The indigenous population belongs to the Finno-Ugric group. The main thing about the Finno-Ugric peoples

Considering the geographical map of Russia, one can notice that in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama, the names of rivers ending in "va" and "ga" are common: Sosva, Izva, Kokshaga, Vetluga, etc. Finno-Ugrians live in those places, and translated from their languages "wa" And "ha" mean "river", "moisture", " wet place" , "water". However, the Finno-Ugric toponyms{1 ) are found not only where these peoples make up a significant part of the population, form republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much wider: it covers the European north of Russia and part of the central regions. There are many examples: the ancient Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; rivers Yakhroma, Iksha in the Moscow region; the village of Verkola in Arkhangelsk, etc.

Some researchers consider Finno-Ugric in origin even such familiar words as "Moscow" and "Ryazan". Scientists believe that Finno-Ugric tribes once lived in these places, and now ancient names keep their memory.

{1 } Toponym (from the Greek "topos" - "place" and "onyma" - "name") - a geographical name.

WHO ARE THE FINNO-UGRI

Finns called people inhabiting Finland, neighboring Russia(in Finnish " Suomi "), A acne V ancient Russian chronicles called Hungarians. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples who speak languages ​​related to Finnish or Hungarian . These peoples are called Finno-Ugric . Depending on the degree of proximity of languages, scientists divide Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups . In the first Baltic-Finnish , are included Finns, Izhors, Vods, Vepsians, Karelians, Estonians and Livs. The two most numerous people this subgroup Finns and Estonians- live mostly outside of our country. In Russia Finns can be found in Karelia, Leningrad region and St. Petersburg;Estonians - V Siberia, the Volga region and in the Leningrad region. A small group of Estonians - setu - lives in Pechorsky district of the Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians - Protestants (usually, Lutherans), setu - Orthodox . little people Vepsians lives in small groups Karelia, the Leningrad region and in the north-west of the Vologda, A vod (there are less than 100 people left!) - in Leningrad. AND Veps and Vod - Orthodox . Orthodoxy is professed and Izhorians . There are 449 of them in Russia (in the Leningrad region), and about the same number in Estonia. Vepsians and Izhors retained their languages ​​(they even have dialects) and use them in everyday communication. The Votic language has disappeared.

The biggest Baltic-Finnish people of Russia Karelians . They live in Republic of Karelia, as well as in the Tver, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelians speak three dialects: actually Karelian, Ludikovskiy and Livvikovskiy, A literary language they have Finnish. Newspapers, magazines are published on it, the department of Philology of Petrozavodsk University operates Finnish and literature. Karelians also know Russian.

The second subgroup consists Saami , or Lapps . Most of them are settled in Northern Scandinavia, but in Russia Saami- inhabitants Kola Peninsula. According to most experts, the ancestors of this people once occupied significantly large area, but over time were pushed back to the north. Then they lost their language and learned one of the Finnish dialects. The Saami are good reindeer herders (nomads in the recent past), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they profess orthodoxy .

In the third Volga-Finnish , the subgroup includes Mari and Mordovians . Mordva- indigenous people Republic of Mordovia, but a significant part of this people lives throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in Chuvashia etc. Even before the accession in the XVI century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordovians got their own nobility - "inyazory", "otsyazory", i.e., "masters of the earth." Inyazori they were the first to be baptized, quickly Russified, and later their descendants made up an element in the Russian nobility a little less than those from the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. Mordva is divided into erzya and moksha ; each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - Erzya and Moksha . By religion, Mordovians Orthodox ; they have always been considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region.

Mari live mainly in Republic of Mari El, as well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is generally accepted that this people has two literary languages ​​- meadow-eastern and mountain-Mari. However, not all philologists share this opinion.

More ethnographers of the 19th century. remarked unusually high level national identity Mari. They stubbornly resisted joining Russia and being baptized, and until 1917 the authorities forbade them to live in cities and engage in crafts and trade.

In the fourth Permian , the subgroup includes proper Komi , Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts .Komi(in the past they were called Zyryans) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but also live in Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. Their primary occupations are farming and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there have long been many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917. Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated peoples of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Today, 16.7% of the Komi work in agriculture, but 44.5% in industry, and 15% in education, science, and culture. Part of the Komi - the Izhemtsy - mastered reindeer breeding and became the largest reindeer herders in the European north. Komi Orthodox (part of the Old Believers).

Very close in language to the Zyryans Komi-Permyaks . More than half of these people live in Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug, and the rest - in the Perm region. Permians are mostly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they have been factory serfs in the Ural factories, and barge haulers on the Kama and Volga. By religion Komi-Permyaks Orthodox .

Udmurts{ 2 } concentrated for the most part V Udmurt Republic where they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, in Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk regions . traditional occupation - Agriculture. In cities, they most often forget their native language and customs. Maybe that's why Udmurt language considers native only 70% of Udmurts, mostly residents of rural areas. Udmurts Orthodox , but many of them (including the baptized) adhere to traditional beliefs - they worship pagan gods, deities, spirits.

In the fifth Ugric , the subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi . "acne "in Russian chronicles they called Hungarians, A " yugra " - Ob Ugrians, i.e. Khanty and Mansi. Although Northern Ural and the lower reaches of the Ob, where the Khanty and Mansi live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the banks of which the Hungarians created their state, these peoples are the closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North. Mansi live mostly in Anty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, A Khanty - V Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Tomsk Region. Mansi are primarily hunters, then fishermen, reindeer herders. The Khanty, on the contrary, were first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeer herders. Both of them profess orthodoxy, however, do not forget ancient faith. Big damage traditional culture The Ob Ugrians were affected by the industrial development of their region: many hunting grounds disappeared, rivers became polluted.

Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of the Finno-Ugric tribes, now disappeared, - Chud, Merya, Muroma . Merya in the first millennium A.D. e. lived in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka, and at the turn of the I and II millennia merged with the Eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that the modern Mari are the descendants of this tribe. Murom in the 1st millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the XII century. n. e. mixed with the Eastern Slavs. Chudyu modern researchers consider the Finnish tribes who lived in antiquity along the banks of the Onega and the Northern Dvina. It is possible that they are the ancestors of the Estonians.

{ 2 ) Russian historian of the XVIII century. V. N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (formerly they were called votyaks) perform their prayers “under some good tree, but not under a pine and spruce, which have no leaf or fruit, but aspen is revered as a cursed tree ... ".

WHERE THE FINNO-UGRIANS LIVED AND WHERE THEY LIVE

Most researchers agree that the ancestral home Finno-Ugric was on the border of Europe and Asia, in the areas between the Volga and Kama and in the Urals. It was there in IV- III millennia BC e. a community of tribes arose, related in language and close in origin. By the 1st millennium A.D. e. the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples settled as far as the Baltic and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied a vast territory covered with forests - almost the entire northern part of present-day European Russia to the Kama in the south.

Excavations show that the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples belonged to Ural race: in their appearance Caucasoid and Mongoloid features are mixed (wide cheekbones, often a Mongolian section of the eye). Moving west, they mixed with Caucasians. As a result, in some peoples descended from the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples, Mongoloid signs began to smooth out and disappear. Now "Ural" features are characteristic to one degree or another of all Finnish peoples Russia: average height, broad face, snub-nosed nose, very blond hair, sparse beard. But in different peoples, these features manifest themselves in different ways. For example, Mordva-Erzya tall, blond, blue-eyed, and mordva-moksha and shorter in stature, and broader in face, and their hair is darker. At Mari and Udmurts often there are eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time (the Ural race!) Fair and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians, and among Vodi, and among Izhorians, and among Karelians. Komi there are different ones: in those places where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, they are black-haired and slanting; others are more like Scandinavians, with slightly wider faces.

Finno-Ugrians were engaged agriculture (to fertilize the soil with ashes, they burned out parts of the forest), hunting and fishing . Their settlements were far apart. Perhaps for this reason they did not create states anywhere and began to be part of neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. One of the first mentions of the Finno-Ugric peoples contains Khazar documents written in Hebrew - state language Khazar Khaganate. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so it remains to be guessed that "tsrms" means "Cheremis-Mari", and "mkshkh" - "moksha". Later, the Finno-Ugric peoples also paid tribute to the Bulgars, they were part of the Kazan Khanate, in the Russian state.

RUSSIAN AND FINNO-UGRI

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian settlers rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Most often, the settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted the entry of their region into Russian state. The most fierce resistance was provided by the Mari.

Over time, baptism, writing, urban culture, brought by the Russians, began to displace local languages ​​and beliefs. Many began to feel like Russians, and really became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in a petition: "Our ancestors, the former Mordovians", sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans, were Mordovians, and their Orthodox descendants do not belong to Mordovians in any way.

People moved to cities, went far away - to Siberia, to Altai, where one language was common to all - Russian. The names after baptism were no different from ordinary Russians. Or almost nothing: not everyone notices that there is nothing Slavic in surnames like Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Veden Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugric peoples was assimilated by the Russians, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. That is why the Finno-Ugric peoples do not make up the majority anywhere - even in the republics to which they gave their name.

But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians, the Finno-Ugric peoples retained their anthropological type: very blond hair, Blue eyes, nose - "shi-shechku", wide, high cheekbones. The kind that nineteenth-century writers called "Penza peasant", is now perceived as a typical Russian.

Many Finno-Ugric words have entered the Russian language: "tundra", "sprat", "salaka", etc. Is there a more Russian and everyone's favorite dish than dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means "bread eye": "pel" - "ear", and "nyan" - "bread". There are especially many borrowings in the northern dialects, mainly among the names of natural phenomena or landscape elements. They give a peculiar beauty to local speech and regional literature. Take, for example, the word "taibola", which in the Arkhangelsk region is called a dense forest, and in the Mezen River basin - a road that runs along the seashore next to the taiga. It is taken from the Karelian "taibale" - "isthmus". For centuries, peoples living nearby have always enriched each other's language and culture.

Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum were Finno-Ugric by origin - both Mordvins, but irreconcilable enemies; Udmurt - physiologist V. M. Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefyodov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Mari - composer A. Ya. Eshpay.

ANCIENT CLOTHING V O D I I J O R C E V

The main part of the traditional women's costume Vodi and Izhoriev - shirt . Ancient shirts were sewn very long, with wide, also long sleeves. In the warm season, the shirt was the only clothing of a woman. Eshyo in the 60s. 19th century after the wedding, the young woman was supposed to walk in one shirt until her father-in-law gave her a fur coat or caftan.

The Votic women for a long time preserved the ancient form of unsewn waist clothing - khursgukset worn over a shirt. Hursgukset looks like Russian ponyova. It was richly decorated copper coins, shells, fringes, bells. Later, when he entered the life of the driver sundress , the bride put on a hursgukset for a wedding under a sundress.

Peculiar unsewn clothes - annua - worn in the central part Ingermanland(part of the territory of modern Leningrad region). It was a wide cloth that reached to the armpits; a strap was sewn to its upper ends and thrown over the left shoulder. Annua diverged on the left side, and therefore they put on a second cloth under it - khurstut . It was wrapped around the waist and also worn on a strap. The Russian sarafan gradually replaced the ancient loincloth among the Vodi and Izhori. Belted clothes leather belt, cords, braided belts and narrow towels.

In ancient times, water women shaved head.

TRADITIONAL CLOTHING KHANTOV I M A N S I

Khanty and Mansi clothes were sewn from skins, furs, fish skins, cloth, nettle and linen canvas. In the manufacture of children's clothing, the most archaic material was also used - bird skins.

Men put on in winter oar fur coats from deer and hare fur, squirrel and fox paws, and in summer a short dressing gown made of coarse cloth; collar, sleeves and right half were turned off with fur.Winter shoes was fur, and wore it with fur stockings. summer They were made from rovduga (suede from deer or elk skin), and the sole from elk skin.

Men's shirts they sewed from nettle canvas, and pants from rovduga, fish skin, canvas, and cotton fabrics. Over the shirt must be worn woven belt , to which hung beaded bags(they held a knife in a wooden sheath and a steel).

women put on in winter fur coat deer skin; the lining was also fur. Where there were few deer, the lining was made from hare and squirrel skins, and sometimes from duck or swan down. In summer wore cloth or cotton robe ,decorated with stripes of beads, colored fabric and pewter plaques. These plaques were cast by women themselves in special molds made of soft stone or pine bark. The belts were already masculine and more elegant.

Women covered their heads in both winter and summer shawls with a wide border and fringe . In the presence of men, especially older relatives of the husband, according to tradition, it was supposed to be the end of a scarf cover one's face. There were Khanty and beaded headbands .

Hair before it was not customary to cut. Men, dividing their hair into a straight parting, collected it in two tails and tied it with a colored cord. .Women braided two braids, decorated them with colored lace and copper pendants. . At the bottom of the braid, so as not to interfere with work, they were connected with a thick copper chain. Rings, bells, beads and other ornaments were hung from the chain. Khanty women, as usual, wore a lot copper and silver rings. Beaded jewelry was also widespread, which was imported by Russian merchants.

HOW THE MARIANS WAS DRESSED

In the past, Mari clothing was exclusively home-made. Upper(it was worn in winter and autumn) was sewn from home cloth and sheepskin, and shirts and summer kaftans- Made of white linen.

women wore shirt, caftan, pants, headdress and bast bast shoes . Shirts were embroidered with silk, wool, cotton threads. They were worn with belts woven from wool and silk, decorated with beads, tassels and metal chains. One of the types headdresses of married Marieks , similar to a cap, was called shymaksh . It was sewn from thin canvas and put on a birch bark frame. Mandatory part traditional costume Mariek were considered jewelry made of beads, coins, pewter plaques.

Men's suit consisted of canvas embroidered shirt, pants, canvas caftan and bast shoes . The shirt was shorter than women's, it was worn with a narrow belt made of wool and leather. On head put on felt HATS and SHEARLING caps .

WHAT IS THE FINNO-UGRIAN LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIP

Finno-Ugric peoples in terms of lifestyle, religion, historical destinies, and even appearance differ from each other. They are combined into one group based on the relationship of languages. However, linguistic affinity is different. The Slavs, for example, can easily come to an agreement, each explaining himself in his own dialect. But the Finno-Ugric peoples will not be able to communicate with their brethren in the language group just as easily.

In ancient times, the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples spoke in one language. Then its speakers began to move, mixed with other tribes, and the once single language broke up into several independent ones. The Finno-Ugric languages ​​diverged so long ago that there are few common words in them - about a thousand. For example, "house" in Finnish is "koti", in Estonian - "kodu", in Mordovian - "kudu", in Mari - "kudo". It looks like the word "oil": Finnish "voi", Estonian "vdi", Udmurt and Komi "vy", Hungarian "vaj". But the sound of languages ​​- phonetics - remained so close that any Finno-Ugric, listening to another and not even understanding what he is talking about, feels: this is a related language.

FINNO-UGRIC NAMES

Finno-Ugric peoples have been confessing for a long time (at least officially) orthodoxy , so their names and surnames, as a rule, do not differ from Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulina becomes Okul, Nikolai - Nikul or Mikul, Kirill - Kyrlya, Ivan - Yivan. At Komi , for example, often the patronymic is put before the name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like Tol Mish, that is, Anatoly's son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rosa - Stepan's daughter Rosa. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and artists choose the traditional village form: Yivan Kyrlya, Nikul Erkay, Illya Vas, Ortjo Stepanov.

At Komi often found surnames Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; among the Udmurts - Korepanov and Vladykin; at Mordovians - Vedenyapin, Pi-yashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Especially common among Mordovians are surnames with a diminutive suffix - Kirdyaikin, Vidyaikin, Popsuikin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.

Some Mari , especially the unbaptized chi-mari in Bashkiria, at one time they accepted Turkic names. Therefore, chi-mari often have surnames similar to Tatar ones: Anduganov, Baitemirov, Yashpatrov, but their names and patronymics are Russian. At Karelian there are surnames both Russian and Finnish, but always with a Russian ending: Perttuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia by last name can be distinguished Karelian, Finn and Petersburg Finn. So, Perttuev - Karelian, Perttu - Petersburg Finn, A Pertgunen - Finn. But the name and patronymic of each of them can be Stepan Ivanovich.

WHAT THE FINNO-UGRIANS BELIEVE

In Russia, many Finno-Ugric peoples profess orthodoxy . In the XII century. the Vepsians were crossed, in the XIII century. - Karelians, at the end of the XIV century. - Komi. At the same time, to translate the Holy Scripture into the Komi language, a Permian writing - the only original Finno-Ugric alphabet. During the XVIII-XIX centuries. Mordvins, Udmurts and Mariyi are christened. However, the Mariys did not fully accept Christianity. To avoid conversion to the new faith, some of them (they called themselves "chi-mari" - "true Mari") went to the territory of Bashkiria, and those who remained and were baptized often continued to worship the old gods. Among Mari, Udmurts, Saami and some other peoples were distributed, and even now preserved, the so-called dual faith . People revere the old gods, but recognize the "Russian God" and his saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant. In Yoshkar-Ola, the capital of the Republic of Mari El, the state took under protection the sacred grove - " kyusoto", and now pagan prayers are taking place here. The names of the supreme gods and mythological heroes among these peoples are similar and probably go back to the ancient Finnish name for the sky and air - " ilma ": Ilmarinen - the Finns Ilmailin - Karelians,Inmar - among the Udmurts, Yong -Komi.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE FINNO-UGRI

Writing many Finnish Ugric languages Russia was created on the basis Cyrillic, with the addition of letters and superscripts that convey the peculiarities of sound.Karely , whose literary language is Finnish, is written in Latin letters.

Literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia very young, but oral folk art centuries-old history. Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lönro t (1802-1884) collected the tales of the epic " Kalevala "among the Karelians of the Olonets province Russian Empire. The final edition of the book was published in 1849. "Kalevala", which means "country of Kaleva", in its rune songs tells about the exploits of the Finnish heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen, about their struggle with the evil Louhi, the mistress of Pohjola (the northern country of darkness) . In a magnificent poetic form, the epic tells about the life, beliefs, customs of the ancestors of the Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Vodi, Izhorians. This information is extraordinarily rich, it reveals spiritual world farmers and hunters of the North. "Kalevala" is on a par with the greatest epics of mankind. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples also have epics: "Kalevipoeg"("Son of Kalev") - at Estonians , "Feather-bogatyr"- at Komi-Permyakov , preserved epic tales Mordovians and Mansi .

1. Name

The Finno-Ugric peoples were an autochthonous population of the Oka-Volga interfluve, their tribes were Ests, all, Merya, Mordvins, Cheremis were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanarich in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugrofiniv): Chud, Livs, waters, yam (Ӕm), all (even North of them on the White Lake sit Vѣt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Perm ), cheremis, casting, zimgola, kors, nerom, mordvinians, measuring (and on Rostov ѡzere Merѧ and on Kleshchin and ѣzer sѣdѧt mѣrzh same), murom (and Ѡtsѣ rѣtsѣ where to flow into the Volga ҕzyk Svoi Murom) and Meshchery. The Muscovites called all the local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through Moscow weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples are completely assimilated by Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, having replenished the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic place names.

These are all the names of the rivers with ending-va: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries whose names end with na-va, means "water" in Finnish. Muscovite tribes from the very beginning felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric toponyms are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the settlement area of ​​the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Beginning in the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of present-day Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Polovtsians and Khazars, but were at a much lower level of social development than the rest, in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest. At that time they were primitive and the most backward in culturally tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphagi (devourers of people), and Nestor the chronicler already in the period of the Russian state - Samoyeds (Samoyed) .

The Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering and hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Muscovite people received the greatest admixture Mongoloid race through the assimilation of Finno-Ugric peoples who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components led to the ethnogenesis of Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Finns, and later the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, the Russians have an anthropological type that is different from the Kievan-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: "The eye is narrow, the nose is plush - completely Russian"Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the phonetic system of Russians (akanye, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, "Ural" features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: medium height, broad face, nose, called "snub-nosed", a sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, they have very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time, blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with grow up, they are dark-haired and braced, others are more like Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the studies of the Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, "In the Russian people, on the maternal side associated with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, the Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples." It should be noted that according to modern research In fact, the Y-chromosome halotype was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, the Russians are an ethnic mixture in which the Finns own 4/5, and the Slavs - 1/5. The remnants of the Finno-Ugric culture in Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among others Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress, men's shirt-kosovorotka, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, the style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bath, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone scale of singing, a-touch and vowel reduction, pair words like stitches, paths, arms and legs, alive and well, such and such, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fabulous beginning "once upon a time", the absence of a mermaid cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch, not oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Vedeno Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugric peoples was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population, even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), the Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .

According to the overwhelming majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and meek disposition. By this, Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, stating that there were no military clashes, because written sources they don't remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, "in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that flared up in some places survived."

3. Toponymy

Toponyms of Meryan-Yerzyans origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Veksa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Meleksa, Nadoksa, Nero (Inero), Nuks, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonohta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shehroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhrenga, Yahrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toyehta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paksh, Palekh, Scab, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovsk region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshmy, Shuya and others. (Vologda region), "" Valdai, Koi, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaky, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Motra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,

), mordov-sky (mord-va - er-zya and mok-sha), ma-riy-sky (mary-tsy), perm-sky (ud-mur-you, ko-mi, ko- mi-per-mya-ki), Ugrian-sky (Ug-ry - Hung-ry, khan-ty and man-si). The number of len-ness approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Pra-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, on-ho-di-las in the zone of forests Zap. C-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Ka-we) in the 4th - ser. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient-shi-mi for-nya-tiya-mi would have been hunting, river fishing and co-bi-ra-tel-st-vo. According to lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-y. did you have a con-so-you are on the east-ke with sa-mo-di-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi on-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd millennium - from In-to-Iran. on-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on the za-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​\u200b\u200bwere sub-strat-ny traces in Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd half. 3rd millennium - with na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slav-Vyan (before-hundred-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-howl ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tour-no-is-to-ri-che-community). From the 1st floor. 2nd thousand in the course of con-tact with the arias in the south and from the center-european-rop. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the pas-de F.-y. know-to-myat-sya with cattle-water-st-vom and then with earth-le-de-li-eat. In the 2-1st thousand pro-is-ho-di-lo races-pro-countries of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, Sev. and Center. Scan-di-na-vie (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie p-Bal-Ty-Sko-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd floor. 1st millennium BC e. in CB-ri and from the 2nd floor. 1st millennium AD e. in the Vol-go-Ura-lie on-chi-on-yut-sya con-so-you with tyur-ka-mi. To ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-y. ot-no-syat Fenni in Ta-tsi-ta's "Ger-ma-nii" (AD 98). From con. 1st thousand for the development of a number of Finno-Ugric peoples of the eye-for-lo su-sche-st-ven-noe influence of their inclusion in so-becoming Wed-century. state ( Bul-ga-ria Volzh-sko-Kam-skaya, Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the given middle-century. letters. is-toch-no-kov and then-po-no-mii, F.-y. still at the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. with-stav-la-whether basic. on-se-le-nie se-ve-ra forest-noy and tun-d-ro-howl zone Vost. Ev-ro-py and Scan-di-on-wii, but would it mean for that. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny german-man-tsa-mi, glory-vya-na-mi (pre-zh-de of all me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, za-vo-loch-skaya, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-y. would-whether ha-rak-ter-ny cul-you du-hov-ho-zya-ev nature. Possibly, the fore-was representing the supreme not-devil-god-st-ve. The question of whether there are elements of sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Ev-ro-py in christ-en-st-vo (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-ly and Finns in the 12-14 centuries, which in the end of the 14 century) and times -vi-tie writing-men-no-stay in Finno-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finno-Ugric groups (especially ben-but among the Mari-tsev and Ud-mur-tov of Bash-ki-rii and Tatar-stan) until the 21st century. preserves its communal religion, although it is under the influence of christianity. Acceptance of is-la-ma F.-y. in the Volga and C-bi-ri would-st-ro with-in-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, in this mu- sulm. communities among F.-at. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya me-zh-du-nar. Fin-no-Ugric movement, in some rum pro-yav-la-yut-sya pan-fin-no-ug-riz-ma.

Lit .: Os-no-you of the Fin-no-Ugric language-to-knowledge: In-pro-sy about-is-ho-zh-de-niya and development of Fin-no -Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and languages. M., 1985; Na-pol-skih V.V. Introduction to the is-ri-che-hurray-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugric) — linguistic community peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

The names of the peoples included in the Finno-Ugric language group will occupy almost all letters of the alphabet. The inhabitants of Mari El, the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Karelia, Udmurtia and other regions of Russia are very different and yet have something in common. We tell.

The Finno-Ugric peoples are not the largest, but rather large in terms of the number of peoples, a language group. Most of the peoples live partially or completely on the territory of Russia. There are hundreds of thousands of some (Mordovians, Maris, Udmurts), some can be counted on the fingers (in 2002, only 73 people were registered in Russia, calling themselves Vod). However, most of the Finno-Ugric speakers live outside of Russia. First of all, these are Hungarians (about 14.5 million people), Finns (about 6 million) and Estonians (about a million).

Who are the Finno-Ugrians

The largest variety of Finno-Ugric peoples is represented in our country. This is primarily the Volga-Finnish subgroup (Mordovians and Mari), the Permian subgroup (Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans) and the Ob subgroup (Khanty and Mansi). Also in Russia there are almost all representatives of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Ingrians, Setos, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhors, Vodians and Sami).

The ancient Russian chronicles preserved the names of three more peoples that have not survived to our time and, apparently, are completely assimilated by the Russian population: the Chud, who lived along the banks of the Onega and the Northern Dvina, the Merya - in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka, and the Murom - in the Oka basin.

Also, the archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Dalnekonstantinovsky Museum of the Nizhny Novgorod Region and Nizhny Novgorod University Now another ethnic subgroup of the Mordovians, which disappeared quite recently, is being studied in detail - the Teryukhans, who lived in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics and autonomous regions within Russia - the republics of Mordovia, Mari El, Udmurtia, Karelia, Komi and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug).

Where live

Initially living in the Urals and Western Siberia, the Finno-Ugric peoples eventually settled to the west and north of their ancestral lands - up to modern Estonia and Hungary. On this moment There are four main areas of their settlement:

• Scandinavian, Kola Peninsula and Baltic;
• the middle reaches of the Volga and the lower reaches of the Kama;
• Northern Urals and Northern Ob region;
• Hungary.

However, over time, the borders of the settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples become less and less clear. This is especially evident in the last 50 years, and this process is associated with labor migration both within the country (from the countryside to cities) and interstate (especially after the creation of the European Union).

Languages ​​and anbur

The language is actually one of the main signs of this community, otherwise, simply by appearance, it can hardly be said that the Hungarians, Estonians and Mansi are relatives. In total, there are about 35 Finno-Ugric languages, divided into only two sub-branches:

• Ugric - Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi;
• Finno-Permian - all the rest, including the dead Murom, Meryan, Meshchersky, Kemi-Sami and the Akkala language.

According to researchers and linguists, all current Finno-Ugric languages ​​had common ancestor, named for the language classification by the Proto-Finno-Ugric language. The oldest known written monuments ( end XII century) is the so-called "Tomb Speech and Prayer", which is written in Latin in the Old Hungarian language.

We will be more interested in the so-called Anbur - ancient Permian writing, which was used on the territory of Perm the Great in XIV-XVII centuries the peoples inhabiting it: Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans and Russians. It was created by the Russian Orthodox missionary, Ustyuzhan Stefan of Perm in 1372 on the basis of the Russian, Greek alphabets and tamga - runic Perm symbols.

Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Muscovite state was systematically and fairly quickly expanding in the direction as usual, baptizing new citizens

Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Muscovite state was systematically and fairly quickly expanding in the direction as usual, baptizing new citizens. The latter, by the way, were not particularly opposed (if we are talking about Permians and Zyryans). However, with the gradual expansion of the Moscow principality and the inclusion of the whole of Perm, the Great Anbur is completely replaced by the Russian alphabet, since, in general, all literate people in those places already speak Russian. IN XV-XVI centuries this script is still used in some places, but already as a secret script - this is a kind of cipher, which is familiar to a very limited number of people. By the 17th century, the anbur was completely out of circulation.

Finno-Ugric holidays and customs

At present, the majority of Finno-Ugric peoples are Christians. The Russians are Orthodox, the Hungarians are mostly Catholics, the Baltic peoples are Protestants. However, in Russia there are many Finno-Ugric Muslims. also in Lately traditional beliefs are being revived: shamanism, animism and the cult of ancestors.

As is usually the case during Christianization, the local holiday calendar was timed to coincide with the church calendar, churches and chapels were erected on the site of sacred groves, and the cult of locally revered saints was introduced.

Among the Khanty, who are mainly engaged in fishing, “fish” gods were more revered, but among the Mansi, who are mainly engaged in hunting, various forest animals (bear, elk) were revered. That is, all nations prioritized depending on their needs. Religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol had no effect, then the same Mansi could easily flog him with a whip

The pre-Christian religion of the Finno-Ugric peoples was polytheistic - there was a supreme god (usually the god of heaven), as well as a galaxy of “smaller” gods: the sun, earth, water, fertility ... All nations had different names for the gods: in the case of the supreme deity, god the sky at Finns called Yumala, Estonians— Taevataat, at Mari— Yumo.

And, for example, Khanty, engaged mainly in fishing, "fish" gods were more revered, but among Mansi engaged mainly in hunting - various forest animals (bear, elk). That is, all nations prioritized depending on their needs. Religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol had no effect, then his same Mansi could easily be whipped.

Also, until now, some of the Finno-Ugric peoples practice dressing up as animal masks during the holidays, which also takes us back to the time of totemism.

At Mordovians, engaged mainly in agriculture, the cult of plants is highly developed - the ritual significance of bread and porridge, which were mandatory in almost all rituals, is still great. The traditional holidays of the Mordovians are also associated with agriculture: Ozim-purya - a prayer for harvesting bread on September 15, a week later for Ozim-purya, the Keremet molyans, Kaldaz-Ozks, Velima-biva (worldly beer) are celebrated near Kazanskaya.

Mari celebrate U Ii Payrem (New Year) from December 31 to January 1. Shortly before this, Shorykyol (Christmas) is celebrated. Shorykyol is also called "sheep's leg". This is because on this day the girls went from house to house and always went into the sheepfolds and pulled the sheep by the legs - this was supposed to ensure well-being in the household and family. Shorykyol is one of the most famous Mari holidays. It is celebrated during the winter solstice (from December 22) after the new moon.

Roshto (Christmas) is also celebrated, accompanied by a procession of mummers led by the main characters - Vasli kuva-kugyz and Shorykyol kuva-kugyz.

In the same way, almost all local traditional holidays are timed to coincide with church ones.

It should also be noted that it was the Mari who gave a strong rebuff to Christian missionaries and still visit on traditional holidays sacred groves And sacred trees performing rituals there.

At Udmurts traditional holidays were also timed to coincide with church, as well as agricultural work and the days of the winter and summer solstices, spring and autumn equinoxes.

For Finns the most important are Christmas (as for decent Christians) and Midsummer (Juhannus). Yuhannus in Finland is the holiday of Ivan Kupala in Rus'. As in Russia, the Finns believe that this is a holiday in honor of John the Baptist, but it is immediately clear that this is a pagan holiday that could not eradicate itself, and the church found a compromise. Like ours, on Ivan's Day, young people jumped over the fire, and the girls let the wreaths float on the water - whoever catches the wreath will be the groom.

This day is also revered Estonians.

legion media

The rite of karsikko is very interesting. Karelians and Finns. Karsikko is a specially chopped or felled tree (necessarily coniferous). The rite can be associated with almost any significant event: a wedding, the death of an important and respected person, a good hunt.

Depending on the situation, the tree was chopped down or all its branches were cut off completely. They could leave one branch or only the top. All this was decided on an individual basis, known only to the performer of the ritual. After the ceremony, the tree was watched. If his condition did not worsen and the tree continued to grow, this meant happiness. If not, grief and misfortune.

Where you can get acquainted with the life and history of the Finno-Ugric peoples

Seto: Museum-estate of the people of Seto in the village of Sigovo http://www.museum-izborsk.ru/ru/page/sigovo

Vepsians: Vepsian Forest Natural Park, as well as

Lyantor Khanty Ethnographic Museum http://www.museum.ru/M2228

Komi: Finno-Ugric Cultural Center Komi Republic http://zyrians.foto11.com/fucenter

Karely: Center national cultures and folk art

Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish-Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. make up one of the two branches (along with the Samoyedic) ur. lang. families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic-Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological dictionary

FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Saami, Karelians) living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and originating from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Range: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia

Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) are a group of peoples who speak Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugrians 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric languages- The Finno-Ugric languages ​​are a family of languages ​​that are part of a larger genetic association of languages ​​called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyedic languages ​​with the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was proved, the F.-u. I. considered... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. A group of Finno-Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided by language groups(ethnoses corresponding to them): Baltic-Finnish (Finnish, Izhora, Karelian, Ludikov, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

Books

• Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region- edge with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? A great…
• Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . On our land for centuries, good neighbors live different nations. The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, have kept the going…