The English horn has a second name - alto oboe and belongs to the group of woodwind instruments. It was constructed from a hunting oboe by adding a bell to it. At first, the instrument was curved in the form of an arc, but a little later it acquired an elongated appearance.

A modern tool in its design is really similar to oboe, however, it has slightly larger dimensions and a pear-shaped bell, which cannot be confused with anything. Yes, and the sound is different from its close relative. Cor anglais sounds softer, with a pleasant thick and full timbre. In a symphony orchestra, the instrument entered in the middle of mid-eighteenth century and has since become a full member. The first composer who paid attention to this instrument was K. Gluck, he used it in his opera “ Orpheus and Eurydice».

In fact, the English horn got its name from a misinterpretation of the French word anglais. It would be correct to translate this word as "curved corner". There is another interesting version of the origin of the word English. Presumably, the first versions of the horn looked like pipes, with which angels were usually painted on canvases in those days. Thus, the German word engellisch (angelic) was transformed into englisch (English).

WOODWIND

TOOLS

Piccolo flute

Flute

Oboe

cor anglais

Clarinet

Bassoon

The ancestors of some of the woodwind instruments were shepherd's pipes made from reeds.

The first wooden wind instruments made from wood, so

modern metal tools, according to tradition, are called wooden.

Common to these instruments is the method of extracting sound - blowing air into

the main tube that oscillates inside it. The pitch of the sound is changed with

pressing the valve, closing and opening the holes in the tube.

Flute

flute is the most ancient instrument woodwind group, its ancestors were shepherd's reed instruments. IN Ancient Greece a flute was common, which was a lot of tubes fastened together. It's called Pan's Flute.

Pan was the god of shepherds and hunters. His ugly appearance - goat hooves and horns, terrified people, often putting them to flight.

There is a legend about how the enamored Pan

pursued a beautiful nymph, but the girl he overtook suddenly turned into a reed.

Saddened, Pan cut off branches from it, connecting them together.

This is how this amazing

beautiful sounding instrument.

The flute was also highly valued in the Middle Ages.

Played in those days on the longitudinal flute,

which was held like a pipe - vertically.

Later, a transverse flute appeared, which became part of symphony orchestra. This flute is held horizontally while playing.

The sound of the transverse flute is high,

loud, silver. On it you can depict the singing of birds, imitate the sound of a shepherd's flute, or perform gentle melodious melodies. Not by chance

instrument name occurs

From the word flatus-"breath".

Bach. Joke

In addition to the main flute in a symphony orchestra, they use

piccolo flute (piccolo- Italian for "small" ). She doubled

smaller than a regular flute, sounds an octave higher and has a sharper,

piercing timbre.

Flute piccolo.Concert

Oboe

The oboe originates from the ancient shepherd's pipe.

The timbre of the oboe is gentle, somewhat "nasal" in sound. Thanks to

some design features oboe almost does not change the setting,

Therefore, the whole orchestra tunes its instruments according to it.

The closest relative of the oboe is the cor anglais.

It is slightly larger than an oboe and sounds a fifth lower. His sound is more melancholic,

in the words of Rimsky-Korsakov - "lazy-dreamy."

The cor anglais can also imitate some oriental instruments.

Clarinet

The clarinet is one of the most melodious and virtuoso instruments.

The lower notes of the clarinet are gloomy, the high ones are light, sonorous. Not by chance

its name comes from Latin word clarus(clarus) - light.

The very same word "clarinet" means "little pipe"

Bassoon

The bassoon is the lowest woodwind instrument.

instruments., which has a somewhat hoarse timbre.

The doubled tube of the instrument resembled a bundle of firewood. From here

Its name came from the Italian word " fagotto" means "knit"

Quartet

Questions and tasks

1. The sound of what instrument the composer Rimsky-Korsakov called

"lazy dreamy"

2. The origin of which instrument is associated with the god of shepherds and hunters

3. The name of which instrument in translation from Italian means "knit"

4. What is the common sound extraction method for all wooden

wind instruments

5. The timbre of which instrument can be called somewhat “nasal”

6. Name in order (from left to right) the instruments of the wooden quartet

brass (video slide 11)

7. The Italian word piccolo is added to the name of which instrument?

What does it mean?

8. Which tool allows you to tune all the tools

symphony orchestra? Why this particular tool?

9. The closest relative of the oboe.

Department of wind and percussion instruments

The department of wind instruments was formed in 2010, in 2016 percussion instruments were added to the department and the department was named " Department of wind and percussion instruments.

Students of the department learn to play wind instruments such as: recorder, flute, clarinet, saxophone, oboe, trumpet; folk wind instruments: zhaleyka, flute, ocarina and horn; percussion instruments: xylophone, snare drum.

Department of wind and percussion instruments plays important role In the organisation educational process TsTR and IEO "Joy". Teachers and students of the department actively participate in musical life Center, county and city. All department teachers professional musicians, many of them are laureates of All-Russian and international competitions, artists of famous Moscow orchestras.

Goals and objectives of the department

The purpose of the department is to receive a musical and aesthetic education for students, to introduce the younger generation to the art of playing wind and percussion instruments.

Department tasks:

1. Mastering the skills of playing wind and percussion instruments. Preparing students for solo, ensemble and orchestral performances.

1. Introducing students to mass artistic, educational and educational work, musical, cultural and spiritual education of students.

1. Development in children musical ability and maximum realization creativity every child.

Wind musical instruments

Wind musical instruments - musical instruments, which are wooden, metal and other tubes of various devices and shapes, publishing musical sounds as a result of fluctuations of the air column enclosed in them.

Classification of wind instruments

Wind instruments are divided into wood and brass.

woodwind instruments

Woodwind instruments are called woodwind instruments, the principle of playing which is based on shortening the sounding column of air by opening holes located on the body of the instrument at a certain distance from each other. On early stages In their development, these instruments were made exclusively from wood, from which historically they got their name. Some modern instruments of this type (for example, a flute) are almost never made of wood; for the manufacture of others, wood is used along with other materials. Woodwind instruments include flute, clarinet, saxophone, oboe.

Recorder (longitudinal flute)

Block flute — wind instrument, usually made of wood or plastic. The recorder is held longitudinally, blowing air into a whistle with a wedge cutting through the air, located at the upper end of the tube. The tube itself has finger holes, seven on the top and one on the bottom. Currently, the recorder is used mainly for playing early music and for teaching children.

Block flute

Flute

Flute ( ital. flauto from lat. flatus- "wind, breath"; fr. flute, English flute, German Flote) is a woodwind musical instrument.

The flute is one of the most ancient musical instruments. The oldest flute was discovered in China, its age dates back to about nine thousand years. Such a flute was made from the bones of birds.

But the flute that we hear in the orchestra in our time is called the transverse flute. Why does she have such a name? The fact is that when playing this instrument, the musician holds the instrument across his mouth, since the air inlet is located on the side.

The flute used to be made of wood, but now it is mostly made of metal.

Possessing a more expressive sound and high technical capabilities, the transverse flute soon replaced the longitudinal (recorder) and to late XVIII century has taken a strong place in the symphony orchestra and instrumental ensembles.

Between 1832 and 1847 the German master Theobald Böhm improved the instrument, which has changed relatively little since then. Flutes were made of silver, although some players still preferred wood; in the 19th century, glass and ivory instruments were also popular.

Contemporary orchestral flute with It consists of a cylindrical tube, open at the bottom and having a small side hole in the upper end part. Air is blown into this side hole. According to the method of sound production, the flute belongs to the labial instruments. The flute tube has 16 or more holes that are closed with valves.

The flute is divided into three parts: head, body and knee. The player holds the flute horizontally, which is why it is called transverse. A musician who plays the flute is commonly referred to as a flutist.

The range of the flute is more than three octaves: starting from si small octave or before the first octave (for instruments with knee C), C to the fourth) and higher.

The flute has a clear, transparent timbre in the middle register, hissing in the lower register and somewhat harsh in the upper register.

The flute part is recorded in the treble clef.

The flute is one of the most virtuosic and technically agile instruments of the wind family, and is often entrusted with orchestral solos. The flute is used in symphony and brass bands, and, along with the clarinet, more often than other woodwinds, in chamber ensembles.

Modern flutes are usually made of metal (nickel, silver, gold, platinum), less often - from wood, sometimes - from glass, plastic and other composite materials.

Flute types:

The flute exists in four main varieties that form a family: the great flute, the small flute - the piccolo flute, the alto flute, the bass flute.

Flute - piccolo

Piccolo flute

Piccolo (piccolo - in Italian - "small").

It is similar in design to a regular transverse flute, but is half the size and sounds an octave higher. The fingering is somewhat different, but generally similar to the transverse flute.

Its sharp whistle cuts through the sonority of the entire orchestra.

Previously, the piccolo flute was used only in those musical

episodes in which it was required to depict a battle, a thunderstorm, a whistle of the wind. Now she is often entrusted with melodic parts.

Alto - from salt of a small octave to mi of the third (written in the key of salt, transposes down a fourth).

Bass - from to a small octave to the third (written in the key of salt, transposes down an octave).

Outstanding flutists:

Johann Joachim Quantz (Germany)

Theobald Böhm (Germany)

Jean-Pierre Rampal (France)

James Galway (Ireland)

Alexander Vasilyevich Korneev (Russia)

Vladimir Nikolaevich Tsybin (Russia)

Albert Leonidovich Hoffman (Russia)

OBOE

Oboe (from French hautbois - lit. - tall tree), English. German Ital. oboe) is a woodwind musical instrument.

Oboe-type instruments have long been used in music various peoples. The closest relative of the oboe is the shawl. The oboe separated from the shawl in the 16-17th century. The first oboes were made of reed or bamboo - a natural cavity inside the tube was used to create the body. The modern oboe with a developed valve mechanism took shape at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Modern oboe is a conical wooden tube 60 cm long with a narrow channel and a double tongue that is inserted into the narrower end of the instrument. It consists of three parts. Two knees and a small bell.

The full range of the instrument is from B-flat of a small octave to A of the third octave.

The sound is produced due to the vibrations of the air column inside the tube, excited by the blowing of air by the rapid vibration of the two reed plates that make up the double tongue. The instrument has a melodious, but somewhat nasal, and in the upper register - a sharp timbre.

Distinguish the following systems constructions: German (with a denser nasal dull sound) and French (with wider technical timbre and dynamic possibilities).

The reed of a modern oboe is a pair of elastic thin reed plates tightly connected to each other and vibrating under the action of a blown air stream. The quality of the reed is no less important than the properties of the instrument itself. In most cases, the reeds are made by hand by the oboists themselves. The reed must be adapted to the strength of the musician's breathing and the embouchure (lip placement).

Reeds (cane variety arundo donax) - the most suitable material for reeds, thanks to its straight fibers and great flexibility. The process of making a cane is complex and lengthy and includes several stages.

The oboe is made from African ebony, although other types of wood and even plastic are used.

The oboe is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music and in symphony orchestras.

A symphony orchestra usually uses two or three oboes. Traditionally, the entire symphony orchestra tunes to the note “la” of the first octave, performed by the oboe.

Oboe Varieties:

oboe d, cupid (in A), cor anglais (in F), baritone oboe (gaeckelphone).

Oboe d "cupid- mezzo-soprano oboe, tuned a minor third lower than usual. His soft, as if matte timbre especially attracted Bach and other composers of the Baroque era. Among contemporary composers who also used this instrument are Strauss, Debussy and Ravel.

cor anglais- an alto oboe tuned by a fifth lower than usual. Thanks to the rich, original timbre, he became the solo instrument of the symphony orchestra.

bass oboe(or, as it is otherwise called, the baritone oboe) is tuned an octave below the soprano. His sound was considered not strong enough for large orchestras, which came into vogue towards the end of the 19th century. To make up for this shortcoming, in 1904 the haeckelphone was proposed, named after its inventor, Haeckel, a German wind instrument maker. R. Strauss used it in Elektra and Salome, from time to time other composers also began to use it.

Outstanding oboists:

Heinz Holliger (Germany)

Alexander Nikolaevich Koreshkov (Russia)

Alexey Yurievich Utkin (Russia)

Anatoly Sergeevich Lyubimov (Russia)

Ivan Fedorovich Pushechnikov (Russia)

Anatoly Viktorovich Petrov (Russia)

CLARINET

Clarinet (Italian) clarinetto, fr. clarinette, German Clarinette, English Clarinet - bright, clear (sound)) is a woodwind musical instrument with a single reed.

The clarinet was invented in late XVII- early XVIII century Nuremberg music master Johann Christoph Denner (1655-1707), who at that time was working on improving the design of an old French wind instrument - the chalumeau. Subsequently, the clarinet was improved by masters: Hyacinth Klose, Louis-Auguste Buffet, Adolphe Sax and Eugene Albert.

Modern clarinet is a rather technically complex mechanism. The tool has about 20 valves.

Clarinets come in German and French systems.

Clarinets of the German system have a bright, expressive sound due to the capabilities of the instrument.

French system clarinets have a deeper sound and are more virtuosic than German system instruments.

Leading musical instrument manufacturers are constantly improving the design of the clarinet and creating new models.

Firms: (Yamaha, Selmer, Buffe-Crampon).

The clarinet is made up of five distinct parts: the mouthpiece, barrel, top leg, bottom leg, and bell. A reed is purchased separately - the sound-forming element of the instrument. The components of the clarinet are hermetically connected to each other, which is achieved using cork rings lightly lubricated with a special ointment. Sometimes a fully assembled soprano clarinet in B is about 66 centimeters long.

The clarinet has a wide range, warm, soft timbre and provides the performer with a wide range of expressive possibilities.

The body of the in B clarinet (as well as the in A, in C and small in D and in Es clarinets) is a long straight cylindrical tube.

Components of the clarinet

Cane(reed) - the sound-producing (vibrating) part of the instrument, which is a thin narrow plate. A reed is made from special varieties of reeds (Arundo donax) or (less often reeds). The reed is attached to the mouthpiece using a ligature (in the jargon of musicians - “machines”) - a special metal, leather or plastic collar with two screws ( latest models ligatures can have one screw, giving bidirectional screwing. Invention ligatures attributed to Ivan Müller and belongs to the first quarter XIX century.

The clarinet reed is a fragile and delicate device. To protect it from accidental damage, a special metal or plastic cap is used, which is put on the mouthpiece if the instrument is not used for a long time.

The material for the body is noble wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon ebony or rosewood). Some models (designed for educational purposes or for amateur music playing) are sometimes made of plastic.

Used in a wide variety of musical genres and compositions: as a solo instrument, in chamber ensembles, symphony and brass bands, folk music, on the stage and in jazz.

Varieties of clarinet:

From left to right: sopranino clarinet in As, small clarinet in Es, clarinet in B

The clarinet has an extensive family: in different years About twenty of its varieties were created, some of which quickly fell into disuse (the clarinet in H, the clarinet in D, cupid), and some are still used today. In the past, clarinets were not perfect, they did not have the same valves as today's clarinets.

The currently used clarinet in B, clarinet in A, clarinet in Es, bass clarinet, clarinet in C.

Clarinet in B(in line b flat; also sometimes called soprano or big clarinet).

Clarinet in A(in the order la).

small clarinet(clarinet-piccolo). It exists in two structures:

1. inEs- was invented in early XIX century, It sounds a minor third above the written notes and a perfect fourth above the clarinet in B.

2. in D- almost does not differ from the small clarinet in Es, it sounds half a step lower than it, it is used quite rarely

Clarinet in C- was used on a par with clarinets in A and in B. In the 18th-19th centuries, it is currently used only as a teaching instrument.

Low varieties of clarinet:

(basset horn, bass and contrabass clarinets) are somewhat different in their design from conventional clarinets. Except that these instruments have a longer length (providing them with lower sounds). Bass clarinets are usually played while seated.

basset horn- in the 18th and early 19th centuries it was quite often introduced into the orchestra in order to expand the range of the usual clarinet down, and sometimes it was also used as a solo instrument. It existed in the A, Es, G and F tunings (the latter variety was used most often.

bass clarinet- designed by Adolphe Sax in the 1830s on the basis of earlier models by other masters of the 1770s and first used in the orchestra in Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), later used by others French composers, later - also German (from Wagner) and Russian (from Tchaikovsky). Sounds an octave below the soprano clarinet, used almost exclusively in B.

contrabass clarinet- the lowest sounding kind of clarinet, having a total length of almost 3 meters.

In a modern symphony orchestra, two (rarely three or four) basset-clarinet clarinets are used - they are used in the same tunings (in A and in B) as a regular instrument, but with a range extended down by a minor third. Such instruments have been preserved in single copies since the 19th century, in 1951 a modern model was constructed on their basis.

Outstanding clarinetists:

Anton Stadler (Austria)

Robert Spring(USA)

Benny Goodman (USA)

Heinrich Josef Berman (Germany)

Sabina Meyer (Germany)

Phillip Cooper (France)

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sokolov (Russia)

Sergey Vasilyevich Rozanov (Russia)

brass instruments

Wind instruments are called brass, the principle of playing which is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the strength of the blown air flow or the position of the lips. Without the use of a valve mechanism, or such instruments are capable of producing only a small number of sounds of the natural scale. With the invention of this mechanism (1830s) copper tools the chromatic scale became available, and they became full-fledged instruments classical music. On the trombone, a special retractable tube, the wings, is used to produce chromatic sounds.

As a rule, these instruments are made of metal (brass, copper, rarely silver), although some of the instruments of the Middle Ages and Baroque with a similar sound production method (for example, serpent) were made of wood.

PIPE

Pipe(ital. thrombus, fr. trompette, German Trompete, English trumpet) is a brass musical instrument of the alto-soprano register, the highest in sound among brass wind instruments.

The trumpet is one of the oldest musical instruments. Mentions of the oldest instruments of this type date back to about 3600 BC. e. Pipes existed in many civilizations - in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient China and others, and were used as signaling instruments. The trumpet played this role for many centuries until the 17th century.

In the Middle Ages, trumpeters were obligatory members of the army, only they could, with the help of a signal, quickly convey the order of the commander to other parts of the army that were at a distance. The art of playing the trumpet was considered "elite", it was taught only to specially selected people.

Baroque trumpet (reconstruction).

As a signaling instrument, the natural trumpet has been part of the orchestra since about the 17th century. With the invention of the valve mechanism, the trumpet received a full chromatic scale and, with mid-nineteenth century has become a full-fledged instrument of classical music.

The tube is a long tube that is bent purely for compactness. It narrows slightly at the mouthpiece, widens at the bell, and has a cylindrical shape in other areas. It is this shape of the tube that gives the trumpet its bright timbre. In the manufacture of pipes, it is extremely important exact calculation both the length of the tube itself and the degree of expansion of the bell - this radically affects the structure of the instrument.

The basic principle of playing the trumpet is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and changing the length of the air column in the instrument, achieved using the valve mechanism. Three valves are used on the trumpet, lowering the sound by a tone, a half tone and a tone and a half. Simultaneous pressing of two or three gates makes it possible to lower the overall structure of the instrument to three tones. Thus, the trumpet receives a chromatic scale.

On some varieties of trumpet (for example, on the piccolo trumpet), there is also a fourth valve (quartile valve), which lowers the system by a perfect fourth (five semitones).

The pipe is a right-handed instrument: when playing, the valves are pressed right hand, left hand supports the tool.

The instrument has a bright, brilliant timbre and is used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz and other genres.

Nowadays, the trumpet is widely used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz, funk, ska and other genres.

Pipes are made of brass or copper, less often - of silver and other metals. Already in antiquity, there was a technology for making tools from one solid sheet of metal.

Mute application

The mute on the trumpet is used quite often, if necessary, to change the strength of the sound or timbre. A mute for a classic pipe is a pear-shaped blank made of wood, cardboard or plastic that is inserted into the socket. Piano with such a mute gives the effect of sounding in the distance, and forte sounds harsh and grotesque. jazz trumpeters use a wide variety of types of mutes to create all sorts of sound effects - growls, croaks, etc.

Pipe types:

Piccolo trumpet. A variation designed in late XIX century, is currently experiencing a new upsurge in connection with the revived interest in early music. Unlike a conventional pipe, it has four valves. Sounds an octave above the main trumpet.

An alto trumpet in G or in F, sounding a pure fourth or fifth below the written notes and intended for performing sounds in a low register (Rakhmaninov - Third Symphony). The ball was introduced by N, A, Rimsky-Korsakov. At present, it is used extremely rarely, and in compositions where its part is provided, the flugelhorn is used.

Notable Trumpeters:

Andre Maurice (France)

Arban Jean-Baptiste (France)

Miles Davis (USA)

Dizzy Gillespie (USA)

Louis Armstrong (USA)

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Prokopov (Russia)

Vasily Georgievich Brandt (Russia)

Timofei Aleksandrovich Dokshitser (Russia)

Mikhail Innokentevich Tabakov (Russia)

Wind instruments. This is the name of musical instruments in which sound occurs due to the vibration of air in a hollow tube. Some of them are straight and relatively short, like a clarinet, flute or oboe. Others are long, "folded" for convenience, like bassoons, horns, and trumpets. Some are made of wood, others are made of metal. Both the shape of the tools and the material from which they are made have great importance: they determine the character, the color of the sound, that is, the timbre. A special role is played by the material: after all, the sound of metal is completely different than that of wood. Therefore, wind instruments are divided into two groups - wooden and copper. But they all have one thing in common: unlike keyboards and string instruments they are unanimous. Each instrument can play only one melody. Therefore, the orchestra usually uses two or more instruments of the same type.

Woodwind instruments include flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, as well as cor anglais and saxophone.

Flute- this is a wind instrument, the images of which are still found on frescoes ancient egypt and Greece.

Originating from a reed pipe, the flute was at first a simple wooden pipe with holes. Over the centuries, it has been improved until it acquired modern look. Previously, the flute was longitudinal, and it was held in an upright position. Then came the so-called transverse flute, which the musician holds horizontally. This type of flute, improved in 1832 by the German master T. Boehm, gradually replaced the longitudinal one, and now it is the transverse flute that is included in all orchestras.

Its range is from up to the first and up to the fourth octave, the lower register is deaf, soft; the middle and part of the upper are very beautiful, have a gentle and melodious timbre; the most high sounds piercing, whistling.

The flute took part in instrumental ensembles as early as the 15th century. Composers were attracted by its melodious sound, and later, when the instrument improved, by its rich virtuosic possibilities. Flute available the most difficult passages. Often she enters into a kind of competition with coloratura soprano, which partly resembles in its timbre. Remember Rimsky-Korsakov's The Snow Maiden: the coloratura passages of Frost's daughter at the beginning of the opera are echoed by the "patterned" flute tunes. The flute is the highest woodwind instrument in a symphony orchestra.

One of the varieties of this instrument used in the orchestra is the piccolo flute (piccolo - in Italian - “small”). It is half the size of a regular flute and sounds an octave higher. Its sharp whistle cuts through the sonority of the entire orchestra. Previously, the piccolo flute was used only in those musical episodes in which it was necessary to depict a battle, a thunderstorm, a whistle of the wind. Now she is often entrusted with melodic parts.

In Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, the piccolo flute plays the theme of a squirrel gnawing a golden nut. In the first act of Bizet's opera Carmen, two piccolo flutes accompany a choir of boys briskly marching after the soldiers.

J. S. Bach "Joke" from Orchestral Suite No. 2 in B minor

Oboe- This is a woodwind instrument similar to a flute, but with a warmer and thicker sound. It originated from a simple flute - a bone tube equipped with a mouthpiece and had holes - and appeared in France in the second half of the 17th century. The oboe looks like a straight wooden tube with 25 holes, 22-24 of which are covered with keys. When playing, the performers cover these holes with their fingers, and from here sounds of various tonalities are obtained. The oboe is played with the fingers of both hands.

The oboe always participates in a symphony orchestra. He is entrusted with sad and dreamy melodies. But he can also play playful melodies, for example, imitate the croaking of frogs.

P. Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4 Part II

English horn. The closest relative of the oboe is the English horn, which appeared in the first half of the 18th century. Otherwise, it is called the alto oboe.

The cor anglais is larger than the oboe and sounds a fifth lower. Its sound is more melancholy, "lazy-dreamy" by the definition of the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

Symphony orchestras usually have two oboes and one cor anglais.

Clarinet also belongs to the woodwind family. It originated from a flute - a thin tube that shepherds played, and has the shape of a tube with a peculiar beak. The length of this musical instrument is 50 - 70 cm, it has 20 valves and 7 holes.

C. Saint-Saens Sonata for clarinet and piano

Bassoon. In its form, this representative of woodwind instruments is similar to English letter U, that is, like a tube folded in half. On the body of the bassoon there are 25-30 side holes, of which 5-6 are closed with fingers, and the rest with valves.

The bassoon appeared in Italy as early as the 16th century, but at first it was used as a solo instrument and only two centuries later it began to be used in a symphony orchestra. Usually, two to four bassoons are used in an orchestra. The bassoon is the lowest woodwind instrument in a symphony orchestra.

A. Vivaldi Concerto for bassoon and orchestra Part I.

Saxophone invented more than a hundred years ago by the famous Belgian inventor Adolphe Sachs. The saxophone is also among the woodwind instruments, although it is made of metal - silver or a special alloy. It is similar in sound and shape to the clarinet.

At first, the saxophone was used only in military bands. Gradually, they began to introduce him to the opera and symphony orchestras. The saxophone never became a full member of the symphony orchestra. But in the 20th century, its vibrating, expressive and passionate sound drew attention jazz musicians. And the saxophone became the true master of jazz.

J. Gershwin "Summertime" from the opera "Porgy and Bess".

2. woodwind instruments 2. Violin

3. Tool, which is the emblem 3. Lyra

musical art 4. Viola

4. Plucked string instruments 5. Oboe

5. Precursors of modern 6. Lute

piano 7. Cello

6. String instrument - 8. Bassoon

predecessor of the violin 9. Double bass

7. The lowest bowed string 10. Clarinet

tool 11. Mandolin

8. Tool having about 12. Harpsichord

50 strings and 7 pedals 13. Harp

9. The lowest woodwind instrument 14. Cockle

10. Tool, a close "relative" 15. Clavichord

which is cor anglais 16. Viola

TOOLS
Choose the correct answer.
1. Composition string quartet Excluded... a) viola

b) cello

c) double bass

2. An instrument whose ancestor was a hunting horn - a) pipe

b) horn

c) trombone

3. Tools that look like copper cauldrons, the top of which is covered with leather -

a) drums

b) there

c) timpani

4. A keyboard instrument similar to a small piano, but instead of strings, metal plates that are struck by hammers. The sound of this instrument is high, gentle, ringing, like crystal.

a) harpsichord

b) celesta

c) xylophone

5. Brass keyboard instrument often referred to as the king of all instruments.

OLD TOOLS
Decipher the names ancient musical instruments by putting the letters in the correct order.

№12

1. 
   A percussion instrument that looks like a geometric figure
2. 
   Type of drum in the form of an elongated cylinder
3. 
   Russian folk noise musical instrument
4. 
   Percussion instrument in the form of two metal discs
5. 
   Brass instrument with retractable rocker
6. 
   Percussion instrument - a type of gong
7. 
   brass instrument ( English title- trumpet)
8. 
   Lowest brass instrument

Tools

1. 
   Keyboard-plucked 1. Cello
2. 
   Keyboard-percussion 2. Kokle
3. 
   Keyboard-wind 3. Clarinet
4. 
   String-bowed 4. Piano
5. 
   String-plucked 5. Harpsichord
6. 
   Woodwind 6. Xylophone
7. 
   Brass 7. Organ
8. 
   Percussion 8. Horn

TOOLS
Determine the type of tool.

1.Oboe 1. String instrument
2.French horn
3. Trombone 2. Woodwind instrument
4. Flute
5. Cello 3. Brass instrument
6. Clarinet
7. Alto 4. Percussion instrument
8. coquelet
9. timpani 5. Plucked string instrument
10.Pipe

№15

(1) One piece form

(2) First section of sonata form

(3) Second section of sonata form

(4) Form having structure: A A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4

(5) Form having structure: A B A C A

(6) Title of the main theme in sonata form

(7) Title of the main theme in rondo form

(8) Form having structure: A B A

GENRES
Specify what type of music genres belong to:
1. Sonata

2. Cantata

3. Romance 1. Instrumental music

4. Symphony

5. Opera 2. Vocal music

6. Invention

7. Oratorio 3. Vocal and choral music

8. Quartet

9. Ballet 4. Musical and stage work

10. Prelude

1. 
   Genre of instrumental music
2. 
   Genre of vocal and choral music
3. 
   Genre of instrumental music
4. 
   Genre of vocal music
5. 
   Genre of instrumental music
6. 
   Genre of instrumental music
7. 
   Genre of polyphonic music
8. 
   genre of chamber music

1. Hulling

2. Sarabande 1. Polish dance

3. Siciliana 2. Hungarian dance

4. Minuet 3. spanish dance

5. Tarantella 4. French dance

6. Czardas 5. Norwegian dance

7. Krakowiak 6. Italian dance

8. Polka 7. English dance

9. Gigue 8. Czech dance

10. Polonaise

1. 
   Jota 1. Hungary

3. Courante 3. Spain

4. Polka 4. Norway

5. Czardas 5. Russia

6. Hulling 6. America

7. Foxtrot 7. France

8. Galliard 8. Czech Republic

1. 
   Polish dance
2. 
   Russian song-dance
3. 
   Ukrainian dance
4. 
   Moldovan dance
5. 
   Russian dance
6. 
   Belarusian dance
7. 
   Russian song-dance
8. 
   Polish dance

№20 Dance music

1.	1. A. Khachaturyan Lezginka
2.	2. M. Glinka Polka
3.	3. S. Prokofiev Tarantella
4.	4. M. Mussorgsky Hopak
5.	5. P. Tchaikovsky Trepak
6.	6. L. Mozart Minuet
7.	7. A. Grechaninov Mazurka
8.	8. D. Shostakovich Waltz

(1) French dance

(2) Spanish dance

(3) French dance

(4) Polish dance

(5) Italian dance

(6) Italian dance

(7) Austrian dance

(8) English dance