Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in 1818 and died in 1883.

Representative of the nobility. Was born in small town Eagle, but later moved to live in the capital. Turgenev was an innovator of realism. By profession, the writer was a philosopher. On his account there were many universities in which he entered, but not many managed to finish. He also traveled abroad and studied there.

At the beginning of my creative way Ivan Sergeevich tried his hand at writing dramatic, epic and lyrical works. Being a romantic, Turgenev wrote especially carefully in the above areas. His characters feel like strangers in a crowd of people, lonely. The hero is even ready to admit his insignificance in front of the opinions of others.

Ivan Sergeevich was also an outstanding translator, and it was thanks to him that many Russian works were translated into a foreign way.

He spent the last years of his life in Germany, where he actively taught foreigners about Russian culture, in particular, about literature. During his lifetime, he achieved high popularity both in Russia and abroad. The poet died in Paris from a painful sarcoma. His body was brought to his homeland, where the writer was buried.

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Born in the city of Oryol on November 9 (October 28 according to the old style), 1818 in noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before the marriage of Lutovinova) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family. Up to 9 years old Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827 Turgenevs to give their children an education, they settled in Moscow, in a house bought on Samotyok. After the parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first he studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarev Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev Entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. where they studied at the time Herzen and Belinsky. A year later, after Ivan's older brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev at the same time he moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend. In 1834 he wrote dramatic poem"Wall", several lyric poems. The young author showed these pen trials to his teacher, professor Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that "there is something" in the author. By 1837 he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting with A. S. Pushkin takes place. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after his death Pushkin published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, with the signature "- - -v" a poem was printed Turgenev"Evening", which is the debut of the author. In 1836 Turgenev graduated with a degree valid student. dreaming about scientific activity, he again held the final exam the following year, received the degree of candidate, and in 1838 went to Germany. During the journey, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Fearing for your life Turgenev asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he could fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man exclaimed plaintively: "To die so young!", while pushing women and children at the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far away. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice infiltrated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev in the novel Fire at Sea. Settling in Berlin Ivan took up studies. Listening to lectures at the university on the history of Roman and Greek literature, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left for Germany, Italy, Austria. Impressed by meeting a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later the story was written spring waters". In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was given in marriage, the daughter remained in an ambiguous position. At the beginning of 1842 Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. At the same time, he began his literary activity. The largest printed work of this time was the poem Parasha, written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took a copy of V. G. Belinsky to Lopatin's house, leaving the manuscript to the critic's servant. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing two months later positive feedback V " Domestic notes". From that moment, their acquaintance began, which eventually grew into a strong friendship. In the autumn of 1843 Turgenev first saw Pauline Viardot on stage opera house, When great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Polina's husband, director of the Italian Theater in Paris, famous critic and an art critic - Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843 he was introduced to Pauline herself. Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, known more as an avid hunter, and not a writer. And when her tour is over, Turgenev together with the Viardot family, he went to Paris against the will of his mother, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot's tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. In 1846 participates in the update of Sovremennik. Nekrasov- his best friend. With Belinsky he went abroad in 1847 and in 1848 he lived in Paris, where he became a witness revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen, falls in love with Ogaryov's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of"Notes of a hunter" was created by a writer in Germany. Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot brought up illegitimate daughter Turgenev. This period includes several meetings with Gogol And Fetom.In 1846, the stories "Breter" and "Three Portraits" were published. Later, he wrote such works as The Freeloader (1848), The Bachelor (1849), The Provincial Girl, A Month in the Village, Calm (1854), Yakov Pasynkov (1855), Breakfast at the Leader "(1856), etc. "Mumu" he wrote in 1852, being in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo because of an obituary for death Gogol, which, despite the ban, published in Moscow. In 1852, a collection was published short stories Turgenev under common name"Notes of a hunter", which in 1854 was published in Paris. After the death of Nicholas I, four largest works writer: "Rudin" (1856), " Noble Nest"(1859), "On the Eve" (1860) and "Fathers and Sons" (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in Russkiy Vestnik by M. N. Katkov. In 1860, N. A. Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?” was published in Sovremennik, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized . Turgenev put Nekrasov ultimatum: either he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubova, which later became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Sons". After that Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.Turgenev gravitates toward the circle of Western writers who profess the principles of " pure art”, which opposes the tendentious creativity of raznochintsev revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time, Leo Tolstoy also joined this circle, who for some time lived in an apartment Turgenev. After marriage Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev found in Tolstoy a close relative, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet at the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, which almost ended in a duel and ruined relations between writers for a long 17 years. Since the early 1860s Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer is actively involved in cultural life Western Europe, making acquaintances with the leading writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and introducing Russian readers to the best works contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Theophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of five began in the Parisian restaurants of Rich or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor of foreign translators of Russian writers, he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works by famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German languages. This is how translations of Flaubert's works Herodias and The Tale of St. Yuliana Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For some time Turgenev becomes the most famous and most read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Despite living abroad, all thoughts Turgenev were still linked to Russia. He writes the novel "Smoke" (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author's review, everyone scolded the novel: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side." The fruit of his intense reflections in the 1870s was the largest of Turgenev's novels, Nov (1877). Turgenev he was friends with the Milyutin brothers (Comrade Minister of the Interior and Minister of War), A. V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M. Kh. Reitern (Minister of Finance). At the end of his life Turgenev decides to come to terms with Leo Tolstoy, he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including creativity Tolstoy, Western reader. In 1880, the writer takes part in the Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris, on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo cemetery with a large gathering of people.

Artworks

1855 - "Rudin" - a novel
1858 - "The Noble Nest" - a novel
1860 - "On the eve" - ​​a novel
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" - a novel
1867 - "Smoke" - a novel
1877 - "Nov" - a novel
1844 - "Andrey Kolosov" - novel / story
1845 - "Three portraits" - novel / story
1846 - "The Gide" - story / story
1847 - "Breter" - novel / story
1848 - "Petushkov" - story / story
1849 - "Diary extra person"- story / story
1852 - "Mumu" - story / story
1852 - "Inn" - story / story
1852 - "Notes of a hunter" - a collection of stories
1851 - "Bezhin Meadow" - story
1847 - "Biryuk" - story
1847 - "Burgemistr" - story
1848 - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district" - story
1847 - "Two landowners" - a story
1847 - "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman" - story
1874 - "Living relics" - story
1851 - "Kasian with a beautiful sword" - story
1871-72 - "The End of Chertopkhanov" - story
1847 - "Office" - story
1847 - "Swan" - story
1848 - "Forest and steppe" - story
1847 - "Lgov" - story
1847 - "raspberry water" - story
1847 - "My neighbor Radilov" - story
1847 - "Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets" - story
1850 - "Singers" - story
1864 - "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev" - story
1850 - "Date" - story
1847 - "Death" - story
1873-74-"Knocks!" - story
1847 - "Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew" - story
1847 - "County doctor" - story
1846-47-"Khor and Kalinich" - story
1848 - "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin" - story
1855 - "Yakov Pasynkov" - novel / story
1855 - "Faust" - novel / story
1856 - "Calm" - novel / story
1857 - "Trip to Polissya" - novel / story
1858 - "Asya" - story / story
1860 - "First Love" - ​​novel / story
1864 - "Ghosts" - novel / story
1866 - "The Brigadier" - story / story
1868 - "Unfortunate" - story / story
1870 - "Strange story"- story / story
1870 - "The Steppe King Lear" - story / story
1870 - "Dog" - story / story
1871 - "Knock ... knock ... knock! .." - story / story
1872 - "Spring Waters" - a story
1874 - "Punin and Baburin" - novel / story
1876 ​​- "Hours" - novel / story
1877 - "Dream" - novel / story
1877 - "The Story of Father Alexei" - story / story
1881 - "The Song of Triumphant Love" - ​​novel / story
1881 - "Own master's office" - novel / story
1883 - "After death ( Clara Milic)" - story / story
1878 - "In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya" - a poem in prose
1882 - How good, how fresh were the roses ... - a poem in prose
1848 - "Where it is thin, there it breaks" - a play
1848 - "Freeloader" - a play
1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" - play
1849 - "The Bachelor" - a play
1850 - "A Month in the Village" - a play
1851 - "Provincial" - a play
1854 - "A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev" - article
1860 - "Hamlet and Don Quixote" - article
1864 - "Speech on Shakespeare" - article

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a great Russian poet, writer, translator, playwright, philosopher and publicist. Born in Orel in 1818. in a noble family. The boy's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. Little Ivan was homeschooled, as was customary in the noble families of that time, by French and German teachers. In 1927 the boy was sent to study at a private Moscow boarding school, where he spent 2.5 years.

By the age of fourteen I.S. Turgenev knew three foreign languages ​​well, which helped him without special efforts to enter Moscow University, from where, a year later, he transferred to the University of St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Philosophy. Two years after the end of which, Turgenev goes to study in Germany. In 1841 he returns to Moscow in order to finish his studies and get a place in the department of philosophy, but due to the royal ban on this science, his dreams were not destined to come true.

In 1843 Ivan Sergeevich entered the service in one of the offices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for only two years. In the same period of time, his first works began to be published. In 1847 Turgenev, following his beloved, singer Polina Viardot, goes abroad and spends three years there. All this time, the longing for the Motherland does not leave the writer and in a foreign land he writes several essays, which will later be included in the book "Notes of a Hunter", which brought Turgenev popularity.

Upon returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeevich worked as a writer and critic in the Sovremennik magazine. In 1852 he publishes the obituary of N. Gogol, forbidden by censorship, for which he is sent to family estate, located in the Oryol province, without the ability to leave it. There he writes several works of "peasant" themes, one of which is Mumu, beloved by many since childhood. The writer's link ends in 1853, he is allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and later (in 1856) to leave the country and Turgenev leaves for Europe.

In 1858 he will return to his homeland, but not for long. During his stay in Russia, such famous works as "Asya", "The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons" come out from under the writer's pen. In 1863 Turgenev, together with his beloved Viardot's family, moved to Baden-Baden, and in 1871. - to Paris, where he and Victor Hugo are elected co-chairs of the first international congress of writers in Paris.

I.S. Turgenev died in 1883. in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. The cause of his death was sarcoma ( oncological disease) spine. By the last will of the writer, he was buried on Volkovsky cemetery Petersburg.

Brief information about Turgenev.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 in the city of Orel from Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev and Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova - the second of three sons: the eldest of them, Nikolai, is still alive; the youngest, Sergei, died at the age of 16. Turgenev's father served in the Elizavetgrad Cuirassier Regiment, stationed in Orel. Having retired with the rank of colonel, he settled in the estate of his wife, the village of Spassky-Lutovinovo, located ten miles from the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province, and in 1822 he committed with his whole family and servants - in two carriages with a van - trip abroad, during which I.S. almost died - in the Swiss city of Bern, falling off the railing surrounding the pit in which the city bears are kept; his father barely had time to grab him by the leg. Returning to Spasskoye, the Turgenev family healed village life, that noble, slow, spacious and petty life, the very memory of which has almost been erased in the current generation - with the usual environment of tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies. At the beginning of 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow, where they bought a house on Samotyok, and in 1833 I. S. entered, being only 15 years old, at Moscow University, in the “verbal” faculty, as it was called at that time . - Of his former teachers, I. S. recalls with gratitude D. N. Dubensky, a teacher of the Russian language, P. N. Pogorelsky, a teacher of mathematics, and I. P. Klyushnikov, a rather famous writer of that time, who signed his poems with the letter F.

I. S. did not stay long at Moscow University: only a year; I listened to professors Pogodin, Pavlov, a follower of Schelling's philosophy, who read physics from it - and next to him was the old man Pobedonostsev, who held students at the Lomonosov commendable Speeches and asked them “khriya”. - In 1834 father i-a S-a transferred him to St. Petersburg University to live together with his older brother, who entered the Guards Artillery - and died the same year. I. S. left the university in 1837 as a candidate, and in 1838 he went to complete his studies in Berlin on the steamer Nikolai 1st, which burned down in the sight of Travemünde. The stock of information he brought from St. Petersburg University was not great: of all its professors, only P. A. Pletnev knew how to influence his listeners. - In Berlin, J.S. was mainly engaged in Hegelian philosophy (with Werder), philology and history. - At that time, the University of Berlin could boast of the names of Bock, Zumpt, Ranke, Ritter, Hans and many others. others - I. S. spent two semesters in Berlin; Granovsky and Stankevich attended courses with him. In 1840, after a short stay in Russia and a trip to Italy, he returned to Berlin again and stayed there for about a year, living in the same apartment with the famous M.A. Bakunin, who was not involved in politics at that time. - In 1841, he returned to Russia, entered the office of the Minister of the Interior under the command of V.I. Dahl in 1842, served very poorly and malfunctioning - and in 1843 he retired. In the same year, he entered the literary field - he published a short poem: "Parash" - without putting his name, however - and met Belinsky. Over the next two years, he continued to write poetry and even poems that did not meet and did not deserve approval - and leaving at the end of 1846 abroad, he decided to completely stop or change his activities; but the success of a short passage in prose, entitled "Khor and Kalinich", and left by him in the editorial office of the newly renewed journal: "Sovremennik", returned him to literary pursuits. Since then, they have not stopped - and last year the fifth edition of his collected works appeared. An insignificant break in these studies occurred only in 1852, when, in connection with the publication of his article on the death of Gogol, or, more precisely, due to the appearance separate edition"Notes of the Hunter", I.S. was put in a police house for a month - and then sent to live in the village, from which he returned only in 1854.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", which reflects the best moral character simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.

Childhood and education

Turgenev was born into a noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, had noble origin. Ivan's childhood was spent in the hereditary estate of her family. Parents did everything to ensure a comfortable existence for their son. He was taught the best teachers and tutors, and at a young age, Ivan and his family moved to Moscow to receive higher education. Since childhood, the guy studied foreign languages He was fluent in English, French and German.

The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There Ivan studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, he also studied with private teachers. Five years later future writer became a student of the verbal department of the prestigious Moscow University. In 1834, Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.

For three years he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem "Steno". Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, the publication of Ivan's poems "To the Venus of Medicine" and "Evening" in the journal "Contemporary".

In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to listen to philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to get a Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies, he studies the grammar of the ancient Greek language and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. For two years he travels, visiting France, Italy and Holland.

Homecoming

Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he meets Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated the acquaintance with each of his colleagues. Together they attend literary circles. The following year, Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy.

In 1843, for some time, the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the official's monotonous activity did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem "Parasha" was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The year 1843 was also remembered by the writer for his acquaintance with French singer Pauline Viardot. After that, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.

In 1846, the novels Three Portraits and Bretter were published. Some time after that, the writer creates other well-known works, including "Breakfast at the Leader", "Provincial Girl", "Bachelor", "Mumu", "A Month in the Village" and others. A collection of short stories, Notes of a Hunter, was published by Turgenev in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoe.

Later, he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book "Rudin" was published, three years after that, the prose writer wrote the novel "The Noble Nest". 1860 was marked by the release of the work "On the Eve". One of the most famous writings author, "Fathers and Sons", dates from 1862.

This period of life was also marked by a break in the poet's relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov's article entitled "When will the real day come?", Which was filled with negativity about the novel "On the Eve". Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, Nov, published in 1877.

last years of life

The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, George Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress is held in Paris, during which Ivan is elected vice president. At the same time, he becomes a respected doctor at Oxford University.

Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel "Smoke" was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized him, while others were sure that the work opened a new literary era.

In the spring of 1882, for the first time, a physical ailment called microsarcoma manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer later died. He fought the pain until the very end. latest work Ivan became "Poems in Prose", released a few months before his death. On September 3 (according to the old style on August 22), 1883, Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to a talented writer.

Personal life

The first love of the poet was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story "First Love". Ten years after meeting Princess Ivan meets Pauline Viardot, whom he falls in love with almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour, it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter who was brought up in Paris.

Problems in relations with the singer began due to the distance, her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again becomes close to Viardot, they live together in Baden-Baden, then move to Paris. IN last years life, Ivan Sergeevich is fond of the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocates his feelings.