Individual features of the speech of the old thinker. Composition "Speech characteristics in the comedy" Undergrowth

The speech of the heroes of the play by D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

Comedy "Undergrowth" by Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin -
a masterpiece of Russian drama of the 18th century, which reveals the problem of the moral decay of the nobility and the problem of education.

In the comedies of Fonvizin, a clear distinction was made between the language of negative and positive characters. And if in the construction of language characteristics negative characters on traditional basis the use of vernacular the writer achieved great liveliness and expressiveness, the linguistic characteristics of the positive characters remained pale, coldly rhetorical, cut off from the living elements of the spoken language.

Everyone's speech actors in "Undergrowth" it differs both in lexical composition and intonation. Creating your heroes, giving them bright language features, Fonvizin widely uses all the wealth of the living folk speech. He introduces numerous folk proverbs and sayings, makes extensive use of common folk and swear words and expressions.

The remarks of the negative characters - Prostakovs and Skotinin, serf servants and teachers are sustained in the tones of unconstrained vernacular, interspersed with local dialectisms. At the same time, the speech of the provincial landowners is almost no different from the speech of the serfs-mother Eremeevna and the tailor Trishka. All speeches are distinguished by liveliness, natural intonations, which are not obsolete in many respects to this day. It is characteristic that Fonvizin consistently applies the technique of rectilinear reflection in the speeches of the characters of their typical distinguishing features. Skotinin talks either about the barnyard or about his former soldier's service, Tsifirkin now and then uses arithmetic terms in his speech, as well as soldier's expressions, in Kuteikin's speeches Church Slavonic quotations from the Psalter predominate, according to which he teaches his pupil to read and write. Finally, the speech of the German Vralman is deliberately distorted in order to convey his non-Russian origin.

All of the above features are clearly illustrated by Prostakova's speech - rude and vicious, full of swear words, abuse and threats, emphasizing the despotism and ignorance of the landowner, her callous attitude to the peasants, whom she does not consider to be people from whom she rips off "three skins" and at the same time is indignant and reproaches them. “Five rubles a year and five slaps a day,” Eremeevna, a faithful and devoted servant and nanny (“mother”) of Mitrofan, whom Prostakova calls “an old hrychovka”, “bad mug”, “dog daughter”, “receives from her. beast", "canal". But the main distinguishing feature Prostakova's speeches - frequent use vernacular (“first”, “deushka”, “arihmeti-ka”, “child”, “sweat him and indulge”) and vulgarisms (“... and you, the beast, were dumbfounded, but you didn’t bite into your brother’s mug, but you did not tear his snout up to his ears ... ").

In the image of another landowner, Prostakova's brother Taras Skotinin, everything speaks of his "animal" essence, starting with the surname itself and ending with own confessions hero in that he loves pigs more than people.

The language of Mitrofan's teachers is just as bright and individualized: the soldier's jargon in Tsyfirkin's speech, quotes (often inappropriate) from Holy Scripture Kuteikin, the monstrous German accent of the former coachman Vralman. The peculiarities of their speech make it possible to accurately judge both the social environment these teachers came from and the cultural level those who are entrusted with the education of Mitrofan. It is not surprising that Mitrofanushka remained undersized, having not received any useful knowledge nor a decent upbringing.

In contrast, the speech of the positive characters of the comedy, primarily Starodum, is replete with features of a high style, full of solemn Slavic turns: “It is in vain to call a doctor to the sick is incurable”; “Here are worthy fruits of evil-mindedness!” The basis of the speech of positive actors is book turns. Starodum often uses aphorisms (“it is in vain to call a doctor to the sick is incurable”, “impudence in a woman is a sign of vicious behavior”, etc.) and archaisms. Researchers also note direct "borrowings" in Starodum's speech from prose works Fonvizin himself, and this is quite natural, because it is Starodum who expresses the author's position in the comedy. For Pravdin, clericalisms are characteristic, and in the language of young people Milon and Sophia there are sentimental phrases (“the secret of my heart”, “the sacrament of my soul”, “touches my heart”).

Speaking about the peculiarities of the language of the heroes of Fonvizin, one cannot fail to mention the maid and nanny Mitrofan Yeremeevna. This is a bright individual character, due to certain social and historical circumstances. By belonging to the lower class, Eremeevna is illiterate, but her speech is deeply popular, absorbing best features simple Russian language - sincere, open, figurative. In her woeful statements, the humiliated position of a maid in the Prostakovs' house is especially clearly felt. “I have been serving for forty years, but the mercy is the same ... - she complains. “... Five rubles a year and five slaps a day.” However, despite such injustice, she remains loyal and devoted to her masters.

The speech of each comedy character is different in its own way. In this, the amazing skill of the satirist writer was especially clearly manifested. Wealth language tools used in the comedy "Undergrowth", suggests that Fonvizin was fluent in the dictionary of folk speech and was well acquainted with folk art. This helped him, according to the fair assertion of the critic P. N. Berkov, to create truthful, life-like images.

Let us also point out the relatively frequent "Europeanisms" both in the replicas of the characters (for example, "I am glad to have made your acquaintance" in Pravdin's speech), and in the author's remarks: "Sophia took a seat near the table."

It is noteworthy that the speech of the provincial nobles is not alien to certain foreign language elements: (letter)amorous in Prostakova's remark. from French or Italian swear words penetrated into her speech: “The beast is delirious, as if noble” (about a serf girl); “I’ll give dawn to my canals!” The language of the "Undergrowth" compared with the language of the comedies of the first half or mid-eighteenth V. (Sumarokova, Lukina, etc.) is distinguished by fidelity to life and plausibility. This play prepared the language achievements of 19th-century comedians. Griboyedov and Gogol.

Speech characteristics in the comedy "Undergrowth"

The first thing that draws attention modern reader comedy "Undergrowth" - these are the names of the characters. “Speaking” surnames immediately establish the attitude of the reader (spectator) to their owners. He ceases to be a more or less objective witness of the action being played out, he psychologically already becomes a participant in it. He was deprived of the opportunity to evaluate the heroes and their actions. From the very beginning, from the names of the characters, the reader was told where the negative characters are and where the positive ones are. And the role of the reader is to see and remember the ideal to which one must strive.

The actors can be divided into three groups: negative (Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Skotinin), positive (Pravdin, Milon, Sofya, Starodum), the third group includes all other characters, these are mainly servants and teachers. Negative characters and their servants are inherent in the common colloquial. The vocabulary of the Skotinins consists mainly of words used in the barnyard. This is well shown by the speech of Skotinin - Uncle Mitrofan. She is full of words: pig, piglets, pigsty. The idea of ​​life also begins and ends with the barnyard. He compares his life with the life of his pigs. For example: “I also want to have my own piglets”, “if I have ... a special barn for each pig, then I will find a litter box for my wife.” And he is proud of it: “Well, be I a pig's son, if ...”

Lexicon his sister, Mrs. Prostakova, is a little more diverse, due to the fact that her husband is “an innumerable fool”, and she has to deal with everything herself. But the roots of Skotininsky are also manifested in her speech.

Favorite curse word is "cattle". To show that Prostakova did not go far in development from her brother. Fonvizin sometimes refuses her elementary logic. For example, such phrases: “Since we took away everything that the peasants had, we can’t tear anything off,” “Tal, is it really necessary to be like a tailor in order to be able to sew a caftan well?” And, drawing a conclusion from what has been said, Prostakova finishes the phrase: “What a bestial reasoning.”

Concerning her husband, one can only say that he is laconic and does not open his mouth without instructions from his wife. But this is what characterizes him as a “countless fool”, a weak-willed husband who fell under the heel of his wife. Mitrofanushka is also laconic, however, unlike his father, he has freedom of speech. Skotininsky roots are manifested in him by the ingenuity of curses; “old grunt”, “garrison rat”.

Servants and teachers have in their speech characteristics estates and parts of the society to which they belong. Eremeevna's speech is constant excuses and desires to please. Teachers: Tsyfirkin - retired sergeant, Kuteikin - deacon from Pokrov. And by their speech they show belonging: one - to the military, the other - to church ministers.

Hello:

Kuteikin: “To the house of the lord peace and many years from the children and household.”

Tsyfirkin: “We wish your honor a hundred years of health, yes twenty ...”

Say goodbye:

Yauteigsy: “Command us back home?”

Tsyfirkin: “Where are we going, your honor?”

They swear:

Kuteikin: “At least now I’m with slits, if only I’ll get a sinner by the way! .. A parable in tongues!”

Tsyfirkin: “I would give myself an ear to take away, if only to school this parasite like a soldier! .. What a beast!”

All the characters, except for the positive ones, have a very colorful, emotionally colored speech. You may not understand the meaning of the words, but the meaning of what is said is always clear.

For example:

I will get you.

I have my own hooks too.

The speech of positive characters does not differ in such brightness. All four have no colloquial, colloquial phrases in their speech. This is book speech, speech educated people that time, which practically does not express emotions. You understand the meaning of what has been said from the immediate meaning of the words. For the rest of the characters, the meaning can be caught in the very dynamics of speech.

It is almost impossible to distinguish Milon's speech from Pravdin's speech. It is also very difficult to say anything about Sophia from her speech. An educated, well-behaved young lady, as Starodum would call her, who is sensitive to the advice and instructions of her beloved uncle. Starodum's speech is completely determined by the fact that the author put his own words into the mouth of this hero. moral program: rules, principles, moral laws by which the “pious man” must live. Starodum's monologues are structured in this way: Starodum first tells a story from his life, and then deduces a moral. Such, for example, is the conversation between Starodum and Pravdin. And the conversation between Starodum and Sophia is a set of rules, and "... every word will be embedded in the heart."

As a result, it turns out that villain characterizes himself, and speech goodie used by the author to express his thoughts. The person is depicted in volume, the ideal - in the plane.

and where positive. And the role of the reader is to see and remember the ideal to which one must strive. The actors can be divided into three groups: negative (Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Skotinin), positive (Pravdin, Milon, Sofya, Starodum), the third group includes all other characters - these are mainly servants and teachers. Negative characters and their servants are inherent in ...

Her "countless fool" and she has to do everything herself. But the roots of Skotininsky are also manifested in her speech. Favorite curse word is "cattle". To show that Prostakova is not far behind her brother in development, Fonvizin sometimes denies her elementary logic. For example, such phrases: “Since we took away everything that the peasants had, we can’t tear anything off”, “Is it really necessary ...

It was possible to fall behind”, that “the more stupid the husband, the better for the wife”. Summing up the conversation about the subject, problems and genre composition magazines Novikov, as well as the result of the study of aspects of the comic image female images, we can conclude about their greatest diversity. On the pages of Novikov's satirical magazines, topics such as the arbitrariness and tyranny of landowners, ...

Which Fonvizin composed after his decision to move on to socially important topics. Comedy has taken a polemical stance towards sensitive comedies. At the same time, "The Brigadier" goes past the general thematic line of Fonvizin's dramatic work. The play is directed against the bribery of judges, against abuses in legal proceedings, against gallomania. Fonvizin in his play...

Semakova Anastasia

Characteristics of Ms. Prostakova, Mitrofanushka, Skotinin through the speech of the heroes

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MBOU "Secondary Selmengskaya high school»
branch "Topetsk Basic School"

Research work in the Russian language

8th grade students

Semakova Anastasia

Swear words - a means of speech characteristics of the heroes of the play
DI. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

Supervisor of the work - Fedoseeva S.V.

October, 2013

Introduction

Target - to explore the swear words in the speech of the heroes of the play by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth".

Tasks :

• Determine what swear words are, what marks it has in dictionaries.
• Write out from the text of the play D.I. Fonvizin vocabulary, which can be attributed to swear words, and analyze the etymology and lexical meaning of these words.
• Determine how the swear words characterize the characters of the play.
• Draw conclusions about how swear words characterize the heroes of the play.

This paper discusses the use of swear words by the characters in the play by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", in order to characterize the heroes.

Speech always characterizes the speaker:

Study

"Dictionary of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" (MAS), edited by A.P. Evgenieva indicates that the adjective abusive refers to the word scolding, and the interpretation of scolding gives as "offensive, curse words, swearing" and notes the connotation of this word "condemnation, censure, reproaches".

Let's try to characterize the heroes of the work of D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", using swear words in their speech. To do this, we wrote out replicas containing swear words from the text of the play, and based on this we compiled a table:

Hero of the play	Action/ phenomenon	To whom does he speak	What does he say
Ms. Prostakova		Trishka	And you cattle , come closer. Didn't I tell you thieves mug so that you let the caftan go wider. Tell, blockhead what will you justify?
			Looking for it, he argues. A tailor learned from another, another from a third, but who did the first tailor learn from? Speak, cattle.
		Trishka	Get out, cattle.
		Eremeevna	So you're sorry sixth, beast?
		Eremeevna	Well ... and you, the beast , dumbfounded, and you do not got drunk on my brother mug and you didn't tear him apart burrowed to the ears... Yes ... yes ... not your child, beast! You are still an old witch, and burst into tears.
		Eremeevna	All you bastards , zealous in words alone, and not in deeds ...
		Eremeevna	Are you a girl you are the daughter of a dog ? Is it in my house besides yours bad hari, and no maids!
		Eremeevna about fortress Palashka	Lies! Oh, she's a beast! Lies! As if noble!
		Eremeevna about fortress Palashka	Delirium, bastard ! As if noble!
		Sophia	Perhaps a letter to me. (Almost vomits.) I bet it's some kind of amorous one. And guess who. It's from that officer who was looking to marry you and for whom you yourself wanted to marry. Yes, which beast gives you letters without my asking! I'll get there. Here's what we've come up with. Write letters to girls! Girls can read and write!
		Starodum About Me	Oh, I'm stupid ! Father! I'm sorry. I stupid .
		Milon about my husband	Do not be angry, my father, that freak mine missed you. So rotten was born, my father.
		household members and serfs	Rogues! The thieves! Fraudsters!I order everyone to be beaten to death!
		everyone About Me	Oh, I'm a dog's daughter! What have I done!
Skotinin		Pravdin	How! Nephew to interrupt from his uncle! Yes, I like him at the first meeting hell break. Well be me pig son if I am not her husband, or Mitrofan a freak.
		Mitrofan	Oh, you damned chick!
		Pravdin	I myself will not take my eyes off that the elected one does not tell me stories. Master, dog son where does it come from!
Mitrofan		Eremeevna	Well, another word, old hrychovka!
Tsyfirkin		Vralman	And you furrowed your eyebrows, snooker owl!
Kuteikin		Vralman	Cursed owl! What are you slapping with burkali?
Vralman		Tsyfirkin and Kuteikin	What fsyali, beast? Shuta suntes.
		Tsyfirkin and Kuteikin	Like putto py to the arithmetic of dustlyuti sand turaks!

For the etymological analysis of words, we used the dictionary of N.M. Shansky. All words from the list we have compiled are marked "Obshcheslav." and "Original", except for the words fury , borrowed from the Polish language, which got there from the Greek language, and canine , which refers to the word dog, borrowed from the Iranian language.By origin, all swear words from the play "Undergrowth" can be divided into groups:

1. Animal origin:

1. Livestock = wealth, money. It is explained by the fact that cattle served as a bargaining chip.
2. Mug. The origin is unclear. Presumably an abbreviation of Khavrya Sow. In this case, mug is literally - "pig face".
3. Bestia. From the slang of the seminarians.It is a rethinking of lat. bestia "beast, animal", Bestia "animal" literally - "breathing". Dictionary V.I. Dahl points to the Latin origin of this word.
4. Chushka is a suffix derived from chukh "pig", formed from "imitative" choo-choo . Chukha → pig (alternating x / / w). Dictionary V.I. Dalia gives an explanation of the word chukha as "snout, nose, pig grunt".
5. Dog is an adjective derived from the noun dog.
6. The snout is the front part of the head in some animals.

1. Borrowing from Greek mythology- Fury.
2. Damn / Damn - the origin is unclear. Presumably "he who digs lives in the earth" and further - "underground spirit".
3. Blockhead - origin unclear. A presumably suffixal derivative oflost bly, balls "log".

Consider the lexical meaning (LZ) of swear words (according to the dictionaries of V.I. Dahl and S.I. Ozhegov)

Words	LZ	Litters
		« explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" by V.I.Dal	Dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov.
livestock	"cattle-like man"	"swearing"	“portable” “colloquial” “swearing”
mug	“bad, disgusting face, mug”		"colloquial" "swearing"
blockhead	“stupid, stupid, ignorant, ignorant”		"abusive" "colloquial"
beast	“a rogue, a swindler, an impudent swindler, a clever and impudent rogue”	"abusive"	"colloquial"
fool / fool	“stupid person, dumbass”		"colloquial" "abusive"
crap	“the personification of evil, the enemy of the human race: unclean, black power, satan, devil, evil one”	"abusive"
hrych / hrychovka	“old man, old man”	"abusive or humorous"	"colloquial" "swearing"
ingot /chukhna	“the same as a pig” (according to S.I. Ozhegov) “stupid fool” (according to V.I. Dahl)	"abusive"	"colloquial"
canine	“grumpy, quarrelsome” (according to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl)	"abusive"	"colloquial" "disapproving"
deadhead	"an unruly person"		"disapproving" "colloquial"
rogue	“a person who loves to be cunning, cunning” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)		"colloquial"
thief	“a swindler, an idler, a deceiver; traitor” (according to V.I.Dal’s dictionary) “traitor, villain” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)
scammer	"rascal, crook"
freak	“immoral, a person of bad rules or inclinations” (according to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl) “a person with some bad, negative properties” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)
snout	“same as face”	"swearing"	"colloquial" "swearing"

Most of the words that the heroes of the play "Undergrowth" swear at refer to colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and have the mark "abusive".

conclusions

So, swear words as an appeal are most often present in the speech of Ms. Prostakova (“And you, cattle, come closer”, “Didn’t I tell you, thieves’ mug, that you let your caftan go wider”, “Get out, cattle” , “Well ... and you, the beast, were dumbfounded, but you didn’t bite into your brother’s mug, and you didn’t pull his snout up to his ears”, “Tell me, idiot, how can you justify yourself?”). Addressing her maids, Prostakova most often calls them beasts, and servants cattle, while when she wants to achieve something from influential people, then begins to humiliate himself in front of them, for example: “Ah, I am an innumerable fool! Father! I'm sorry. I'm a fool". Since she always uses rude words from the vernacular vocabulary, which do not differ in variety and are connected by their origin with the animal world, it can be argued that Prostakova is uneducated, ignorant, rude, cruel to those who cannot protect themselves from her rudeness. Prostakova uses abusive vocabulary when she communicates with her servants, brother and husband or talks about them, for example: “Do not be angry, my father, that my freak missed you. I was born so rotten, my father.” The same applies to her son Mitrofan and brother Skotinin, who use swear words of animal origin as references, for example: “Oh, you damn pig!”

Throughout the play, the author constantly plays words of animal origin in the speech of the characters, thereby trying to expose the bestial behavior of some characters, even though they are noble people. noble origin. For example, the word livestock occurs in the play different meanings. “When only cattle can be happy with us, then your wife will have poor peace from them and from us,” - in Pravdin’s speech, the word cattle can be understood in different ways: “ common name household animals” or “cattle-like person”. livestock is the root in the surname of the hero of the play Skotinin. And Prostakova herself, although she now bears such a surname, was also originally Skotinina. It is no coincidence that Kuteikin dictates to Mitrofan the words: "I am cattle" (I am cattle). Fonvizin, with the help of these words, constantly ridicules the ignorance, rudeness of the Prostakov and Skotinin family, showing their true essence. The author is trying to impress the reader that, no matter how noble the origin of a person, with bestial behavior, he will be worse than the cattle itself.

Three teachers, Tsyfirkin, Kuteikin and Vralman, although they are teachers, behave very hostilely towards each other, using the same words of animal origin when they meet. What is Prostakova herself, she chose such teachers for her son: rude and uneducated.

Consequently, abusive vocabulary characterizes the heroes of Fonvizin's play "Undergrowth" as rude, vicious, uneducated, ignorant people.

Bibliography

1. Emelianenko E. M. Nouns-predicates with the meaning of a negative assessment // РЯШ, 1990, No. 5, pp. 73 - 76.
2. Kimyagarova R. S., Bash L. M., Ilyushina L. A. Dictionary of the comedy language of D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". -http://www.philol.msu.ru/~slavmir2009/sections/?secid=9- International scientific symposium " Slavic languages and culture in modern world". - Moscow, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, March 24–26, 2009
3. Krysin L.P. The relationship of modern literary language and vernacular // РЯШ, 1988, No. 2, pp. 81 - 88.
4. The full text of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (vols. 1-4, 1863-66) in accordance with modern rules spelling.http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/dal
5. Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov. 10th edition, stereotypical. Ed. the doctors philological sciences, Professor N.Yu. Shvedova. Publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia", Moscow - 1973.http://www.ozhegov.org
6. Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Russian Language; Ed. A.P. Evgenyeva. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language, 1985 -1988. T.1. A - Y. 1985. - 696s. T.2. K-O. 1986. - 736 p.
7. Shansky. N. M. Shkolny etymological dictionary Russian language. The origin of words / N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 398, p.http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/shansky/
8. Fonvizin D.I. Undergrowth //Fonvizin D.I., Griboyedov A.S., Ostrovsky A.N. Selected works / Ed.: G. Belenky, P. Nikolaev, A. Puzikov; Comp. And entry. Article by V.Turbina; Comp. section "Applications" and note. Y.Dvinskoy. - M.: Artist. Lit., 1989. - 608 p.

MBOU "Ershichskaya secondary school" speech characteristic character as a means of creating a comic situation (based on the comedy "Undergrowth" by D.I. Fonvizin) (project) Prepared by: 8th grade student Kristina Mikhaleva Supervisor: Bokataya V.A. Ershichi 2016 Purpose, objectives of the project, object and method of research:

• Show how, using the character's speech, the author literary work in the genre of comedy creates a comic situation and artistic image character.
Project objectives: - read the comedy by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" - To observe the speech of Ms. Prostakova, make extracts from the replicas and monologues of this character; - analyze Prostakova's speech - answer the question of how Prostakova's speech helps to make funny situation, as well as how the speech characterizes the character; - draw conclusions from the observations Object of study: Prostakova's speech from D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" Research method: observation, extracts, generalization

DI. Fonvizin (1745-1792) Speech characteristics of Ms. Prostakova Characteristics of Prostakova

• The central character of the play is Mrs. Prostakova. She manages the household, beats her husband, keeps the courtyards in horror, and brings up her son Mitrofan. "I scold, then I fight, and that's how the house is kept." No one dares to oppose her power: "Am I not powerful in my people." Speech characteristics are the main way to create Prostakova's character. The heroine's language changes depending on who she is addressing. Mrs. Prostakova calls the servants "thieves", "canals", "beast", "dog's daughter". He addresses Mitrofan: "my dear friend", "duilenka". He greets guests with respect: "I recommend you a dear guest", "you are welcome". There are tragic elements in the image of Prostakova. This ignorant and greedy "despicable fury" loves and sincerely cares about her son. At the end of the play, rejected by Mitrofan, she becomes humiliated and pitiful: - You alone stayed with me. - Yes, get rid of ... - I don’t have a son ... It is characteristic that the speech of this hypocritical lady is able to completely change its color in conversations with people on whom she depends: here is her language acquires flattering, cunning intonations, she intersperses the conversation with constant fawning and laudatory words... Her speech is rude and vicious, full of swear words, abuse and threats, emphasizing the despotism and ignorance of the landowner, her soulless attitude towards the peasants, whom she does not consider to be people, with whom the “three skins” rip off and at the same time resent and reproach them. “Five rubles a year and five slaps a day” receives from her Eremeevna, a faithful and devoted servant and nanny ("mother") Mitrofan, whom Prostakova calls "old grunt", "bad mug", "dog's daughter", "beast", "canal".

Prostakov

• Prostakova is the central negative character, a representative of the serf nobility. Depicted by Fonvizin as an uneducated, ignorant and vicious woman, who owns all the power in the family: “I scold, then I fight, and that’s how the house is kept.” She is convinced that education is unnecessary and even harmful: "without science, people live and lived." A two-faced person: with serfs, teachers, husband, brother, she communicates condescendingly, rudely, even aggressively, and tries to flatter people on whom her position depends. Confirmation of the same thought is a change in attitude towards Sophia. “Prezloyfury, to which the infernal temper makes the misfortune of the whole house,” Pravdin calls her. Only person giving her good feelings- the son of Mitrofanushka, "friend of the heart", "darling". Therefore, in the finale, she is even sorry, because he turns away from her.

Examples of Prostakova's speech

• Trishke - "cattle", "swindler", "thieves' mug", "blockhead"; Eremeevna - "a beast", "a rascal", "a dog's daughter". To Starodum - a "benefactor". “Whatever the peasants had, we took away, we won’t be able to rip anything off.” “Crooks, thieves, swindlers! I order everyone to be beaten to death.”
• Mrs. Prostakova (Trishke). - And you, cattle, come closer. Didn't I tell you, thieves' mug, that you let your caftan go wider. The child, the first, grows; another, a child and without a narrow caftan of delicate build. Tell me, idiot, what's your excuse? (Insolence and rudeness)
• Mrs. Prostakova (rushing to embrace Sophia). Congratulations, Sofyushka! Congratulations, my soul! I'm overjoyed! Now you need a groom. I, I best bride and I don’t want Mitrofanushka. That's uncle! That's a father! I myself still thought that God would protect him, that he was still alive. (Hypocrisy and flattery)
• Ms Prostakova. On him, my father, he finds such, in a local way, tetanus. Sometimes, bulging eyes, stands dead hour like dug in. I didn't do anything with him; What could he not stand for me! You won't get through anything. If the tetanus goes away, then, my father, it will bring such game that you ask God for tetanus again. (Tactlessness and self-confidence in his power over everyone)
• Ms Prostakova. (Eremeevna) Are you a girl, are you a dog's daughter? Are there no maids in my house besides your nasty hari? Where is the stick? (Despotism)

Let's draw conclusions

• How does speech characterize the personality of the hero of a dramatic work? Prostakova, being nee Skotinina, shows her animal essence: “Has it been heard that a bitch gave out her puppies? »
• There are in her rude, often primitive speech and well-aimed proverbs ("how suspended by the tongue", "where there is anger, there is mercy", "the sword does not cut a guilty head"). but the main distinguishing feature of Prostakova’s speech is the frequent use of vernacular (“pervoet”, “deushka”, “arihmetika”, “robin”, “sweat and soak him”) and vulgarisms (“... and you, the beast, were dumbfounded, but you didn’t get drunk brother in the mug, but you didn’t pull his snout up to his ears ...”).
• All this creates comic situations that Prostakova constantly gets into. However, the laughter of the play is not so harmless, since the owner of such a speech is a terrible person in her cruelty, rudeness, and Prostakova’s personal tragedy does not cause sympathy

Prostakova is a typical serf-owner. The way she treats her servants testifies to her dominance and cruelty, the servants for her are not people, so she allows them to be humiliated and suppressed, and sometimes physically tortured. Yes, and Prostakova does not put her husband in anything. Prostakova’s speech speaks of her limitations, lack of education, she usually pronounces words incorrectly, distorts proverbs as she wants. Prostakova is flattering to those from whom she hopes to benefit; her flattering words are immediately guessed by the clever Starodum, therefore, ironically over her. Prostakova does not raise her son, but only spoils Mitrofan with her blind love, indulging his laziness and slovenliness. Mitrofan cannot learn from his mother either humanity, education, or good speech.

Comedy "Undergrowth" recognized the best work outstanding Russian playwright D. I. Fonvizin. In it, the writer truthfully depicted the Russian feudal reality, exposed it, according to V. G. Belinsky, "as if to shame, in all its nakedness, in all its horrifying disgrace."

The cruelty and arbitrariness of the landlords declare themselves in Fonvizin's comedy "out loud". Serf-owners like Prostakova and Skotinin commit their iniquities in full confidence in their own rightness. The local nobility completely forgot about honor, conscience, civic duty. The landowners treat culture and education with stupid disdain, interpret laws based only on their own benefit, at their own discretion and understanding. And it is simply not given to ignorant, illiterate serf-owners to understand these laws: for example, in the Decree on the Liberty of the Nobility, Prostakova sees only confirmation of the right of a nobleman to flog his servant, “when he wants to.” Only “injustice” upsets her in relation to her peasants. “Since we took away everything that the peasants had, we can’t tear anything off. Such a disaster! - Prostakova complains to her brother.

Trying to give brightness and persuasiveness to the images, Fonvizin reveals the features of their character not only with the help of the image of behavior, actions, outlook on life, but also with the help of well-aimed speech characteristics. The characters of the comedy, especially the negative ones, are endowed with a mark, a deeply individualized speech that sharply distinguishes each of them from the rest of the characters and emphasizes the main features, the main shortcomings and vices of this or that person.

The speech of all the characters in The Undergrowth differs both in terms of lexical composition and intonation. Creating his heroes, endowing them with bright linguistic features, Fonvizin makes extensive use of all the richness of lively folk speech. He introduces numerous folk proverbs and sayings into the work, widely uses common people and swear words and expressions.

The most striking and expressive are the language characteristics local nobility. Reading the words uttered by these heroes, it is simply impossible not to guess who they belong to. It is impossible to confuse the speech of the characters, just as it is impossible to confuse the characters themselves with someone - they are so bright, colorful figures. So, Prostakova is an imperious, despotic, cruel, vile landowner. At the same time, she is incredibly hypocritical, able to adapt to situations, change her views solely for her own benefit. This greedy, cunning mistress actually turns out to be cowardly and helpless.

All of the above features of Prostakova are clearly illustrated by her speech - rude and vicious, saturated with swear words, abuse and threats, emphasizing the despotism and ignorance of the landowner, her soulless attitude towards the peasants, whom she does not consider to be people from whom she rips off "three skins" and this is indignant and reproaches them. “Five rubles a year and five slaps a day,” Eremeevna, a faithful and devoted servant and nanny (“mother”) of Mitrofan, whom Prostakova calls “an old hrychovka”, “bad mug”, “dog daughter”, “receives from her. beast", "canal". Outraged by Prostakova and the girl Palashka, who lies and raves, vabolev, "as if noble." “Swindler”, “cattle”, “thieves’ mug” - these words are brought down by Prostakov on the head of the serf Trishka, who sewed the caftan of the “child” Mitrofan “quite a bit”. In this, Prostakova herself is sure that she is right, out of ignorance she is simply not able to understand that the peasants should be treated differently, that they are also people and deserve an appropriate attitude. “I manage everything myself, father. From morning to evening, as if hanging by the tongue, I don’t report my hands: either I scold, or I fight; That's how the house is kept, my father! - the landowner confidentially informs the official Pravdin.

It is characteristic that the speech of this hypocritical mistress is capable of completely changing its color in conversations with people on whom she depends: here her language acquires flattering, cunning intonations, she alternates her conversation with constant fawning and laudatory and words. When meeting guests, Prostakova’s speech acquires a touch of secularity” (“I recommend you dear guest”, “you are welcome”), and in humiliated lamentations, when, after the failed abduction of Sophia, she begs for forgiveness for herself, her speech is close to the people (“Ah, my fathers , the sword does not cut a guilty head. My sin! Do not destroy me. (To Sophia.). You are my dear mother, forgive me. Have mercy on me (pointing to her husband and son) and on the poor orphans").

Prostakova’s speech also changes in those moments when she communicates with her son, Mitrofanushka: “Live for a century, learn for a century, my dear friend!”, “Darling”. This despotic landowner loves her son and therefore addresses him affectionately, at times naively and even humiliatingly: “Don’t be stubborn, darling. Now it’s time to show yourself”, “Thanks to God, you already understand so much that you yourself will raise the children.” But even in this case, Prostakova, being nee Sktinina, shows her animal essence: “Have you heard that a bitch gave out her puppies?” There are also well-aimed proverbs in her rough, often primitive speech (“like a tongue of a tongue”, “where there is anger, there is mercy”, “a sword does not cut a guilty head”). But the main distinguishing feature of Prostakova’s speech is the frequent use of vernacular (“first”, “deushka”, “arihmetika”, “child”, “sweat him and pamper him”) and vulgarisms (“... and you, the beast, were dumbfounded, and you didn’t bite into your brother’s mug, and you didn’t pull his snout up to his ears ...”).

In the image of another landowner, Prostakova's brother Taras Skotinin, everything speaks of his "animal" essence, starting with the surname itself and ending with the hero's own confessions that he loves pigs more than people. It's about people like him ten years before the appearance of "Undergrowth", the poet A.P. Sumarokov said: "Ah, should cattle have people? » Skotinin is even more cruel in dealing with serfs than his sister, he is a dodgy, prudent and cunning master, who does not miss his profit in anything and uses people solely for profit. “If it wasn’t for me Taras Skotinin,” he declares, “if I don’t have any fault to blame. In this, sister, I have the same custom with you ... and any loss ... I will tear off from my own peasants, and the ends are in the water. In the speech of such landlords as Skotinin, one can trace the confidence not only in their own rightness, but also in absolute permissiveness and impunity.

The speech of other negative characters also serves to reveal their socio-psychological essence, it is characteristic and quite individualized, although it is inferior to Prostakova's language in diversity. So, Mitrofanushka's father, Prostakov, in the scene of his acquaintance with Starodum, appears: "I am Zhenya's husband", emphasizing by this his complete dependence on his wife, the absence own opinion, own life position. He has absolutely no independent value. Like his wife, he is ignorant, as evidenced by his illiterate speech. Downtrodden by his formidable wife, Prostakov enthusiastically speaks of his son: "this is a smart child, this is a reasonable one." But we understand that there is no need to talk about the mind of Mitrofanushka, who has absorbed all the ugly features of his parents. He is not even able to distinguish true words from outright mockery. So, reading the Church Slavonic text offered to him by his teacher, Kuteikin, Mitrofan reads: “I am a worm.” And after the teacher’s comment: “A worm, that is, an animal, cattle,” he dutifully says: “I am cattle” and repeats after Kuteikin: “Not a man.”

The language of Mitrofan's teachers is just as bright and individualized: the soldier's jargon in Tsyfirkin's speech, quotes (often inappropriate) from the Holy Scriptures in Kuteikin, the monstrous German accent of the former coachman Vralman. The peculiarities of their speech make it possible to accurately judge both the social environment from which these teachers came, and the cultural level of those who are entrusted with the education of Mitrofan. It is not surprising that Mitrofanushka remained undersized, having received neither useful knowledge nor a worthy upbringing during his studies.

The foundations of the positive actors are "tweaking", book turns. Starodum often uses aphorisms (“it is in vain to call a doctor to the sick is incurable”, “impudence in a woman is a sign of vicious behavior”, etc.) and archaisms. Researchers also note direct "borrowings" in Starodum's speech from the prose works of Fonvizin himself, and this is quite natural, because it is Starodum who expresses the author's position in the comedy. For Pravdin, clericalisms are characteristic, and in the language of young people Milon and Sophia there are sentimental phrases (“the secret of my heart”, “the sacrament of my soul”, “touches my heart”).

Speaking about the peculiarities of the language of the heroes of Fonvizin, one cannot fail to mention the maid and nanny Mitrofan Yeremeevna. This is a bright individual character, due to certain social and historical circumstances. By belonging to the lower class, Yeremeevna is illiterate, but her speech is deeply folk, having absorbed the best features of a simple Russian language - sincere, open, figurative. In her woeful statements, the humiliated position of a maid in the Prostakovs' house is especially clearly felt. “I have been serving for forty years, but the mercy is the same ... - she complains. “... Five rubles a year and five slaps a day.” However, despite such injustice, she remains loyal and devoted to her masters.

The speech of each comedy character is different in its own way. In this, the amazing skill of the satirist writer was especially clearly manifested. The wealth of linguistic means used in the comedy "Undergrowth" suggests that Fonvizin had an excellent command of the dictionary of folk speech and was well acquainted with folk art. This helped him, according to the fair assertion of the critic P. N. Berkov, to create truthful, life-like images.