Days come to us like friends in disguise, bringing priceless gifts from an unknown hand; but if we do not use their offerings, they silently go away and never return. Each successive morning brings us more and more gifts, but if we have not been able to use those that were brought yesterday and the third day, we become less and less able to use them, until, finally, the ability to appreciate them and use them completely disappears.
Time is the raw material from which we can make whatever we want
The very hours that you carelessly squander, in case beneficial use could ensure your success. What majestic monuments would be built by young men who were in adverse conditions, in such wasted passages of time, which are completely unappreciated by many of us?!
Michael Faraday at first could do physical experiments only in the free hours that he had left from bookbinding. Humphrey Davy made his name doing physics in his spare time in the attic of the drugstore where he worked. "There is no such thing or occupation," Witenbach says, "that would not allow a person to devote some time every day scientific pursuits of his youth."
"The reference to the lack of time to replenish our education," says Matthew Arnold, "will immediately prove unfounded, as soon as we seriously begin to examine our distribution of time." "As I have observed," says Burke, "indolence fills a man's time much more, and makes him less master of it, than any occupation."
What man is so busy that he does not have one hour a day to complete his education? And meanwhile, what miracles would be performed in "one hour daily"!
One hour daily taken away from a waste of time and put to good use, would enable a person of even mediocre ability to master any branch of science completely and would make an ignorant person educated after a few years. In one hour, twenty pages can be read attentively, which amounts to more than seven thousand pages or seventeen large volumes. "One Hour a Day":
for twelve years will more than balance the time devoted to study during a four-year course at the university;
can make all the difference between a mere existence and a useful, happy life;
can and did unknown person famous, useful, benefactor of mankind.
Now imagine the great opportunity that lies in two, four or even six hours a day, wasted uselessly by young people of both sexes in the restless pursuit of entertainment and amusements!
Many great people have created their fame by taking advantage of such periods of time that most people squander completely to no purpose:
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote her famous book"Uncle Tom's Cabin" in the intervals between numerous household chores;
longfellow translated "Hell" in snatches of ten minutes a day while his coffee was brewing, and continued to work in this way for several years until the end of the work;
Hugo Miller, working diligently as a bricklayer, he found time to read scientific books and write down the information he found on the stone blocks with which he had to deal;
Berne wrote many of his best poems while working on the farm;
Lincoln studied law in his spare hours, when he was engaged in surveying, and passed the initial stages without any help while guarding a warehouse;
John Stuart Mill wrote most of his most famous works while serving as a clerk for the East India Company;
Charles Frost, famous shoemaker from Vermont, decided to devote one hour a day to scientific pursuits and as a result became one of the most eminent mathematicians in the United States, acquiring, moreover, enviable fame in other fields of knowledge.
Great people have always been very economical in terms of time:
Cicero said: "The time that others devote to spectacles and entertainment, or even mental and bodily peace, I give to the study of philosophy";
days Alexander Humboldt they were so busy with various things that he studied science at night or early in the morning, when others were still sleeping;
Gladstone he constantly carried a book in his pocket with the aim that some unforeseen free moment would not be lost in vain.
What a reproach such a life is for many young people of both sexes who waste whole months and even years!
Time is money. Of course, we shouldn't be too mean to him, but we shouldn't waste hours just as we don't waste money. It has been well said that wealth lost can be reacquired by activity and frugality, lost knowledge by study, lost health by abstemious living and reading; but lost time is gone forever. With the loss of an hour - however bad it may be in itself - the worst thing is not the loss of time itself, but the squandering of vitality, character in a disorderly life. Due to laziness, the nerves seem to "rust".
Every day there is a small life, and our whole life is just a repeated day.
Target.
- Consolidate previously studied material in mathematics.
- Expand children's knowledge of time, educate careful attitude In time.
Tasks:
- Consolidation of computational skills, knowledge of multiplication tables, the ability to solve problems using the multiplication action.
- Formation of ideas about time, units of its measurement, systematization of single relationships between measures of time.
- Development of attention, thinking, general culture.
Equipment:
- computer,
- multimedia projector,
- teacher and student presentations Microsoft PowerPoint,
- booklet - presentation "Mode of the day" in Microsoft Publisher,
- tasks on cards for work in pairs and in groups,
- clock model,
- hourglass.
During the classes
Now we will conduct a mathematical dictation. Presentation . Slides 8 - 14
- Write the number that is between 879 and 881.
- Add 4 units to 8 hundreds.
- Write a number that consists of 6 tens and 3 ones.
- Increase the number 140 by 7.
- Divisible 72, divisor 8, find the quotient.
- The first term is 780, the second term is 2. what is the sum of these numbers.
- What is the dividend if the divisor is 7 and the quotient is 8?
Checking the completed task: 880. 804, 63, 147, 9, 782, 56. Presentation. slide 15.
Now arrange these numbers in ascending order. Presentation . slide 16.
Let's check what we wrote: 9. 56, 63, 147, 782, 804, 880. Presentation. slide 17.
Work on the topic of the lesson.
Now listen to the riddle:
- It is without legs and wings, Slide 18.
It flies fast, you can't catch up with it. (Time) slide 19.
Let's get back to proverbs. Name the units of measurement of time that are mentioned in them.
(Minute, hour, century, day.)
Guys, what other units of measurement do you know? (Children list familiar units of measurement).
Raise your hand, who can put them in order of increase?
Then let's work together.
(I invite 7 people to the board and distribute cards with the names of units of measurement: minute, month, second, day, year, week, hour).
Your task: stand so that the units of time written on your cards are arranged in increasing order.
Guys, do you agree? Say all the units of measurement in unison.
Second, Minute, Hour, Day, Week, Month, Year. Second. Presentation . slide 20.
Let's dwell on the units of measurement of time - a day. Presentation . Slide 21.
What do you remember about this unit of measure? (A day is 24 hours.)
Many children, and sometimes adults, make mistakes when they use the word day with any number.
Do you know how to pronounce them correctly? Then I suggest working in pairs .
On the desks you have sheets of paper with the numbers 1, 2, 5, 30. Next to the numbers, write the word "day" as you think it should be pronounced.
Let's check (presentation. Slide 22):
- One day.
- Two days
- five days
- thirty days
A game.
- Now let's check how you learned the multiplication table. Before you are the sheets and the Pythagorean table. In the examples in the form of a picture, the key to unraveling the mystery is encrypted. You must find the multipliers in the table, calculate the product, enter it in the cell and color it. At the end of the game, you will see a secret image. Be careful: the 1st multiplier is always in the left column, and the second - in the top cell. slide 23.
| 9 * 5 | 5 * 1 | 8 * 7 | 3 * 9 | |||||
| 7 * 9 | 2 * 7 | 8 * 3 | 5 * 5 | |||||
| 7 * 1 | 1 * 5 | 5 * 9 | 3 * 1 | 3 * 5 | ||||
| 2 * 5 | 2 * 3 | 5 * 4 | 4 * 5 | 5 * 3 |
Let's check what pattern you got: Presentation. slide 24.
Name five days in a row without using the names of the numbers of the month and without naming the days of the week. Presentation . slide 25.
Let's check: The day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Presentation . slide 26.
Fizkultminutka. Presentation . slide 27.
Tick - yes! Tick - yes!
The clock goes like this!
Left step! Right step!
Tick-tock! Tick - yes!
Task 2. slide 28.
(16 hours)
Task 3.
Put comparison signs instead of asterisks so that you get the correct equalities. Presentation . slide 29.
The solution of the problem. Presentation . slide 30.
Every second grader read 8 pages. How many pages did he read in 5 days?
geometric material.
1) What shapes do you see in this picture? Presentation . slide 31.
How many?
2) Draw a square with a side of 4 cm. Draw a line so as to get a quadrilateral and a triangle. Presentation . slide 32.
Check: Presentation. slide 33.
Consolidation of the material covered.
1. Which line contains only time units? Presentation . slide 34.
a) cm, km, kg, m.
b) km, m, dm, mm.
c) hour, day, minute, month
2. Finish the phrases: Slide 35.
- In a year ... months.
- In a year ... days.
- In the year of ... winter months: ..., ..., ....
- In the year of ... spring months: ..., ..., ....
- In the year of ... summer months: ..., ..., ....
- In the year… autumn months: …, …, … .
- ... the year ends, and ... begins.
- In a month ... weeks.
- In a week ... days.
- The shortest month of the year is ….
3. The story of the clock.
1) Guessing the riddle: slide 36.
There are no legs, but I walk, there is no mouth, but I will say,
When to sleep, when to wake up
When to start work. (Watch)
2) Task: slide 37.
How many hours are shown here? (16 hours)
3) Familiarization with the types of clocks: sand, water, solar. slide 38.
4) Watching the presentation "History of watches", made by a student Egor Kruglov.
5) Information about the clock.
6) Viewing the presentation "My daily routine", made by Ilyina Angela.
7) A conversation about careful attitude to time.
Guys, observe the daily routine, learn to live by the clock.
8) Distribution of booklets "Mode of the day" to students.
Summary of the lesson.
1) Conversation.
What task did you like the most?
What new did you learn in the lesson? What new have you learned?
2) Guess the riddles:
1. What cannot be returned? (Time) Presentation . Slide 45
What can at the same time:
stand and walk;
hang and stand
walk and lie down
(Watch)
Two sisters next to each other
Run round and round:
Shorty - just once
The one above - every hour.
(Clock hands) Presentation . Slide 46
Twelve young men came out
Fifty-two falcons carried out,
365 swans were released.
(Months, weeks, days) Presentation . Slide 47.
Time is fleeting, the same moment cannot be experienced twice, we cannot see time, but we can feel it through our old age or maturity, experience and wisdom. Time flies imperceptibly, it seemed that we were just going to first grade, and after a while our children go to first grade, and we don’t realize how quickly time flies, we don’t realize that life flies before our eyes, and we even sometimes we can't take part in it. Time and life - two different words but they are so tightly connected. This is the gap that is allocated to us for actions, not for existence, but for actions. Life gives us time for any actions and deeds, and time gives us life, as soon as time ends, we die.
And so, what is the attitude of a person to the time that is allocated to him? Someone lives in the past, someone thinks only about the future, not realizing the present, and someone lives only for today, day after day one day. Each person has his own philosophy, but whatever it is, you need to take time more seriously and cherish every moment of life. And yet to be found golden mean, moderately recall the past, moderately think about the future and live in the present, getting everything from it. And someone, realizing the transience of time, runs through life, trying to catch up or even get ahead of time, not noticing all the delights of life. Life should be tasted like wine, capturing all the notes of taste.
And so, it is necessary to live somehow, having time to do everything, moreover, without wasting time in vain. Many complain that they do not have time for this or that, someone wants to learn how to play the guitar, and someone wants to do cooking, but there is no time for all this. Home, family, work, friends, study - some have it all together, while others have it in parts. In order to be in time for everything, the first thing you need to do is plan a day in the evening or in the morning of a new day, it’s easier to live, and you can save enough time for some other lesson. A person's attitude to planning is not particularly developed, I draw such a conclusion, looking at my friends. Someone will forget something. Now there are many different organizers, both electronic and paper, diaries are very popular - just write down or enter what you need to do the next day, or throughout the day, and make this list not randomly, but in order, so that you can quickly do everything. And so, now it will become much easier for you, and you have saved time, and everything will be in order.
One more piece of advice, don't waste your time on various unnecessary activities, spend only on activities that will bring real benefit to your future or on activities that support and keep your present in order. Pleasure, of course, is an integral part of our lives, but some of them do not bring any benefit, that is, we waste our time in vain. Our entertainment can go to the provision of our present or the creation of the future.
What are we spending our time on? What are we spending our lives on? Do we have goals we are striving for? Our work refers only to providing our life with money, otherwise, where will the money come from? I'm talking about the life purpose that is given to us from above. Yes, of course, someone can do what he is destined to do and earn money from it. Means, life goal is both entertainment and a method of making money.
A person has a different attitude to the time intended for him, not understanding that he also relates to his life, and no matter how he relates, it should be so, because not everyone is supposed to value their time. Be that as it may, do not waste time in vain, appreciate it, because by wasting time in vain, we lose some piece of our life.
Annex 2
Annex 1
Mode is the main condition for efficiency
mental activity of a student
Studying hard does not mean studying well. The effectiveness of a student's mental activity is determined by the conditions in which it proceeds.
The presence of a regime is the first basic condition for the effectiveness of mental activity.
Turn on mode:
Rational use of time for your development,
Alternation of work and rest, educational and extracurricular work,
Compliance with the rules of hygiene,
Health care.
General requirements to mode:
The daily routine should reflect the mode of physiological processes occurring in the body, and be characterized primarily by a clear rhythm, repeatability;
The mode should concern the entire lifestyle of the student, and not just regulate his mental activity;
The main task of the regime is to maintain high level student's working capacity, struggle with fatigue, avoidance of overloads;
The regime should be modified in extreme cases: illness, graduation, examination session, but even in these cases a new regime is needed.
When compiling the daily routine, when determining the time for self-education and independent work it is extremely important to take into account the period of stable fluctuations in performance. During the day, it changes several times:
The morning time zone is the most fruitful period (from 8 am to 1 pm). Maximum performance and high bark productivity hemispheres falls for the time from 8 to 11 hours 30 minutes, then the indicators decrease.
By 16 o'clock working capacity rises again and lasts 2-3 hours. Then in the evening it falls again.
The third peak of working capacity (although relatively low - 50-60% of the morning hours) falls on the period from 20 to 22 hours (data from M.V. Antropova).
When drawing up the regime, it is necessary to take into account, of course, individual abilities organism. Compliance with the regime, the implementation of the plan will ensure the highest productivity.
business style needed not only in work, but also in teaching. Efficiency includes organization and the ability to save time.
folk wisdom since ancient times, he believes that "time is more precious than gold", "an hour of learning in youth is worth a year of sitting behind books in maturity."
"Student time trouble" is experienced by everyone:
Study takes 8-10 hours a day,
It is necessary to find time for cultural recreation, sports, reading literature, communication, etc.
How to use time wisely?
Some students pay all their attention to learning, forgetting about everything. But this path is fraught with loss of health, a drop in efficiency.
Some students try to work in jerks, either relaxing or straining to the limit. As a result, overvoltage also occurs, breakdowns occur, etc.
Regular loads - necessary condition rational use time. For this you need:
To teach you how to plan your working day, time, highlighting the most important, necessary, what needs to be done at all costs;
To plan study and rest in unity and interconnection, to plan study not only for the sake of obtaining knowledge, but for the sake of preparing oneself for professional activity;
Constantly identify the reserves of time, find its losses;
Take steps to make the most of every minute;
Learn to concentrate your strength at a decisive moment to overcome difficulties;
Look for the reasons for your failures, not allowing them in the future;
Do not take on several things at the same time, first do one thing, then take on another;
Develop the habit of doing everything well. It's better not to do it at all than to do it somehow. Any "hack-work" develops shortcomings.
A series of conversations for the Museum of Clocks for senior preschoolers of preschool educational institutions. Abstracts
Alekseeva Elena Leonidovna, educator of higher education qualification category, teacher additional education, Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution Kindergarten No. 5 "Alyonushka" of the city of Armyansk, Republic of CrimeaThe material is intended for educators of senior and preparatory DOW groups, for teachers primary school, as well as for parents who develop children on their own
Target: the formation of ideas about time and about various devices for measuring it.
Tasks:
to acquaint children with the concepts of "time", "orientation in time";
expand children's knowledge about watches, their types, purpose;
develop mental capacity children;
enrich the vocabulary of children;
develop an interest in learning.
annotation
Dear colleagues and parents!
I present to your attention a series of conversations intended for my Clock Museum, which is under development.
Clock Museum, about which in question is an element of the developing object-spatial environment in preparatory group where I work as an educator. The Clock Museum will collect different kinds watches, old watches, new watches, watches of bizarre shapes and sizes, some of the exhibits have already been made by hand, it is planned to constantly replenish the collection. After all, the museum is needed to collect, store and supplement. The opening of the Museum is expected at the beginning of the new academic year.
Collected in conversations, adapted for senior preschool and junior school age main information about time and types of clocks. I tried not to load the material with abstruse terms, I built the course of the conversation on the principle of accessibility, systematicity, consistency and gradualness.
I would like to immediately protect myself from criticism in the sense that the notes of my conversations are framed as a teacher's monologue. I did not insert physical education minutes in the text of the conversations. Colleagues, we are creators, so I ask you to use this material as the basis for your creativity and boundless unique imagination.
As a visual material for conversations, I used various pictures from search engine Google, which has issued in the form of a separate folder for each conversation. A conversation without a picture (or any other visual aid, mechanism, for example) will not carry sufficient educational meaning.
Thank you for your attention!
Conversation: What is time?
Target: introduce children to the concept of "time", "orientation in time"
Tasks:
expand children's knowledge of time;
develop intellectual skills;
develop the ability to identify the meaning of proverbs and sayings;
enrich the vocabulary of children with new vocabulary;
educate the ability to listen and understand each other.
Conversation flow:
IN explanatory dictionary Ozhegov there are 10 descriptions of the word "Time". What is it? Let's take the following interpretation from the dictionary: "Time is the duration, the duration of something, measured in seconds, minutes, hours."
Today, every person every day, every second deals with time. Time is past, present and future. Such a surprisingly broad concept. We can say that time is our perception of space. With it, we can easily talk about events (or about something else, for example, about our feelings or intentions) that have happened to us, are happening or will happen. With the help of time we orient ourselves in space. For example, it's easier to say "Tomorrow at 7 am I have to go to kindergarten than “When the sun rises and is in the sky at that point (we show), I need to be in kindergarten.” What if we have to talk about what happened two weeks ago? What then? 14 times ago the sun went down and my mom bought me a doll? You can get confused.
Time we cannot touch, smell, see, hear. It is abstract (immaterial, non-concrete, vague).
Also, time moves on. And only forward. Some even say that time flows, flows away, runs away. Time cannot be stopped, cannot be turned back. There is even a saying: "You can't turn back time." It moves from the past to the future. And the moment that is happening now, in this second, is the present. Therefore, people at all times tried to take good care of time, appreciated it, and learned how to distribute it correctly. They say: "Hours - stretch, days - go, months - pass, and years - fly." Remember how your moms and dads say: “It seems that our Vanya / our Katya was just born, and already how big he is!”
Do you ever feel like time drags on like rubber? There are times when you don't want to sleep at nap-hour! You lie and think: “Well, when will the teacher raise us?” We can say that time goes by when you are bored or have nothing to do, when we are waiting for someone, right?! Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do.
And people say: happy hours are not watching." How to understand it? That's right, when we are doing what we love, when we go to the zoo with our parents, when we visit our grandmother in the village - time flies by.
It turns out that we have this sense of time since birth. Let me explain: when you were born, you slowly got used to eating at a certain time, washing your face in the morning, swimming in the evenings, and so on. When you went to kindergarten, you got used to the new routine (and the daily routine is nothing more than properly organized or planned time). In the morning, exercises, then breakfast, then classes, then games, and so on. As you get older, you already see in advance what will happen next.
What helps us tell time? Let's list:
1. watch;
2. time of day;
3. days of the week;
4. seasons;
5. months of the year.
So let's sum up the above. Please answer the questions:
1. Can we touch the time? Why?
2. Does time help us? Why is it needed at all?
3. When we were little, did we navigate in time?
4. What is time?
5. Can time crawl? When does this happen?
6. What helps to determine the time?
7. Why do we often say that time is more precious than gold?
8. Should we navigate in time?
Conversation: What is a clock?
Target: development of time concepts and acquaintance with the history of clocks.
Tasks:
to acquaint children with the concept of "clock" and with the history of their occurrence;
cultivate curiosity, respect for time;
broaden their horizons, enrich the vocabulary of children.
Conversation flow:
Last time we met with you. Let's remember what it is? That's right, time is the duration, the duration of something, measured in seconds, minutes, hours.
Today we will get acquainted with the clock as such, with the attribute of time. With the subject that helps us most of all to navigate in space. We cannot imagine our life without watches. They hang on the wall, stand on a shelf, they are on mobile phone in adults, and on the hands too! What it is? A watch is a device for measuring time.
Why do we need watches? That's right, not to be late, to know when to go to work, to the museum, when your favorite cartoon starts.
But as earlier people lived without a watch? How did you navigate in time? So you say that instead of an alarm clock, the rooster woke everyone up, the day began with his singing. But what if there is no rooster? But what if I need to go somewhere not in the morning, but in the afternoon? It's worth thinking of something else.
Ancient people were guided in time by the Sun. They watched the world around them. The sun has risen - morning, the sun directly above the head - day, the sun sets - evening. People have even invented sundials. We will get to know them later. Convenient, of course. But is the sun always in the sky? No. When it's raining, it is difficult to determine what part of the day it is. Remember, on cloudy days we often say: “It feels like it’s evening” (when in fact it’s still morning or afternoon). Besides, ancient man it was difficult to accurately determine the time as it is determined today. It turns out that navigating by the Sun is also not very inconvenient.
People began to think and wonder what to do, how to invent a device for measuring time. And they came up with a water clock and an hourglass. Sand you have already seen, even someone has them. What is a water clock? Both of them are considered ancient inventions man for more exact definition time. That's really when you can say that time is flowing! Water was poured into a tall narrow vessel with a hole near the bottom. Special people assigned to the clock filled the vessel with water at sunrise. When all the water was poured out, they announced it to the inhabitants of the city with loud cries and filled the vessel again. They did this several times a day. And the smaller the vessel, the more accurately it was possible to determine the time. Ancient people used these inventions for thousands of years. But there will always be an inventor who will come up with something new.
This is how they came up with:
fiery clock(a candle of a certain size with divisions applied to it). They were made from different materials(made of wax mixed with wood shavings and other burning components), covered them with tar so that the “clock” would burn for a long time. They appeared in India and China.
oil clock (this is a clay bowl with a wick filled with oil). This liquid watch. People set fire to the wick, it burned, the oil evaporated. Numbers were inscribed on the side of the clay bowl. People watched what the oil level was, so much time means.
Neither one nor the other were unreliable. After all, they had to be watched so as not to go out. But what if strong wind or rain?
Craftsmen came up with the familiar mechanical watch. It is believed that they were invented in Byzantium. Why mechanical? Yes, because they consisted of countless nuts, bolts, cogs, springs, gears, a pendulum, chains, and so on. At first there was one hand, probably it only showed hours. Accordingly, there were 24 divisions. They were improved and improved, because the mechanism also had to be monitored, lubricated parts, sometimes checking their time using a sundial. And centuries later, in every city, a large mechanical clock hung on the main tower or cathedral. People made them both small and large. Mechanical watches have survived to this day.
In addition to mechanical, not so long ago (at the beginning of the last century), people invented electric and electronic watches. Physicists who worked with the electromagnetic field worked here. They were very accurate and the most reliable compared to mechanical ones, which could fail due to one broken spring or due to dust getting inside a complex mechanism.
But during the discovery of atomic energy, people invented the most accurate, very reliable clock - atomic. They run on atomic energy instead of batteries or the electricity of electronic clocks, instead of the mechanism of mechanical clocks. It is believed that atomic energy is inexhaustible. This means that this watch can serve mankind for many millions of years. Of course, we will not have atomic clocks, because they are very bulky and only scientists are watching them. But mechanical and electronic watches are quite affordable and everyone has them.
So what did you learn today?
1. Why did a person begin to think about the invention of a mechanism for determining time?
2. Which watch is the most reliable?
3. How does a water clock work?
4. Why were people near water and oil clocks?
5. Why don't any of us have atomic clocks?
Conversation: Sundial
Target: introducing children to sundial, their history, purpose
Tasks:
to activate the vocabulary of children and fill it with new vocabulary;
cultivate respect for time;
Conversation flow:
We have already got acquainted with time and instruments for measuring it. What are these devices? Correct clock. Today we will talk with you about sundials: who invented them, when, why, whether they have survived to this day, are they big or small, is it convenient to tell time from them.
A sundial is an ancient instrument for measuring time by the sun. They are built on the knowledge of our ancestors about cosmic bodies, in this case about a star. solar system. The birthplace of the sundial is considered to be Ancient Egypt where they worshiped various gods, built temples for them, served them. One of the main ancient Egyptian gods was the sun god - the god Ra. It was believed that he rules all parts of the world: the firmament, earth, underworld. Ra was associated with a falcon or hawk, on whose head was a bright solar disk. The Egyptians believed that all forms of life were created by his hands, because the Sun is a source of light and heat, without which no living creature can grow and exist. Many bright temples were erected to the god Ra, in which his priests served.
One fine day, the priests watched how Once again the god Ra "travels in his boat across the sky." They suddenly noticed how the columns of the temple cast a shadow first in one direction, then in the other, and smoothly, as if in a circle. The priests came up with the idea of creating a sundial, by which they could determine the time when the beloved god Ra sails on a boat in one or another part of the sky.
Let's see what they came up with: in front of the temple, the priests set up a large peg and called it "gnomon". It was a sacred peg, which was decorated with carved patterns and inscriptions. When the sun (the god Ra) appeared in the sky, the shadow from the gnomon moved along a pre-marked circle (some kind of today's dial). Evenly applied risks were measured equal segments time. The circle was also decorated with patterns, often images of the Sun, stars and the Moon in different phases. People liked this idea, because it became possible to determine the exact time. Sundial began to be installed in in public places- in the squares, in the baths, in the estates of emperors and so on.
Sundials were of different designs:
Horizontal (located right on the ground, they can be built on sand, and indeed on any horizontal surface);
Vertical (these clocks, respectively, are located on a vertical surface, and their gnomon, as it were, sticks out to the side. Most often they are installed on the walls of towers, tall buildings and structures).
If you say that such a watch cannot be taken with you. I will answer - guys, you can! Craftsmen immediately reacted and came up with a small copy of a sundial - miniature wrist models. Travelers and monks had special staffs with marks, and by placing them at a certain angle to the Sun, they could determine the time.
But, it is worth noting that the installation of a sundial required certain knowledge of astronomy and geography. For each locality, it was necessary to correctly calculate where to put the gnomon, and where to arrange the dial. Without these calculations, sundials would cease to be accurate. This can now be checked by conventional mechanical or electronic clock whether the sundial shows the time correctly, and earlier people did not have such an opportunity.
In addition, the biggest disadvantage of sundials is that they can only work in sunny, clear weather! However, sundials have served humans for millennia. And people were very happy with them.
Let's summarize our conversation:
1. Where did the first sundial appear?
2. Who is the god Ra?
3. How did the idea for a sundial come about?
4. What is a sundial made of?
5. Is it easy to make them yourself?
6. What are sundials?
7. Where was the sundial installed?
8. What are the disadvantages of a sundial?
Conversation: Hourglass
Target: introduce children to hourglass, their history, purpose
Tasks:
develop cognitive activity And logical thinking;
consolidate knowledge of time and hours;
cultivate respect for time;
develop the ability to analyze, synthesize, compare, generalize;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
We continue to get acquainted with the types of watches. Today we will learn what an hourglass is.
An hourglass, like any other clock, is, first of all, a device for measuring time. They consist of two transparent glass vessels. In one vessel there is fine sand, which is poured into another vessel through the neck, thereby measuring a certain period of time. It can range from a few seconds to several hours.
It depends on the size of the vessels: small vessels - a small period of time, large vessels - a large period of time, as they can contain a lot of sand. In addition, the size of the neck (the narrowest part of the watch) also matters: the wider the neck - the sand runs faster from one vessel to another, less time is spent, narrower the neck - the sand seeps slowly, so more time is spent.
It is believed that the first hourglass appeared in India and China. They quickly spread around the world because they were easy to use, reliable, they can measure time at any time of the day or night, since they do not depend on any sunlight, neither the weather nor the wind. But there are also disadvantages - an hourglass measures only a short period of time, they cannot measure a day. Imagine what the vessels should be like and how much sand will be needed so that it flows from one vessel to another for all 24 hours. In addition, the hourglass ceases to be accurate over time: the grains of sand grind down, turn into dust, and pour more quickly.
Making sand for hourglass were engaged the best masters. After all, the accuracy of time depended on it. Craftsmen took sea or river sand, sieved it with a sieve, making it homogeneous, washed and dried in the sun. Another sand was made from crushed eggshells. Such sand had a beautiful creamy hue. Sand was also made from charcoal (a burnt piece of wood), coal in the same way as eggshell, pushed. What color is the sand? That's right, black.
Vessels, or flasks, craftsmen made of glass. At that time glass could already be made. And glass, as you know, is also made from sand. Inside, the vessels must be perfectly smooth so that the sand does not linger or get stuck.
Nowadays, hourglasses are rarely used. Mostly they are placed for decoration. But they can be found, for example, in sanatoriums, when the nurse is counting the time of the procedure. Where did you find the hourglass?
It's time to summarize what we've learned today:
1. What clock did we talk about today?
2. What is an hourglass made of?
3. How did you make the sand?
4. Why should the vessels be smooth?
5. What are the advantages of an hourglass?
6. What are their shortcomings?
7. Where can you find an hourglass now?
Conversation: Water Clock
Target: introduce children to different types hours, namely, with water clocks, their history, purpose
Tasks:
develop cognitive activity and logical thinking;
contribute to the revitalization and expansion vocabulary children;
consolidate knowledge of time and hours;
cultivate respect for time;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
Guys, let's remember what types of watches we already know. Well done! We know what solar is. And remember, we said in passing that there are also water, sand, oil, mechanical, electronic and atomic clocks. Which one do you think we will talk about today? About the water clock.
The name of this watch speaks for itself. They calculate time by what? That's right, water, liquids. We know that ancient people, like you, are very observant. They didn't have all the modern gadgets that we have now. They relied on their own intuition, some knowledge of nature and its forces, on their experience and were not afraid to make mistakes.
So, someone says that in Egypt, and someone claims that in ancient Babylon, an earthen vessel leaked from one of the servants of the temple. The crack was very small, and water began to flow out of it drop by drop. The water dripped slowly. And since the minister had nothing to do that night, he began to observe this process. As a result, morning came, and he was called to breakfast. The next night, the attendant took the same leaky vessel, filled it with water, placed it on a stool, and put another vessel on the floor so that the water from the leaky one would not flow onto the floor. And you know what! This man noticed that the water measures a period of time equal to his nightly service in the temple. And so the first water clock, a device for measuring time, appeared.
And then the experiments began: the water clock consisted of two vessels described above, and one large bowl with a hole in the bottom, which was hung up, and water flowed out of it drop by drop, also measuring time. And the Chinese generally came up with something - in a pool filled with water, they put the same round bowl with a hole at the bottom. The leaky bowl, floating in the pool, filled with water through the hole and sank. Not very practical for measuring time, right?!
But the most interesting and most beloved water clock was the clepsydra.
Clepsydra, translated from ancient Greek, means "stealer of water." The first clepsydra was a simple cylindrical vessel with holes at the bottom and lined with dashes indicating a period of time. It turned out that at the beginning (when the vessel was filled to the top) for the same period of time, more water than at the end. You, probably, could also notice this when you filled, for example, water into a bag: at first, the water, wow, how quickly it starts to flow, and when there is a little water left in the bag, it barely flows. This is due to water pressure. Then people thought and thought, and decided to make a clepsydra in the form of a cone narrowed downwards. Then the water clock ceased to "lie". Ancient masters made very beautiful clepsydras. Wood, clay, even marble. Decorated them carvings, flowers, planted birds of paradise on them. Of course, such a water clock stood at noble people. Special people made sure that new water was poured into the clepsydra in time. That's where the expressions came from: "Time is up" and "Time is fleeting like water."
Centuries passed, and people were no longer satisfied with the water clock. Why, you ask. Yes, because no matter how beautiful and correctly measured the clepsydra was, there was still an error in measuring time, and it increased with each year of its use. The water clock simply "lied". People needed new instruments to measure time. People wanted precision. And what devices were further invented - we will find out with you from the following conversations.
So, it's time to share our impressions of what we learned today:
1. What watch were we talking about today?
2. How did the first water clock appear?
3. What does "clepsydra" mean?
4. What form of clepsydra was the most accurate?
5. Why did people have to make a cone-shaped clepsydra? What did not suit them with a cylindrical one?
6. How to understand the expression "Time is up"?
7. Why did people not like clepsydra?
Conversation: Fire and oil clocks
Target: to acquaint children with different types of clocks, namely, with fire and oil clocks, their history, purpose
Tasks:
develop cognitive activity and logical thinking;
contribute to the activation and expansion of the vocabulary of children;
consolidate knowledge about the clock;
cultivate respect for time;
develop the ability to analyze, synthesize information, compare, generalize;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
Guys, guess the riddle:
Head on fire
The body melts and burns.
I want to be useful
There is no lamp - I will shine. (Candle)
That's right, it's a candle. And where does the candle come in when we talk about hours? Now you will know everything.
On Ancient East, namely in China, three thousand years ago, fire, or fire clocks appeared. The Chinese love everything that is connected with the fire element. They came up with amazing simple design: they took a long bowl with sides, put a candle in it, made uniform cuts on the sides, indicating a period of time, threads were pulled through the cuts, on the edges of which there were balls (usually metal or ivory). They lit a candle, the candle slowly burned out, the thread melted, broke, the ball fell on a metal plate under the bowl, made a fight, thereby signaling that some time had passed. And so on until the candle burns out. Then the spark plug was changed. And to infinity.
Incense, aromatic oils could be added to this bowl, they could decorate it with all sorts of figurines and figurines. Well, a very beautiful and fragrant invention. And most importantly, useful, because according to it, ancient people could clearly build their daily routine and navigate in time.
Fire clocks were of different designs. Here, for example, is a cylindrical candle clock: this is a stand (a kind of candlestick) with a metal vertical pin with the same divisions along its entire length. A candle (vertically) was placed next to the pin, lit, it burned and indicated the elapsed time. What do you think, comfortable design? Yes, it is convenient, but, in my opinion, the candle burns out quickly. Then people began to invent candles different composition, with different wicks, so that the candle burns as long as possible, because the wax melts very quickly.
This is how the wick clock appeared. A very interesting design: they made a wick (they made it from materials that burn or smolder for a long time, for example, from a mixture of sawdust and tar), twisted it in a spiral in the form of a cone, tied a thread with a familiar ball to each turn of the spiral, hung the spiral on a pin or hook (like a lantern), there was a metal stand under the spiral. They set fire to the wick, it smoldered, the thread broke, fell on a metal stand, made a sound. Same principle as candle clocks. Do you think it's convenient? Quite convenient.
But the craftsmen did not stop. And here, as in the saying: "Pour oil on fire - only add fire." Oil clocks were invented. They can just as safely be called fire. And the third name is lamp clock. took clay pot, filled it vegetable oil, inserted a wick, set it on fire. There were marks on the pot, the oil burned, burned out, its level showed how much time had passed. Miners took such watches with them - people who worked underground, mined minerals, ore, for example. Oil clocks consisted not only of an oil vessel, they were also made of glass. Practical. By the way, this is a prototype of kerosene burners that your great-grandmothers or even grandmothers used not so long ago. Only a kerosene burner did not measure time, but used it for lighting when there was no electricity.
All fire and oil clocks were good. But that's just unreliable. They were dependent on the wind. Why? That's right, if a strong wind blew (for example, a draft), they went out. It was necessary to constantly watch the candle or the wick. In addition, they “lied” - if there was fresh dry air in the room, the candle burned brightly, the flame played, the clock “burned out” quickly, and if it was damp or there was not enough oxygen, then, accordingly, the candle barely smoldered. Another drawback - candles, wicks and oil had to be taken somewhere, bought. It was necessary to buy them in a timely manner. And a lot of them couldn't afford it. You see, guys, how inventive ancient people were!
Let's summarize:
1. Where was fire watch invented?
2. How did they work?
3. What other fire watch designs do you know?
4. Was the fire clock fast or slow?
5. What did people do to make fire watches serve them as long as possible?
6. What is an oil watch?
7. Who used them?
8. Why are fire watches convenient?
9. What are the disadvantages of fire and oil clocks?
Conversation: Mechanical watch
Target: introduce children to different types of watches, namely, mechanical watches, their history, purpose
Tasks:
To form an idea about the definition of time;
develop cognitive activity and logical thinking;
contribute to the activation and expansion of the vocabulary of children;
consolidate knowledge about the clock;
cultivate respect for time;
develop the ability to analyze, synthesize information, compare, generalize;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
Mechanical watches. What is it? A watch is, of course, a device for measuring time. What about mechanical ones? That's right, from the word "mechanism" - a device, an internal arrangement of something. Who invented the first mechanical watch is a mystery. Some claim that they are inventive Chinese, others say that they are French. Let's not guess. Why do you think mechanical watches were invented? After all, people have already invented so many watches. Right! At all times, people wanted accuracy. Yes, and so that these very watches do not depend on external forces - from the Sun, from fire, from oil or a candle.
If one of you with your parents or grandparents dismantled the clock, you probably saw that there was a lot of ... what? Toothed wheels. One wheel clings to another, another to a third, and even two or three wheels can immediately cling to one wheel. And they, in turn, move the hands of the clock. Amazing, isn't it?!
The design of the first mechanical watches was simple.
The rope was wound on a shaft (it can be compared with a coil and threads), a weight was tied. A weight on a rope lowered and moved the arrows with the help of gears. The number of teeth on the wheels was calculated so that a full circle of the hour wheel measured one hour of time. When the rope unwound, the weight had to be lifted up. I will also add that the first mechanical watch did not have a minute (and even more so a second) hand. And such clocks were installed on towers, in town halls, chapels. They were huge.
Then people invented the pendulum - an oscillatory system. The pendulum moves back and forth and its movement is unchanged. It was introduced into the clock mechanism. And this helped people measure time even more accurately. After all, the movements of the pendulum are the same, unlike the rope, which could become thinner from constant friction.
Mechanical watches have been refined for five centuries, until they reached us in the form in which we are accustomed to seeing them. Spirals, a dial, a cuckoo, and a fight were added to them. And some watches showed a whole performance when they beat off some hour, for example, 8 pm.
For convenience, people also invented small pocket mechanical watches so that they could take them with them everywhere. Then resourceful craftsmen attach leather straps to them. So there were wrist watch, allowing you to instantly see what time it is. Mechanical watches were decorated with various figures, painted with patterns, made of precious metal. They have become a luxury item, a welcome gift, especially for men.
But the most important thing is their function. Mechanical watches made it possible to determine time very accurately, with virtually no error, they did not depend on natural factors. For this they have been valued for so long. And they are still appreciated.
It's time to sum up:
1. What is a "mechanism"?
2. Let's remember the design of the first watch? (Story by picture)
3. Who invented the first mechanical watch?
4. What is a pendulum?
5. What is the advantage of a mechanical watch?
Conversation: Electric and electronic watches
Target: introduce children to different types of watches, namely, electric and electronic watches, their history, purpose
Tasks:
To form an idea about the definition of time;
develop cognitive activity and logical thinking;
contribute to the activation and expansion of the vocabulary of children;
consolidate knowledge about the clock;
cultivate respect for time;
develop the ability to analyze, synthesize information, compare, generalize;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
Today we will talk about electric and electronic watches, which are considered one of the most accurate and most reliable. At the end of the last century, they almost completely ousted mechanical watches from our lives.
It all started a hundred years ago, when electricity appeared, and when this same electricity began to be used for various purposes and needs. The Englishman made experiments with pendulums, electromagnets and conventional mechanical clocks. The pendulum swayed, in contact with special electromagnets, a current was formed, which provided energy for the movement of the arrows. These watches did not require constant winding like mechanical ones. And most importantly, there was no error in time (well, or quite insignificant, the clock “lied” by only 1 second per year). Electric clocks were very popular and respected by professors and scientists.
But in the middle of the last century in France they came up with such watches that we all use - electronic. The pendulum and the electromagnet of the electric clock were replaced by an electric power element - an accumulator or a battery. And the dial familiar to us was squeezed out by an electronic scoreboard, on which electronic numbers shone. In addition, engineers began to invent electronic watches with a calculator, with an alarm clock (now, of course, this does not surprise us, but earlier it was an unheard-of miracle of technology), and even a built-in minicomputer. Gradually, electronic clocks and electronic alarm clocks began to be built into various Appliances and devices that allowed them to be controlled at the onset of a certain time. Electronic watch steel obligatory element devices such as TV, VCR, computer, cell phone, etc., etc. Today we are accustomed to electronic watches and do not even remember that there is something else to tell the time.
Let's summarize:
1. Are electronic and electric watches the same thing?
2. What was the most important thing about electric clocks?
3. What is important in electronic?
4. Where do we meet electronic watches?
5. How did they conquer us?
Conversation: Atomic Clock
Target: introduce children to different types of clocks, namely, atomic clocks, their history, purpose
Tasks:
To form an idea about the definition of time;
develop cognitive activity and logical thinking;
contribute to the activation and expansion of the vocabulary of children;
consolidate knowledge about the clock;
cultivate respect for time;
develop the ability to analyze, synthesize information, compare, generalize;
cultivate the ability to listen to each other.
Conversation flow:
We have already talked about almost the most accurate watches - electronic ones. But why are they "almost" accurate? Yes, because there is, well, the most accurate clock - this is an atomic clock. An atom is the smallest particle that exists on earth. Everything in the world consists of it. People not so long ago learned to use the energy of the atom. Just imagine that we are playing the game “At the bear in the forest”, you are running away from the bear, what is happening? Everyone runs without looking back! How much energy do you have? A lot of! Likewise, nuclear energy is a powerful energy. And and inexhaustible. It can serve humanity for millions of years. But subject to proper and peaceful use.
So, back to our clock. What an atomic clock consists of - I can’t tell, it’s very complicated. Only nuclear physicists can tell us this secret. If one of you becomes a nuclear physicist in the future, please come to the kindergarten and tell the kids about the most accurate clock in the world!
The first atomic clocks were too bulky and were not widely used. But the scientists did not sleep; with the help of experiments, they created watches based on cesium atoms. It's such chemical element. Immediately after the creation of the atomic clock, people all over the Earth decided to switch to the atomic time standard.
The time has come for the discovery of the great mysteries of mankind. I'll tell you a secret that in the world there is a Laboratory of time keepers. What do you think they do in it? Keep time? Right. Why keep it? Is it going somewhere? Another secret will have to be revealed: our planet Earth, as you know, rotates around its axis and around the Sun. The rotation of the Earth is slowing down and the magnitude of this slowdown is not constant. The Earth is currently spinning at a rate of about 2 milliseconds per 100 years. This greatly complicates the work of astronomers and time keepers, who make some special calculations, led only by them, and these calculations may turn out to be incorrect even due to a slight error in time.
Today, not without the help of atomic clocks, Coordinated Universal Time is used as a time scale. It is formed International Bureau weights and measures by combining time storage lab data various countries, as well as data from the International Earth Rotation Service.
Here we say that atomic time is so precise. Why don't we still use it in everyday life? This is because the energy of the atom is not yet used for domestic purposes, the technology for obtaining it is already very complicated. And it is very expensive. Plus, as I said, atomic clocks are huge.
While scientists from different countries there is something to work on. And I think that in the near future we will be able to use atomic clocks in the same way as any mechanical and electronic ones.
So, let's see how easily you remember the information from our conversation:
1. What gives an atom?
2. What are they - the first atomic clock?
3. Who invented the atomic clock?
4. Is the mechanism of atomic clock complicated?
5. Does anyone keep track of the time in the world?
6. Why do you need to keep track of time?
7. Why do we still not have atomic clocks at home?
(I used pictures from the Google search engine)
