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easel painting is a technique in which paint is applied to a movable surface in order to create an independent painting. The name of this type comes from the word "machine", which is most often an artist's easel. Today, easel painting is the most widespread art.

Thanks to the mobility of the works, the paintings became accessible to a wide mass of viewers. Also, thanks to the ability to move canvases, the restoration of easel painting is greatly facilitated, especially in comparison with works of monumental art.

Painting types

Painting is one of the most ancient ways of self-expression and transmission of one's own vision of reality. She teaches to draw the world with the help of visual images, techniques and techniques that make up the language of fine arts. It was created and developed by artists and theorists for millennia, and today it allows contemporary painters create your own story.

Traditionally, the following types of painting are distinguished:

• Decorative - created to decorate surfaces and objects that serve a different purpose. Such painting is used in the interior, on furniture, accessories, clothes, etc.
• Theatrical - creating scenery and costumes for productions.
• Monumental - is performed on the fixed surfaces of buildings, both facade and interior. This is the most ancient type art, traditionally called fresco. Also, monumental painting includes mosaics, stained-glass windows and panels.
• Easel - exists regardless of where it was created. This is the most widespread, developed and genre-rich type of painting.

Definition and characteristics of easel painting

The easel work is an independent object of art. It can move in space and even cross state borders. That's what it is main characteristic easel painting - that it should not be tied to the place of creation.

Painting is the subject and result of such art. To date, there is no unanimous opinion about which techniques and materials are considered to be easel painting, and which - graphics. We will be of the opinion that easel painting is the application of any type of paint on any movable surface, regardless of material and size. Thus, works created in watercolor, gouache and even pastel are examples of this technique.

Story

The history of easel painting began with the use of stone slabs and wood panels. Works that started modern understanding such art - icons. The oldest non-stationary image of Christ dates back to the 6th century and is made on a wooden panel covered with specially processed fabric.

The first paintings on wood were of a religious nature, but they were not icons. The innovator of easel painting was the representative of the Proto-Renaissance era, Giotto di Bondone. He created several works - all of them were executed in tempera on thin poplar wood panels, pasted over with canvas treated with a mixture of plaster and animal glue. This technology was used to create icons in Byzantium.

Types of easel painting

Depending on the materials used to create the painting, easel painting is divided into several types:

• According to the type of surface, paintings are distinguished on canvas, cardboard, paper, wood, silk, parchment, metal panels and stone. As a basis for easel painting almost any mobile surface that does not perform any additional functions will do.
• Depending on the paints used, easel painting can be oil, watercolor, tempera, acrylic and pastel. Less commonly used compositions such as gouache and ink.

In addition, easel painting allows the use of a number of auxiliary materials, such as brushes, sponges, rollers, cardboard strips, palette knives and aerosol cans.

Features of the execution technique

With the development of art, the technology of easel painting has also changed. Modern world expands access to knowledge and materials, providing fertile ground for experimentation and the search for new opportunities. Today, easel paintings can be created using stencils and patterns. Colors are mined from new materials and pigments. It is difficult not to get lost in such a maelstrom of funds and resources.

However, oil paintings, as well as easel tempera painting, have gone through a centuries-old path of development. That is why today there is a traditional, or academic, technique of easel painting, which involves following a number of rules and traditions. Oil paints are the most popular due to their ease of application and the ability to retain colors for a long time. Tempera, on the other hand, is more complex. The technique of creating easel tempera painting has a number of specific rules - for example, darkening the tone of a pigment is best achieved by shading or applying one layer to another.

Genres of easel painting

The genre richness of easel painting is due to its mobility. After all, it is easier to move an easel into the forest than trees into a room. Thus, easel painting expands the possibilities for painting canvases from nature. This is especially important for genres such as landscape, portrait and still life.

Among those who had the greatest influence on the formation and development of easel painting, it is necessary to highlight the religious and mythological genres, as well as historical, portrait and plot. For modern easel painting special meaning have portrait, landscape and still life.

Portrait

Such a genre is very dynamic, sometimes its boundaries are blurred and merge with such genres as mythological, allegorical and religious. The essence of the portrait is to use artistic means depict a person on canvas with their inherent forms, facial features and character traits.

In easel painting appearance model, its tangible and visible characteristics merge with internal features that characterize it. All this is directly dependent on the author's perception, as well as the artist's connection with the model and portrait.

Scenery

Works made in this genre depict nature. Just like a portrait, landscape often blurs the boundaries of strict genre definitions and characteristics. Probably due to the fact that for many centuries it was used only as a filling of space in the picture, now that it independent genre, it is still used to create a background in works of other genres.

The landscape depicts nature in several of its guises - untouched by man, transformed by man and interacting with him. Among the subgenres, it is worth noting the sea, urban and rural landscapes.

Still life

From French, this name is translated as "dead nature." This genre of easel painting focuses on depicting inanimate objects. As an independent technique, still life took shape in the 17th century thanks to the efforts of northern European masters. During the Renaissance, he was popular in decorative painting and often became a decoration of furniture and utensils.

Other popular genres of easel painting include everyday life, illustration, allegory and animalistics.

EASEL ART

A type of fine art that combines works independent value, not associated with any artistic ensemble or utilitarian functions, was called easel art. First of all, this is painting, which was created not on the walls and ceilings of buildings, but separately, on an easel (easel); it was not part of architecture, but played an independent role. Then the name " easel art» extended to other species fine arts, excluded from the architectural ensemble and intended for independent artistic knowledge peace.

Easel art arose during the Renaissance. Selected examples works of this kind in more early eras(for example, the Tanagra figurines of the 3rd century BC) are an exception. Within the framework of this art, the portrait, battle, mythological and other genres initially developed. Having received intensive development with the invention oil painting, easel art soon acquired a leading role in artistic culture. Free from attachment to a specific environment and from design tasks objective world, it is directly intended for artistic knowledge and a deep impact on all sides human soul. Therefore, it is characterized by a subtle, psychologically multifaceted characterization of images, rich nuances, a variety of color and principles of form construction, lyrical expressiveness and flexibility. artistic language. Easel art is most directly connected with nature, with nature, with a direct depiction of reality. Other types of fine art, as it were, draw strength from it, rely on it. In whatever area the artist works - whether he is a muralist, applied artist, designer or theater decorator, he must first of all be an artist as such, i.e., possess professional skills realistic image(drawing, painting, composition), which are developed in this area visual activity. The artistic potential of easel art is inexhaustible, all the fullness is available to it. visible world, all the diversity of reality, the subtlest movements of the human soul, wealth inner world and bottomless depths of the universe. It can combine global generalizations with the finest psychological nuances.

Easel art pushed the limits and possibilities artistic image. Only on its soil could various genres develop and modern artistic and expressive means be formed.

STANKABOUTART- a term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning. The ideological meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure. The term "easel art" comes from the "machine" on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has been widely developed since the Renaissance.

MONUMENTAL ART- a kind of art that includes architectural structures, sculptural monuments, relief, wall painting, mosaics, stained glass windows, etc. Monumental art focuses on mass perception and seeks to influence the emotions and thoughts of many people. Monumental sculpture is monuments, monuments, sculptural complexes that complement the architecture. monumental painting- this is a panel, painting, mosaic, stained-glass windows. Monumental graphics - a wall graphic image involved in the creation of a monumental image. Monumental art is characterized by a certain constant environment of existence. Properties: conciseness, catchiness, calm, balanced, clear, simple, whole and majestic. The "biography" of monumental art goes back to the human creations of the Stone Age. Murals of Altamira and Lasko, stones of Stonehenge, high stones (up to 20 m) vertically dug into the ground, having a cult significance (“menhirs”). Blossoming monument. The arts coincide with epochs when the collective consciousness is highly developed and the individual consciousness is not enough. It is no coincidence that all ancient cultures and the culture of the Middle Ages gravitated mainly towards the monumental.

4. Types of fine arts.

1.Architecture or architecture is both the science and art of building design. In a broad sense, architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, questions of the organization of the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration buildings.

2.painting: monumental painting on arch structures and other stationary bases (fresco, mosaic, stained glass). easel is alive (landscape, portrait, still life, household is alive, historical is alive)

3.graphic arts- a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes and spots as the main visual means (color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here it plays an auxiliary role).

4.theatrical and decorative arts

5.DPI- the field of decor art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (batik, tapestry, thread graphics, ceramics, embroidery)

6.sculpture- a type of visual art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.

5. Sculpture as an art form.

Sculpture [from lat. skulpo - cut out, carve] - sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials. Sculpture shows a certain affinity for architecture: it also deals with space and volume, obeys the laws of tectonics and is material in nature. But unlike architecture, it is not functional, but pictorial. The main specific features of sculpture are physicality, materiality, laconicism and universality. The materiality of the sculpture is due to the ability of a person to feel the volume. But the highest form sense of touch in sculpture, leading him to new level perception, becomes the ability of a person to “visually touch” the form perceived through the sculpture, when the eye acquires the ability to correlate the depth and convexity of different surfaces, subordinating them to the semantic integrity of all perception. The materiality of sculpture is manifested in the concreteness of the material, which, taking shape, ceases to be an objective reality for a person and becomes a material carrier of an artistic idea. Sculpture is the art of transforming space through volume. Each culture brings its own understanding of the relationship between volume and space: antiquity understands the volume of the body as an arrangement in space, the Middle Ages - space as an unreal world, classicism - the balance of space, volume and form. The conciseness of the sculpture is due to the fact that it almost devoid of plot and narrative. The ease of perception of the sculpture is only apparent. Sculpture symbolic, conditional and artistic, and therefore complex and deep for perception.

easel art easel art

A term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning (unlike, for example, works of monumental art, applied and book graphics etc., specially designed for any structures, publications or products and forming an indissoluble unity with them). The ideological and artistic value of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure. The term "easel art" comes from the "machine" on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has been widely developed since the Renaissance, with the collapse of the universal complexes of the medieval artistic culture and the formation of many types of secular art, designed for a more intimate and direct perception. Easel forms of art became especially widespread at the end of the 18th-20th centuries, when, in the era of turbulent social movements, they acquired a great social resonance.

(Source: Popular art encyclopedia." Ed. Field V.M.; M.: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

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A kind of fine arts, the works of which are independent in nature and do not have a direct decorative or utilitarian purpose (in painting - paintings; in sculpture - statues, busts, etc.). The name comes from the machine (easel, ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

easel art- EASEL ART, a kind of fine arts, the works of which are of an independent nature and do not have a direct utilitarian or decorative purpose (paintings, statues, prints, drawings). The name comes from the machine (easel and ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

A kind of fine arts, the works of which are independent in nature and do not have a direct decorative or utilitarian purpose (unlike, for example, works of monumental art or book illustrations). In painting ... ... Wikipedia

A kind of fine arts, the works of which are independent in nature and do not have a direct decorative or utilitarian purpose (in painting, paintings; in sculpture, statues, busts, groups, easel reliefs; in graphics, prints, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The term that refers to works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and (unlike, for example, works of monumental art (See Monumental art) or book illustrations (See ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

easel art- section pic. claim wa, including products., having independent. character and meaning unrelated to k. l. artistic ensemble or with utility functions. The term S.I. is associated with the machine, on which many are created. prod. a claim (for example, an easel). S.I.… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

art- ▲ plastic art image, a real fine art group of arts based on the reproduction of specific phenomena of life in their visible object form. art painting… Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

This article may contain original research. Add links to sources, otherwise it may be put up for deletion. More information may be on the talk page. (May 25, 2011) ... Wikipedia

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• Sergei Kalmykov. Orenburg period. 1893-1937, Smekalov Igor Vladimirovich. The book is dedicated to the artist Sergei Ivanovich Kalmykov (1891-1967), early period whose life and work is inextricably linked with Orenburg. Based on the study of a large documentary ...