Regional budgetary educational institution
"Kursk Basic Medical College"
Academic subject:literature and Russian language
Speciality: nursing
CMK OOD, OGSE and EN
Individual project
Subject: "The military theme in the work of Sholokhov Mikhail Aleksandrovich»
Performed: 1st student 2m/s
Yakubova Alina Dmitrievna
Checked: literature teacher
And Russian
Milykh Tatyana Sergeevna
Date "____" _______________ 2017
Grade_____________________
Signature_____________________
Kursk-2017
Introduction………………………………………………………………3-4
1. Main part……………………………………………………..5
1.1. Theoretical part………………………………………5-6
1.2. Practical part ………………………………………7-10
Conclusion…………………………………………………………11
References …………………………………………………………………………………………12
Applications ………………………………………………………………………… 13-15
Introduction
"... Well, I had to take a sip of goryushka there, brother
up to the nostrils and above ... "
"... Sometimes you don't sleep at night, you look into the darkness
empty eyes and think:
"Why did you, life, cripple me like that?
Why so distorted? "
I have no answer either in the dark or in the clear
sunshine...
No, and I can't wait! .. "
M.A. Sholokhov "The fate of man."
The epigraph of my project was a quote from M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” This quote contains great sense. It speaks of a man with a difficult fate.
Topic justification:
More than 70 years have passed since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, but the great feat of millions of soldiers is still alive in the memory of the people. Much of this is due to the writers.. The theme of war in Russian literature is the theme of the feat of a Russian person, because all wars in the history of the country, as a rule, were of a people's liberation character. Among the books written on this topic, the works of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov are especially close to me, such stories as “They fought for the Motherland”,"The Fate of a Man", "The Word about the Motherland".The heroes of his books are cordial, sympathetic people with a pure soul. Some of them behave heroically on the battlefield, bravely fighting for their homeland.
Relevance of the topic:
To study the features of writing the military work of M.A. Sholokhov and their significance in literature.
Object of study:
The object of my research is military theme in the story "The Fate of a Man" by M.A. Sholokhov.
Subject of study:
The military theme in the work of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov.
Purpose of the study:
Show the contribution of the military creativity of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov.
Research objectives:
To study the biography of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov;
Choose one of the stories of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov and analyze it;
Show the importance of military creativity in literature.
Theoretical part
creative and life path M.A. Sholokhov.
On June 11 (May 24), 1905, a son, Mikhail, was born to Anastasia Danilovna Kuznetsova and Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov. Mother - the daughter of a serf who came to the Don from the Chernihiv region. Father - a native of the Ryazan province, sowed bread on rented Cossack land, was a clerk, manager of a steam mill.
During the First World War, the Civil War (1914 - 1918) Sholokhov studied in Moscow, in the city of Boguchar, Voronezh province, in the village of Vyoshenskaya, graduated from the 4th grade of the gymnasium. From 1920 to 1922 he lived with his family in the village of Karaginskaya, worked as a clerk, teacher, and participated in the population census.
Serafimovich, Mayakovsky, Furmanov, and after them young writers opposed the depiction of the revolution, the civil war as an element, emphasized the organizing role of the party in the popular movement. Sholokhov turned to the theme of the civil war following Furmanov and Serafimovich. From these writers, he received high praise and recognition. It can be assumed that Sholokhov's works on the civil war were approved by Furmanov, primarily because they were close to his ideological positions, because they were alien to the idealization of the elemental principle in revolutionary movement. A. Serafimovich also valued Don Stories for life's truthfulness. He was the first to point out the features creative manner Sholokhov; simplicity of life, dynamism, figurativeness of the language of stories, a sense of proportion in “acute moments”, “a thin grasping eye”, “the ability to pull out the most characteristic of many signs”,
IN early stories Sholokhov realistically visibly, from the ideological positions of the writer of the new world, explains the social meaning of the events that took place on the Don in the early years of the formation of Russian power. The first collection of Sholokhov's "Don stories" (1926) opened with the story "Birthmark". The commander of the red squadron, Nikolai Koshevoy, is waging an uncompromising struggle against the white gangs. One day, his squadron encounters one of the gangs, headed by the father of Nikolai Koshevoy. In battle, the father kills his son and accidentally recognizes him by his mole. Opening the collection with this story, Sholokhov thereby drew attention to one of the central thoughts of the entire collection - an acute class struggle demarcated not only the Don, the village, the farm, but also the Cossack families. One side defends property, class interests, the other - the gains of the revolution. Communists, Komsomol members, and the youth of the village are boldly breaking with the old world, heroically defending the interests and rights of the people in severe battles with it.
The second collection "Azure Steppe" (1926) begins short story of the same name, the introduction to which, written in 1927, is frankly polemical. The author sneers at the writers, who very touchingly lisp "about the smelly gray feather grass", about the Red Army soldiers - "brothers" who allegedly died, "choking on pompous words." Sholokhov claims that the Red fighters died for the revolution in the steppes of the Don and Kuban "ugly simply." Resolutely speaking out against idealization, false romanticization of reality, he portrays the struggle of the people for Soviet power how complicated social process, traces the growth of revolutionary sentiments in the Cossack environment, overcoming difficulties and contradictions on the way to a new life.
Almost simultaneously with Sholokhov, such writers as S. Podyachev, A. Neverov, L. Seifullina and others revealed the sharpness of the brutal class struggle in the countryside during the Civil War, showing the new that the revolution brought to the countryside. However, a number of writers continued to focus on the "idiocy" of the village, on the supposedly eternal inertia of the "muzhik", not noticing the revolutionary renewal of the village and its people. Sun. Ivanov in the collection "Secret Secrets" artificially isolated the peasants from the social struggle, carried away by the image of their biological instincts. K. Fedin in the story "Transvaal" and the stories of the collection of the same name did not notice the triumph of new, social relations in the Russian village. By exaggerating the role of the kulak, he thereby violated the real balance of forces, and focused primarily on the inertia and stagnation of rural life.
In 1925, L. Leonov's novel "Badgers" was published, in which the writer, unlike early stories, claimed the victory of the organizing principle in the revolution over the elements of the old world. However, the author has not yet achieved a clear demonstration of the stratification of the village. The class struggle was replaced by an accidental litigation between two villages for the ownership of the fields. This litigation determined the attitude of the peasants towards the Russian authorities. Drawing two brothers, Semyon and Pavel Rakhleev, participating in the struggle on the side of two hostile camps, L. Leonov is guided not so much by the need to show the class struggle that even divided families, but by the desire to base the work on a psychologically intense conflict.
Sholokhov, on the other hand, was interested in the class, social struggle, which led to the ideological delimitation of members of the same family. In the story "Wormhole", the writer depicts the "break" of a wealthy kulak family. Opposes his father and brother, who are hostile to the Russian authorities, younger son, member of the Komsomol Stepan. He cannot be silent, knowing
that they are deceiving the Soviet government, hiding the surplus of grain. The enmity in the family comes to the point that Yakov Alekseevich and his eldest son Maxim kill the hated Stepan.
Laureate Nobel Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of Lenin and State Prize- Mikhail Sholokhov began his literary path in 1923. He created a galaxy of bright works that have rightfully taken their rightful place in world literature: “The Fate of a Man”, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, “They Fought for the Motherland” and, of course, “ Quiet Don". And his work relentlessly followed the turbulent, rapid course of history. First World War, Civil War, collectivization, Great Patriotic War- all these themes entered Sholokhov's work as organic impulses of his living, not missing anything mind, refracted through the prism of his talent and life experience. In the mouth of Sholokhov, these themes are natural and common, like breathing. The life of the people, the fate of people - that's what worried the minds of writers of all generations. And Mikhail Alexandrovich could not remain indifferent to the events taking place in the Fatherland.
As at one time the Cossacks were divided into white and red, so now the population Chechen Republic stood on two sides: "federals" and "mujahideen". But what about families? Has anyone thought of mothers, wives, children? How should old people be when one brother is a terrorist, and the other is the one who is looking for the first? History is back on track.
War - serious challenge for the entire state. Whether it is a battle with foreigners or a civil war, it places a heavy burden on the shoulders of the people, leaving an indelible mark on the destinies of generations. Sholokhov knew firsthand about the war. While still a 15-year-old boy, he joined the food detachment. And during the Great Patriotic War he went to the front as a military commissar. His experience, his memories and feelings were especially vividly manifested in The Fate of a Man.
Sholokhov's style socialist realism critics consider the master's approach to creativity. Here is the opinion of the Sholokhov expert M. Khrapchenko: “Sholokhov is an artist of great insight and high creative integrity. The embodiment of the truth of life, no matter how difficult, cruel it may be, is for him a constant and immutable law of creativity. Sholokhov notes genuine fearlessness in the search for truth. He not only does not leave the heavy, tragic sides life, but also persistently and intently studies them, not in the least losing the historical perspective, faith in man, in his creative, creative possibilities.
In my opinion, in the description of the war by Sholokhov, three components should be distinguished: first, landscapes and detailed portraits through which the author conveys the atmosphere of events, actions, Secondly, the fate of the main characters, and the last - crowd scenes where we see the horror and ruthlessness of war.
“Melekhovsky yard is on the farm itself. The gates from the cattle base lead north to the Don. A steep eight-yard descent between moss-covered chalk boulders, and here is the shore: a mother-of-pearl scattering of shells, a gray broken border of pebbles kissed by waves ”... - we read at the very beginning of the novel. Beautiful and majestic Don-Batiushka. He keeps countless riches in himself. The most magnificent greenery grows along the banks, as if asking the Cossack plowman “black from work, with flattened fingers” to pick it with his hand. Don beckons: “near a sunken elm tree, in the bare arms of the branches, two carp jumped out at the same time; the third, smaller, screwing into the air, persistently fought at the ravine over and over again.
* The image of Grigory Melekhov is drawn larger than the others. All the windings of his complex, contradictory path are traced with extraordinary attention. You really can’t immediately say about him whether it’s positive or villain. For too long he wandered at the crossroads of history, shed a lot of human blood ...
“The first post-war spring on the Upper Don was extremely friendly and assertive. At the end of March, warm winds blew from the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and after two days the sands of the left bank of the Don were completely bare, logs and beams stuffed with snow swelled in the steppe, breaking the ice, the steppe rivers leaped furiously "...
Andrey Sokolov, having gone through the crucible of war, lost everything: his family died, home destroyed. A peaceful life has come, the time has come for the spring awakening, the time for hope. And he looks at the world eyes, “as if sprinkled with ashes”, “filled with inescapable longing”, the words break from his lips: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that? Why so distorted? There is no answer for me either in the dark or in the clear sun. No, and I can't wait!"*
An important feature of Sholokhov's style is the writer's steadfast faith in a bright future, in the humanity and justice of the people. That is why the cold sun “shines” over Grigory and Mishutka. And here are the words of Sholokhov from the story “The Fate of a Man”: “What lies ahead for them? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything in his path, if his Motherland calls him to this. Yes, no matter what terrible situations the war puts a person in, he, according to the writer, will be able to overcome them with dignity.
Bloodshed reaches its apogee during battalion scenes. After all, some are guided by Chubotoy’s once expressed thought: “Cut a man boldly! ..” Most likely, the daily contemplation of blood, violence, cruelty is bearing fruit - the Cossacks (and everyone who find themselves in this “meat grinder”) become less susceptible to human suffering , hearts are hardened.
The anti-humanity, the unnaturalness of war - this is the main thing that Sholokhov's works carry in themselves. A heartfelt “thank you” to him for these lines: “I would like my books to help people become better, become purer in soul, awakened love for man, the desire to actively fight for the ideals of humanism and the progress of mankind. He not only wanted, he cherished in the hearts and minds of generations that unwritten truth that "life is the most valuable thing that a person has." Probably, this truth flows in each of us thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov.
The fate of the Russian war in Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man"
At the end of 56g. M.A. Sholokhov published his story "The Fate of a Man". This is a story about common man on big war, who, at the cost of losing loved ones, comrades, with his courage, heroism, gave the right to life and freedom to his homeland. Andrey Sokolov is a modest worker, the father of a large family lived, worked and was happy, but the war broke out. Sokolov, like thousands of others, went to the front. And then all the troubles of the war flooded over him: he was shell-shocked and captured, wandered from one concentration camp to another, tried to escape, but was caught. More than once death looked into his eyes, but Russian pride and human dignity helped to find courage in oneself and always remain human. When the camp commandant summoned Andrei to his place and threatened to personally shoot him, he did not lose human face Andrei did not drink for the victory of Germany, but said what he thought. And for this, even the sadistic commandant, who personally beat the prisoners every morning, respected him and let him go, rewarding him with bread and lard. This gift was divided equally among all the prisoners. Later, Andrei still finds an opportunity to escape, taking with him an engineer with the rank of major, whom he drove by car. But Sholokhov shows us the heroism of a Russian person not only in the fight against the enemy. A terrible grief befell Andrei Sokolov even before the end of the war - a bomb that hit the house killed his wife and two daughters, and his son was shot by a sniper already in Berlin on the very day of Victory, May 9, 1945. It seemed that after all the trials that fell to the lot of one person, he could become embittered, break down, withdraw into himself. But this did not happen: realizing how hard the loss of relatives and bleak loneliness, he adopts a 5-year-old boy Vanyusha, whose parents were taken away by the war. Andrei warmed, made happy the orphan soul, and thanks to the warmth and gratitude of the child, he himself began to return to life. Sokolov says: “At night, you stroke his sleepy, sniff the hairs in the whirlwinds, and the heart departs, it becomes easier, otherwise it turned to stone with grief.” With all the logic of his story, Sholokhov proved that his hero cannot be broken by life, because that there is something in him that cannot be broken: human dignity, love for life, for the motherland, for people, kindness that helps to live, fight, work. Andrey Sokolov first of all thinks about duties to relatives, comrades, Motherland, humanity. This is not a feat for him, but a natural need. And so simple wonderful people a lot of. It was they who won the war and restored the ruined country so that life could go on and be better, happier. Therefore, Andrey Sokolov is close, understandable and dear to us always.
Composition
If the enemy attacks our country, we writers, at the call of the party and the government, will lay down our pen and take up another weapon, so that from the volley of the rifle corps, which Comrade Voroshilov spoke of, it would fly and smash the enemy and our lead, heavy and hot, like our hatred of fascism!.. Having defeated the enemies, we will still write books about how we beat these enemies. These books will serve our people and will remain as a warning to those of the invaders who accidentally turn out to be unfinished...”. Preparing for military trials, Sholokhov was full of plans and ideas. He is working on completing the second book of "Virgin Soil Upturned", the hall washes new novel about the work of the collective farm intelligentsia big changes in the village. The writer gives a lot of effort social activities.
In July 1941, the regimental commissar of the reserve Sholokhov was drafted into the army and, together with others Soviet writers went to the front. He participated in the battles near Smolensk on Western front, near Rostov - on the Southern Front, shared harsh days with the fighters Battle of Stalingrad, walked along front-line roads to the very borders of Germany.
In the summer of 1943, Sholokhov addressed a letter to the American people, in which, on behalf of the citizens of the allied country, he offered friendship, called for the fight against the Nazis, pointed to possible consequences slowness and hesitation of allies. “In the fate of each of us,” wrote Sholokhov, “the war entered with all the weight that an attempt by one nation to completely destroy, absorb another brings with it ... The events of the front, the events of a total war in the life of each of us have already left their indelible mark .. .
On the first anniversary of the war, Sholokhov published in Pravda, imbued with journalistic passion and unshakable confidence in the triumph of a just cause, the story "The Science of Hate". Giving a high appraisal to this proposition, Pravda wrote a few days later: “How inextinguishable hatred for the enemy is born in the heart of a soldier of the Red Army, the writer Mikhail Sholokhov recently told in his wonderful fiction novel The Science of Hate.” The author based this story on real events, which one of the participants in the war told him about at the front. The fighter really did not want his relatives to find out about his military hardships, about the ordeals he experienced in Nazi captivity, and asked not to give his last name. Yes, and Sholokhov did not need to close himself within the framework of a private fate. drawing close-up the character of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who went through the "science of hatred" in severe battles with the enemy,
the writer artistically visibly revealed national character Russian man, torn off by the war from peaceful labor, showed the formation and hardening of the Soviet warrior.
The "Science of Hate" and "The Science of Victory" are organically linked, one is inconceivable without the other.
The will to live and resist, the desire to live in order to fight, the high military spirit of Gerasimov, who went through the school of hatred for the enemy, the ineradicable thirst for victory are revealed by Sholokhov as typical national traits of the Russian people, which unfolded with all their might in the years great battle.
The finale of the story is connected with a metaphorical introduction to it. Expanded artistic comparison, on which the whole story is built, the writer fills with great inner meaning, illuminating the entire narrative and giving it artistic integrity. With gray temples of Gerasimov, who suddenly smiled with a “simple and sweet, childish smile,” Sholokhov compares with a mighty oak. The lieutenant is broken by the experience, but his “gray hair obtained by great hardships” is pure, his life force. He is powerful and strong as an oak tree. Such is the whole people, feeding on the life-giving juices of their native land. He will not be broken by any, even the most difficult, trials and difficulties. People, full of life and the will to fight, imbued with sacred hatred for his sworn enemy and ardent filial love for the Motherland, is invincible. This is what the great humanist and patriot Sholokhov stated in the most severe days of the Great Patriotic War
