What does it mean on firewood updates the path. Introductory speech of the teacher

>"Peasant, triumphant..."

In 1926, I studied at the Leningrad University at the Seminary (then they used to say "seminary" and not "seminar", as it is now) on Pushkin with L. V. Shcherba. Classes were held according to the method of "slow reading", which accustomed students to a deep philological understanding of texts. During the year we read only a few lines from " Bronze Horseman". We had all sorts of dictionaries and grammars at our disposal. We searched for a grammatically clear, philologically accurate understanding of the text, delved into the history of studying the meanings of each word. I remember that we devoted several lessons to finding out what the pronoun "them" refers to in the following lines:

Neva all night
Rushed to the sea against the storm,
Without defeating their violent dope ...
And she couldn't argue...

This difficulty is real, it cannot be solved unambiguously. But in Pushkin's verses there are imaginary difficulties caused by the fact that we are already poorly aware of some realities, features of life that were close to Pushkin.

In "Eugene Onegin" in chapter five, stanza II begins with the lines familiar to everyone from childhood:

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,
On firewood updates the path;
His horse, smelling snow,
Trotting somehow...

Why "celebrating"? Has it become easier for the peasant to travel? Why is the "renewal of the path" on the freshly fallen snow associated with a peasant with some special celebration?

Pushkin knew peasant life, and everything that is connected in his poetry with the village is very accurate and not at all accidental.

The "triumph" of the peasant does not refer to the "renewal of the path" along the first road, but to the snow that has fallen in general. The preceding first stanza of the same chapter says:

That year the autumn weather
Stood in the yard for a long time
Winter was waiting, nature was waiting,
Snow fell only in January
On the third night.

If the autumn weather without snow had stood longer, the winter crops would have died. The peasant triumphs and rejoices in the snow, for the harvest is saved by the snow that fell "on the third of the night."

That such an interpretation is correct is proved by the beginning of the poem "Domovoi" (1819):

Estates of a peaceful invisible patron,
I beg you, my good brownie,
Keep the village, the forest and my wild garden,
And my modest family abode!
May the fields not be harmed by the dangerous coldness of the rains
And the winds of the late autumn forays;
Yes, the snows are beneficial at the time
Will cover the damp fat of the fields!

The next words - "snow smelling" - are obscure now. Why does a horse "smell the snow" but not see it? Why is she "trotting somehow"? On this occasion, I turned to a well-known literary critic and at the same time a master of equestrian sports, the author of the book "The Iron Message" D. M. Urnov. Here is what he wrote to me in a letter. With the kind consent of D. M. Urnov, I am quoting the text of his reply to me.

"Somehow" means here, as I understand it, reluctantly, timidly, cautiously. The horse does not like the wrong and unfamiliar road, and the snow has just fallen, creeping under the hoof, blackness comes across - the earth is unfilled, and even some familiar stump or the stone looks new, frightening. This is a common thing with any horse, not necessarily a peasant. Horses, as a rule, are blind, every spot under their feet seems like a hole to them. Some of them will never go through a shadow, a puddle, but you start to urge - they will jump, just like over a hole, but they won’t go like that. Besides, as I already said, the horse really doesn’t like it when the road is unsteady, its leg crawls, goes somewhere, fails. And now you drive out through the first snow, and the horse begins to resist. Sometimes it literally resists, stops in front of some stick blackening in the snow and does not go (just yesterday, through the mud, past the same stick as if nothing had happened!), but in general this is what the horsemen say - "rests ", that is, he goes reluctantly, and Pushkin, who traveled a lot in the village, of course, knew this well.

"Snow sensing" - the horse first of all and mainly smells everything. Her eyes are relatively weak, her hearing is not bad, but the main thing is her flair.

Very often the reader is perplexed - how it is possible to "trot". In modern Russian, the lynx is associated with the fast running of a horse. But from the point of view of a connoisseur of horses, this is not entirely true. Lynx is a generic concept. There is a slow trot. From her, according to the explanations of D. M. Urnov, the lynx begins: "belly-belly." The horse trotted, then "medium trot" and finally "max" - fast trot.

So, Pushkin knew the peasant life not as a city dweller, but as a villager.

I have been watching this program for a long time now and they show how Stanislav Govorukhin blames President Putin for modern children. His supposedly familiar teacher of literature offered them the meaning of words from Pushkin's verse Zim to explain. “They don’t know,” the master of cinema blamed. To the credit of the president, he somehow stood up for the kids, said something like, it’s not so bad” ...
But it must be said that the now swindled test, in fact, for knowledge of Russian archaic is, after all, the invention of your humble servant in 2005. It was then that I hung this opus on the Rum Collection website. And my wife, under the nickname Kitty, threw it on the Family website:
... Winter! .. Peasant *, triumphant,
On logs** updates the path;
His horse ***, smelling snow ****,
Trotting ***** somehow;
Reins ****** fluffy exploding ******,
********* wagon is flying ********* daring**********;
The coachman *********** is sitting on the irradiation ***********
In a sheepskin coat ***********, in a red sash ****************.
Here runs the yard boy ***************,
In the sled **************** Bug **************** planting;
Transforming yourself into a horse ******************;
Naughty ********************* already froze his finger:
It hurts and it's funny
And his mother threatens him through the window ...
(from the novel, Eugene Onegin)
and a textbook for primary school students.
Compare the four headings:,Winter,Winter?,Winter!,and,Winter!..
Read each of them and compare with the entire content of the poem.
What is the best title for these verses?
Some statistics:
There are 44 words in verse, 19 of them are incomprehensible to modern children, they are either archaisms or rare, or their meaning has changed over time (ZB-exploding).
Etta same / the other day means Tver vernacular, not to be confused with this / / my daughter came up to me in tears and said that they were given two terrible verses to learn by heart. She was then in the 2nd grade of the gymnasium and she was 7 years old and 8 months old.
This, of course, is not what early development in Rus', when Peter the 1st at the age of 5 they planted the psalter in his mind to teach. We all know the result - he learned the psalms of King David by heart and became fierce and evil! Monuments are everywhere. And L. Tolstoy, when he was asked when the book about Peter would be (he collected materials at one time), snapped in response:
Drunkard and pervert! And I won't write...
... I found that the child does not understand 50% of the words and 100% of the content of this text, which seems to be written in Russian, and what kind of Russian! language...
I am ready to explain to children what Georgia is and the darkness of the night until they understand!
But I was not ready to explain what kind of fluffy reins the daring wagon blows up and why this box on the skids, dragged by a horse, moving at a speed of 20 km / h at best, flies ... :);
In terms of meaning, it turns out that this is something like a MI-8 helicopter equipped with ATGMs ...
Of course, this text from children's textbooks should be removed, it is hopeless due to its archaic nature, but what can be given in return when the entire subsequent poetic civilization has not created anything in Russian about winter comparable to A.S. Pushkin!?
... Olzhas Suleimenov recalls in an interview:
I remember the first evening of Soviet poetry in Paris in 1977. Konstantin Simonov said that he brought the poetic team of the USSR. We have collected a big four thousandth! Hall. Usually Parisian poetry evenings - a few people in small cafes. And here Paris for the first time listened to poetry in such halls. And they listened to our, Soviet, tribune poetry, which gathered large audiences in Moscow ...
... we performed in nine (Voznesensky did not go - he found out that Yevtushenko would be :))
- Vysotsky, Okudzhava, Rozhdestvensky...
And modern poems, for all ages, about winter, who will write!?
Pushkin again... Alexander Sergeevich?
I don’t know a comparable rating of poems, by God, there is nothing to offer children!
Intonation in the great and mighty can change the meaning of any phrase exactly to the opposite!
Remember Yeseninsky, I think, brilliant, banter:
The sky is like a bell...
The month is the language...
Matt my Motherland!!
I-ah ... a Bolshevik ???
AC loved it too.
... the naughty one already froze ... finger ... :);
Even as a child it seemed to me, and now even more so, that he did not mean a finger!
In rhyme there goes another, double, organ ...
So I finished about winter:
Pushkin, is this our everything?
:))))))))
Pushkin is our everything! /T.Tolstaya, KYS, earlier-A.Blok/
Or:
Pushkin, is this our everything?
And then it went and went - everyone rushed to check the kids for knowledge of the archaic:
From network posts:
A colleague sent me a heartbreaking horror story about fluffy reins. After reading it, it became clear that the story with the reins needs to be checked for beardedness. And for sure - I never know how to use the word "button accordion", but it seems to be the same:

Once, modern first-graders were asked to draw a picture based on Pushkin's quatrain:
Reins fluffy exploding,
The wagon is flying away.
The coachman sits on the irradiation
In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.
As a result, it turned out ... Well, let's start with the fact that of all the words, "sheepskin coat" and "sash" turned out to be the most understandable.
Kibitka in the representation of the kids turned out to be aircraft. Why? Well, as it is written, "the remote wagon is flying." For some, it also turned out to be similar to a cube (Kubitka). The flying daring ki (u) cue ball is engaged in a very militant business - it blows up. What, or rather who?
The reins are fluffy. These are such animals (fluffy!), A cross between a beaver and a thrush. The fact that according to the rules then there should have been "reins" did not bother the children - and grenades and bombs rained down on the poor fluffy reins from the wagon.
A certain person in a sheepskin coat and a red sash and with a shovel is watching the genocide of the reins. This is a coachman.
The bearer of the sheepskin coat and sash, according to the children, has nothing to do with the kibitka and the outrages it creates.
Born to dig, he cannot fly (on a wagon)!
The most difficult word was exposure. Some of the children did not understand at all what it is and what it is eaten with, as a result, the coachman with a shovel (and why else should he dig holes, he is a coachman!) Was sitting on the "fifth point".
In another version, he was asked to sit on a small hoop (obr (l) uchok) and, balancing with a shovel, watch the reins explode.
As a result, there is no wagon rushing in a cloud of snow sparkling under the sun with a cheerful bearded uncle in a sheepskin coat and a sash on the goats. Instead, a cubic flying horseradish rushes above the ground, bloody lumps of unfortunate fluffy reins fly under its deadly blows, and behind all this, balancing on a hoop on the edge of a dug hole, a lumpen personality in a sheepskin coat and a red sash, with a shovel, is watching.
http://children.kulichki.net/parents/pushkin.htm (the description of the genocide was found in various nooks and crannies of the Russian Internet).

However, that didn't bother me at all. I have seen and heard all sorts of different mistakes, but I will never believe that first-graders with their native and only Russian languages ​​​​suddenly endowed the reins with a soul. It couldn't have bothered them! The reins can be blown, but they were never alive!
Burning with research ardor, I was not too lazy to give the same task to Russian-speaking students of varying degrees of Russian-speaking, and then to my own fourteen-year-old daughter.
The results blew my mind. Most of people who graduated from one to six grades of the Russian (!) School did not understand a single noun in this stanza. The most advanced (so far everything coincides with the results of the mentioned study) were familiar with the words "sheepskin coat" and "sash". The wagon, as it was announced by Pushkin, flew, exploding, and for many artists it looked like something like an anti-aircraft gun with vertical takeoff. Yes, she fired on the fluffy reins, but there were no signs of massacre, although some splashes were observed. None of the subjects considered the coachman a digger of holes. The irradiation, it seems, looked like something like a stump.
The most knowledgeable ones still guessed what a “kibitka” was (after all, the Armenian radio also figured out what a “boa” was!), And they realized that in fact it does not fly, but rushes. It is amazing that anything but a horse was harnessed to the wagon - from a camel to something like an African elephant! And at the same time, the wagon still blew up the long-suffering reins, so that again it was a little anti-aircraft gun and just a little cart. The message that a wagon is a wagon turned exotic animals into horses, but did not affect the disclosure of the topic of reins. This topic was not disclosed by anyone! But the fluffiness of these reins did not make the artists believe in genocide.

After what I had experienced in the classroom, I did not expect anything from my own daughter. And before that, she did not show any hope: http://lila-krik.livejournal.com/31353.html. And my daughter did not disappoint! singular noun, which she managed to semantize in context, is sheepskin coat. Judging by the picture, the sheepskin coat was a warm outerwear. She had to wrap a red sash around the head of a man who looked like a loader. The man (after all, Pushkin's genius blew up some reins) was bearded! The kibitka turned out to be a huge grinning bird (why not, there are jackdaws, jays, canaries, she hardly knew about the trio bird), and the hut that sheltered the peasant (greetings from Alice) - a little cloud, a little barrel. The reins, of course, exploded, and their fluffiness was due to the bird's feathering. Perhaps the wagon was a firebird, and the flying feathers exploded when dropped ... I whined and sent her to finish reading the first volume of "War and Peace" assigned to the house, since nothing worked out with "Onegin".

And it’s very interesting, after all, it turned out the opinion of the people ...
If you do not take some private, then the general is as follows:
and it’s not harmful to memorize more clever words, no matter what they are applied to!
... well, I don’t agree at all with such a wording! ... Remember Petrush the First, from five to seven, when, according to tradition, he scribbled the psalter by heart, the deacon taught excellently mostly unfamiliar words !!
I still want to remember Montaigne, Michel the long-suffering, when his crazy father, at first a poor peasant woman from birth to two years old, blew his son - for national feeding ?! - and then forbade everyone in the district of a hundred miles except to speak Latin ...
In this way, Mases Langwich, he had Latin! If the Lord had not enlightened the parent, the son would be in crazy house, but: I gave up the tattoo, gave it to a normal French school, where Misha safely forgot Latin, except in order to graduate from this school with honors and become a member of the local council :)))
I am not a supporter of playing with a lot of incomprehensible words, especially at an immature age. How is bilingual grown? - you need at least a second native speaker from birth. And if you are not a carrier - do not take it! You will make a mistake in the brains of a child and he will not know any language properly.
Harmful Clever words V in large numbers without understanding them! And to understand, it was my father (and himself, in the army in 1937) who taught me:
To understand means to remember and to be able to apply... :))))))))))))
And Pushkin really has nothing to do with it...
Winter snow...
It's dark outside, like the day of creation,
Yes, it's snowing, it's still snowing,
How he always blew. without delay
Snowdrifts are growing upside down.

Snow today and tomorrow will be the same.
But, the late dawn does not scare me -
My whole essence loves snow so godlessly,
Silently, unrequitedly, maybe in vain

In the morning I'm here, covered with snow,
Either a forest in the snow, or my soul.
How quiet in them, peace saved,
Let the joy of life sleep in both.

I hope, I'm waiting, we'll go out with you again
In my snow, it's clean and light.
There is no love, no pain, no offense,
Evil predator, evil freezes.

Winter will pass and all the snow will melt
Green grass will appear again
One day I won't see her, I know
Snow is falling and words are falling.

Minor, really ... but the children need something in a major textbook ...

Eugene Onegin, I sometimes sing to myself - to the tune of the Golden Mountains. Haven't tried? cures however, try:
When I had golden mountains
When I fell ill in earnest,
He forced himself to respect
I: Couldn't have thought better!

People of the older generation cannot even imagine what bizarre pictures are piled up in the heads of children when reading this “rhyme”, which is no less popular than “A Christmas tree was born in the forest” ... Young parents are already used to passing obscure antiquities past their ears, and young grandmothers in modern Russian literary, they heard this “feeling” from their grandmothers and think that everyone understands the word. The smartest children will look in the dictionary, but they won't find it an outdated form of the gerund "smelling" from the verb "feel", almost equal in meaning to our usual "feel". The horse smelled the snow, felt that it was easier to drag the sleigh through the snow than the cart through the autumn mud ...

According to the definition of F. Hegel, “... a poetic representation<…>puts before our eyes, instead of an abstract essence, its concrete reality, that is, sensually perceived pictures, those sensual associations and sensations that arise in us in the process of reading. When reading, we imagine the appearance, characters and actions of people, specific landscapes, interiors, sounds, winter cold, heat in the desert, the splashing of waves and the singing of birds, and even what we consider fantastic, non-existent, incredible ... That special world is formed from all this , which is called the image of the world, art model real world. It is this model that leads us to understand the author's thought, what Hegel calls essence.

The teacher needs to firmly assimilate this truth and make it a familiar reality for students: a literary work necessarily contains an idea that is commensurate with the personality of the author, but one can come to an understanding of this idea only by getting used to all the details of the image of the world that this author created.

Often the clarification of the subject-pictorial semantic layer leads to the realization of the deep meaning of the text. Therefore, the first stage of work on literary work should consist in the greatest possible detail of the subject-pictorial side of the image of the world created by the author. To do this, the meanings of all words, real and connotative, must be explained in detail.

The study in the second grade of the stanza (Chapter V, stanza 2) from the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" is customary to begin with an explanation obsolete words so that the children have a good idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat firewood is, what they look like, what a peasant can look like and why he triumphs. But the lesson materials posted on the Internet show that the explanations are not complete enough, creating false ideas in children and, most importantly, not leading to an understanding of the true meaning of the text.

The results are unexpected. A peasant in a bright red sweater of modern thick knitting, a coachman's pink sheepskin coat - these are trifles, but they, like noise, prevent you from seeing the true picture and understanding the meaning of the stanza, which the poet created not at all for the sake of the number of lines for payment and not even for the sake of picturesqueness, entertaining the reader of a long novel.

Behind every word are background knowledge and sensual associations, which were relevant for the poet's contemporaries and ensured mutual understanding between the author and the reader, but are absent in the minds of today's children for a number of reasons. But there are also a number of reasons why we cannot help but study and skip such “difficult” texts, just as in the development of an embryo, a stage associated with ancient forms of life development cannot be missed. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare materials for sensory support of the associative background - visual and, possibly, auditory. After all, if the children themselves draw inaccurately, incorrectly, then the teacher will have to correct them, destroying the already formed impression. Images of firewood, a peasant of the 19th century. will allow you to achieve the necessary understanding without burdening the lesson with the analysis of irrelevant concepts and words.

About firewood

Firewood - not necessarily for firewood, but these are the simplest sleds, low, sometimes from a pair of logs with a floor, in which there is no seat for the rider; when there is no load supporting the back, he rules reclining. On the Internet, it is difficult to find suitable pictures so that it can be seen that the peasant updates the path those. makes a rut in the fresh snow . Should I order new pictures contemporary artists, but only attentive to the Pushkin word?

You can only go on firewood very close, for firewood to the nearest forest, to a stack of hay stored for the winter, to the river, and not along high road, but straight ahead, in a field or forest, because the firewood is practically dragged through the snow and it is almost impossible to tip over ... horse peasant, and therefore horse, which is not a heroic horse, but so-so ... And the clothes of the peasant are most likely homespun, the color of unbleached linen ...

Having understood all these details, the children will receive a drawing (real or verbal), where the whole picture will be expressed in everyday colors, where the space will be limited by the village, the nearest forest, and the road will look like a track laid on fresh snow. This is also hinted at by the exclamation that begins the stanza: any resident of Russia can imagine himself in the place of the author and remember when he, the reader, could exclaim like that.

Accumulation of voiceless consonants Cr e st janine, T O hw e st wow… will help to "hear" the creak of skids in the snow. The alliteration in the next line, with the appropriate work of the teacher, will create a background for the contrasting emphasis on the word "path":

H and others aries yah about new lays path…

One fragment requires verbal actualization in the lesson: triumphant, / On firewood updates the path. The triumph of the peasant is obviously connected with the end autumn work , although modern children often explain it with joy from the first snow. In other words, only having completed the path of one season, the peasant immediately begins a new path : the poet pushes the ideas of the beginning and end of the path, emphasizing the seasonal, natural cyclicality of the peasant's life path, the isolation of the trajectory of his movement.

Coachman - trucker of past centuries

The third and fourth lines, after understanding all the meanings, will give the basis for a more vivid picture: fast movement is compared with flight, illustrated (in contrast to the peasant creak) with a sonorous articulatory-sound image br A zd s vzr awake(attention, explain to the children that the explosions have nothing to do with it! The furrows just remain, and the snow flies in all directions from the hooves and runners!) ; a daring coachman (not just a coachman!) in a red sash towers over everything around him - and all this creates a completely different sound-color coloring and emotional tone. Coachmen traveled along highways between cities and carried passengers and mail throughout the vast expanse of Russia, fulfilling the role of the current railway, aviation and truck drivers; in winter, moving off the road into a field or woods was deadly: bogged down with a horse in the snow, the driver could freeze himself and kill the passenger. Path coachman in this text, at a moment that is snatched from his life by the eyes of the author and the reader - this path itself is not named in any way, is not fixed and not limited. We do not know where and where the coachman is going, but we only know that this is his profession - to go, to be always on the road. He too blows the reins on new snow, but as if in infinity, and the verb-metaphor flies only reinforces this impression.

The game of life

The teacher, not understanding the peculiarities of the lexicon of children of the XXI century, does not consider it necessary to explain the words sled And bug, but in vain. According to the modern picture, the children will guess, but approximately. Old, pre-revolutionary pictures depict wooden sled-sleigh, and the dog must be black, because bug- this is not a nickname, but a common noun, metaphorical in origin, the name of a dog, black as a beetle .

Having understood the third picture, the children will see that the same triad - a man, an animal and a sleigh - is presented in it in a humorous way, like a child's game. The boy doesn't have his way, neither cyclical, like a peasant, nor infinite, like a coachman, he running around without a goal and a definite direction, but he is already playing in path .

By comparing all three pictures, the children will receive an image of the world, enclosed in a short stanza, as in a piece of a mirror. It has three moods, three scales, three spaces united by white snow, total time, through the idea of ​​movement and the symbolic number three.

And here we are forced to turn to another side artistic imagery the symbolism of art.

Perpetual motion

The concept of a symbol is used in everyday life, in science, and in art; as a result, the symbol is one of the most syncretic and controversial concepts.

Symbol (from the Greek sýmbolon) - among the ancient Greeks, a conditional material identification mark for members of a certain group of people, secret society. In art it is universal aesthetic category, expanding through comparison with adjacent categories artistic image and sign. The reader must constantly keep in mind that art is symbolic in principle, and verbal art, due to the power of the signifying and depicting word, is symbolic in the highest degree.

The rising sun is a conventional symbol of Japan (since the meridians are conventionally counted and the sunrise occurs in all countries), but a universal symbol of the beginning; in the same way, the sunset is a universal symbol of the end, the mountain is heights, the wind is freedom.

As a rule, the problem for the reader is precisely the universal symbols that lie behind the most ordinary things and do not attract attention: a house, window, PATH, sleigh, dog, river, blizzard...

The author of one of the dictionaries of symbols, J. Tressider, brings symbolism closer to everyday consciousness: “Symbols are often just images that imitate the shape of the creature or object with which they are associated. Their meanings are sometimes unexpected, but more often obvious, as they are based on some quality that these objects or creatures are originally inherent in: a lion - courage, a rock - stamina.

In our textbook, almost like folk song, the stanza contains at least three multi-valued and frequently used characters: path, window and number three. The main meaning of the symbol path enclosed in the expression life path»; on the way we meet Onegin for the first time, then they describe to us Tatyana's long journey to Moscow, and also a secret chapter about Onegin's journey ...

ABOUT kno separates and simultaneously connects two spaces - internal, closed (from where mother threatens the yard boy) and external, open, where this boy has already gone ...

Finally, the number three concluded in the trident of Poseidon, and in the shamrock, and in the Trinity, is found in almost every fairy tale; it symbolizes completeness and wholeness, past, present and future, it is both the formula of the universe and its spiritual beginning.

Three characters, three spaces, three moods, three paths, none intersect with the other, and only the AUTHOR sees all three...

In Slavic cultural tradition meaningful and sled as a symbol of death funeral rite, but, unlike the first three characters, it should be left for reflection at a more mature age.

If the teacher manages to convey to the current second-grader, of course, in a form accessible to him, the meaning of the stanza, which the whole of Russia mechanically memorizes in childhood, then the young reader of the novel, perhaps, will notice what place in it from the very first lines is occupied by movement in space and in time, and each character has his own path …

Every person has their own WAY, and isn't that what the whole novel is about?

Tressider J. Dictionary of symbols. M., 1999. See also: HallJ. Dictionary of plots and symbols in art / Per. from English. M., 1996; Toporov V.N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Studies in the field of mythopoetic: Selected works. M., 1995. S. 259–367; Adamchik B.B. Dictionary of symbols and signs. Minsk, 2006; Benoise L. Signs, symbols and myths. M., 2005; Guenon R. The realm of quantity and the signs of the times. M., 1994; Jean J. Signs and Symbols: Encyclopedia. M., 2005; Klimovich K. In the power of symbols. M., 2006; Popova N.N. antique and christian symbols. M., 2003; Rybakov B.A. The paganism of the ancient Slavs. M., 1997; Foley D. Encyclopedia of signs and symbols. M., 1997; Mythology: Encyclopedia / Comp. T. Zaritskaya. Minsk, 2002; Illustrated Encyclopedia of Symbols / Comp. A. Egazarov. M., 2007; Encyclopedia of symbols, signs, emblems / Comp. V.L. Telitsyn et al. M., 2005.

"Winter! .. Peasant, triumphant ..." (excerpt from the novel "Eugene Onegin")

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,

On firewood updates the path;

His horse, smelling snow,

Trotting somehow;

Reins fluffy exploding,

A remote wagon flies;

The coachman sits on the irradiation

In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.

Here is a yard boy running,

Planting a bug in a sled,

Transforming himself into a horse;

The scoundrel already froze his finger:

It hurts and it's funny

And his mother threatens him through the window.