In the third story - "The Precious Pike" - bribery is denounced. This was a vice that plagued the entire bureaucratic system of the state. Officially, bribes were forbidden, but Chulkov shows that there were many ways to circumvent the law.
"Pretty cook"
Mikhail Dmitrievich Chulkov's (1743-1792) novel "A Handsome Cook, or the Adventures of a Depraved Woman" was published in 1770, a year after the publication of "Letters of Ernest and Doravra". In its genre model, The Pretty Cook combines the tradition of the adventurous and picaresque travel novel with the tradition of psychological novel: the form of narration in "The Pretty Cook" - Marton's autobiographical notes - is close to its epistolary form personal character, the absence of a moralistic author's voice and the way of creating the character of the heroine in her self-disclosure.
His heroine Marton, whose character is in general correlated with the image of picaro, the hero of a picaresque novel in Western Europe, is the widow of a sergeant killed near Poltava. The beginning of the novel finds Marton in Kyiv. The vicissitudes of fate subsequently throw her to Moscow. The novel mentions a wandering on foot, which Martona undertook not entirely of her own free will; however, the circumstances of this particular "adventure" in the novel are not disclosed.
The Moscow period of life: Martona lives in the parish of Nikola on chicken legs, her lover Akhal lives in the Yamskaya Sloboda, the duel between Akhal and Svidal takes place in Maryina Grove due to Martona's favor, this gives Chulkov's novel an additional everyday authenticity.
In the image of Martona, in the means that Chulkov uses to convey the warehouse of her character, the writer's desire to emphasize national start. Martona's speech is richly equipped with proverbs and sayings; she tends to explain all the events of her life with the help of universal human wisdom, recorded in these aphoristic folklore formulas: “Shey-de widow has wide sleeves, it would be where to put fairy-tale words”, “a red flower and a bee flies”, “wealth gives birth to honor”, “before this time Makar dug the ridges, and now Makar got into the governors”, “the bear is wrong that he ate the cow, the cow that wandered into the forest is also wrong.”
The passion for the material, which Marton is obsessed with at the beginning of the novel - "I would have agreed then to die rather than part with my estate, I honored and loved him so much" (264) - is not Marton's fundamental vicious property; it was instilled in her by the very conditions of her life, her poverty, the lack of support in life and the need to somehow support this life; as the heroine herself explains this property, “I firmly knew this proverb that “wealth gives birth to honor” (266). Thus, at the very beginning of the novel, its fundamentally new aesthetic orientation was set: not so much to evaluate the character as virtuous or vicious, but to explain it, showing the reasons that influence its formation and formation.
Chulkov gave in the novel to the heroine herself the story of her hectic life and dubious profession.
Such a position, new in itself, should have been perceived even more sharply due to the fact that both the heroine and the story of her life were an unprecedented phenomenon for Russian literature. lung woman behavior and the petty nobles surrounding her, judicial officials who take bribes, thieves, swindlers and rogues - Russian literature has not yet seen such heroes before Chulkov, at least in the national novel.
Life, reflected by the author and told to the reader by the heroine, appears as a kind of self-moving reality. Life position Martony is rather passive than active: for all her active initiative, the heroine Chulkova is only able to build her own destiny to a certain extent, she is too dependent on the circumstances to which she is forced to adapt in order to defend her individual privacy in the struggle with fate and chance. The entire biography of Martona in the social sense is built as a continuous chain of ups and downs, changes from poverty to wealth and vice versa, and all these changes do not happen at all at the request of the heroine, but in addition to it - in this respect, the heroine Chulkova can really be likened to a sailor who wears on the stormy waves of the sea of life.
spiritual path Marton, the changes that take place in the character of the heroine are one of the earliest examples of the so-called "secret psychology", when the process of character change itself is not depicted in the narrative, but can be determined by comparing the starting and ending points of evolution and reconstructed based on the changing reactions of the heroine in similar circumstances.
And here it is important that Marton in his autobiographical notes appears simultaneously in two of his personal hypostases: the heroine of the story and the narrator, and between these two stages of her evolution there is an obvious temporary and hidden moral gap. Marton the heroine appears before the reader in the present tense of her life, but for Marton the narrator this stage of her life is in the past.
From frank autocharacteristics accompanying equally frankly described morally dubious actions, an unsympathetic grows moral character adventurist woman, least of all concerned about observance of the rules of universal humanistic morality. But this Marton, who appears before the reader in the present tense of reading the novel, for Marton, the author of autobiographical notes, is "Marton then." What is Marton like now, from what moral positions she tells about her stormy and immoral youth - nothing is reported to the reader about this. But, by the way, the novel itself contains landmarks by which one can reconstruct general direction changes in the character of the heroine, and the fact that she is changing is evidenced by the leitmotif of the narrative about her life. The story about the next incident in her fate is strictly accompanied by a final conclusion. Marton gains life experience in front of the reader, drawing concise conclusions from lengthy descriptions of the facts of his biography.
The text of Chulkov's novel that has come down to us ends with the scene of the meeting of Svidal Akhal, dying of remorse for the alleged murder of his imaginary victim, after which there is the phrase: "The end of the first part." And it is still not exactly established whether the second part of the novel was written, but for some reason not published by Chulkov, or it did not exist at all: thus, it is not known whether Chulkov's novel was completed or not. From a purely plot point of view, it is cut short in mid-sentence: it is not known whether Akhal succeeded in his suicide attempt, it is not clear how the relationship between Martona, Akhal and Svidal will develop further, and, finally, what does the “pretty cook” have to do with it, since Martona’s service as a cook is sparingly mentioned in one of the initial episodes of the novel, and then this line does not find any continuation. However, from an aesthetic point of view, and that for writer XVIII V. no less, and perhaps more important, - didactic, in the novel "The Pretty Cook" all the most important things have already happened: it is obvious that Marton has changed, and has changed in better side, and a woman writer is already a completely different person, from the height of her life experience, able to objectively understand and describe herself, despite all the delusions of her difficult and stormy youth.
32. Comic opera as a genre. The movement of the opera from the reproduction of everyday life (MM Popov "Anyuta"). To the denunciation of serfdom (“Misfortune from the carriage” by Ya.B. Knyaznin)
In Russian art, the second half of XVIII V. a prominent and peculiar place is occupied by the comic opera - the genre of a small theatrical and musical performance that combined music and singing with colloquial speech. The comic opera was notable; stage on the way to the creation of Russian realistic comedy in general, just as it happened in Western European art. For a comic opera, the usual motive was the opposition of simple, but honest people from the bottom - to evil and depraved noble gentlemen. The genre of comic opera in Russian art, having passed the stages of translation and initial development, soon brings original works.
One of the very first attempts to portray on the Russian stage peasant life belongs to M. Popov in his comic opera Anyuta (1772).
Popov forces his peasant heroes to speak in a common language, conveying its phonetic features in writing and moving closer in this direction to similar attempts by Lukin. He is far from trying to create a shepherd's idyll and depicts the labor nature of peasant life as opposed to the extravagance and carelessness of the nobility. The peasants do not sit idle on the stage; the author points out in remarks: “Myron is chopping wood and following the blows with his voice: ha... ha... ha...”; "Filat stacks firewood." In a conversation between Miron and Filat, the hardships that fall on the peasantry, the oppression of the headman, the extortion of clerks who "collect bribes from both the living and the dead" are revealed. The relationship between the peasant and the landowner is clearly outlined in Miron's song:
Boyar Zobota:
Drink, eat, walk and sleep,
And all of them in that robot
To steal money.
Sushi man, krushisa
Sweat and work:
And after even a frenzy,
Come on, money.
The peasants are far from being content with their lives. “Ohti, ohti, peasants,” says the same Miron, “why are you not noblemen?” ...
They would work about you
And you would just shake.
And our troubles do not lift our chest ... "
“Money” is extorted from a peasant not only by the master. The headman demands a clubbing from the peasants for a gift to the clerk: “The world began to say that today we, Pafnutich, know that there is hunger,” but you still have to pay. From the bottom of their hearts there are complaints from the peasants about unbearable exactions, about the “evil sprinkling family” of the judges.
In "Anyuta" there is a contrast between urban and peasant life and a preference for rural life. However, the social protest inherent in "Anyuta" is timid and moderate. Popov's democracy is limited by concessions to noble ideology, and the plot conflict is resolved in favor of the latter. Anyuta, who has been living with the peasant Miron since childhood and appointed as the wife of the farm laborer Filat, turns out to be a noblewoman, the daughter of an officer who is being oppressed. personal enemies and forced to hide, giving her daughter to be raised by the peasants, so she is quite worthy of the love of the nobleman Victor.
Popov did not dare to challenge class prejudices and removed the social severity of the plot by equalizing the social position of the lovers. The peasants gladly accept money from Victor, and the failed groom Filat humbly thanks the master. The play ends with a moralizing choir:
What you weren't made to own
Don't try to have it;
There is a darkness of worries,
Where we hope to be happy.
Everyone is happier in the light of that
Who is happy with his part.
Despite the conciliatory conclusion, Popov's comic opera Anyuta is of great interest already by virtue of the author's attempt to bring representatives of the serfs to the stage and build a plot on Russian everyday material.
Among the best examples of the genre - by the power of criticism public relations- Comic operas by Knyazhnin "Misfortune from the Carriage", Nikolev "Rozana and Lyubim" and Krylov's "Coffee Pot" should be included.
The comic opera by Ya. B. Knyazhnin "Misfortune from the Carriage" (1779) is also distinguished by a significant sharpness of posing the question of the serfdom of the peasantry. This work is original, although it has similarities in some motifs with other works on this topic. The misfortune of a young peasant couple - Anyuta and Lukyan - is brought by a carriage, which their master Firyulin intended to buy, who ordered several peasants to be recruited for this purpose. The clerk, who wants to take possession of Anyuta, first of all decides to get rid of Lukyan, and only an accident saves the lovers: having heard a few French words from them, the master, obsessed with imitating everything French and despising everything Russian, agrees to free Lukyan from soldiery. “The trifle ruined us, but the trifle saved us,” the peasants sing in the final chorus.
Knyaznin maliciously ridicules the gallomania of the Russian nobility. The landowner Firyulin, having been abroad, calls his peasants "the barbarian people", Russia - the "wild side", although for the "enlightenment of the rude people" he took out only red heels, and his wife - fashionable caps. In order to satisfy a momentary whim, he, without hesitation, is ready to sacrifice the well-being of the peasants subject to him, and only a case, a “trinket”, keeps him from cruel decision. The motif of contrasting the honest and artless peasant life with the depraved splendor of the city is noticeable in the opera. In the city "noise, splendor. Gold flows like rivers, but not a drop of happiness. Awareness of the plight of the peasants, blatant social injustice sounds clear in the words of Lukyan: “How unhappy we are! We must drink, eat and marry according to the will of those who rejoice at our torment and who would die of hunger without us.
Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich
Mathematician, professor of the naval corps, author of "Pismovnik", son of a non-commissioned officer, b. in 1725 or in 1726 in Moscow, mind. January 13, 1796, in Kronstadt. He first received his education at the school of navigational sciences, which was opened at the Sukharev Tower (where he studied " mathematical sciences"from the well-known compiler of the first Russian arithmetic Magnitsky), and from 1741 - at the St. Petersburg "Naval Academy". In 1744, Kurganov was called a "student of great astronomy", and in 1746 he was defined as a "scientific apprentice" - something like a junior laboratory assistant - Mathematical and navigational sciences, and thus turned from high school students directly into a teacher.At the same time, in 1746, he, with an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, Krasilnikov, went to determine the shores of the Baltic Sea; in 1750 and 1752. was sent Academy of Sciences with Professor Grishov (Grichow) for astronomical work on Ezel Island, in the same 1752, when the Naval Academy was transformed into a naval corps, Kurganov was appointed to the corps in the former position of "scientific apprentice", in 1750 he was promoted to second lieutenants, in 1760 - to lieutenants. In 1761, Kurganov participated in the work of Krasilnikov while observing, on behalf of the Academy, the passage of Venus; in 1765 he was granted the rank of captain and promoted to teacher, in 1767, on behalf of his superiors , "sorted out different things" that had accumulated over a long time under the dome of the Admiralty. In 1771, when the building of the naval corps burned down and the corps was transferred to Kronstadt, Kurganov was appointed to correct the post of class inspector, in 1772 he was promoted to second major, on March 7, 1774, awarded the title of professor by the Academy of Sciences, and in 1775 he was dismissed from the post of inspector and left only as a professor. In 1784, Kurganov was promoted to prime minister, in 1785 he was awarded the Vladimir cross, in 1791 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in 1792 he was appointed inspector of the naval corps, in which position he died. As a professor, Kurganov had extensive knowledge in his time, pedagogical tact and rare energy. He knew French well and German languages, could read in his subject Latin and English books; a large number of published and writings and translations indicate the usefulness of his academic activities. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Kurganov did not seek to give importance to his teaching by obscuring the subject being taught, but, on the contrary, tried to simplify teaching as much as possible and convey everything clearly, understandably in an entertaining way. The manuals he composed were used in teaching for a long time. - Kurganov owns the following works: "Universal arithmetic". SPb. 1757, two parts; ed. 2nd under the title: "General arithmetic" ... three parts, St. Petersburg. 1794; this "Universal Arithmetic" supplanted Magnitsky's arithmetic and was widely used. - "New arithmetic, or number book", St. Petersburg. 1776, ed. 2nd, under the title: "Arithmetic, or number book", St. Petersburg. 1776, ed. 3, St. Petersburg. 1691 - "Bouguer's new essay on navigation, containing theory and practice sea route, from French", St. Petersburg. 1764 - and four more editions, in 1785-1802 - "Definition of things contained in the new Buger navigation", St. Petersburg. 1776 - "General geometry", St. Petersburg. 1765 - "Elements of Geometry", St. Petersburg, 1769 - "Russian Universal Grammar, or Writing in General", St. Petersburg, 1769, 2nd edition, with minor changes, entitled: "Book-writing containing science Russian language, with many additions of various educational and useful-fun verbiage ", 2 parts, St. Petersburg. 1777; this book, at first without changes, then - with some changes, withstood 10 more editions - from 1788 to 1837. -" About accuracy of the sea route "... from French, St. Petersburg. 1773 - "Science of the sea, that is, experience in the theory and practice of managing a ship and a military fleet", from French, St. Petersburg. 1774. - "The Book of Military Science", St. Petersburg ., 1777 - "Replenishments of Buger's Science of Navigation", St. Petersburg, 1790, and two more editions - 1794 and 1801. Between the listed works of Kurganov, his now completely forgotten "Letter Book" was of great importance in its time. This book is very characteristic of that era.It begins with the testimonies of St. John of Damascus, Aristotle, Virgil Urbin, Lomonosov and Sumarokov about the benefits of grammar; good man", - this is a preface in which the author explains that he did not take up his job out of necessity, starting to teach children grammar and seeing that previously published books are difficult for young people to understand. Behind the preface is a "short narrative chronicler", to the base of the corpus, it is followed by a "grammar". It is written quite clearly, with knowledge of pedagogical matters, but still not adapted to the understanding of children. Then there are "additions", seven in number: 1st, collection different proverbs and Russian sayings, arranged alphabetically; The 2nd, most important, which most of all contributed to the success of grammar, is called: "short intricate stories", among the 321st - various jokes, dissenting sentences, memorable speeches, definitions and comparisons or likenings, good opinions, a description of the qualities of the noblest European peoples , puzzles; 3rd, ancient apothegms, Yeniktet's moralizing; 4th, various educational conversations (between the "scribe and the boy" - about the use of time, about the way of human life, about mythology, about the difference between saying and writing); 5th, "Collection of various poems". On the one hand, this section shows what works of the Russian muse were considered entertaining for their readers by such an experienced person and skillful teacher as Kurganov, and on the other hand, the huge popularity of the "Pismovnik" made the poems he chose well-known and whole generations were brought up on them. Kurganov tried to please all tastes; in his "Collection" awn and lofty lyrics of all kinds, and songs, and fables, and epitaphs, and anecdotes in verse, and riddles, in a word - all types and genera, except for the poem and drama. In the Collection there are several romances of the 18th century, which are not folk in origin, but have become popular thanks to the prevalence of the Letter Book. There are spiritual songs (Kyiv-Kalik, as they are called) and secular ones. The 6th addition contains a detailed explanation of the order of human knowledge, or a general drawing (brief encyclopedia) of sciences and arts, "A medical order and a German ore gun", i.e., an image of a human figure with a designation of which month, from which part body is useful and from which it is harmful to bleed. Finally, the 7th appendix concludes "A multilingual dictionary, or an interpreter of Jewish, Greek, Latin, German, French and other foreign languages used in the Russian language, and some Slavic words; sense of days and months, reservations, i.e., explanations for the "Dictionary" ... The purpose of this book was to increase the number of literate people and make them more willing to read. And this goal has been achieved. Containing a lot of useful information for people of the most diverse specialties, being a necessary book for a person of mediocre education, but who had literary interests, Kurganov's "Pismovnik" soon became very widespread. On the one hand, he cleared the way for serious and instructive books, on the other hand, he proved to people who looked at reading as hard work, that reading can also be a pleasure. Intricate stories and poems were written off in special notebooks and distributed among people who had not seen the "Pismovnik" in their eyes, penetrated into the people, into folk literature, and in intelligent readers, folk songs collected in the "Collection" aroused interest in Russian artless poetry and prepared "Ancient Russian Poems" by Kirsha Danilov and so on. Grammar and articles on rhetoric and pietics were studied in schools. No other book of the 18th century was as popular as Kurganov's "Letter Book".
A. Kirpichnikov, "Kurganov and his Pismovnik" - "Istor. Bulletin", 1887, September; Berkh, "Biography of Kurganov" - "Son of the Fatherland" 1829, part 128, and separately; Kolbasin, "Kurganov and his Pismovnik" - "Library for Reading", 1857, v. 141; his, "Literary figures of the past", St. Petersburg. 1859; Veselago, "Essay on the history of the naval cadet corps"; A. Galakhov, "Historical reader", v. 1; "Notes of the Hydrographic Department of the Marine Minister", vol. VII; Herzen, "The Past and Thoughts", vol. III; "Works of Pushkin", "History of the village of Goryukhin"; Gennadi, "Dictionary"; Eugene, Dictionary of Russian Secular Writers, vol. I; "Marine Collection" 1856, No. 12, Mixture, pp. 1-9; 1857 No. 2. Bibliography.
Iv. Dove.
(Polovtsov)
Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich
Author of the famous "Letter"; genus. in Moscow in 1725 or 1726, the son of a non-commissioned officer; studied at the Moscow School of Navigational Sciences and the Naval Academy, taught astronomy at the latter. In 1746 he was already a "scientific apprentice" (something like a junior laboratory assistant); in the same year, together with Krasilnikov, an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, he went to determine the shores of the Baltic Sea, later he was an inspector of the naval corps, received the title of professor of mathematics and navigation from the Academy of Sciences and died, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1796. He published several original and translated works on their specialty ("Universal Arithmetic", "On Military Science", etc.). In 1769, Mr.. K. published "Universal Russian Grammar", which turned into subsequent editions (during the life of K. there were six of them) into the "Pismovnik". E. Kolbasin in his book: "Literary figures of the past" (St. Petersburg, 1859) depicts K. as a rude eccentric who worked hard, but also drank heavily. This characterization of K. is one-sided: K.'s attractive features - tireless diligence and directness of character - fully cover his alleged shortcomings; in his textbooks - a complete lack of pedantry and an ardent effort to present the most dry things in a way that is generally understandable and "pleasant" for readers. "Pismovnik", which made hundreds of thousands of our great-grandfathers and grandfathers become interested in reading and provided a number of literary and scientific information, in ed. 1769 was entitled: "Russian universal grammar or universal writing, offering the easiest way to thoroughly teach the Russian language, with seven additions of various educational and useful amusing things." The grammar is presented in a clear and popular way, although it is not adapted to the understanding of children. The first "addition" consists of a collection of Russian proverbs arranged in alphabetical order; the second, perhaps most of all, contributed to the success of "writing", called: "Brief intricate stories", in the amount of 321; almost all of them are borrowed from foreign sources, but K. more often altered than translated, and altered very successfully. 3a "tales" are followed by "various jokes", a series of rhetorical exercises, riddles, ancient apothegms, "Epictite's moral teaching", 4 "Educational conversations" (the most interesting one is about mythology), "A conversation about the difference between saying and writing", where brief information from piitika and metrics; then comes a very large and important section: "Collection of various poems", that is, a poetic reader, in which several works of our folk literature have found a place. The "Collection" is followed by the "General Drawing of Sciences and Arts" - something like a systematics of sciences and at the same time a brief encyclopedia, in which K. stops with particular willingness on scientific facts that contribute to the destruction of superstitions. At the very end there is a dictionary of foreign and Slavic words, with their interpretation, and a "clause", in which the compiler revolts against those who disfigure native language barbarisms. K. liked the book by combining the useful with a pleasant and clear presentation of scientific truths, showing a talented teacher in the compiler. Each new edition introduced various additions. In 1809, the "Pismovnik" came out in its 8th edition, but its circle of readers dropped considerably lower. All publications count 18. In literature XVIII Art. K.'s "Letterer" is a very large and influential fact: his stories were copied into notebooks, retold and penetrated into folk literature; passed to the people and some romances and songs from the "Collection of poems". On the other hand, the folk songs that found their place in this "Collection" aroused in some of the intelligent readers an interest in Russian artless poetry and prepared them for the "Ancient Russian Poems" by Kirsha Danilov and others. See V. N. Berkh, "Biography N. G. K." (St. Petersburg, 1829); in the Dictionary of Secular Writers, Met. Eugene (I, 327-8); in "Essay on the history of the naval cadet corps", F.F. Merry; in "Histor. Bulletin" 1887, Sept., article by A. Kirpichnikov; "Former celebrities of Russian literature. K. and his Pismovnik".
A. Kirpichnikov.
(Brockhaus)
Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich
(Polovtsov)
Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich
(1722-1796) - Russian mathematician-teacher, astronomer, writer, colleague and associate of M. V. Lomonosov. Genus. in Moscow. Elementary education received at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, where he studied mathematics under the guidance of L. F. Magnitsky. In 1741 he was transferred as a student to the Naval Academy. From 1743 he taught in the midshipman company. In 1774 the Academy of Sciences awarded K. the title of prof. as the author of textbooks on osn. subjects that were taught in the Marine Corps. Several generations of Russian sailors studied arithmetic, geometry and navigation from his textbooks. According to his Letterbook, one of the most popular books of the 18th century, pl. Russian people learned to write and read.
Big biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .
See what "Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich" is in other dictionaries:
Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov Occupation: teacher, mathematician, author and compiler of textbooks Date of birth: 1725 or 1726 Date of death ... Wikipedia
Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilovich, author of the famous Pismovnik (1725 or 1726-1796). He studied at the Moscow School of Navigational Sciences and at the Naval Academy, taught astronomy at the latter. Together with Krasilnikov, he went to determine the shores of the Baltic ... ... Biographical Dictionary
Kurganov Nikolai Gavrilovich- . The son of a non-commissioned officer of the Semenovsky regiment; Jan 7 1738 entered the Navigation School in Moscow, after which he was sent to St. Petersburg in May 1741 to continue his education at the Naval Academy (from ... ... Russian dictionary language XVIII century
- (1725? 96) Russian educator, teacher, publisher. Russian universal grammar (1769, in the next edition called Pismovnik, an encyclopedia for self-education and entertainment) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1725? 1796), educator, teacher, publisher. "Russian Universal Grammar" (1769; the next edition under the title "Pismovnik") is a kind of encyclopedia for self-education and entertainment. Translated "Elements of Geometry" by Euclid. * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary
KURGANOV Nikolai Gavrilovich-, Russian educator, teacher, publisher. Textbook anthology "Pismovnik" ("Russian Universal Grammar", 1769; 4th ed., most complete, 1790; 11th ed., part 12, 1837). ● Denisov A.P., N.G. Kurganov … … Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
KURGANOV Nikolai Gavrilovich- [OK. 1726, Moscow (?), 13(24) 1796, Kronstadt], teacher, writer, translator. In 1738 41 studied at the School of Mathematics. and navigational sciences, in 1741 46 in Mor. academy (from 1752 Mor. cadet corps), where he later taught mathematics, astronomy and ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
The author of the famous Pismovnik, b. in Moscow in 1725 or 1726, the son of a non-commissioned officer, studied at the Moscow School of Navigational Sciences and the Naval Academy, taught astronomy at the latter. In 1746, he was already a learned apprentice (something like a junior ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
The long and steady popularity of the "Pismovnik" testified to the emergence of a new reader from the philistines and raznochintsy. N. I. Novikov, who had extensive experience in publishing books, wrote that “we only publish books in the fourth and fifth editions that these simple-hearted people, because of their ignorance of foreign languages, like.”
Kurganov found his reader, guessing his taste and needs. The author of the "Pismovnik" showed himself to be a talented teacher, having managed to convey a lot of information in a lively and entertaining way and to introduce the simple reader, thirsty for knowledge, to the sciences and literature.
Truly - the fate of books is amazing!
Leafing through the "Pismovnik" now, you think that even Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy failed to make his "Circle of Reading" as he dreamed of, a reference book of wisdom for many generations, but here he is an amateur in literature, "observator, navigator, astronomer" Kurganov fed the minds of Russian readers with his "Pismovnik" for almost a hundred years. I still imagine an enthusiastic lover of Turgenev's poetry Lunin with a "Letter" in his hands, and the simple-hearted deacon Achilles from Leskov's "Cathedrals" drew his song about "Cupid", of course, from the same source: it is printed in the "Cathedral of Various Poems".
Every year, Kurganov's "Pismovnik" sank lower and lower on the steps of the social ladder. Now its readers are literate people, scientists with copper money. Here is what the author of the "Bibliographic Chronicle" of "Notes of the Fatherland" wrote about them in 1841: "We have a special class of readers: these are people who are just starting to read, along with the change of the national homespun caftan to something in between a merchant's long-brimmed frock coat and a frieze overcoat. They usually begin with "My Lord of England" and " Paradise Lost"(violently translated into prose from some rhetorical French translation)," Kurganov's "Scribbler", "Darling" and "Fables" by Khemnitser, - they end up with these same books, re-reading creations that delight their rough and uneducated taste all their lives. Therefore It is these books that are published almost annually by our savvy book dealers" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1841, No. 5. Bibliographic Chronicle, p. 4.).
V. Dahl discovered the "Letter" in the beggarly inheritance of a varnak-exile who "lived as a bean and did not leave fifty dollars for a spruce house": "A couple of clay cups of his work, a couple of spoons, a sheepskin coat, a quilted coat, two semi-caftans - one bad, the other better, we distributed three shirts and a pair of boots to the same naked people as the one on whom we now made a wooden sheepskin coat and separated the patrimony into an oblique fathom, Kurganov’s letter book and a small pile of sheets written by the hand of the deceased, I took with me "(In Dal Paintings from folk life. "Varnak" - "Russian conversation", 1857, Book. 8, p. 34--35.).
Now "Pismovnik" by Kurganov is a rare book, especially in a good, unread condition. Usually, its appearance indicates that it has been in many hands, read and re-read many times and is not offended by the indifference of the reader. After long searches I managed to get "The Letterer". My copy is the ninth edition, issued in 1818 "by Ivan Glazunov's support, again corrected, multiplied and divided into two parts."
The fictional part of the "Letter" is "Short Intricate Tales", to which this book most of all owes its popularity. This is a collection of all kinds of stories and short parables, good-natured and cheerful, caustic and sharp, entertaining and concise.
Herzen calls Kurganov "a brilliant forerunner of the moral-satirical school in our literature." His democratic views, his hatred of the feudal serf system is also evident in the choice of these anecdotes, in their tone and general direction. With surprise and even some haste, we read in this folk anthology of the 18th century such a "Jacobin" anecdote: one, hung on the guts of another. "We will find this anti-monarchist formula later among the hidden poems attributed to Pushkin, in a slightly different, sharper version:
We will amuse good citizens
And at the pillar of shame
The gut of the last priest
We will strangle the last king.
In many of these short stories we find responses to the malice of that day. They also contain folklore: about the church burial of a dog; a charming conversation between two poor old Moscow women; a dispute between a gentry and a servant about a black and white bone; the newlywed, disappointed on the first night; a devout old woman putting a candle to the demon.
In an anecdote about a clever courtier, a transparently disguised incident at the court of Catherine is told; in this and similar anecdotes, contemporaries recognized living actors.
So, in a story about a dispute between an eminent and arrogant judge with an unborn "glorious whim", we guess in the latter Lomonosov by his answer: "If you were my father's son, you would still be catching walruses with him." In general, the characteristic features of life and customs we find here in abundance.
The fictional part of the "Letter" is especially attractive to the illustrator by the richness of characters and situations. This is a variegated carnival procession, where kings and dads appear, awesome nobles and court ladies, petitioners and clerks, astrologers and calendar, red tape and handicraftsman, bought -ups and motives, thin singers and vile -shaped exciters, noble alien and dummy monks, rhyme and healers, surgery musicians and listeners, horned husbands and crafty wives, thieves and beggars, harlequins and columbines.
It seemed tempting to me to bring back from oblivion these noteworthy miniatures, in which the Russian eighteenth century is so prominently reflected - wretched and smart, rude and "scrupulous", wild and refined.
N. KUZMIN
BRIEF INSTRUCTIONAL STORIES
The lawyer, seeing himself despised by the president for his youth, said: "True, sir, I'm young, but I read old books."
Someone, being a great amplifier, and at one time for no reason was so angry that, forgetting himself, he went into a rage. Then a wise man, whom he knew, seeing him in such a state, asked what had happened to him, and was informed that he was angry at the swear word: “How! Is this poor man able to carry a thousand pounds, cannot bear one word.”
Francis I, King of France, wanting to laugh at the elderly lady, the former great beauty, said: "How long ago, madam, did you return from the realm of beauty?" She answered: "On the same day that Your Majesty arrived from Pavia," where he lost the battle against the Emperor Charles V, was a prisoner there, and from there was sent to Ishpania.
The young astrologer, being in a conversation, assured that the sun, and not the earth, turns, and even though it should come out; then one joker said to him: "Perhaps stay with us a little, I want to prove the contrary to your opinion. Do you know that the sun revives, warms and bakes everything on earth?" - "True," answered the star. “So it’s clear,” continued the jester, “that it’s not the sun, but the earth is spinning; for when birds are roasted, then they are spinning, and not the hearth.” “That’s like the truth,” said another, “but very far from the opinion of many pundits and from the truth, and I know such writers who reasonably affirm themselves on that opinion. "-" It may happen, - answered the jester. - Do you believe that the truth is in wine? - "I heard ..." - "Well, then get drunk, then you will see that the earth, and not the sun, is spinning."
born 1725 (according to other versions - 1726), in Moscow in the family of a non-commissioned officer - writer, author of the famous "Pismovnik".
Educated at the Peter's School of Navigational Sciences, after which he was left there as a teacher.
In 1741, the navigation school was transferred to St. Petersburg and transformed into the Naval Academy, and later into the Naval Corps. The whole subsequent life of Kurganov was connected with him. Through tireless work, he achieved the title of professor of mathematics and navigation.
Together with Krasilnikov he went to determine the shores of the Baltic Sea; later he was an inspector of the naval corps, received the title of professor of mathematics and navigation from the Academy of Sciences.
He published several original and translated works in his specialty ("Universal Arithmetic", "On Military Science", etc.).
Nikolai Gavrilovich spoke with accusatory works in satirical magazines of that time.
In 1769, the book “Pismovnik” was published (originally the book was called “Russian Universal Grammar, or General Writing, Offering the Easiest Way to Thoroughly Learn the Russian Language with Seven Additions of Various Educational and Useful and Amusing Things.”)
It was a reference book not only in the circles of democratic readers, but also among the middle and petty nobility. Until 1837, he went through 18 editions. The basis of the book is grammar, presented intelligibly and clearly. The grammatical rules were explained with examples that testified to the author's democratic positions. In "Additions" to "Pismovnik" Nikolai Gavrilovich appears as a political thinker and moralist.
The first "Addition" is a collection of proverbs arranged in alphabetical order. Their choice also testifies to the democracy of Kurganov (proverbs about work, idleness, nobility, monasticism ...).
The second "Addition" consists of "short intricate stories", most of which are drawn from foreign sources.
The third "Addition" contains historical anecdotes and sayings of public and political figures ancient world, in the fourth - brief information about mythology.
The fifth section of the book is called "Collection of various poems." In essence, this is a great poetic anthology. It includes works by Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Kheraskov, Trediakovsky, Bogdanovich and others.
The next section of the book contains information on literary theory, philosophy, physics, civil and "sacred" history, and others. Kurganov willingly sets forth those facts that contributed to the destruction of people's superstition. The last "Addition" is called "Dictionary multilingual". The author explains incomprehensible words, suggests replacing foreign words with Russian ones. A large role in the "Letter" Kurganov N.G. samples and examples of oral folk art play. In addition to proverbs, it has a "special department" of songs, entitled "Kiev-Kalek". Some comic and parodic songs are also included here. Among the secular songs entitled "The Case of Idleness", there are soldier's and historical songs. With each new edition, their number increased.
A variety of content, well-chosen facts, a clear presentation of thoughts turned Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov's "Pismovnik" into a kind of encyclopedia, accessible a wide range readers. He taught the language, taught to read. "Pismovnik" played a big role in spreading literacy among the people.
Died -, Petersburg.
