Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka was born on May 20, 1804. They say that at the birth of Mikhail, nightingales sang all morning near his house.
Among his ancestors there were no outstanding creative people, perhaps that's why no one, at first, betrayed special significance this sign.
His father is a retired captain of the Russian army, Ivan Nikolaevich. The first years of the boy's life, his upbringing was done by his paternal grandmother, who did not let his mother near him.
Grandmother was too kind to her grandson. The child grew up as a real "mimosa". The room in which he was kept was heavily heated, and they took him out only in warm weather.
Already at an early age, little Misha was sensitive to folk fun and songs. folklore made on a boy great impression which he treasured all his life. These impressions and experiences will subsequently be reflected in the work of the great.
Mikhail Glinka grew up as a pious boy. days church holidays made for him strong impression. He especially liked bell ringing that captivated the heart of a little genius.
Once, Misha heard the ringing of an ordinary copper basin in the room. He did not lose his head and, going up to him, began to tap sounds on the pelvis that resembled a bell ringing.
Grandmother ordered to bring another basin, the boy gave a real concert. Soon the priest of the local parish brought Misha small bells from the belfry. The boy's joy knew no bounds.
When he was six years old, his grandmother died. His mother begins to raise his son. Four years later, Glinka will begin to learn to play the violin and piano.
In 1817 he moved to the capital of the Russian state. In St. Petersburg, he enters the Noble Boarding School at the Main Pedagogical Institute. In the capital, Mikhail Ivanovich takes private lessons from the strongest musicians of his time.
An interesting fact is that Mikhail's classmate was his younger brother, Leo. great poet often visited his brother, so Glinka met Pushkin.
In 1822, Mikhail Ivanovich graduated from a boarding school. From that moment on, he has been actively involved in music, trying himself as a composer, looking for his own creative niche, working in different genres. During this period, he writes several well-known and today, romances and songs.
Glinka, was a creative person, naturally in need of communication with interesting people. Soon he meets Zhukovsky and other famous personalities.
In the spring of 1830 the composer went to Germany. The journey lasted all summer. In the autumn he visited Italy, Milan made a special impression on him. Three years later, Mikhail again goes to Germany, visiting Vienna along the way.
In 1834, Glinka returned to his homeland, with a lot of thoughts in his head. He dreams of creating a Russian national opera, and looking for a plot for it. As a plot, on the advice of Zhukovsky, the story of about.
In 1836, work on the opera A Life for the Tsar was completed. The premiere took place on November 27th. Society for a long time was impressed by the opera, the premiere went off with a bang.
After the opera "Life for the Tsar", the composer wrote such brilliant works as "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Kamarinskaya", "Night in Madrid", "Waltz - Fantasy".
Glinka traveled a lot European countries, opened for himself new horizons and open spaces for the flight of thought and creativity. It was truly man of genius, on the works of which more than one generation of Russian composers grew up.
At the end of his life, Mikhail Ivanovich began to compose and remake church melodies. From his undertaking, something worthwhile, subsequently well-known, should have come out. But the disease cut short the life of a talented Russian composer. In February 1857 he died. Mikhail Glinka was buried in Berlin, but soon, at the insistence, his ashes were transported to the capital of Russia.
Mikhail Ivanovich was a wonderful composer, whose work was carried by the Russian people through decades. Glinka was not only a talented composer, but also a true patriot. After all, only a true patriot could write a wonderful opera - "Life for the Tsar."
He greatly experienced all the events that took place in the country during his lifetime. made a strong impression on Glinka. He did not so much sympathize with the ideas of the people who organized it, but with their subsequent suffering.
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is a composer whose compositions had a strong influence on the formation of the next generations of musicians. The ideas of his works were developed in his work by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, members of " mighty handful”, P. I. Tchaikovsky.
Mikhail Glinka. Brief biography: childhood
Mikhail was born in June 1804 in the distant village of Novospasskoye, which belonged to his parents and was located 100 versts from Smolensk, and 20 from small town Yelny. They began to systematically teach the boy both music and general disciplines rather late. The governess V. F. Klamer, invited from St. Petersburg, was the first to deal with him.
M. Short biography: first experiments in writing
In 1822, just after completing his studies at the boarding school, Mikhail wrote several variations for harp and piano on the theme of one of the fashionable operas of that time. They became Glinka's first experience in composing music. From that moment on, he continued to improve and soon wrote a lot and in a wide variety of genres. Dissatisfaction with his work, despite recognition, leads him to search for new forms, to get acquainted with creative people. In composing music, neither secular parties nor deterioration in health could interfere with him. It became his deep inner need.
M. I. Glinka. Brief biography: travel abroad
Several reasons prompted him to think about going abroad. This is, firstly, an opportunity to get new impressions, knowledge and experience. And he also hoped that the new climate would help him improve his health. In 1830 he went to Italy, but on the way he stopped in Germany and spent the summer there. Then Glinka settled in Milan. In 1830-1831, the composer composed especially a lot, new works appeared. In 1833 Glinka went to Berlin. On the way, he stopped briefly in Vienna. In Berlin, the composer intended to put his theoretical knowledge of music in order. He studied under the guidance of Z. Den.
M. I. Glinka. Short biography: homecoming
Glinka was forced to interrupt his studies in Berlin by the news of his father's death. When Mikhail Ivanovich arrived in St. Petersburg, he often visited Zhukovsky. Writers and musicians gathered at the poet's every week. At one of the meetings, Glinka shared with Zhukovsky his desire to write a Russian opera for the first time. He approved the composer's intention and offered to take the plot of Ivan Susanin. In 1835, Glinka married MP Ivanova.
Happiness not only did not become an obstacle to creativity, but, on the contrary, spurred the composer's activity. He wrote the opera "Ivan Susanin" ("Life for the Tsar") rather quickly. In the autumn of 1836, its premiere had already taken place. She was a huge success with the public and even with the emperor.
M. I. Glinka. Short biography: new works
Even during Pushkin's lifetime, the composer had the idea to write an opera based on the plot of his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". She was ready in 1842. Soon the production took place, but the opera was less successful than A Life for the Tsar. It was not easy for the composer to survive the criticism. Two years later he went on a trip to France and Spain. New impressions returned creative inspiration to the composer. In 1845, he created the overture "Jota of Aragon", which was a great success. Three years later, Night in Madrid appeared.
In a foreign land, the composer increasingly turned to Russian songs. Based on them, he wrote "Kamarinskaya", which laid the foundation for the development of a new type.
Mikhail Glinka. Biography: recent years
Mikhail Ivanovich lived either abroad (Warsaw, Berlin, Paris), or in St. Petersburg. Creative plans the composer was still full. But enmity and persecution interfered with him, he had to burn several scores. Before last days L. I. Shestakova remained next to him, his younger sister. Glinka died in Berlin in February 1857. The ashes of the composer were transported and buried in St. Petersburg.
GLINKA Mikhail Ivanovich, Russian composer, founder of Russian classical music. He was the author of the operas A Life for the Tsar (Ivan Susanin, 1836) and Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842), which laid the foundation for two directions of Russian opera - folk musical drama and opera-fairy tale, opera-epic. Symphonic compositions: "Kamarinskaya" (1848), "Spanish Overtures" ("Jota of Aragon", 1845, and "Night in Madrid", 1851), laid the foundations of Russian symphony. Classic of Russian romance. Glinka's "Patriotic Song" musical basis national anthem Russian Federation. The Glinkin Prizes were established (M. P. Belyaev; 1884-1917), State Prize RSFSR named after Glinka (in 1965-90); the Glinka Vocal Competition has been held (since 1960).
Childhood. Studying at the Noble Boarding School (1818-1822)
Glinka was born into a family of Smolensk landowners I. N. and E. A. Glinka (former second cousins). Elementary education received at home. Listening to the singing of serfs and the ringing of the bells of the local church, he showed an early passion for music. He was fond of playing the orchestra of serf musicians on the estate of his uncle, Afanasy Andreevich Glinka. Music lessons- playing the violin and piano - began quite late (1815-1816) and were of an amateur nature. However, music had such a strong influence on him that once he remarked to a remark about absent-mindedness: "What should I do? ... Music is my soul!"
In 1818 Glinka entered the Noble Boarding School at the Main Pedagogical Institute(in 1819 it was renamed the Noble Boarding School at St. Petersburg University), where he studied with Pushkin's younger brother Leo, at the same time he met the poet himself, who "went to our brother's boarding house." Glinka's tutor was V. Kuchelbecker, who taught Russian literature at the boarding school. In parallel with his studies, Glinka took piano lessons (first from English composer John Field, and after his departure to Moscow - with his students Oman, Zeiner and S. Mayr - a fairly well-known musician). He graduated from the boarding school in 1822 as the second student. On the day of release, he successfully played in public piano concert Hummel.
The beginning of an independent life
After graduating from the boarding school, Glinka did not immediately enter the service. In 1823, he went to be treated at the Caucasian Mineral Waters, then went to Novospasskoye, where he sometimes "directed his uncle's orchestra, playing the violin," then he began to compose orchestral music. In 1824 he was hired as assistant secretary of the Main Directorate of Railways (he resigned in June 1828). The main place in his work was occupied by romances. Among the works of that time are "The Poor Singer" to the verses of V. A. Zhukovsky (1826), "Do not sing, beauty, with me" to the verses of A. S. Pushkin (1828). One of the best romances early period- an elegy on the verses of E. A. Baratynsky "Do not tempt me without need" (1825). In 1829 Glinka and N. Pavlishchev published the Lyric Album, where among the works different authors there were also Glinka's plays.
First overseas trip (1830-1834)
In the spring of 1830, Glinka went on a long trip abroad, the purpose of which was both treatment (on the waters of Germany and in the warm climate of Italy) and acquaintance with Western European art. After spending several months in Aachen and Frankfurt, he arrived in Milan, where he studied composition and vocals, visited theaters, and traveled to other Italian cities. In Italy, the composer met V. Bellini, F. Mendelssohn and G. Berlioz. Among the composer's experiments of those years (chamber-instrumental compositions, romances), the romance "Venetian Night" to the verses of I. Kozlov stands out. Glinka spent the winter and spring of 1834 in Berlin, devoting himself to serious studies in music theory and composition under the guidance of the famous scholar Siegfried Dehn. At the same time, he had the idea of creating a national Russian opera.
Glinka 1856, shortly before his death
Talking about the Russian national school of composers, one cannot fail to mention Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. At one time he had a considerable influence on the members of the Mighty Handful, who at that time formed a stronghold composing art in Russia. He also had a considerable influence on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
The childhood of Mikhail Ivanovich
Mikhail Ivanovich was born in 1804, on the estate of his father, in the village of Novospasskoye, in the Smolensk province. He had prominent ancestors. So, for example, the composer's great-grandfather was a Polish gentry, Viktorin Vladislavovich Glinka, from whom his grandson inherited family history and coat of arms. When the Smolensk region came under the rule of Russia as a result of the war, Glinka changed his citizenship and became Russian Orthodox. He was able to maintain his own power thanks to the power of the church.
Glinka the younger was raised by his grandmother, Fyokla Aleksandrovna. The mother did not participate in the upbringing of her son. So Mikhail Ivanovich grew up to be such a nervous touchy. He himself recalls these times, as if he grew up with a kind of "mimosa".
After the death of his grandmother, he came under the wing of his mother, who put a lot of effort into completely re-educating her beloved son.
Playing the violin and piano a little boy studied for about ten years.
Life and art
Initially, Glinka was taught music by a governess. Later, his parents sent him to a noble boarding school in St. Petersburg, where he met Pushkin. He came there to visit his younger brother Mikhail's classmate.
1822-1835
In 1822, the young man completed his boarding school, but did not give up music lessons. He continues to play music in the salons of the nobility, and sometimes leads his uncle's orchestra. Around the same time, Glinka becomes like a composer: he writes a lot, while experimenting intensively in a variety of genres. At the same time, he wrote some songs and romances that are well known today.
Among these songs, one can distinguish “Do not tempt me without need”, “Do not sing, beauty, with me”.
In addition, he intensively gets acquainted with other composers. All this time is running work to improve your style. The young composer remained dissatisfied with his work.
At the end of April 1830, the young man moved to Italy. At the same time, he does big Adventure in Germany, which stretched over all the summer months. At this time, he tries his hand at the genre of Italian opera.
It is worth noting that at this time his compositions are already becoming not youthfully mature.
In 1833 he worked in Berlin. When the news of his father's death comes, he immediately returns to Russia. And at the same time, a plan is born in his head to create a Russian opera. For the plot, he chose the legends about Ivan Susanin. And soon after marrying his distant relative, he returns to Novospasskoye. There he, with fresh forces, is taken to work on the opera.
1836-1844
Around 1836, he completed work on the opera A Life for the Tsar. But putting it on was already much more difficult. The fact is that the director of the imperial theaters prevented this. But he gave the opera to the judgment of Caterino Cavos, and he left the most flattering review of it.
The opera was received with extraordinary enthusiasm. As a result, Glinka wrote the following lines to his mother:
“Last night my desires finally came true, and my long labor was crowned with the most brilliant success. The audience accepted my opera with extraordinary enthusiasm, the actors lost their temper with zeal ... the sovereign-emperor ... thanked me and talked with me for a long time ... "
After the opera, Glinka was appointed bandmaster of the Court Choir. He subsequently led it for two years.
Exactly six years after the premiere of Ivan Susanin, Glinka presented Ruslan and Lyudmila to the public. He began work on it during the life of the poet, but he managed to finish it only with the help of minor poets.
1844-1857
The new opera experienced great criticism. Glinka was very worried given fact, and decided to go on a long trip abroad. Now he decided to go to France, and then to Spain, where he continues to work. So he traveled until the summer of 1947. At this time he is working on the genre of symphonic music.
He traveled for a long time, lived for two years in Paris, where he rested from constant traveling in stagecoaches and railway. From time to time he returns to Russia. But in 1856 he left for Berlin, where he died on February 15.
The Russian composer Glinka left a significant mark on world music, stood at the origins of a kind of Russian composer school. His life contained a lot: creativity, travel, joys and difficulties, but his main asset is music.
Family and childhood
The future outstanding composer Glinka was born on May 20, 1804 in the Smolensk province, in the village of Novospasskoye. His father, a retired captain, had sufficient wealth to live comfortably. Glinka's great-grandfather was a Pole by origin, in 1654, when the Smolensk lands passed to Russia, he received Russian citizenship, converted to Orthodoxy and lived the life of a Russian landowner. The child was immediately given to the care of the grandmother, who raised her grandson in the traditions of that time: she kept him in stuffy rooms, did not develop him physically, and fed him with sweets. All this had a bad effect on Michael's health. He grew up sickly, capricious and pampered, later calling himself "mimosa".
Glinka almost spontaneously learned to read after the priest showed him the letters. WITH early age he showed musicality, he himself learned to imitate bell ringing on copper basins and sing along to the nurse's songs. Only at the age of six does he return to his parents, and they begin to take care of his upbringing and education. A governess is invited to him, who, in addition to general education subjects, taught him to play the piano, and later he also masters the violin. At this time, the boy reads a lot, is fond of travel books, this passion will later turn into a love of changing places, which will own Glinka all his life. He also draws a little, but music is the main place in his heart. The boy in the fortress orchestra learns many works of that time, gets acquainted with musical instruments.
Years of study
Mikhail Glinka did not live long in the village. When he was 13 years old, his parents took him to the recently appeared in St. Petersburg Noble Boarding School at the Pedagogical Institute. The boy was not very interested in studying, because most he already mastered the programs at home. His tutor was the former Decembrist V. K. Küchelbecker, and his classmate was the brother of A. S. Pushkin, with whom Mikhail first met at that time, and later became friends.
In boarding years, he converges with the princes Golitsyn, S. Sobolevsky, A. Rimsky-Korsakov, N. Melgunov. During this period, he significantly expanded his musical horizons, got acquainted with opera, visited numerous concerts and also deals with famous musicians of that time - Boehm and Field. He improves his pianistic technique and receives his first lessons in composing.
The famous pianist S. Mayer worked with Mikhail in the 1920s, teaching him the work of a composer, correcting his first opuses, and giving the basics of working with an orchestra. On graduation party Glinka, together with Mayer, played Hummel's concerto, publicly demonstrating his skills. Composer Mikhail Glinka graduated from the boarding school second in performance in 1822, but did not feel the desire to study further.
First writing experience
After graduating from the boarding school, the composer Glinka was in no hurry to look for a job, fortunately financial situation it allowed him. The father did not rush his son with the choice of a job, but did not think that he would be engaged in music all his life. Composer Glinka, for whom music becomes the main thing in life, got the opportunity to go to the waters in the Caucasus to improve his health and abroad. He does not leave music lessons, studies the Western European heritage and composes new motives, this becomes a constant inner need for him.
In the 1920s, Glinka wrote the famous romances “Do not tempt me without need” to the verses of Baratynsky, “Do not sing, beauty, with me” to the text of A. Pushkin. Appear and his instrumental works: adagio and rondo for orchestra, string septet.
Life in the light
In 1824, the composer M. I. Glinka entered the service, became an assistant secretary in the Office of Railways. But the service did not work out, and in 1828 he resigned. At this time, Glinka acquires a large number of acquaintances, communicates with A. Griboyedov, A. Mitskevich, A. Delvig, V. Odoevsky, V. Zhukovsky. He continues to make music, participates in musical evenings in the house of Demidov, writes many songs and romances, publishes together with Pavlishchev "Lyric Album", which collected works by various authors, including himself.
Foreign experience
Traveling was a very important part of Mikhail Glinka's life. He makes his first big foreign voyage after graduating from the boarding house.
In 1830, Glinka went on a long journey to Italy, which lasted for 4 years. The purpose of the trip was treatment, but it did not bring the proper result, and the musician did not take it seriously, constantly interrupting therapy courses, changing doctors and cities. In Italy, he meets K. Bryullov, with outstanding composers of that time: Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Bellini, Donizetti. Impressed by these meetings, Glinka writes chamber works on themes foreign composers. He studies a lot abroad with the best teachers, improves his performing technique, and studies music theory. He is looking for his strong theme in art, and homesickness becomes such for him, she pushes him to write serious works. Glinka creates the "Russian Symphony" and writes variations on Russian songs, which will later be included in other major compositions.
Great composer's work: M. Glinka's operas
In 1834, Mikhail's father dies, he gains financial independence and begins writing an opera. While still abroad, Glinka realized that his task was to write in Russian, this was the impetus for creating an opera based on national material. At this time he enters literary circles Petersburg, where Aksakov, Zhukovsky, Shevyrev, Pogodin visited. Everyone is discussing the Russian opera written by Verstovsky, this example inspires Glinka, and he takes up the sketches for the opera based on Zhukovsky's short story Maryina Grove. The idea was not destined to come true, but this was the beginning of work on the opera A Life for the Tsar based on the plot suggested by Zhukovsky, based on the legend of Ivan Susanin. Great composer Glinka entered the history of music precisely as the author of this work. In it, he laid the foundations of the Russian opera school.
The premiere of the opera took place on November 27, 1836, the success was grandiose. Both the public and critics received the work extremely favorably. After that, Glinka was appointed Kapellmeister of the Court Choir and became professional musician. Success inspired the composer, and he began to work on new opera based on Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". He wanted the poet to write the libretto, but his untimely death prevented the implementation of these plans. In his work, Glinka demonstrates a mature composer's talent and the highest technique. But "Ruslan and Lyudmila" was received more coolly than the first opera. This upset Glinka very much, and he again decided to go abroad. Opera heritage composer is small, but it had a decisive influence on the development of the national school of composition, and until now these works are a shining example Russian music.
Symphonic music by Glinka
Development national theme was also reflected in symphonic music author. Composer Glinka creates a large number of works of an experimental nature, he is obsessed with the search new form. In his compositions, our hero shows himself as a romantic and melodist. The works of the composer Glinka develop such genres in Russian music as folk-genre, lyrical-epic, dramatic. His most significant compositions are the overture "Night in Madrid" and "Jota of Aragon", the symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya".
Songs and romances
The portrait of Glinka (composer) would be incomplete without mentioning his songwriting. All his life he writes romances and songs, which become incredibly popular during the life of the author. In total, he wrote about 60 vocal works, of which the most notable are: "I remember wonderful moment”, “Recognition”, “Accompanying Song” and many others, which today are part of the classical repertoire of vocalists.
Private life
In his personal life, the composer Glinka was not lucky. He married the lovely girl Ivanova Marya Petrovna in 1835, hoping to find in her a like-minded person and loving heart. But very quickly a lot of disagreements arose between husband and wife. She led a stormy social life, spent a lot of money, so that even the income from the estate and payment for musical works She missed Glinka. He was forced to take on apprentices. The final break occurs when, in the 1840s, Glinka becomes infatuated with Katya Kern, the daughter of Pushkin's muse. He files for divorce, at which time it turns out that his wife secretly married cornet Vasilchikov. But the separation dragged on for 5 years. During this time, Glinka had to go through a real drama: Kern became pregnant, demanded drastic measures from him, he subsidized her getting rid of the child. Gradually, the heat of the relationship faded, and when the divorce was obtained in 1846, Glinka no longer had the desire to marry. He spent the rest of his life alone, indulging in friendly revels and orgies, which had a detrimental effect on his already poor health. Glinka died on February 15, 1857 in Berlin. Later, at the request of his sister, the ashes of the deceased were transported to Russia and buried at the Tikhvin cemetery in St. Petersburg.
