How Russians differ from Ukrainians in appearance. How Ukrainians differ from Russians (1 photo)

Well, give or take a Ukrainians and Kyrgyz, Tajiks are brothers, Ukrainians are closer to Tajiks and Kyrgyz in genetics and anthropology than even Russians living in Tashkent (where mixed marriages are inevitable), and Kyiv is oh so far away.

http://www.pnas.org/content/98/18/10244.full

The scheme also demonstrates the kinship of other Slavs - Czechs and Slovaks with Turkmens, Armenians, Yagnobis. Very curious and this is central Europe!!

Contacts and interaction of the Slavs with Turkic peoples took place already in ancient times, which is evidenced by this map, which fixes the territorial proximity of the Turks and Slavs!

Or, the first Turkic Khaganate, which existed from 552 to 770, included lands from Mongolia and China to Ukraine in the west.

Most of Ukraine was under the Turks ...

And these are sculptures reflecting the appearance of the Turks of that time.

Czech Slavs.

Racial type characteristic of Poles, Czechs, Slovaks and part of Germans. Nothing but an Alpine oriental racial type...
Nevertheless, the Poles and Czechs are closest to the Russians from the point of view of Anthropology and Genetics of other Slavs.

What confirmation is the DNA locator, the author of it is John Novembre.

To the question of the anthropological classification of the Ukrainian ethnos

There is an opinion that:
Ukrainian population compared to Russian, with a number of similar elements of the phenotype
1. darker hair (influence of Alpinides and Pontides)
2. slightly darker eyes (influence of alpinides and pontides)
3. more brachycephalic (alpinides as the basis of racial characteristics)
4. broader face (because there is an alpine racial basis)
5. has a Dinaric admixture (because there is an influence of Romanians)
6. has darker skin (because southerners in general)
7. often has more archaic facial hair, fused eyebrows and low foreheads (there is an admixture of Caucasian subraces, Turanids and Western Asians)
8. has a little more flattening (influence of Mongoloids and Ugrophins) UPD.

Pictured are typical Ukrainians

The average Russian type in comparison with the average Ukrainian

When comparing the Russian anthropological type with the Ukrainian one, it turns out that Ukrainians are more flat-faced, broad-faced, snub-nosed and short-headed. Material taken from the book: Origin and ethnic history Russian people according to anthropological data. Rep. ed. V.V. Bunak. M., 1965, which is a systematization of data collected by the Russian and Ukrainian anthropological expeditions in the 1950s.

From which it follows that if some of us are Ugro-Finnish, then these are Ukrainians (Ugro-Finnish).

What was already known to anthropologists has recently been confirmed by geneticists. The Aryan-Slavic male haplogroup R1a is more common among Russians than among Ukrainians.

The female haplogroups of the Russians are also completely Slavic, as evidenced by their comparison with the same haplogroups of the Poles.

Ukro-Romanians. Balkan roots of Ukrainians.

At present, anthropology, paleoanthropology, genetics (data on blood types, classical markers, autosomal DNA, Y-chromosome, mtDNA, etc.), as well as historical science and archeology, and other branches of science, have accumulated enough data to draw a reasonable conclusion that (Western) Ukrainians genetically belong to the circle of “Balkan” populations, and the ancestors of (Western) Ukrainians migrated to the territory of modern Ukraine, probably from the territory of modern Romania, and originally belonged to the Thracian (Geto-Dacian) ethno-linguistic group .

ANTHROPOLOGY
According to anthropology, the Ukrainians belong to the Alpine race, which dominates the circle of "Balkan" populations, and not to the Baltic and Nordic races, which dominate the northern Slavs.

Ukrainians are part of the Dnieper-Carpathian group of populations. This also includes ... Slovaks and partially Czechs, Serbs and Croats, southern, central and eastern Hungarians. This is a fairly tall, dark-pigmented, brachycephalic population characterized by a relatively broad face.
Source: Ukrainians. Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow. year 2000. S. 62

Lviv football team:

A map indicating the spread of the genetics of the Oriental race also among the southern Slavs, including the Ukrainians.

HERE IS THE CHUKHONSKY GENETICS OF UKROV.

An article from an absolutely neutral magazine.
http://racialreality.110mb.com/tatc.html
Tat-C Frequencies

Yakuts……….87%
Eskimos………61%
Chukchi………58%
Finns………..55%
Buryats………52%
Tofalars……..47%
Lithuanians…..47%
Lapps………..42%
Estonians…….37%
Maris………..33%
Latvians……..32%
Nenets……….30%
Tuvans……….18%

Chuvash………18%
Russians……..14%
Ukrainians……11%
North Swedes…..8%
Gotlanders…….6%
Norwegians…….6%
Poles…………4%
Germans……….3%
Armenians……..3%
Slovakians…….3%
Danes…………2%
Belarusians……2%
Turks…………1%

Wow, with the number of Chukhons, ukry are following the Russians !!

And a photo of a Ukrainian-Chukhonka is attached.

Here she is sweetie.

But the Ukrainians, and so not loved by them, the Finno-Ugrians are related by MITOCHONDRIONAL DNA with them.

Here, for example, looks like a Hungarian woman who is related to Ukrainians by mitoDNA.

http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/5449223/1/
Well, what can you do??

And this is the relationship of true Slavs from Kievan "Rus": Belarusians and Ukrainians with Chukhons already on non-sex chromosomes - autosomes:

Dear friends, guess where in the photo is a Slav and where is a Tatar))

One from the Chelyabinsk region, the other from Zaporozhye

Mitogenomic diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural region of Russia B. Malyarchuk et al.

Phenotype of Tatars.

Dina Garipova (born March 25, 1991, Zelenodolsk, Tatarstan) - singer, winner of the Voice project on Channel One

Alsu Zainutdinova, better known by her stage name (born July 14, 1986) - singer. Sings in Tatar.

Crimean Tatars.

Lenara Osmanova - Guzel Kyrym

Common phenotypes of Ukrainian women.

Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council - journalist under Savik Shuster, executive director of the Mass Information Institute Victoria Syumar.

The daughter of the ex-president of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko is Vitalina.

Singer Ruslana, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004.

Dostoevsky about the Slavs.

Russia will not have, and never has had, such haters, envious people, slanderers and even obvious enemies, like all these Slavic tribes, as soon as Russia liberates them, and Europe agrees to recognize them as liberated! I love the Slavs very much, but I won’t defend myself, because I know that everything will come true exactly as I say, and not because of the low, supposedly ungrateful character of the Slavs - they have a character in this sense, like everyone else , - namely, because such things in the world cannot happen otherwise. I will not spread, but I know that we do not need to demand gratitude from the Slavs, we need to prepare for this in advance. After they are released, they will begin their new life precisely by begging for themselves from Europe, from England and Germany, for example, a guarantee and patronage of their freedom, and even though Russia will be in the concert of European powers, they are precisely in defense of Russia. they will do that. They will certainly begin with the fact that within themselves, if not directly aloud, they will declare to themselves and convince themselves that they do not owe Russia the slightest gratitude.
As I looked into the water - everything came true, one to one,but people with small souls and weak spirits cannot do otherwise.

– Ukrainian is the most melodic language in Europe after Italian, Russian is the most difficult after Chinese and Japanese;

Bandura
Ukraine.

The Ukrainian language took the second place in terms of melodic criteria after Italian and entered the top three beautiful languages in the world according to criteria such as phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology and sentence structure after French and Persian according to the results of a language competition held in Paris in 1934.

Russia.
Russian language

The most difficult languages ​​in the world.

Chinese (a complex writing system, pitch stress. But at the same time, the grammar in it is much simpler than the grammar of the Japanese language).

Japanese (a complex writing system - this is most often written in popular articles, but in fact this is not the only and not the most basic difficulty. All of its difficulties, in truth, open only on a relatively high level owning it).

Arabic (complex writing system),
Hungarian (complex grammar),
Russian (grammar and spelling),
Korean (due to the complexity of reading rules, unusual writing and grammar),
Basque (24 cases, differences in grammar from others European languages related to the fact that this language has no family ties with others).

Ukrainian

TOP 10 cities where the most beautiful girls in the world live:

1. Kyiv, Ukraine
Take a walk around Kyiv on a summer day, take a look at the Hydropark (the city park of Kyiv on the Venetian and Dolobetsky islands between the Dnieper and the Rusanovsky Strait). There, on the banks of the Dnieper, you can see an unprecedented number of Ukrainian beauties. In addition to external attractiveness, Ukrainian women are also extremely interesting interlocutors: "They are well educated and are always ready to support a conversation about literature and philosophy."

2. Stockholm, Sweden
“What you see in Swedish beer ads is true. Sweden really is home to the most beautiful women in the world,” Travelers Digest notes. It was Sweden that the publication gave the palm in the ranking of countries with the most beautiful women. Russia in it, by the way, is in fourth place, giving way to Ukraine one line. And Stockholm is also the capital of the most handsome men- there were no Russians at all.

3. New York, USA
New York women owe their beauty to cultural and ethnic diversity. “Fashion smart girls, luxurious models and charming hipsters” - this is how experts described the variety of textures that can be found in the Big Apple.

4. Buenos Aires, Argentina
The very atmosphere here is full of romance. Visit this city and do yourself a favor by asking one of the most beautiful women you will ever see to teach you how to tango.”

5. Varna, Bulgaria
Bulgaria is not the best famous country, even for a European it is sometimes difficult to find her on the map, but what she lacks in fame, she more than makes up for with the beauty of women and stunning landscapes. Varna is located on the magnificent Black Sea coast, and in summer the city is packed with tanned beauties. Like their Russian and Ukrainian counterparts, the girls here are often tall and light-eyed.

6. Moscow, Russia
“Tall blondes, brunettes. Blue-eyed goddesses, ”the residents of the Russian capital presented themselves as such to the publication. At the same time, experts note that, unlike women from Kiev, it is not so easy to talk to Muscovites.

7. Tel Aviv, Israel
Dark-haired women with green eyes - very beautiful and unusual.

8. Amsterdam, Netherlands
Dutch women are liberal and open beauties who are well educated and cheerful.

9. Seoul, South Korea
Korea is a kind of center of culture and fashion in Asia. "All men like Asian women, it's almost a scientific fact."

10. Montreal, Canada
The beauty of local women is a bonus to the European atmosphere of this city, its developed economy and interesting nightlife, experts say: sexual language- French.

Top 10 countries where the most beautiful women in the world live:
1. Sweden
2. Argentina
3. Ukraine
4. Russia
5. Bulgaria
6. South Korea
7. Colombia
8. Denmark
9. Netherlands
10 Canada

- Ukrainians consider Russians to be good neighbors, and Russians consider Ukrainians to be an inferior race and enemies of Russia!
smartly miller

Another sensation: 92 percent of Ukrainians love Russia, but only 46 percent of Russians reciprocate. Why?

It is interesting that studies with similar results were carried out in parallel - by the Russian Levada Center and the Kyiv international institution sociology (KIIS). The data are almost the same.

In Russia, a representative survey touched 1,600 Russians in 128 settlements in 46 regions of the country. In Ukraine, 1997 respondents were interviewed, living in all regions of Ukraine, in the Crimea and in Kyiv. The statistical error does not exceed 3.4 percent.

In Ukraine, only 6 percent of respondents have a negative attitude towards Russia, in Russia - 44 percent towards Ukraine. In Ukraine, 19 percent said they would like to unite, in Russia 14 percent want this.

Most worryingly, the percentage of Ukrainians who have a positive attitude towards Russia rose from 88 percent to 91 percent from April to October, while the number of Russians who have a positive attitude towards Ukraine, on the contrary, decreased from 55 percent to 46 percent over the same period. .

- The main character of Russian fairy tales is Ivan the Fool, Ukrainian - Kotygoroshko;

Russia.
Ivan the Fool
Ivan the Fool, or Ivanushka the Fool- one of the main prototypical characters of Russian fairy tales. According to some versions, the name with the epithet fool is a name-amulet that prevents the evil eye. Embodies a special fairy-tale strategy that does not proceed from the standard postulates of practical reason, but is based on the search own decisions, often contrary to common sense, but, ultimately, bringing success.

According to other versions, "fool" is his property status. Since he is the third son, he is not entitled to a share in the inheritance (remains in the cold).

As a rule, his social status is low - a peasant son or the son of an old man with an old woman. He was often the third in the family, younger son. Not married.

With the help of magical means, and especially thanks to his "not mind", Ivan the Fool successfully passes all the tests and achieves the highest values: he defeats the enemy, marries the king's daughter, receives both wealth and fame ... Perhaps Ivan the Fool achieves all this thanks to that he embodies the first (according to Georges Dumézil) magical-legal function, connected not so much with the deed as with the word, with priestly duties.

Ivan the Fool is the only one of the brothers who speaks in a fairy tale. Ivan the Fool guesses and guesses riddles, that is, he does what a priest does in many traditions during a ritual dedicated to the main annual holiday.

Ivan the Fool - poet and musician; in fairy tales, his singing, his ability to play the wonderful pipe or the gusli-samoguds, which make the herd dance, are emphasized. Ivan the Fool is the bearer of a special speech, in which, in addition to riddles, jokes, and jokes, there are fragments where either the phonetic or semantic principles of ordinary speech are violated, or even something resembling absurdity; compare “nonsense”, “absurdities”, linguistic paradoxes based, in particular, on the game of homonymy and synonymy, polysemy and a lot of referentiality of the word, etc. (for example, Ivan the Fool describes killing a snake with a spear as a meeting with evil, which evil and struck, "evil died of evil"). Ivan the Fool is connected in the plot with a certain critical situation, culminating in a holiday (victory over the enemy and marriage), in which he is the main participant.

Ukraine.
catpeas
Kotigoroshko (Pokotigoroshko)- the hero of the Ukrainian (and Belarusian) folk tale of the same name. A boy of extraordinary strength who was born with peas. With the help of the Cossacks-characterists Vernigora, Vernidub and Krutius defeats the Serpent and frees his brothers and sister. His name is associated with peas, a legume that has been grown since the Chalcolithic times by the peoples who inhabited Asia Minor, the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Peas were considered a symbol life force in agricultural societies: productivity, fertility of livestock and prosperity of the house. In particular, among the Slavs, peas were an integral part of the Christmas table and marriage ceremonies, which were associated with the birth of children. The meaning of the image of Kotygoroshko is one of the images of the winner over trouble, illness, problems in Ukrainian folklore. In the image of Kotigoroshka, the people embody such traits as heroic strength, steadfastness in the fight against enemies, loyalty, quick wits, etc. mythological heroes and the characters of our fairy tales, Kotygoroshka calls the Ukrainian Hercules. Both of them are the strongest and folk heroes, and both are the son of the deity himself and the symbol of male power. After all, the ancient Hercules is the son of Zeus, and our Slavic Pea acts as one of the incarnations of the Family - the all-encompassing god of the ancient Slavs. In the image of a boy who appeared from a pea, the people embodied not only such traits as heroic strength, stamina in the fight against enemies, but and fidelity, ingenuity. No wonder modern mythoanalysts interpret the pea as a cosmological and epistemological (that is, cognitive) core.

Summary: Ivan the Fool is the personification of the Russian mentality. An indicator of the aspirations and hopes of the Russian people. Trash, freebie, maybe, blunder, laziness are the main negative structural units of the memocomplex of the average Russian. Broad soul, generosity, kindness, extreme luck are positive.

Kotygoroshko- the personification of the mentality of Ukrainians. My hut is on the edge, work in the panshchina, stinginess, dislike for neighbors are negative structural units of the memocomplex. Diligence, pride in the motherland, diligence, loyalty to one's people are positive.

We begin the second issue of the series "Visiting a Fairy Tale". At first it seemed to me that it was quite possible to combine Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian fairy tales into one bouquet, but, as even a minimal penetration into the environment showed, everything is not so simple, and the fairy tales of the Slavic brothers differ both in form and in content. Let's start by looking at these differences. Firstly, Ukrainian fairy tales are much longer and, if I may say so, they have more logic, and cause-and-effect relationships are not violated as roughly as in the “northern brothers”. To put it simply, the Russians folk tales it is quite possible to publish under the heading "from 3 to 6 years", while Ukrainian - "for primary and secondary school age." So what are the differences?

We have almost no fools

First, in the characters. The notorious Ivan the Fool and the oligophrenic Emel somehow fade into the background. We don’t have fools, we have more or less narrow-minded relatives and friends, but, at the same time, there is always a cunningly crafted character, even Ivan, who skillfully using the forces of nature and the charms of others magical characters(evil spirits, animals, plants, etc.), always masterfully achieves his goal. Secondly, a much greater role is assigned to our smaller brothers - animals to which various magical qualities, intelligence, cunning and some integrity. People also appear, but somehow there are fewer of them. And, thirdly, the main difference is that Ukrainian fairy tales are much longer and more complicated. This is where it is worth evaluating this phenomenon.

Tales about fairy tales

I have already written about how fairy tales were born in the old days. Wandering storytellers - swindlers and adventurers (and they simply could not be otherwise, because they would not have survived!) - entered the settlement and were simply obliged to repay the food in kind. Someone sang, someone showed tricks, someone drove trained animals. But the talent of the storyteller is valuable because it minimizes overhead costs and, in the presence of talent, promises the performer very serious dividends. Russian folk tales clearly reflect the sides of Russian nature - the tale begins quite coherently, and by the end it turns off as it should - in the course of the story, both the audience and the performers clearly "rolled intoxicant", so that gradually it became more and more difficult for one to broadcast, and for the other it was all no matter how the story ends. In this situation, the simpler the better. Remembering a simple plot, and even more so repeating it in the morning, after heavy drinking - is much easier!

We have a higher class

The Ukrainian, it is obvious, cannot be caught with such bullshit! Firstly, we still drank less, and, by the way, ate better. Therefore, it became problematic to work out dinner and an overnight stay with a few small fables. Listeners sat at the tables for a long time, with entertainment there was not much, with snacks - on the contrary. The people craved entertainment for every calorie fed to the storyteller. Yes, and to drink to the point of insanity the one who bites the vodka with bacon and other meat delights is not so easy. Therefore, the class of Ukrainian storytellers was undoubtedly higher, and the narratives were much longer - the situation urgently demanded it. And so it is seen, as soon as the mustachioed grandfather Panas of the local spill begins to get tipsy and “get confused in the testimony”, there is a local meticulous listener right there, pointing out to him the plot and logical punctures! But what about - and raise your shares among local women, and let a common artist in - so that he doesn’t really wonder. In order not to be unfounded, I propose to plunge into the bizarre world of Ukrainian fairy tales in order to feel it all in your own skin.

-Ukrainians outwardly differ significantly from Russians.

Russian
Ukrainian
Anthropologists have been able, over several decades of intense research, to reveal the appearance of a typical Russian person. These are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, it was also obtained verbal portrait typical Ukrainian. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes.

Anthropological studies of Ukrainians began in the 60s of the nineteenth century.

The most solid of them were made on the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries by the outstanding Ukrainian anthropologist and ethnographer H. Volk, a professor at the Russian and Parisian academies of sciences.

H. Volk established such differences between Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples.

Ukrainians are overwhelmingly black-haired and dark-eyed. Russians, Belarusians, Poles - mostly fair-haired and light-eyed.

Russians and Belarusians have a longer skull than Ukrainians. The height of the skull of Ukrainians exceeds that of Russians and Belarusians. According to the terminology of anthropologists, Ukrainians belong to the round-headed peoples, Russians and Belarusians belong to the long-headed ones.

Ukrainians are approaching the number of narrow-faced peoples. The Russian type tends to be broad-cheeked. Ukrainians are mostly narrow-nosed. characteristic feature purely Ukrainian type - a smooth nose profile. The concave nose, as Volk noted, is found in Volyn, in the east and north of Ukraine, which the anthropologist explained by the influence of Poles, Belarusians, and Great Russians. The anthropologist considered the arched (eagle) nose of the inhabitants of the south-east of Ukraine to be the influence of the Iranian tribes.

Arm length (in relation to height) Ukrainians have an average - less than that of Russians and Belarusians, but slightly larger than that of the Balkan Slavs.

The leg length of Ukrainians exceeds this indicator among Poles and Belarusians, and especially among Russians. According to the calculations of another anthropologist - A. Ivanovsky, Ukrainians belong to the group of tribes with the longest legs.

In one of the Ukrainian newspapers I read an interview with the ballerina M. Plisetskaya. When asked by a correspondent why her Moscow ballet troupe consisted almost entirely of Ukrainians, the ballerina replied: "Ukrainians have very talented legs." I don’t know what the ballerina put into the concept of “talented legs”, but the length of the legs of a ballet dancer is of paramount importance.

According to anthropological characteristics, Ukrainians reveal a greater kinship with the southern and Western Slavs(with the exception of the Poles) than with the Great Russians, Belarusians.

Researchers in the past attributed Ukrainians to tall peoples. Russians, Belarusians, Poles - to undersized.

- IN Russia - Russians do not like Chechens, in Ukraine - Ukrainians are friends with the Crimean Tatars.

Russia.
Ramzan Kadyrov
The classic Russian netted hamster, who made his nest out of pillows on the couch, hates the Chechens fiercely. For him, the Chechens are evil. It is they who are to blame for the low salary, deteriorating ecology, beer belly and latent impotence by 35. Any news from Chechnya is commented on by the discharge of "righteous" anger, obscenities and primitive malice.

Ukrainians often surprise me with complete ignorance of their history - even at the level of an elementary school curriculum.
But the Russians, oddly enough, sin the same way.
It is quite common to hear idiotic phrases from Russians that Kyiv is the "mother of Russian cities", and the territory of Ukraine is the "cradle of Russian civilization." Ukrainians are often seen as Russians who have been brainwashed by anti-Russian propaganda.
I know that such versions are quite widespread.
But all this is nonsense.
Approximately the same nonsense as about Alaska, which Catherine allegedly sold.
Quite often, ignorance of history just turns into mutual hatred and tragedy. History needs to be known. Nothing less important than knowing math.
Therefore, let's try to remember the real story - at least at the most elementary, schematic level.

During the early Middle Ages, on vast expanses, from the Baltic to the Danube, numerous tribes of our ancestors lived. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bLake Ilmen, a tribe of Slavs lived (that's what it was called - Slavs); Krivichi lived in the Pskov-Velikiye Luki region; in the Ryazan-Orel region (I name modern cities to make it clearer about what area we are talking about) - Vyatichi (who had nothing to do with the modern Vyatka River); on the territory of modern Belarus - Polochans (north) and Dregovichi (south); In the area of ​​Chernihiv-Sumy - northerners; in the Smolensk-Lyubech area, - radimichi; in the Pripyat river basin - the Drevlyans; in the Western Bug river basin - Volynians; on the territory of modern Galicia (western Ukraine) - white Croats (it was from here that part of the tribe later left for the territory of modern Croatia); in the area of ​​Kyiv and the river Ros - glade; in the interfluve of the Southern Bug and the Dniester - street; between the Dniester and the Prut (modern Moldova) - Tivertsy.
Gradually, greatest success in development, reached the tribe of the Slavs - the most powerful and numerous. Maybe because being far from the steppe regions, the Slavs were not exposed to the dangers of invasions - and also because in a cooler climate, outbreaks of all kinds of infections, epidemics, and epizootics occur less frequently.
In turn, within the tribe itself, a group that lived in the area of ​​​​the settlement of Russa gained strength - perhaps because there were salt pans there from ancient times (Staraya Russa, Novgorod region - and today a popular resort, a kind of northern Kislovodsk); and salt in the old days was valued quite highly. In addition, these breweries were located in a favorable location - a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" ran along the rivers. At the same time, unlike the distant Sivash (where salt was also mined), there was no danger from wild nomads here. It is not surprising that the clan of Russian Slavs rose above other tribesmen. In history, this has happened all the time. Suffice it to recall how the clan of Romans rose among the tribe of the Latins, and then, in turn, among the Romans rose the clan of patricians, who looked with contempt on the plebeians.
Thus, a division arose - into "simply" Slavs, and Russian Slavs (or, simply, Rus').
Gradually, the Russians took power over all the Slavs - and then over a number of other tribes (for example - over the Krivichi). And over time, it became a practice to call Russian all those tribes that were under the direct rule of the Russians. And those tribes that were not under the rule of the Russians, but at the same time their blood-linguistic kinship was felt (unlike, say, the Germans, or the Finno-Ugric peoples, who were absolutely obvious strangers), were called Slavs - that is, similar to the Slavs similar to the Slavs. At the same time, the Finno-Ugric peoples, all in a crowd, were called a miracle, nomads - infidels, the peoples of Scandinavia - Varangians, and the peoples of central Europe - Germans (that is, dumb, unable to speak our language). These terms have taken root and become widely used.
Subsequently, north of Ilmen was built new town, which, without further ado, was called Novgorod. The city grew rapidly and gradually became the capital of the emerging Russian state.
In 862, the Russian expeditionary corps (in modern terms), led by Prophetic Oleg (who, by the way, was not a prince at all) set out from the then capital of Russia, Novgorod, in a southerly direction - with the aim of substituting real, unconditional Russian control, the entire space between the Baltic and the Black Sea (all the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks"). Rus' of that time was already a strong enough state entity to set such global goals for its troops.
During the campaign, the Russians along the way asserted power among those tribes through whose lands they passed.
It was not in the nature of a bloody conquest. The tribes were weak and primitive, the Russians were a strong, civilized people - no one wanted to argue with them. So the town (settlement) of Smolensk was annexed bloodlessly, then Lyubech. Moving further south, the Russians saw the small town of Kyiv, in the vicinity of which the Polyan tribe lived, paying tribute to the Khazars.
Kyiv was also occupied by the Russian army - and the clearing became part of the Russian state.
Modern historians attach exaggeratedly great importance to this event. The year 862 began to be considered the year of the foundation of a single Russian state - and Prophetic Oleg began to be perceived as the founder of Rus'. Many incredible myths have arisen. Allegedly, Prophetic Oleg moved the capital to Kyiv, allegedly he proclaimed Kyiv "the mother of Russian cities" ...
All this is nonsense, of course - in the spirit of gossip that Kabaeva has already given birth to her second child from Putin.
The annexation of Kyiv was no fundamentally different from the annexation of, say, Smolensk or Lyubech. If someone had said to Oleg then, pointing to Kyiv, that he had in front of him the "mother of Russian cities" - he probably would have laughed for a long time. Kyiv of that time was a small provincial town, on the outskirts Slavic world. Oleg simply could not move the capital somewhere, because, I repeat, he was not a prince at all. The decision of such questions, was not in its competence.
As for the fiction that the word Rus came from the name of the river Ros, this version is so primitive that it does not even cause laughter. Only a loser of primary school age can believe in her.
Ros is a small river, which is still unremarkable, there is not a single large city on its banks. And in the old days it was generally a border, between the lands of the Slavs and the nomad camps of the Pechenegs-Polovtsians. There was not and could not be a permanent population in such a dangerous, controversial place. Closest to the river Slavic tribe, were glades. I want to emphasize that nowhere and never, not a single people on the globe, was not called by the name of the river, or the mountain. Because first people appear (who by that time somehow call themselves) - and then these people give names to rivers, mountains, and so on. The name Ros, most likely comes from the word "dew". There are a lot of rivers with this name in Russia.
Why is it customary to consider the year 862 the year of foundation of the unified Russian state?
There are several reasons for this - from purely Russophobic speculation, to the primitive desire of unfortunate historians, to bring everything under some kind of frame, to come up with some kind of date for everything.
For example - February 23 is celebrated in Russia as the day of the armed forces.
But why? What happened on February 23rd?
And nothing happened - absolutely. Just need some exact date, "for show".
In fact, no one knows the exact date of the founding of such world empires as Rus', China, or Rome. Here is the Republic of Burundi, or the Republic of Honduras - proclaimed on such and such a date, such and such a month, such and such a year. For Burundi, or Honduras, this is normal. When they disappear, this will also be recorded with accuracy.
And Rus', China, or Rome are eternal. Nobody knows exactly when they appeared. And they never die without a trace. For example, the Roman Empire has already collapsed more than once. And each time it was reborn again and again - either in the form of the empire of Charlemagne, then in the form of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German people", then in the form of Napoleon's empire, then in the form of the Third Reich, then in the form of the modern European Union. The same is true for Russia and China.
By the way, this is not my definition. This is the legendary French general and President, Charles de Gaulle, who arrived in the USSR and traveled around the country, having visited different cities, having talked with a variety of people (he spoke a little Russian), he said publicly that Russia is eternal ...
Having successfully completed the task assigned to them, the troops under the leadership Prophetic Oleg- returned to Novgorod land.
In 907, a new campaign was undertaken - already against Byzantium.
The campaign was successful, Oleg's victory was complete. Byzantium became a tributary of Rus'. Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of the Byzantine capital, as a sign of Russian victory.
At the end of the campaign, Oleg returned to his homeland with the army. But the prince (Igor) decided that, taking into account the new political realities, taking into account the fact that now the power of Rus' extends to Byzantium, he should move his headquarters closer to the conquered lands, closer to the south.
His choice fell on Kyiv.
Approximately the same thing happened that, after many centuries, Peter I did - having won access to the Baltic Sea, he transferred the capital to the annexed lands. This does not mean that the cradle of Rus' was in those swamps on which Petersburg was founded. This does not mean that Petersburg was "the mother of Russian cities." In the same way, the distant border outskirts, on which there existed small town Kyiv, which has never been - neither a mother, nor a father, nor a nephew, nor a wife of Russian cities.
It must be said right away that the "capital", for that era, is a very relative concept. For example - no one can name the capital of Ancient China. Because the capitals were where the emperor's court was located - and the court sometimes moved from city to city. At the same time, not every emperor kept the whole country under his rule, from which large principalities were separated, which, after all, also had something like capitals.
The same situation - with the empire of Charlemagne, which did not have not only a single capital, but also a name. Now, purely conditionally, it is customary to call this state (by the way - powerful) the Frankish Empire, and the capital to designate the city of Aachen (in our time - located in Germany).
And in Rus' - the yard could move anywhere. Moreover, there could be several courtyards (do not forget about the princely civil strife). Therefore, one should not imagine the matter in such a way that if the court moved to Kyiv for some time, then Kyiv immediately became a kind of incomparable metropolis. The largest city of Rus', unconditionally remained Novgorod. Rostov (now - in the Yaroslavl region), Suzdal, Vladimir, Pskov also stood out. The prince, who was not the prince of Novgorod, or Rostov, could not even hope to take power in Kyiv. For example, Yaroslav the Wise - most of his conscious life reigned in Novgorod and Rostov.
Prince Svyatoslav generally transferred the capital from Kyiv to the banks of the Danube (after he conquered Bulgaria).
And over time, Rus' was divided into several principalities, each of which was, in fact, independent state- including with its capital. Cities such as Vladimir and Pskov have become larger than Kyiv.
If at the initial stage, after the transfer of the capital to Kyiv, this gave impetus to the development of the city, then later it turned into a whole bunch of problems for Kyiv. Because every prince tried to capture this city. And they captured. Robbed. Burned...
By 1240, when the Mongols approached the walls of Kyiv, only a shadow of its short-lived greatness remained from the former city.
Just please, do not nod to the term "Kievan Rus". This term was introduced into use by historians of the 19th century, simply in order to somehow designate the pre-Mongolian era in the history of Rus'. The people who lived in the state, which we today conditionally call Kievan Rus, did not realize that their country was called that way. Just like the ancient Romans and the ancient Greeks did not know that they were ancient. And just like the inhabitants medieval Europe, did not guess that they were medieval. On the contrary, they believed that they were living in the last time and, for example, in the year 1000, they were seriously waiting for the end of the world.
But then came the year 1237.
Hordes of Mongols moved to North-Western Rus' (modern Central Russia) (in fact, there were not so many Mongols there, it was all of Asia on horseback. For example, Chinese masters made and operated wall-beating machines).
The victims were terrible, many cities were burned.
But for all that, the largest, most powerful principality - Novgorod (whose lands stretched from the Baltic to the Urals) - was almost not affected by the invasion. As well as a number of other lands (for example - Pskov). Some cities managed to negotiate with the Mongols and were not destroyed (for example, Yaroslavl and Kostroma). Some fought off the invasion (for example - Smolensk).
Moreover, even those principalities that were invaded were not completely depopulated, thanks to the abundance of forests, swamps, and rivers. People had places to hide. And the smart, cautious, cunning policy of Alexander Nevsky - reduced the victories of the Mongols to the minimum.
Russian captives were redeemed, Russian cities were rebuilt, Russian principalities retained all the attributes of independence (their money, armies, borders, their princes, their international relations) - getting off with only the payment of tribute. The forests and swamps of the Northwest did not attract the Mongols as pastures; they never tried to live on these lands.
In 1240, the Mongols made a new campaign - this time against the principalities that were located on the territory of modern Ukraine.
Everything here was immeasurably scarier.
The trip was better organized. The massacre quickly took on the character of a total genocide. The Galician-Volyn princes (the strongest in those parts) made a colossal mistake, relying on Europe and deciding to stop the conquerors military force. And the terrain in Ukraine is steppe, sparsely forested. Nomads expanse, and the peasants have nowhere to hide.
A scorched field remains from Ukraine.
Then the Mongols made a successful, crushing campaign against the united forces of Europe, defeated all their enemies without exception (there is an opinion that the Europeans allegedly repelled their attack - but this is not true) reached the Adriatic Sea (which they mistook for the Atlantic Ocean) - and, tired of the campaign, burdened with booty, they returned to the Black Sea steppes, thus becoming direct neighbors of the surviving inhabitants of modern Ukraine.
It was a complete, absolute disaster.
A few European travelers noted in their notes that a wretched village remained from Kyiv, with 200-300 houses,where unfortunate people live, cruelly oppressed by the Tatars.
Russians from the territory of modern Russia (for example, Novgorodians), as best they could, helped people from the defeated outskirts. For example, in Western Ukraine there is a town of Galich - which was once the center of this entire region (that's why Western Ukraine is called Galicia). Novgorodians ransomed the inhabitants of this city, driven into slavery by the Mongols - and settled them on the territory of the modern Kostroma region. Therefore, today in the Kostroma region there is a city called Galich.
Bloodless Galicia (Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk) for some time retained signs of statehood - but this did not last very long.
Various predators and new owners began to flock to the devastated lands.
At first it was the Lithuanians. Then the Lithuanians themselves fell under the rule of the Poles. And if the Lithuanians treated the Slavic population quite calmly, then the Poles turned the remnants of this population into absolutely disenfranchised slaves. "Kholop" and "cattle" - that was the name of the Poles for the remnants of the Russian population (mixed by that time with Tatars and Lithuanians).
And besides the Poles, the Hungarians and even the Moldovans climbed for prey. Plus, like locusts, Jewish tenants (who enjoyed the special favor of the Poles), Armenian merchants, and many others flooded in.
At the same time, the raids of the Tatars constantly continued, which formed their own Crimean Tatar horde near Ukraine. Then the Tatars themselves fell under the rule of the Turks - and the new owners also liked to profit from the Slavic lands (the Tatars, at the same time, being tributaries of the Turks, did not stop the raids).
All more or less intelligent active people, from among the Russian population - fled from this troubled outskirts to the Novgorod lands and Vladimir-Moscow Rus', which already in 1380 defeated the Mongols on the Kulikovo field, and in 1480 put an end to any kind of dependence forever.
Three large states gradually formed - Russia, the Commonwealth (Poland) and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). And the borders of these states-cut modern Ukraine into three parts. Sumy, Kharkiv, Donbass - it was Russia (without any reservations). Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson, Crimea - these were the lands of the Crimean Tatars, subject to Turkey. Kiev, Lvov, Poltava, Vinnitsa, Rivne - it was Poland (on which the Tatar raids did not stop), Chernivtsi - Moldova (itself a former tributary of the Turks), Transcarpathia - Hungary. And this state of affairs lasted for centuries.
It was during this period (from about the end of the 16th century), from the mixed population of the outskirts three major states - a separate ethnic group began to take shape. From mixed and distorted words, jargon began to take shape, in which, at the very least, representatives of different nations could explain themselves to each other, whom the vicissitudes of fate had brought together.
At first, foreigners habitually called all this hodgepodge Russians. Then the word "Cherkasy" came into use. The words "Ukraine", "Ukrainians" - were of little use until the uprising of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.
It should be noted that at about the same time, on the American continent, such nations as, for example, Brazilians, Argentines, Mexicans began to slowly form as a result of mixing different races and peoples.
In 1648, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, taking advantage of internal strife in Poland (there was a lack of a queen and a squabble for power), led the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks to Poland. He was a smart man who had seen a lot in his life. Therefore, instead of making an ordinary robbery and robbery raid on Poland, I decided to make the most high stakes, a bet on a general anti-Polish, anti-Catholic uprising. In addition, he entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan.
Poland had a hard time. For the first time, the Poles encountered a man who managed to attract almost all non-Polish forces to his side (however, Western Ukraine almost did not take part in this).
But in the end, the rebels began to squabble among themselves - and the Poles settled their problems and fell upon Ukraine. There began a form of genocide. The Poles acted with the local population in much the same way as the Spanish conquistadors did with the Indians on the American continent.
Huge crowds of refugees rushed to the Russian border. Russia allowed them to settle in the border lands. That is why and only because of this, in the areas of Kharkiv-Sumy-Donbass, a noticeable stratum of the Ukrainian population has formed.
Meanwhile, the position of the rebels was becoming hopeless. The Tatars turned out to be unreliable allies.
And then Bogdan Khmelnitsky turned to Russia with a request to take Ukrainian lands under his hand.
Russia has shown caution. Khmelnitsky had to make such requests 6 times.
Finally, Moscow made a decision.
In 1654, the famous Pereyaslav Rada took place, at which it was proclaimed clearly, unequivocally, publicly, in the presence of the clergy: "Forever with Russia, forever with the Russian people." Note that it was not said: "Until such and such a year with Russia - and then apart." It was not said: "As long as Russia is rich and strong, while stroking our fur, we are with Russia. But if something is wrong, then we are on the sidelines." No - it was said: "Forever with Russia - forever with the Russian people!" Exactly so, and not in any other way. Bogdan Khmelnitsky (knowing well his fellow tribesmen and the value of their oaths) deliberately walked around the Cossacks in public, approached various foremen separately and asked - are they all and do they fully agree with what is happening? And invariably heard affirmative exclamations in response ...
Who did the Russians see in front of them when they returned to their ancestral lands in 1654?
Alas, there was a people in front of them, only vaguely resembling the Slavs.
Look at old (and not only old) paintings Ukrainian artists. Who do you see on them? You will see in these pictures lop-faced, black-haired men, in bloomers and boots with turned-up toes, sitting in a meadow with a pipe in their teeth, tucking their legs in Turkish style - and thin, black-haired, black-eyed girls. If you do not know who is depicted in the picture, you may well think that the Turks are in front of you.
The Russians heard a strange dialect, in which it was difficult to guess the highly distorted, littered with borrowings and vulgarisms, Russian language. However, it was by no means the language that is commonly called "Ukrainian literary language" today. It was the so-called surzhik - which is precisely the Ukrainian dialect of the Great Russian language.
However, at that time, the Russians still did not know well what their new allies were. Therefore, sincerely, decisively, they attacked the Poles and Tatars. And they've had great success. Both the Poles and the Tatars were defeated. In addition, the Swedes attacked the Poles from the north, occupying Warsaw and Krakow. It seemed that Poland ceased to exist.
And then the irreparable happened - Bogdan Khmelnitsky died.
And immediately the essence of those who recently swore allegiance to Russia was exposed.
The atamans of Khmelnytsky (and even his own son) - began to muddy the waters against Russia, began to weave conspiracies, entering into alliances with the Turks, Tatars and with the unfinished Poles. At the same time, Ukrainian cities were given to the Tatars for plunder without hesitation. The Russians suddenly saw that they were dealing with a gang of scoundrels and savages, devoid of conscience, intelligence, and the ability to see at least a little further than their nose. It got to the point that the courtiers began to advise the Russian Tsar to throw Ukraine to hell and withdraw troops to the Russian borders. But the Russian Tsar, a pious and decent man (after all, he was not a Ukrainian!) was horrified at the thought of handing over the Orthodox (albeit dissolute) people into the hands of the Turks and Tatars.
In the meantime, the Poles managed, by an incredible exertion of all forces, to fight off the Swedes.
And in Ukraine, leapfrog continued with all sorts of conspiracies. Each bandit, who had a gang of a couple of dozen people, fancied himself a hetman, easily entering into negotiations with the same Poles or Turks.
In the end, the Russians and Poles, driven to white heat by the insane behavior of the Ukrainians, decided to put an end to all this rubbish - and divided Ukraine along the Dnieper.
Then, over time, step by step, century by century, central Ukraine became part of Russia, followed by Volhynia.
Under a tough but reasonable Russian leadership, Ukraine recovered, ate, came to its senses. The Russians built cities and roads, plants and factories, canals and mills, mines and mines in Ukraine - turning a wild field into a developed industrial and agricultural region. As for the wild field - no reservation. A significant part of Ukraine, before joining Russia, officially bore the name - "Wild Field".
Ukrainians, under the rule of Russians, gradually became civilized, learned to dress normally, wash regularly, learned to read and write, began to more or less resemble Europeans. In the east, which used to be part of Russia, the level of civilization was higher. In the center and in the west - lower. But still, the impression was created that something worthwhile began to turn out from the Ukrainians.
Meanwhile, Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina were part of Austria-Hungary. There the situation was radically different. The population of this area - remained deeply downtrodden, rural. And among this rural population, the Austrians, in their own interests, planted bestial anti-Polish and anti-Russian sentiments. The so-called "Ukrainian literary language" was gradually invented and began to be introduced into the masses - an ugly, completely artificial creation, never former language, on which they communicate at home, in a close circle. In addition, people were forced to abandon the faith of their fathers and Uniatism was introduced - an artificial pseudo-religion, which has no analogues anywhere else in the world. A sort of mixture of Orthodoxy with Catholicism. The real religion of slaves.
In 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, a civil war began.
And it immediately became clear that the Ukrainians were civilized only outwardly, under the supervision of the Russian authorities. When the supervision disappeared, the mess began again. Each district has its own "dad", with a gang of thugs.
On top of that, Ukraine was occupied by the troops of Kaiser's Germany, along with the Austrians.
The Germans decided to create a puppet pseudo-state in the occupied territories, led by a pseudo-government.
The planting of the so-called "Ukrainian literary language"- which, in general, met with ridicule by the population of Ukraine itself.
But the Germans in Ukraine could not resist. And the Trotskyist Bolsheviks, who replaced the Germans, in a fit of Russophobia, also indulged in the all-round planting of the "Ukrainian literary language." Nevertheless, despite all the efforts, this pseudo-language did not become popular.
The Soviet government spoke long and tediously about the brotherhood and community of all Soviet peoples.
But alas, Ukrainians are too different from Russians. They have Russian blood - at most 30%. The remaining 70% are Polish, Tatar, Turkish, Jewish, Hungarian, Gypsy, Armenian, Moldavian, Lithuanian, Austrian blood.
That is, this is already a separate ethnic group, albeit definitely related to Russians.
Surzhik, which he speaks most of Ukrainians - this is the Ukrainian dialect of the Russian language, which may someday develop into a real Ukrainian language.
Long centuries of slavery, numerous invasions of foreign predators, constant humiliation, oppression, mass rape of women, complete violation of elementary human rights - have left their indelible imprint on the character of Ukrainians. Genetic memory is a powerful and merciless thing.
Unlike a Russian, a Ukrainian (even if he outwardly resembles a Russian) is secretive, greedy, obliging, mean, cruel, stupid, stealing, boastful, lascivious, pathologically vain, incapable of sound introspection. A Ukrainian cannot be smart - he can be cunning ... flamboyant. A Ukrainian may seem like a good business executive - if from above his activities are controlled by people of a different nationality (for example, Russians). But if you leave the Ukrainian to himself, everything will go wrong for him. Ukrainians definitely need a shepherd. Suffice it to recall how the Ukrainians, over the 23 years of their independence, turned one of the most highly developed republics of the former USSR into a shameful backward horde, into a supplier of guest workers and prostitutes to the world market. Ukrainians can be quite compared with blacks - who also spent too long in slavery, and whose genetics are also twisted.
A Ukrainian is always "weak in the front". There are no exceptions among them. Among Russians, only mentally handicapped, mentally unhealthy women are prone to such behavior. A Ukrainian woman can have any diploma, or even a bunch of diplomas - and at the same time remain a finished, frostbitten whore. If no one wants to pay her for sex, she will pay for sex herself. This is a legacy of those times when Ukrainian women were the constant prey of Tatar-Turkish gangs, Polish-Lithuanian-Hungarian-Austrian owners, Jewish tenants (usually holding the entire surrounding population in tight bondage) and Armenian merchants.
Perhaps, over time, the twisted psyche of Ukrainians (and Ukrainian women) will straighten out - but this will probably happen in two or three hundred years. And that, provided that they live under the control of some civilized, developed nation. For example - under the control of the Russians.
Especially for those Ukrainians who want to be indignant after reading what I wrote, I want to say: you don’t need to show me your indignation - I don’t give a damn about him. You need to change your behavior, you need to learn to see yourself, your actions, from the outside. Note - I do not write anything like that about the Japanese, or the Norwegians. Because all of the above is not typical for the Japanese, or Norwegians. It is typical for Ukrainians. If you want people to have a different opinion about you - become different.
By no means do I want to say that the Russians have no shortcomings. There are a lot of shortcomings - and I often write about it on my blog. But in this particular case, I am talking about Ukrainians. And I don't try to bite them. Just reminding readers of a real, not fictional story.
I'm just tired of reading frank fictions and nonsense that the Internet is teeming with...

15 points why Ukrainians and Russians are two individual peoples(ethnoses, nations).

1. Ukrainians have their own ethnic territory, where they have lived compactly for many centuries. The ethnic territory of the Russians is located to the northeast of it and does not intersect with it. Ukrainians cannot be attributed to the sub-ethnos of Russians (Muscovites), since even the imperial ideologists of the 19th century did not think so, and also because the well-known Russian sub-ethnoses (Kamchadals, Pomors, etc.) are characterized by weak differences in language and culture among themselves, extremely small numbers and dispersion resettlement. A Polish map from 1927 shows the ethnic territory of Ukrainians (the Poles called them Rusyns). Apparently, they inhabited the entire mainland Ukraine, together with the Crimean Tatars - the Crimea, and also lived in neighboring regions of Slovakia, Poland, Belarus and the RSFSR. But during the long Russification carried out by the Soviet authorities in the 20th century, Ukrainians living in the RSFSR were assimilated and turned into Russians. It is important to note that the Ukrainian People's Republic appeared and gained independence in 1917-1918 thanks to the efforts of ordinary Ukrainians - immigrants from the territory Russian Empire, and with minimal participation of the Galicians. After all, Galicia was then part of Austria-Hungary and united with the UNR only in 1919 after the collapse of the Austrian empire.

2. Ukrainians and Russians have different ethnic origins. Ukrainians were formed approximately in the 13th century due to the consolidation of certain Slavic ethnic groups (White Croats, Volhynians, Drevlyans, Polyans, Severians, Tivertsy and Ulichi), including Scytho-Sarmatian and slightly Thracian components, and later influenced by Turkic nomads. The Russians arose at about the same time from the unification of other Slavic tribes (Vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes, Pskov and Tver Krivichi), absorbing the Finno-Ugric and, to a lesser extent, Baltic components, and then assimilating part of the Belarusians, Veps, Tatars and other peoples. In the 9th-11th centuries, the glades were called Rus - the most important ethnic group of Kievan Rus. Later, in the 12th-15th centuries, the entire East Slavic population belonging to the Orthodox Church was collectively referred to as Rus, Rusyns or Russian people. And after the collapse of the Republic of Ingushetia, the Great Russians (Muscovites) turned the term “Russians” into an ethnonym, monopolizing it, despite the fact that Ukraine is the main successor of Kievan Rus. A similar situation can be traced among the Romanians, whose ethnonym is similar to the name of Roman citizens in Latin, Italian and Romanian. Initially, only Roman citizens were considered Romans, from the 3rd century - the entire free population of the Roman state, even later, residents of the northeastern outskirts of the former empire took the designation of Roman citizenship as an ethnonym, although the true heiress ancient rome is Italy.

3. Ukrainians have their own language - Ukrainian. Nobody denied the existence of obvious differences between Ukrainian and Great Russian speech in the 19th century. At the same time, some Russian linguists called Ukrainian speech independent language, while others, fearing the oppression of tsarist despotism, helpfully called it the dialect of the “Russian language” along with Great Russian. Until the second quarter of the 20th century, all Ukrainians spoke Ukrainian. However, as a result of forced education in Russian, practiced in Ukrainian schools and universities by the Soviet authorities, over time, many Ukrainians began to speak Russian. Now in Ukraine there is a linguistic diversity - the inhabitants of the country speak Ukrainian, Russian, both languages ​​or Surzhik. During centuries of development Ukrainian language was influenced by other languages, but the influence of Polish was not strong. After all, the Dnieper dialect, which became the basis of literary Ukrainian in the middle of the 19th century, is distributed on both sides of the Dnieper, although the lands to the west of this river were part of Poland for 224 years, and to the east - only 85 years.

4. Ukrainians have a rich and distinctive ethnic culture. Their anthroponymy, oral folk art, music, dance, types of dwellings, art, cuisine, national costume, rituals and customs differ markedly from Russians. For example, Ukrainian settlements are characterized by landscaping with green spaces and huts with a thatched roof, adobe floors, whitewashed inside and out, in which the stove was often painted with flowers. The songs of Ukrainians are distinguished by spontaneity and cheerfulness - they reflect the heroism, optimism and humor of the people. For Russians, poorly maintained yards and black log huts with wooden floors are typical, creating a bleak impression. And folk songs are distinguished by chant, imbued with lyricism and often evoke despondency. And although in the current post-industrial era, elements ethnic culture manifest themselves weakly in people's lives and are almost completely replaced by elements of regional culture (in this case, European), their presence is intended to confirm the different ethnic origins of Ukrainians and Russians.

5. Ukrainians are genetically very different from Russians. The diagram shows the genetic distance between different peoples: by autosomal SNP markers (sector A), by Y-DNA (sector B) and by mtDNA (sector C). It turns out that according to the distribution of autosomal markers, which is associated with the spread of anthropological elements, Ukrainians are closer to Poles, Slovaks and Croats than to northern and central Russians. Y-DNA data, better showing late migrants, shows that Ukrainians are close to southern and slightly central Russians, but far from northern ones, and in general Ukrainians are more similar to Slovaks and Slovenes. According to mtDNA data, which better reflects the ancient population, some Russian populations are close to Ukrainians, while others are far from them and are further away than Latvians and Czechs. It should be noted that in all three sectors one can see a very large variety of Russians, who, in accordance with genetic research not like united people. Unlike them, the Ukrainians are a very homogeneous ethnic group, genetically close only to the southern Russians, since they were formed with the participation of Ukrainians.

6. There are significant anthropological differences between Ukrainians and Russians. Anthropologists spoke about this in the Republic of Ingushetia, then in the USSR, as well as foreigners noted a noticeable difference in the physical appearance of the two peoples. For example, the Soviet anthropologist T. Alekseeva attributed the Ukrainians to one group of populations - the Dnieper-Carpathian. This group also includes Czechs and Slovaks. And T. Alekseeva attributed the Russians to two completely different groups of populations - the White Sea-Baltic and Eastern European. These groups also include Veps, Mishari Tatars and Udmurts. From a comprehensive comparison of the anthropological characteristics of Ukrainians and Russians, it becomes known that recent growth lower, narrower head, lighter hair and eyes, more developed upper eyelid crease, shorter and more often snub-nosed nose, weaker facial and body hair growth, weaker horizontal profiling of the face due to increased cheekbone protrusion. This is due to the fact that Ukrainians have more southern anthropological elements, and Russians have more northern, Uralic and Mongoloid ones.

7. Ukrainians have a special temperament. Due to a more southern genotype, a relatively warm climate with a predominance of clear or cloudy weather, and other reasons, they are characterized by an increased temperament, an open and cheerful disposition. Ukrainians make decisions quickly, are not afraid to protest against the authorities and defend their interests. Things are different for Russians, because due to the more northern genotype, relatively cold climate with frequent cloudy weather, etc., they are characterized by a low temperament, a secretive and gloomy character. They are slow to make decisions, fearful of their power and superiors - speaking out against the government is seen by them as a feat that few Russians are capable of. However, Russians are capable of acting loud and cheeky, but this usually happens after drinking alcoholic beverages.

8. Ukrainians can rightly be called a Christian people. And no matter how Russians boast of their unknown spirituality, a minority of them are Christians, even taking into account the newfangled obscurantists who have perverted the teachings and turned religion into a heretical militant cult. The CIA claims that in Ukraine, Christians make up more than half of the population, among which Orthodox Christians predominate (2013), while in the Russian Federation there are only 15-20% of Orthodox and 2% of other Christians (2006). Sociological surveys conducted in the Russian Federation and reporting that the majority of residents consider themselves Orthodox are doubtful, because many of the people surveyed are formal believers who do not really know the meaning of Christianity, do not live according to its prescriptions and are ready to laugh at any anecdote on a religious theme. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Easter services in 2009 were attended by 10.4 million people (23% of the population). And according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 4.5 million people (3% of the population) took part in Easter services in 2009. It turns out that Ukrainians are more Orthodox than Russians. And this is not surprising, since the Russians were the people who built the most anti-Christian state in history.

9. Ukrainians are less prone to bad habits than Russians. Indeed, in Ukraine there is less alcohol consumption in liters of pure ethanol per capita (aged 15 years and older) per year - 13.9 (2010) against 15.1 in the Russian Federation (2010). Probably, they did not take into account the use of moonshine and a substitute for alcohol, like “Hawthorn” and cologne, which are widespread in the Russian Federation. Otherwise, the difference between the level of alcoholism in Ukraine and Russia would be even more significant. In addition, less cigarettes are consumed per capita in Ukraine (aged 15 years and older) per year - 1854 (2014) versus 2690 in the Russian Federation (2014). And through a greater desire to lead healthy lifestyle life expectancy in Ukraine is also lower than the percentage of obese people and higher life expectancy than in the Russian Federation.

10. Ukrainians are less cruel and bloodthirsty than Russians. Indeed, intentional murders are less common in Ukraine - 4.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (2013) versus 9.2 in the Russian Federation (2013). During the war in the Ukrainian Donbas, inspired by the Russian Federation, several times fewer civilians died than during the first and second Chechen wars. Moreover, the Ukrainians did not turn the settlements of Donbass into ruins. In turn, the Russians cleared and leveled the Chechen villages and cities, especially Grozny. What crimes the Russian military is capable of was once again demonstrated during the war in Syria, when Russian troops killed civilians in batches and managed to turn eastern Aleppo into piles of rubble. In addition, Ukrainians are less prone to spiritual decline than Russians. In Ukraine, the suicide rate is lower - 16.8 per 100,000 inhabitants (2012) versus 19.5 in the Russian Federation (2012).

11. Ukrainians rarely lie, unlike Russians. The latter achieved special mastery in this matter and became "famous" throughout the Western world. The Russian authorities with lured propagandists deceive and manipulate the opinion of the population of the Russian Federation. The Russian president, officials and parliamentarians deceive other countries in official speeches. There were so many Russian lies that caring people had to create the Anti-Zombie project and websites that were originally aimed at combating Russian disinformation, and in Western countries a little later, the adoption of measures to protect against the streams of heresy coming from the Russian Federation also began.

12. Selling love is worse developed in Ukraine. According to the data of the Ukrainian Institute of Social Research for 2011, 50,000 women in the country were engaged in prostitution (0.1% of the population). According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 2012, there were about 1 million prostitutes in the Russian Federation (0.7% of the population) or, according to the Chairman of the Constitutional Court V. Zorkin for 2007, even more - 4.5 million prostitutes (3.2% of the population ). According to this paragraph, as well as paragraphs 8-11, it turns out that the moral character of Ukrainians is higher than that of Russians.

13. Ukrainians choose democracy. And the Russians, on the contrary, want a dictatorship - for them, the tougher the regime, the better, up to totalitarianism. Russians always need a master, a gentleman, a tyrant who will keep them in a tight grip, push around the country's population, solve important issues for them and take responsibility. Unlike them, Ukrainians prefer to live in a free state ruled by the people, where there is equality of citizens, protection of their rights and freedoms, the rule of law, separation of powers, election of the president and parliament. Therefore, it is not surprising that according to the Democracy Index for 2016, Ukraine is at 86th place, while the Russian Federation is at 134th, and according to the Freedom of the Press Index for 2017, Ukraine ranks 102nd, while the Russian Federation is stuck at 148th.

14. Ukrainians are true patriots, they value their homeland and do not seek to seize someone else's. Ukrainians are equipping their country, making it more beautiful and more comfortable for life, over the past 26 years of independence, they have not attacked anyone. For Russians, however, patriotism is ostentatious, directed outward, when instead of real work on themselves, they boast of imaginary achievements, they try to look important and formidable in front of the rest of the world. Russians do not value their homeland and have no desire to make it better - to cleanse it of dirt, overcome devastation, and reduce corruption. As a result, the despondency and hopelessness of life in the Russian Federation, together with a thirst for easy money, push them to seize foreign, not yet neglected, territories, or at least to move abroad forever, where they could “love their homeland” from a distance. Over the past 26 years, the Russians have constantly interfered in the affairs of other countries, made demands, incited hostility, attacked Georgia twice (covertly in 1992 and openly in 2008) and once into Ukraine (covertly in 2014).

15. Ukrainians are moderate political views and looking to the future. They want to see Ukraine as a rich and free European country – an ideal that other reasonable nations aspire to. And Russians constantly rush between extremes - they are thrown into communism, then into monarchism, nationalism or fascism. They really like Ivan IV, Lenin and Dzhugashvili, Russians see the ideal of the country in the past - in the image of the Republic of Ingushetia or the USSR. Therefore, they believe in various historical myths about a prosperous life under emperors and general secretaries. But when Russians glorify the past at the expense of the present, they take on the traits of an aging ethnic group that has little chance of achieving a normal life in the future.

The National Anti-Corruption Bureau and the prosecutor’s office of the “square” are seriously investigating who is to blame for the fact that the “Great Ukrainian Wall”, designed to protect the “Nenka” and the entire European Union from the “Katsap horde”, in fact turned out to be a miserable country fence made of wire mesh. It turns out that the tenders for the construction of the wall were held dishonestly, and more than 100 million hryvnias were stolen. However, the fate of the “European Defense Line” was immediately clear, as soon as the shovels of the “volunteers” building it were stuck in the ground at the border.

A Ukrainian, according to Ukrainian propaganda, is a person with a seriously low mental level. Like the actor who starred in the next episode of the "soap opera" about the heroic police officers, and the consumer who is pushed into this bullshit. The idea with the construction of trenches, ditches, walls and other things is a primitive plagiarism from agitation from the times of industrialization and partly from Germany during the Second World War.

However, it is impossible to take an excavator and stupidly dig a ditch in an hour, which three dozen feeble-minded participants in a flash mob will dig for a couple of days. Firstly, the excavator costs money, and the Ukrainian "embroidery" is free. Moreover, you can collect money from it for a ditch, but the excavator will still have to be fueled with a solarium (the excavator driver with a vodka).

Secondly, such mechanization kills the national idea of ​​permanent victory in the bud. How can you “survive” when a smart unit works for you in the field? The fighting robots are at the Kremlin, and the outlying “Schenevmerliks” have only ardent faith, a cute trident and two-color rags.

At one time, the blogger Ovanes asked himself the question of the difference between Ukrainians and Russians. From the point of view of the Armenian Hovhannes, the differences, by and large, are minimal, if any. And I understand it. For me, for example, it is not easy to find differences between a Bulgarian and a Macedonian, although they are, as it were, Slavs, and I had the opportunity to observe both of them, but still. And the difference between the Bavarians and the inhabitants of Salzburg, in my opinion, is elusive. But she is. Ukrainians have spent a quarter of a century proving that they are not Russian, and now it can be seen with the naked eye. Although we are still talking about, rather, intraspecific differences (still going on).

So what do you think is the difference?

1. The dominant feature of Russian behavior is not greed. That is, it can be anything - stupid redneck (when you have to pay, and he understands, but is lazy), scum, stinginess, but all this is not a dominant feature. Russians do not like greedy rednecks, and rednecks are publicly condemned. A typical “Maidan” Ukrainian is a natural redneck and greedy. Not because he is bad, but because this is the dominant feature of his behavior, which varies from just an “overly diligent” farmer from a “small country” to a person with mental disabilities. That is, who is crazy about greed, and who is easily caught by the same greed.

Greed is brought to the limit by "real" Ukrainians, they don't know how to stop. But blaming Ukrainians for being greedy is useless. In 99% of cases they will not even understand what is at stake.

I have been following the “Ukrainian crisis” for three years now, and the most amazing and funny thing is how in Ukraine they are poking everyone in the face with endless “gifts”, “help”, “sms” and other props provincial theater, designed to demonstrate some kind of voluntary "donations" and the extraordinary breadth of the soul of the working people, who generously throw off their earned pennies with calloused hands into a common bowler hat. That is, please understand correctly - in Russia everyone already knows what crowdfunding is, everyone is aware that Navalny, Katz, etc. figures regularly “collect” “donations” on the Internet, and even often post reports. But even they did not reach the insanity of magic with pulling tens of thousands of dollars out of magic boxes.

But on the “Maidan”, viewers were proudly shown sandwiches with bacon and homemade pickles, which were brought by hard-working “Maidan grandmothers”, and cheerful managers were sitting in a nearby tent, tired of counting “voluntary donations”: from 30 to 100 thousand dollars were raked out of the nightstand a day (!) absolutely public donations. So what? The whole nation stood up and financed the overthrow of the bloody tyrant Yanukovych with labor kopecks. Who does not believe is a slave of the Kremlin, a Muscovite, incapable of wide folk art.

In the same style, propagandized greedy and stupid hulks "collected" money for bulletproof vests, socks, and underpants for their soldiers. Everything is on camera, everything is recorded, everything is a complete victory, in social networks there are joyful likes and wishes to kill, kill and kill again everyone who is a “Colorado” and “Kremlin agent”. There is no doubt that it is not difficult to sign a greedy person to buy a pair of socks for brave ukrovoyaks or sms for 5 hryvnias (but only once).

True, from time to time, in the midst of patriotic psychosis, a failure occurs, it suddenly turns out that the money and financial aid “collected by the people” have disappeared somewhere. Or they didn't come at all. The Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in the first year of the so-called. The “ATO” raised 128 million hryvnias, but the Ukrainian warriors ate moldy bread, some garbage happened to the “Heavenly Hundred” charitable foundation… And the Ukrainian state itself demonstrates miracles of enchanting redneck when the families of soldiers killed in the “ATO” are refused to pay benefits when families dead participants the promoted "Heavenly Hundred" has to literally rally in Kyiv, and so on. Why is this happening? Because today's Ukrainians do not understand how the state should function.

It seems to them that it is necessary to collect "gifts", and then "overwhelm" will come. Whereas there will be nothing but another theft of nobody's money and valuables. For a natural goon, the state is a way of quickly and abruptly weaning "nishtyakov". "Havchik" was served and nothing more. Where do you think the money collected by the suckers was credited by the Ukrainian ensign generals?

Natural, enchanting theft and redneck in Ukraine are charming. Take and steal money from the "fund". Without leaving the cash desk and under the roar of "agents of the world Jewish-Muscovite conspiracy." Do you think that for observant people all these twists and turns are a mystery? Not at all. For Ukraine, this is the norm. Let me remind you, as a typical example, that in 2006 Ukrainian “goons of good will” led by President Yushchenko and his wife (!) started collecting $120 million from workers for a specially created fund for the construction of a super-duper hospital in Kiev. The money seemed to have been collected by 2010, and then - right, guessed it - the financial values ​​naturally evaporated, the hospital was never built. Who is guilty? Muscovites.

That is, no one considers stealing shameful in Ukraine - from the centurion (now a deputy) Parasyuk to the president. It would seem that after the "Maidan" a new, "people's" government, a "bloody tyrant" and a corrupt official came Yanukovych fled to the Muscovite Mordor. Lustration committees were even set up in every region. Well, what are the results? Again, only the theft of natural greedy.

2. Infantilism. Total and universal joyful infantilism. A Ukrainian is a person who is not able to articulate his social interests beyond a hapka (that is, the simplest redneck reaction).

Oil painting. Black Sea city lives on tourism, in the tourist traffic the share of Russian tourists is under 60-70%, in the city ... that's right, they conduct "liberation" marches with the cries of "Muscovites on knives." Then they burn tires, then they burn their own compatriots and ... they wonder why the damn Muscovites do not go to the city ... to rest. Hotel owners, business owners, restaurant owners are surprised - they say that Russian television is to blame for everything. This is quite an honest surprise - from the point of view of a Ukrainian, the Muscovites deliberately did this in order to spoil the "Trypillia democrats." And the fact that such excesses are unacceptable in resorts and tourist places is known even to Arabs and African blacks, but not to Ukrainians.

Another example. There was a market in Kharkov that worked for Russia. One of the activists of the local dull "Euromaidan" is one of the local businessmen. The man joyfully jumped on the spot for six months, celebrating the “overcome” and cursing the Muscovites, and then it turned out that the business was naturally covered. Who is guilty? All the same Muscovites. And the fact that he is an idiot, this typical "Maidan" Ukrainian does not even understand.

The “Svidomo” Ukrainian has no need for reflection, which is inherent in Russians. He already has ready-made answers to all questions, and there are only two of these answers: “what is wrong with that” and “Muscovites are to blame.” The gap between reality and the world of stupid and cruel infantiles reaches the depths of the Mariana Trench. People joyfully staged a civil war in one of their key regions and demand ... more killings. And after they win, they plan... They don't plan anything.

3. Stubbornness, reaching stubbornness. The Ukrainian is convinced that peoples around the “nenka” are envious of the Ukrainians. First of all, greedy, stupid, impoverished Muscovites (that's what they say - "poor Russians"). And the fact that per capita GDP in Russia is almost three times higher than in Ukraine, the fact that “zarobitchans” from Kiev go to Moscow, and not vice versa, is nonsense. You say that 3-4 million Ukrainian migrant workers and prostitutes are constantly working in the Russian Federation? Vraki. And if there is, they are on their way there.

The Ukrainian will talk with enthusiasm about how China (in retaliation for the “Ukrainian Crimea”!) will seize Siberia, how the Russian Far East. But he will never be interested in where almost a third of the able-bodied population fled from the "square" over 20 years of "continuous victory", and why the population fell from 53 to 38-40 million people. I already wrote about the phenomenon of Ukrainian bloggers who are fighting tirelessly with Putin, but stubbornly silent about the monstrous social and demographic catastrophe in Ukraine, where the natural death rate of 100-120 thousand people a year is considered “not bad”, and the country is simply dying out and running away. There are no problems, “Ridna Ukraine” is blooming and earing, and we’ll tear out the burkali for you, katsap.

They are not interested. It was the Russians who created the "it's time to leave" community, where psychopaths and neurotics treat each other. Moreover, in Europe, our compatriots are adequately perceived as solvent customers, while Ukrainians visiting under the "visa-free" there are basically only guest workers and prostitutes. But this is not enough for Russian fools, they need to be ... "loved"! Decaying is the other side of Ukrainian stubbornness, if it’s clearer that way.

4. Fight. The Ukrainian is imprisoned to the state of a “natural fighter”. That is why Ukrainians are profitable and natural bio-clickers, extras for likes and SEO-krill. But the "fight" is successful only for the reason that the "adversaries" do not know about this "fight", as it is easy to guess. For example, most Russians are not aware of how desperately the Ukrainians are fighting them, and what an unforgettable number of "overcomes" they have already won.

Most Russians, at worst, consider "Svidomo" Ukrainians to be a related variety of Kubanoids. Whereas practice shows that these are only excavator robots, drambas according to Galkovsky. People have a program in their head, there is a small processor, it shows where to move, where to press. Cyborgs.

How to use such wealth? They gave me a job, they accepted the job, they paid me. All goodbye. The “rich” inner world of dramba is of no interest to anyone. Talking to a food processor? This is for a psychiatrist. Two or three typical reactions of "Svidomite" are modeled on one and two (stupid and stubborn lies, "what's wrong", "Muscovites are to blame"), then you can not pay attention at all. The most big mistake- to lead some joint business etc. dealing with "robo-humans". I read with a laugh how a naive nationalist in his time Prosvirnin traveled to Kyiv to launch a version of his resource in partnership there. Idiot. However, the majority of Russians who sympathize with the inhabitants of the “square” are just such beautiful-hearted idiots. Those who live in Ukraine and hope for something are idiots in a cube.

By the way, the population of Ukraine is historically half Russian, and for a quarter of a century, the Vuiks have not really managed to Ukrainize the country. And what? In social networks and on forums, calls from Ukrainians ... to Ukrainize Ukraine. Moreover, all this is written and spoken often in ... Russian. Contradiction? Yes, he is not. People don't even play, but live in Tolkien.

All of the above is, of course, malicious anti-Ukrainian propaganda, for which the author was generously paid crazy money (500 hryvnias) by the Kremlin ...

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