What does the name Romanova mean? Romanov - r - origin of surnames - history - my muse

The surname Romanov goes back to the baptismal name Roman (from the Latin "romanus" - "Roman"). The patron saint of the name is the holy martyr Roman, deacon of the church of Caesarea in Palestine. During one of the persecutions of Christians, he moved to Antioch, where he strengthened Christians in the faith by his example and ardent preaching.

When the ruler of Antioch, Asclepiades, decided to destroy christian temple, St. Roman called on the faithful to defend their shrine. He convinced them that if they keep the temple, they will rejoice here, on earth, in the militant Church, and if they die defending the temple, they will rejoice in the triumphant Heavenly Church. Seeing such determination of the people, the ruler did not dare to fulfill his intention.

In Russia, this name was borne by the holy noble prince Roman, the Wonderworker of Uglich. He became famous for building a new beautiful city in his principality, which was named after the founder Romanov (now the city of Tutaev). Chronicles have preserved the details of its construction. The holy prince chose a place for him on the high bank of the Volga. A church was founded there in honor of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross of the Lord. Roman himself indicated where and what should be built in the city.

The ancestor of the Romanovs is Andrei Ivanovich Koyavlyal, whose father, Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 14th century from Lithuania. His descendants until the beginning of the XVI century. were called the Koshkins, later the Zakharyins-Romanovs, and then simply the Romanovs. Anastasia, the first wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, belonged to this family. It is associated with the rise of the Romanovs, who, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich, began to claim the throne.

In 1613, Anastasia's great-nephew Mikhail Fedorovich became tsar, and his offspring (which is traditionally called the "House of the Romanovs") ruled Russia until 1917.

Legally, but, during this period, members of the royal, and then the imperial family did not have any surnames at all (“Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich”, “ Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich ", etc.). In addition, since 1761, the descendants of the daughter of Peter the Great, Anna Petrovna, and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who, in the male line, no longer descended from the Romanovs, but from the Holstein-Gottorps, reigned in Russia.

Despite this, the names "Romanovs" and "House of Romanovs" were almost universally used for the unofficial designation of the Russian Imperial House. The coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in the official legislation, and in 1913 the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty was widely celebrated. After 1917, almost all members of the reigning house officially began to bear the name of the Romanovs. Roman, eventually received the surname Romanov.

The Romanovs are an old Russian boyar family, from 1613 - the royal, from 1721 - the imperial dynasty.

As already mentioned, dimensional documented known ancestor The Romanovs were Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a boyar of the Moscow princes, who lived in the first half of the 14th century. Many other well-known families descended from him (Lodygins, Konovnitsyns, Kokarsvas, Kolychevs, Khludnevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins, Nsplyusva, Boborykins, Yakovlevs, Goltyaevs, Sheremetevs, Yepanchins). His fifth son, the boyar Fyodor Ivanovich (died in 1393), had the nickname Cat.

The son of Fyodor Ivanovich, the boyar and governor Ivan Fedorovich (died in 1427), and the grandson Zakhary Ivanovich (died in 1461) were called Koshkins, and the great-grandchildren - Vasily, Yuri and Yakov - attracted the name of their father and were called Koshkins-Zakharyins. Then the name Yuri joined (he died in 1504), and for two more generations they were called Zakharyins-Yurievs.

The surname came from the name of the son of Yuri Zakharyevich - the okolnichi Roman Yuryevich (died in 1543). His daughter Anastasia (c. 1530/2-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of Ivan IV the Terrible; their children were Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich (1554-1581), who was killed by the Terrible Father, and future king Fyodor Ioannovich (1557-1598), the last in the Moscow Rurik dynasty. This marriage brought the Romanovs-Zakharyins-Yuryevs closer to the royal family. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia's brother, the boyar Nikita Romanovich, until 1584 headed the regency council under Tsar Fedor, a young nephew, that is, in fact, ruled the state. The eldest son of Nikita Romanovich, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich (died in 1633), a cousin of Tsar Fyodor, was considered a contender for the Russian throne, since Fyodor had no children of his own.

However, it rarely goes as planned. On the throne - Boris Godunov, the Romanovs were exiled to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk, many died of hunger and want. Fyodor Nikitich was tonsured a monk under the name Filaret, and his wife Xenia was also forced to become a monk with the name Martha and go into exile with her son Michael.

In 1605, Filaret received the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov, took part in a conspiracy against False Dmitry I and supported Vasily Shuisky in the election to the royal throne.

The detachment of False Dmitry II took Rostov, captured Filaret and delivered him to the Tushino camp. Filaret's brother, boyar Ivan Nikitich Kasha (died in 1640), after the overthrow of Shuisky, became one of the members of the government - the Seven Boyars. In 1610, he supported an agreement with Hetman Zholkiewski on calling the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. He led Russian embassy, sent to King Sigismund III under Smolensk besieged by the Poles. But here Filaret refused to recognize the new terms of the contract dictated by the king, was arrested and in 1611 sent to Warsaw, he was in captivity until 1619.

February 21, 1613 on Zemsky Cathedral The 16-year-old son of Fyodor-Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645), was called to the kingdom as the closest (albeit through the female line) relative of the last Moscow sovereigns. The laid charter of the cathedral proclaimed that the new sovereign and his descendants would reign in Russia "for all eternity." In 1619, the father of the new tsar, Filaret, returned to Moscow, was named patriarch, and actually played until his death. leading role in governing the country.

The children of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich came from a second marriage with Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. Their son - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) - had thirteen children from his first marriage with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya, including Princess Sophia (1657-1704) and future tsars - Fedor (1661-1682) and Ivan (John) V ( 1666-1696). A widower, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich married Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina in 1671; Tsar Peter I (1672-1725) was born from this marriage.

After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the Naryshkins and their supporters tried to enthrone him. younger brother- Peter, removing from power the eldest of the princes, the sick Ivan. But as a result of the Streltsy uprising, inspired by the Miloslavskys, two tsars were simultaneously elevated to the throne - Ivan (John) V (1682-1696) and Peter 1 (1682-1725). Their older sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, became the ruler and concentrated the administration of the state in her hands. But in 1689, Sophia was tonsured a nun with the name Susanna and imprisoned in the Moscow Novodevichy Convent. The speeches of the archers, her supporters, were brutally suppressed. Peter became practically the sole ruler, although his brother Ivan was formally considered the "senior tsar" until his death and was the first to be mentioned in the sovereign's decrees.

Ivan V had only daughters - princesses Ekaterina (1691-1733), Anna (1693-1740) and Praskovya (1694-1731). Peter I from his first wife, Evdokia Feodorovna Lopukhina (1670-1731), had a son - Tsarevich Alexei (1690-1718). There were two more sons, but they died in infancy.

In 1698, the tsar ordered that Tsarina Evdokia be tonsured as a nun. In 1705, Peter became interested in a Livonian captive, the daughter of a Belarusian peasant, Marta Skavronskaya, who was named Ekaterina Alekseevna during the transition to Orthodoxy. They had daughters - Catherine (1707-1708), Anna (1708-1728), Elizabeth (1709-1761). In February 1712, the tsar "married" his elder daughters, having entered into a legal marriage with Catherine - the girls walked around the lectern, holding on to their mother's skirt. They subsequently had three more daughters and two sons, but they died in childhood.

On October 22, 1721, Peter I was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. His wife received the title of Empress on December 23, 1723, and was crowned on May 7, 1724.

Under Peter I, the Romanovs for the first time enter into dynastic marriages with representatives of European ruling houses. Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich married in 1711 Princess Sophia-Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and had children from her, Natalya (1714-1728) and Peter (1715-1730). The niece of Peter I - Princess Anna Ioannovna - in 1710 married Duke Friedrich-Wilhelm of Courland, and her sister, Princess Ekaterina Ioannovna, in 1716 married Duke Karl-Leopold of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The eldest daughter of the emperor from his second marriage, Princess Anna, was married in 1725 to Duke Karl-Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1700-1739).

The eldest son of Peter, Tsarevich Alexei, accused of conspiracy, died in the fortress after being sentenced to death (according to some sources, he was secretly strangled). The emperor's younger sons died in early childhood. The direct heir could be a grandson, Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich. However, on February 5, 1722, the emperor issued a decree (confirmed in 1731 and 1764) that changed the previous order of succession to the throne, in which the throne passed to the eldest of the sons or descendants of the sovereign. Now the reigning emperor appointed his successor at his own discretion. But Peter I did not have time to officially appoint a successor to himself, and after his death, his wife, Catherine I, was proclaimed empress. Her son, Tsarevich Alexei, Peter II, became her heir.

15-year-old Emperor Peter II in 1730 suddenly died of smallpox, not having time to appoint a successor. With his death, the male offspring of the Romanovs ceased. Relatives of his fiancee, Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova * prepared a false will in her favor, but the forgery was revealed.

The question of succession to the throne was discussed by members of the Supreme secret council who decided to call on the throne Peter's niece - Dowager Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna, limiting her power to "conditions". Thus, the Russian throne passed from the line of Peter the Great to the offspring of his elder brother Ivan IV. Arriving in Moscow, Empress Anna Iaonnovna abolished the "conditions" and restored autocratic rule. Empress Anna had no children. Her niece, Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1718-1746), daughter of Duchess Catherine Ioannovna, was married off to Duke Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan IV Antonovich (1740-1764), was proclaimed heir to the throne.

After the death of Anna Ioannovna, her favorite Ernst Johann Biron, Duke of Courland, was appointed regent under the infant emperor, but soon as a result palace coup the regency passed to the mother of the young emperor, the ruler Anna Leopoldovna.

The dissatisfaction of the guards with the dominance of the "Germans" at the court led to a new coup. The "Brunswick surname" was arrested and sent to Riga, then to the Dunamund fortress. In 1744, the entire family of Anna Leopoldovna, who by that time had three children, was transferred to Kholmogory and kept there in strict isolation. Anna Leopoldovna, her husband and some of the children died in custody, and Emperor Ivan Antonovich was killed many years later in the fortress while trying to free him.

Later, contemporaries admitted that Anna Leopoldovna wanted to reign meekly, but she did not have enough strength of character to manage a huge state.

Ascended to the throne youngest daughter Peter I - Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761), the last representative of the Romanov family. Her only nephew, the son of Anna's older sister, Duke Karl-Peter-Ulrich of Holstein-Gottor (1728-1762), who had previously been considered the heir to the Swedish throne, was appointed her heir, since his paternal grandmother was the sister of King Charles XII. He was called to Russia, converted to Orthodoxy with the name of Peter Fedorovich and received the title of Grand Duke.

After the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Holstein-Gottorsky dynasty reigns on the Russian throne, retaining the family name of the Romanovs. Its founder, Emperor Peter III, despite numerous quite reasonable measures (decrees on the freedom of the nobility, on the liquidation of the Secret Chancellery, preparations for the secularization of church lands), was unpopular in the guard. This was taken advantage of by the energetic wife of the Emperor Catherine, nee Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, who led another coup.

Peter III was forced to sign an abdication in favor of his wife and was soon secretly killed. Some of the conspirators believed that after reaching the age of majority, the son should be proclaimed emperor. Peter III and Catherine - Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. But Catherine II (1762-1796) retained the throne, which subsequently served as main reason conflict between her and her son. Preserving the Petrine order, Catherine II after the coup proclaimed Paul her heir, but later intended to bequeath the throne to the eldest of her grandchildren - Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich. This project was never implemented (according to some reports, the secretly signed decree was destroyed after sudden death empress).

Emperor Paul I (1796-1801), while still heir, in 1788 developed the Law on Succession to the Throne, which was solemnly announced at the coronation on April 5, 1797. It was intended to completely eliminate any arbitrariness in the order of succession, even at the behest of the reigning monarch. Since that time, "the heir was always appointed by the law itself", according to the principle of genealogical seniority in the male line of the dynasty, "so that there was not the slightest doubt who would inherit." The emperor's successor was to be the eldest son, then the eldest son of the eldest son and his offspring (also in seniority); if the line of the eldest son dies out, the throne passes to the offspring of the next son of the emperor, and so on. In the event that all the male offspring of the dynasty fades away (as it already happened once in the 18th century), the throne passes to the female line, to the closest relative of the last Head of the Imperial House or to her offspring, etc. This order, which could not be violated even the autocratic monarch himself, was enshrined in the Fundamental Laws Russian Empire.

Emperor Paul I died in 1801, becoming the victim of another palace coup, but the order of succession to the throne was preserved. After Paul I, the throne was succeeded by the eldest son Alexander I (1801-1825), who had no sons; then, after the abdication of the childless crown prince Konstantin Pavlovich, the third son of Paul I, Nicholas I (1825-1855), became emperor. From him and his sons, the House of Romanov continued.

The emperor was revered as head big family, and members of the House of Romanov could marry only with his permission, and without the approval of the sovereign, their marriages were not recognized as legal. In 1820, Alexander I supplemented the Law on Succession to the Throne, establishing that only children born from marriage unions with reigning or sovereign families belong to the dynasty. According to Article 36 of the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire, “children descended from the marriage of a person Imperial Family with a person who does not have a corresponding dignity, that is, who does not belong to any reigning or possessing house, they have no right to inherit the throne. The first “victim” of this law was Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, who married the Polish Countess Ioanna Grudzinskaya: the price for this marriage was his renunciation of the right to the throne. This restriction extended to the emperors themselves. Alexander II, having married after the death of his first wife, Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova, in 1880 legalized his children, granting them and their mother the title of the Most Serene Princes of Yuryevsky, but could not rank them with the House of Romanov. The children of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich from a second, unequal marriage received the Bavarian title of Count von Hohenfelsen, and later in Russia - the title of Prince Paley. Illegitimate children of the Romanovs and children from unequal marriages received new surnames, usually personal or hereditary nobility and sometimes titles. For example, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich in his youth married abroad with the maid of honor Alexandra Vasilievna Zhukovskaya, but this marriage was annulled, and their son Alexei received only the title of Count Belevsky-Zhukovskiy.

The Romanov dynasty continued from Emperor Nicholas I. In his offspring, there are several branches, which, according to their ancestors, were called “Alexandrovich”, “Konstantinovich”, “Nikolaevich” and “Mikhailovich”. In addition to them, in 1852, the offspring of eldest daughter Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, from her marriage to Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg, who in Russia bore the title of Princes Romanovsky, Dukes of Leuchtenberg.

The eldest son of Nicholas 1 - Alexander 11 - gave rise to several lines of the dynasty. His firstborn, heir Nikolai Alexandrovich (1843-1865), died young, and the throne was inherited by the second son of Alexander 11, Emperor Alexander III. The remaining sons of Alexander II held high military and administrative positions. Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847-1909) was the commander of the guards and troops of the St. Petersburg Military District, president of the Academy of Arts (after his death, the widow, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna the Elder, headed the Academy); his brother Alexei (1850-1908) - admiral general; Sergei (1857-1905) - Moscow governor-general. The wife of Grand Duke Sergei, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna (1864-1918), the elder sister of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, after the death of her husband from a terrorist bomb, became a monk, founded the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow and became famous for her charity work. Younger son Alexander II - Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich (1860-1919), cavalry general, adjutant general, was inspector general of the guard.

The senior line of "Aleksandrovichi" continued from Alexander 111. Then the eldest son, Emperor Nicholas II, succeeded to the throne. In 1894-1899, the heir to the throne was his middle brother, Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich (he was not married and died early from tuberculosis), and then his younger brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Only in 1904, Nicholas II had a son, heir Tsarevich and Grand Duke Alexei Nikolaevich.

In 1911, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, without the consent of the emperor, married abroad with the three-time divorced Natalia Sergeevna Sheremetevskaya. At first they were banned from entering Russia, but during the First World War, Mikhail was able to return and showed himself cleverly and bravely at the front, commanding the "Wild Division". His marriage was never officially recognized, but illegitimate son George (1910-1931) received hereditary nobility in 1915 with the surname Brasov (after the name of his father's estate), although without a title; the widow and son of the Grand Duke bore the same surname in exile.

The only son of Nicholas II was terminally ill; the emperor's brother Michael, being in a morganatic marriage, could inherit the throne, but would not have been able to pass it on to posterity. This meant that in the future the headship in the dynasty should pass to another line of the family.

Let us dwell on the branch of "Konstantinovichi".

The second son of Nicholas I, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827-1892), Admiral General, under Alexander II was one of the inspirers of liberal reforms, and under Alexander III he fell into disgrace. The Konstantinovich branch was distinguished by a special love for literature, art, music, and the theater. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich (1858-1915) was especially talented. He entered the history of Russian culture under the letters "K. R.". “These two cute letters, that two bright lights in the darkness of autumn, off-road beckon me from afar,” wrote K. R. the poet about poetry. N. Maikov.

Nicholas I intended his son to serve in the Navy, and Konstantin Konstantinovich began to swim in the training squadron of the Naval School. In 1877, with the rank of midshipman, he took part in military operations against the Turkish fleet on the Danube near Silistria.

From 1814, for seven years he commanded a company of the Izmailovsky Guards crew, and in 1891 he was appointed commander of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1900, he became the chief head of military educational institutions, eventually the inspector general of military educational institutions.

The prince honestly and worthily fulfilled his duty to the army, but another sphere of life was close to his heart. His spiritual interests lay in the field of literature, music, theater.

May 3, 1889 he is appointed President Imperial Academy Sciences. As contemporaries noted, during this period "a number of beneficial reforms followed, especially in relation to the Russian language and literature." The Niva magazine (No. 25, 1915) noted: “The Grand Duke showed an amazing tact in relation to the literary environment: he crowned talents, not paying attention to the direction of their owners ... - at that time he was elected an honorary member of the Academy in the department of fine literature Maksim Gorky. In 1899, Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov was elected chairman of the Commission for the celebration of the centenary of the birth of A. S. Pushkin.

The Grand Duke was a member of various societies, worked in commissions on Russian philology, spelling, and organized scientific expeditions. He is also the author of numerous poems, dramatic works, reviews, translations. K. R. was a connoisseur of painting, wrote and staged plays, was considered a capable pianist and composer. Shifted to music own works, as well as poems by A. K. Tolstoy, A. Maikov, V. Hugo.

The Grand Duke buried his son Oleg, who died worthily for the Fatherland, and did not learn about the terrible death of the sons of John, Igor, Konstantin, who were thrown alive into a mine near Alapaevsky in 1918 ...

Let's go back in time a little.

The Russian Emperor Nicholas II was to be the son of Alexander II and his wife Maria Alexandrovna. Young Nicholas Alexandrovich was preparing for “difficult royal work,” as his grandfather, Nicholas I, said. Training program, compiled for the Tsarevich, could seem extremely rich even for today's students, but Nicholas coped with it brilliantly. One of the teachers of the heir, Professor B. N. Chicherin, said: “He surpasses all of us. If he had, in addition, our experience and erudition, he would be a genius. The historian S. M. Solovyov, who also taught the Tsarevich, said: “If I managed to prepare a student equal in development to Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich at least once in ten years, I would consider that I had fulfilled my professorial task.” Count G. S. Stroganov was even frightened by such successes: “This extraordinary development worries me. It is not characteristic of such young man. Such mental activity I even feel sick."

It is known that in 1860, at the age of 17, Grand Duke Nikolai fell unsuccessfully from his horse and hit his back badly. The injury did not immediately make itself felt. After completing his studies, the prince went to travel. He visited Germany, Holland, Italy... In Copenhagen, the heir met with his betrothed bride - the Danish princess Dagmar. The secretary of the office of the Tsarevich, Fyodor Oom, who accompanied him on the journey, wrote: “... She was in the prime of her sixteen years. She was dressed in the simplest costume: in a light, light summer dress and a black apron. Smooth hair was combed into a hairstyle and collected in a net. Quiet and graceful camp, a small expressive head, a deep look - at the same time kind and affectionate. The prince asked for the hand of Dagmara, she agreed. The parents of the bride and groom blessed the future marriage. However, he was not destined to take place ...

From Copenhagen, through Darmstadt, Nicholas went to Nice, where his mother, the Empress, went to rest. After meeting with her, the young man decides to go to Florence to see the creations of the masters in the originals. Early Renaissance. But at the railway station he becomes ill because of severe pain in back. The Tsarevich returns to Nice.

Unfortunately, the medical luminaries, who were shown a noble patient, could not determine his illness. Some believed that he had an abscess in the back muscles, others defined his pains as rheumatic. Later, the diagnosis of the Florentine professor Bunci was partially confirmed: inflammation of the spinal cord and brain. A more accurate diagnosis was made even later - cerebro-spinal tuberculous meningitis. Time for treatment was lost.

The Journal of Nice (Journal de Nice) published a note: “The people of Nice are very concerned about the health of the Grand Duke and heir. The disease seems to take on a more acute character. They expect the arrival of Emperor Alexander 11 with his second son Alexander, as well as Grand Duchess Mary of Leuchtenberg, for whom the frigate "Alexander Nevsky" went this morning to Naples.

After one of the attacks, having come to his senses, Nikolai uttered a prophetic phrase: “It seemed to me that I was on the Alexander Nevsky and he was taking me far, far on a journey.” Not much time will pass, and it is on this frigate that his remains will be taken to Russia ...

Members gathered at the bedside of the sick royal family- father, mother, brother Alexander. Princess Dagmar was also urgently summoned. When she excitedly entered the dying man's room, Nikolai whispered to his mother: "She's pretty, isn't she?" Smiling dreamily, with one hand he squeezed the hand of the bride, the other of his younger brother, as if connecting them. Princess Dagmara of Denmark (1847-1928) subsequently became consort Alexander III. The penultimate royal couple named their first child Nikolai, probably in honor of a dear relative who died so early.

11 April ( old style) In 1865, before reaching the age of twenty-two, the heir to the Russian throne died. The quiet calm courage with which the young man met his death struck the priest Prilezhaev, who performed the sacrament of unction, he constantly repeated: "This young man is a saint."

M. M. Stasyulevich, a historian, wrote after the death of the prince: “... The young heir personified the hope for the future of a multimillion people. He personified nobility, dobota, good nature, the spirit of truth and justice. He was a symbol of what is dear and sacred to us on this earth...”.

If he had become emperor, perhaps the fate of Russia would have turned out differently, who knows... But history does not accept the subjunctive mood.

The meaning and origin of the surname Romanov No. 2.

From baptismal Latin name Roman (Roman) also had surnames: Romanin, Romanikhin, Romashov, Romansky, Romanychev, Romasin, Romakhin, Romashin, Romashkin, Romashkov, Romulin.

The meaning and origin of the surname Romanov No. 3.

Romanov. From the baptismal Latin name (Roman) there were also surnames: Romanin, Romanikhin, Romashov, Romansky, Romanychev, Romasin, Romakhin, Romashin, Romashkin, Romashkov, Romulin.

Romanov Nikolai Ilyich (1867-1948) - art historian, museum worker, teacher, professor.

The surname Romanov is probably the most famous surname. After the advent of Christianity, surnames began to form from baptismal names of Greek and Latin origin. The surname Romanov comes from the Latin name Roman, which in translation means "Roman", "Roman".

Most likely, the name Roman was included in orthodox calendar even before the division of the church into two parts. It is believed that this name appeared in church calendar in honor of Roman Uglichsky - a pious prince. All your own free time he devoted himself to enlightenment and communication with the clergy, visiting temples. The origin of the surname is associated with this prince. On the territory of his principality, he set up a city and named it Romanov.

From other sources it follows that the founder of the surname is the holy martyr Roman of Caesarea of ​​Antioch. He strengthened the Christian faith. At the moment when the ruler of Antioch Asklipiades decided to destroy the temple, the deacon convinced the faithful to defend the shrine. Seeing such a mood of the people, the ruler changed his mind about destroying the temple.

At the beginning, surnames appeared in the richer and more respected class, which once, growing, was divided into communities. This process in Rus' began in the fifteenth century. The surname itself meant that a certain individual belonged to a particular family.

The surname Romanov belongs to the famous noble family, and since 1613 it has become the name of an entire dynasty of Russian tsars. The dynasty ruled until 1917. According to ancestral history the first ancestors of the Romanovs arrived in Russia from Prussia at the beginning of the fourteenth century. A.I. Kobyla, the boyar of the Moscow prince Kalita, is considered the founder of the family. Of the 32 representatives of the Romanov family in 1918-1919, the Bolsheviks executed 17 of them, the rest were forced to flee to Western Europe (France, USA).

From various derivative forms of the name Roman came similar surnames. For example, the surname Romashin has nothing to do with chamomile flowers. This is a derivative of the name Romashikh, that is, Roman's wife. In declension it turns out: whose son? - Romashikhin, Romashkin, Romashin.

In Ukrainian, surnames were formed using the suffixes -uk, -yuk, -enk (Romanyuk, Romanenko). The Polish variation will sound like Romanovsky. In the Ukrainian and Polish languages, the surname could come not only from the name Roman, but also from the name locality- Romanovo, Romanovka.

Famous people with the surname Romanov

• Romanov Alexander Alexandrovich, Alexander the Third (1845-1894) - Emperor of all Rus', Prince of Poland and Finland. For all his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war, for which he received the nickname Tsar-Peacemaker.
• Romanov Evdokim Romanovich (1855-1922) - ethnographer, archaeologist, folklorist, publisher. He was a member of the Russian Geographical Society since 1886, the Vitebsk Statistical Committee in 1891.
• Romanov Kirill Vladimirovich (1876-1938) - during the revolution, he was looking for all kinds of ways to restore the monarchy, in 1924, after the execution of Nicholas II, his family and brother Mikhail, he proclaimed himself the monarch of Russia. But his encroachments were unsuccessful, because he was considered a traitor in his midst because of his participation in the revolution.
• Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) - the first of the kings of the Romanov dynasty.
• Romanova Alexandra Fedorovna (1872-1918) - Princess of Germany, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II.
• Romanova Anastasia Romanovna (1530-1560) - the beloved wife of Ivan the Terrible, after her death, the tsar began a war with the boyars, as he believed that his wife had been poisoned.
• Romanova Anfisa Anatolyevna (born in 1964) - married - Reztsova; two-time Olympic champion biathlete, twice won the Biathlon World Cup, three times won world competitions in skiing, was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in 1987.
• Romanova Vera Konstantinovna (1906-2001) - great-granddaughter of Nicholas II, in last years the monarchical council considered her the empress of Russia.
• Romanova Maria Vladimirovna (born in 1953) is a Russian social activist, daughter of Vladimir Romanov, the exiled head of the Russian Imperial House.
• Romanova Odarka Vladimirovna (1853-1922) - Ukrainian writer, author of lyrics for many songs. Mother of Minister of Justice Alexei Romanov.
• Romanova-Astafieva Natalya Georgievna (1922-2016) - Russian and Polish poetess, translator.

The surname Romanov goes back to the baptismal name Roman (from the Latin "romanus" - "Roman"). The patron saint of the name is the holy martyr Roman, deacon of the church of Caesarea in Palestine. During one of the persecutions of Christians, he moved to Antioch, where he strengthened Christians in the faith by his example and ardent preaching.

When the ruler of Antioch, Asclepiades, planned to destroy the Christian temple, Saint Roman called on the faithful to defend their shrine. He convinced them that if they keep the temple, they will rejoice here, on earth, in the militant Church, and if they die defending the temple, they will rejoice in the triumphant Heavenly Church. Seeing such determination of the people, the ruler did not dare to fulfill his intention.

In Russia, this name was borne by the holy noble prince Roman, the Wonderworker of Uglich. He became famous for building a new beautiful city in his principality, which was named after the founder Romanov (now the city of Tutaev). Chronicles have preserved the details of its construction. The holy prince chose a place for him on the high bank of the Volga. A church was founded there in honor of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross of the Lord. Roman himself indicated where and what should be built in the city.

The ancestor of the Romanovs is Andrei Ivanovich Koyavlyal, whose father, Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 14th century from Lithuania. His descendants until the beginning of the XVI century. were called the Koshkins, later the Zakharyins-Romanovs, and then simply the Romanovs. Anastasia, the first wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, belonged to this family. It is associated with the rise of the Romanovs, who, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich, began to claim the throne.

In 1613, Anastasia's great-nephew Mikhail Fedorovich became tsar, and his offspring (which is traditionally called the "House of the Romanovs") ruled Russia until 1917.

Legally, however, during this period, members of the royal, and then the imperial family did not have any surnames at all (“Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich”, “Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich”, etc.). In addition, since 1761, the descendants of the daughter of Peter the Great, Anna Petrovna, and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who, in the male line, no longer descended from the Romanovs, but from the Holstein-Gottorps, reigned in Russia.

Despite this, the names "Romanovs" and "House of Romanovs" were almost universally used for the unofficial designation of the Russian Imperial House. The coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in the official legislation, and in 1913 the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty was widely celebrated. After 1917, almost all members of the reigning house officially began to bear the name of the Romanovs. Roman, eventually received the surname Romanov.