The existence of musical instruments in ancient times was first told by archaeologists, who find pipes, tweeters and other items for playing music in almost all excavations. At the same time, similar finds were discovered in those territories where archaeologists managed to unearth the sites of primitive people.
Some found musical instruments archaeologists attribute to the era Upper Paleolithic- in other words, these tools appeared 22-25 thousand years before our era.
In addition, ancient people were able not only to make musical instruments, but also music for them, writing notes on clay tablets. The oldest musical notation to date was written in the 18th century BC. Archaeologists found it in the Sumerian city of Nippur they excavated, which was once located on the territory modern Iraq. Scientists at the University of California who deciphered the sheet music in 1974 stated that it contained the words and music of an Assyrian love ballad for string lyre.
The oldest musical instrument
In 2009, archaeologists discovered in one of the caves located in southwestern Germany the remains of an instrument that strongly resembles a modern one. The analyzes and studies carried out showed that the age of the ancient flute is more than 35 thousand years. Five perfectly round holes were made in the body of the flute, which should be closed with fingers when played, and at its ends there were two deep V-shaped cuts.
The length of the musical instrument was 21.8 centimeters, and the thickness was only 8 millimeters.
The material from which the flute was made turned out not to be wood, but from a bird's wing. This instrument is by far the oldest, but not the first in history. archaeological finds- also during the excavations, bone pipes, hollow animal horns, pipes made of shells, stone and wooden rattles, as well as drums made from animal skins were repeatedly found.
There are many legends about the origin of music. The ancient Greeks believed that the great gods of Olympus gave it to them, but modern scientists have conducted a number of ethnographic and archaeological studies. As a result of these studies, it was found that the first music appeared in primitive society and used as a lullaby to lull
Musical instruments are an extension of man, they transform something unusual into the common. This list will show the ancient beliefs of people around the world, as well as tell about their traditions, connecting the secrets of our subconscious with the world that we perceive with our ears.
10. TANBUR
Tanbur belongs to the category of strings. This wooden tool with a long neck and a resonant body. He is known under various titles, including: tambur, tanbur, tar and lyre and is the forefather of modern guitars. Was invented in Mesopotamia, South and Central Asia thousands of years ago.
Although many cultures have adapted the sound of this instrument for various purposes, the earliest known use of the tanbur is healing, calming and creating inner balance. This practice takes important place in a religious cult known as the Zaar in North Africa and the Middle East during the 18th century. This belief is based on the dualism of good and evil and the possession of human souls by evil forces.
Zaar rituals often included ceremonies accompanied by wild, "humming" music that drove the possessed mad, purifying their souls. Preference then was given not to one, but to a set of instruments, including tanbur, tambourine, and drums.
9. KONH
The conch is a wind instrument made from sea shells or large snails. It was used different nations: from the Caribbean to Mesoamerica, as well as in India, Tibet, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The shells were simply blown into and produced a loud trumpet-like sound.
In India, according to Hindu tradition, the horn is a sacred symbol of the god Vishnu, representing female fertility, prosperity and life. Here, even shells can be considered sacred, depending on their color and the direction of the curls, for example, shells curled clockwise, since their curls are a reflection of the movement of the Sun, Moon, stars and heavens.
In the Mesoamerican and Caribbean tribes, this musical instrument was important for hunting, warfare and other rituals. In life ancient city Teotihuacan (near Mexico City), conch was used everywhere: when creating works of art, in ceremonies dedicated to water and male fertility. Its shape gave the impression of water flowing outward, giving life to crops and people, creating new life. In this context, the horn represents male power and sexuality. Warriors and men holding high social status in society, they were buried along with shells, which were subsequently found on headdresses or near the pelvis.
In addition, in numerous Pacific island cultures, the conch was used to announce the arrival of guests in the village or at funeral ceremonies, in which their sound accompanied the body of the deceased until the end of his life. life path- burials.
8. OCARINA
The ocarina is a small hand-held wind instrument that was invented around 10,000 BC. Traditionally it is made from bones or clay, but it has also been made from stones, wood or metal. This instrument consists of a hollow chamber, a mouthpiece, and 4-12 holes that are closed with fingers to create different sounds. Ocarinas were given various forms: animals, people, gods or monsters that have been discovered in Central and South America.
Historically, they have been used in the rituals of Mesoamerican cultures. They made unusual, beautiful sounds that allowed them to speak with the gods, enchant birds and animals, and even put people into a trance-like state. The ocarina gained popularity thanks to the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, in which the player gets a tool that allows them to control the weather, move between locations, open doors, and even travel through time.
7. MBIRA
Mbira is a handmade musical instrument created over 1000 years ago by the Shona tribes (now Zimbabwean territory). It consists of several metal prongs or a plucked metal grate mounted on a wooden board. This tool comes in a variety of sizes and variations.
Traditionally, he played a key role in the rituals of the Shona, whose connection with the spirits of their ancestors was especially strong. Mbira allowed to communicate with the dead souls and ask them for help, all this action was accompanied by songs and prayers. The most common is the Bira ceremony, a rite in which people and spirits unite in memory of the traditions and wisdom of the tribe. The Shona also used mbira music to control the cycles of rain and drought, which was important for Agriculture and also to scare away evil spirits.
6. Vargan
The mouth harp, also known as the mouth harp, is plucked instrument, consisting of a frame that holds a vibrating tongue made of metal, reed or bamboo. The frame is held with teeth, and the tongue is played with fingers, its vibrations change along with the change in the shape of the mouth. It first appeared in the 4th century in China, but its metal copy appeared in a number of European, oceanic and Asian cultures in the 13th century.
The jew's harp has been used for centuries in shamanic rituals and spells in Mongolian and Siberian tribes, as well as for inducing trances and curing illnesses. It was also used for soul therapy and connection with nature, for example, in Malaysia and Indonesia, where the sound of the jew's harp helped to communicate with birds, insects, toads and rainforest plants, in addition, they were treated for melancholy and melancholy.
5. GONG
The gong is a metal percussion instrument that was invented in China around 3500 BC. Subsequently, it was adopted by peoples throughout South Asia and Africa. It is a large metal disk, often bronze or copper, that was suspended and struck with a hammer to produce a sound.
Traditionally it was used during festivals, prayers and announcements sacred ceremonies. Its loud, distinctive sound is also ideal for conveying messages. For example, in the coastal province of Zhejiang, gongs were used to attract guests disembarking from ships and even to signal ships in poor visibility. Playing the gong has been associated in Buddhism with healing rituals, prayers and meditation. Throughout Chinese history the gong was considered a sacred instrument, it was also believed that the spirit of the master who made the gongs was imbued with his products. If a person touched the gong, it was believed that he would be granted joy, good luck and good health.
4. Didgeridoo
The natives of Northern Australia invented this strange wind instrument over 1500 years ago. Each tribe has its own name, and besides, it is still in use. The didgeridoo is a long, wooden, trumpet-like instrument. A person blows into one end of the pipe, creating a low, slightly eerie, but at the same time harmonious rumble. Experienced musicians can even use circular breathing techniques to keep the sound going for 45 minutes.
The didgeridoo is also used as the embodiment of the voice of the earth itself; this instrument of the natives has long been featured in their song and dance rituals, personifying the connection with nature and the invisible spiritual world. According to Aboriginal traditions, by understanding the sounds of weather, nature and animals, imitating them with a didgeridoo melody, mutual understanding between the earth and people is recreated.
3. VIOLIN
The violin, a wooden stringed instrument played with a bow, has existed in American folklore and has its roots in the Old Testament. In the old Abrahamic religions, it was believed that the voices of angels represent a connection with God, while the voice of the devil manifests itself through the sounds of man-made instruments. This myth mysteriously developed in Western culture most likely due to the Protestant and Catholic Reformations.
The image of the devil as the "evil violinist" developed and became generally accepted. This is most vividly described in the 1979 song "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", which tells the story of an experienced violinist named Johnny, who competed with the devil in the ability to play the violin, putting his soul on the line against his magical golden violin.
2. DRUM
Among the oldest and most diverse musical instruments, drums have analogues in all ancient cultures. A simple instrument made of wood, metal or leather and played with sticks or hands, drums have been used for tens of thousands of years in ritual, warfare, communication and dance.
IN ancient Mesopotamia Over 8,000 years ago drums were believed to create sacred sounds during tribal meetings, ceremonies and battles. Besides, in different parts In Africa, "talking drums" were used as a communication tool, creating music that could be heard for miles between villages. People playing drums used various techniques to transfer human voice, creating sounds that convey words and phrases. This was often used in the ritual of prayer, where the sounds made by the drums were perceived as the speech of the gods, who communicated with them in a language understandable to the entire tribe.
1. DEATH WHISTLE
This amazing and, at the same time, terrifying musical instrument appeared in the culture of the ancient Aztecs and its main purpose is intimidation. These whistles were often in the form of a skull made of clay, bones, stone, and even jade. Their shape meant that whoever heard their sound had to experience fear. When blown into it, it made a terrible, screaming sound.
Death whistles were widely used in ceremonies dedicated to the wind god Ehecatl, and Mictlantecuhtli (lord of afterlife). Aztec clerics used these whistles during human sacrifice rituals and believed that the sound of the whistles would lead the soul of the victim to the other world and appease the gods. Also, these whistles could be used in healing rituals or in war to intimidate the enemy at the time of the attack.
the first musical instrument - the shepherd's pipe - was made by the god Pan. One day, on the shore, he exhaled through the reeds and heard his breath, passing along the trunk, produce a sad lament. He cut the trunk into unequal parts, tied them together, and now he had the first musical instrument!1899 Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel "Pan"
The truth is that we cannot name the first musical instrument, since everything primitive people all over the world, it seems, created this or that music. It was usually music with some kind of religious meaning, and the audience became participants in it. They danced, drummed, clapped and sang along with her. It wasn't just for fun. This primitive music was a significant part of people's lives.
The legend of Pan and the reed suggests how man came up with the idea of making so many different musical instruments. He may have imitated the sounds of nature, or used nature's objects around him to create his music.
The first musical instruments were percussion (drum type). 
Later man invented wind instruments made from animal horns. From these primitive wind instruments, modern brass instruments have evolved. As man develops his musical feeling, he began to use reeds and thus produced more natural and gentle sounds. 
In 2009, an expedition led by archaeologist Nicholas Conard from the University of Tübengen discovered the remains of several musical instruments. During excavations in the Hols Fels cave in Germany, scientists managed to find four bone flutes. The most interesting find is a 22-cm flute which is 35,000 years old.
The flute has 5 holes for extracting sounds and a mouthpiece.
These finds show that the Neanderthal already knew how to make musical instruments. This circumstance allows us to look at the world differently. primitive man, it turns out that music in his world played far from the last role.
Finally, man invented a simple lyre and harp, from which they went bowed instruments. The lyre was the most significant stringed instrument Ancient Greece and Rome along with cithara. According to myth, the lyre was invented by Hermes. For its manufacture, Garmes used a tortoise shell; for the antelope horn frame.
In the Middle Ages, the Crusaders brought many amazing oriental musical instruments from their campaigns. Combined with the folk instruments that already existed in Europe, they developed into many instruments that are now used to play music.
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1. What musical instrument combines piano and accordion? (Accordion).
1. What is the name of the Russian folk three-stringed plucked instrument? (Balalaika).
3. What musical instrument is named after the ancient Russian singer-storyteller? (Accordion).
4. What is the name of the folk wind instrument, which is based on a leather bag and several pipes? (Bagpipes).
5. Which bowed instrument is somewhat inferior in size to the double bass, but significantly superior to the violin and viola? (Cello).
6. What musical instrument did Sadko, the hero of a famous fairy tale, own? (Gusli).
7. What instrument is considered the ancestor of all brass instruments? (horn),
8. What is the name of the folk wind musical instrument, which is a close relative of the shepherd's horn and has a piercing timbre? (Zhaleika).
9. What is the name of a person who plays music on church bells? (Bell ringer).
10. In Russia there is a musical instrument - a gusli. What is a similar instrument called in Karelia? (Kantele).
11. What miniature percussion instrument do Spanish dancers often use while dancing? (Castanets).
12. In the XVIII century was invented keyboard instrument, which was called differently: clavicimbal, cembalo, virginal, etc. What is the more famous name for this instrument? (Harpsichord).
13. What instrument is used as a pitch standard when tuning musical instruments? (Fork).
14. What musical instrument is the emblem of musical art? (Lyra).
15. What string-plucked musical instrument was called the "queen of instruments" in the Renaissance? (Lute).
16. What Russian folk instrument is very similar in sound to the Spanish castanets? (Spoons).
17. What is the name of a musical rattle? (Maraca).
18. What is the largest wind keyboard instrument? (Organ).
19. What is the smallest flute? (Piccolo).
20. The name of which musical instrument in French means "royal"? (Piano).
21. What ancient musical instrument was one of the most important accessories of knightly equipment in the Middle Ages? (Horn).
22. What musical instrument, often used in jazz, was invented in 1841 in Paris by a Belgian master and named after him? (Saxophone).
23. What universal musical electronic instrument was designed by American engineers G. Belar and G. Olson in 1955? (Synthesizer).
24. What wind instrument was first introduced by Beethoven to the symphony orchestra? (Trombone).
25. What geometric figure has become a musical instrument? (Triangle).
26. What group of instruments do timpani belong to? (Drums).
27. What is the lowest sounding woodwind instrument? (Bassoon).
28. What is the name of a wind instrument close to the forge? (Fanfare)
29. The name of which instrument contains the two terms "loud" and "quiet"? (piano).
30. What string instrument is the basis of the Belarusian folk orchestra? (Cymbals).
31. What is the name of a small portable organ? (Street organ).
MUSIC CLUB FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
A club association can be distinguished from other group forms by the following features:
Long-term contact of the members of the association, i.e., the stability of the composition;
Joint activities of participants;
Voluntary, free self-determination of participants;
Active participation of members of the association in its work, the existence of the right and obligation not only to be present, to perceive information, but also to express themselves, their individuality by active action
The activity of this club is connected with the involvement of participants in art.
numerous keys provide tone options. Forerunner of the piano.
LIRA
Ancient stringed instrument. It consists of a resonant body and two curved parts going up to a yoke to which 4 to 10 strings are attached. Play with plectrum or fingers. It originated from Asia, from where it came to Greece and Egypt. Settled in a certain way.
ORGAN
Musical instrument, wind, of ancient origin. Sound is produced by forcing air into tubes of various sizes. Controlled with keys. It is used to perform serious works of religious music and light entertainment.
Each tube is adapted to produce a specific note. Tubes of one timbre are combined into registers. Auxiliary registers in combination with the main registers create an artificial overtone scale.
The electric organ was invented in 1934 by American engineer Lawrence Hammond (1895-1973). Other types of electric organ appeared in the 1960s. In them, electrical impulses in the relay replace the air pressure.
PIANO
Musical instrument. Kind of piano. Strings, deck, mechanics are arranged vertically. SVIREL
1. Longitudinal flutes - a set of pipes made of reed, clay or other material of different lengths to produce sounds of different tones. According to legend, the flute was invented in ancient Greece by the god Pan. Present in folk music traditions of Eastern Europe and Japan, South America.
2. Multi-barreled flutes, including the Pan flute (stringer), flute and kuvikla; vibrations are created by cutting the air jet against the sharp edge of the barrel wall, which gives the instrument a characteristic “champing” sound. Of all the vintage instruments, they give a relatively clean tone and simple vibrations.
STRINGED INSTRUMENTS
A class of musical instruments in which the sound source is stretched string. Nowadays strings are made from gut, metal or perlon (plastic). The class of stringed instruments includes: bowed (the family of violins and the family of violas); plucked (guitar, ukulele, lute, sitar, alpha, banjo and lyre); mechanical plucked (harpsichords); mechanical percussion (piano and clavichord) and percussion (cymbals).
PIPE
One of the ancient mouthpiece instruments that exist around the world in various types and made from different tools. It is part of the group of wind instruments of the modern symphony orchestra. It consists of a cylindrical tube, straight or rolled into an oval. Produces high sustained sound. The trumpet is often used for signaling and also during solemn ceremonies. Around 1820, trumpets with valves appeared, which made it possible to extract from them the full range of sounds of the chromatic scale.
The modern orchestral trumpet is prized for its clear sound. Among the varieties of pipes: soprano, piccolo (an octave above the main one) and bass (an octave above the main one, introduced by Wagner). Brass bands typically use a flat soprano instrument. The trumpet is a traditional jazz solo instrument, and the musicians show particular skill on the high pitches.
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT
An instrument that is played by striking it with the hand or stick. Percussion instruments can be subdivided into those tuned to produce a foot-pitched sound, such as tambourines, tubular bells, glionspiel, xylophone, and those of indeterminate pitch: turkish drum, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, and castanets.
HARMONIUM
Wind keyboard instrument XIX century. Operated by foot-operated mechanisms and built-in lever-type pedals operating on a speaker. Patented by Deben in Paris in 1848. Got wide
distribution in the USA as a musical instrument for playing at home and in churches. In France and Germany, the harmonium was widely used as a concert instrument for playing solo or in an orchestra.
PIANO
The collective name of keyboard-stringed hammer instruments (pianos and pianos). Invented in 1704 by Bartolomeo Cristofori, a master clavichord maker from Padua. The mechanism used in it was directly connected to the keys. In the XVIII century, it was significantly improved and won the recognition of many composers, but only in 1768 Bach gave one of the first concerts on this instrument.
Concert grand pianos with a powerful sound were invented, and small pianos for the home were mass-produced.
Dulcimer
Musical instrument, a kind of zither. It consists of a flat trapezoidal body, along which the strings are stretched. Sound is extracted hitting the lungs hammers or sticks. Produces sounds of a coordinated character that are clearly distinguishable in pitch. The range and mobility of sound is greater than that of a harp or lyre. Popular in Hungary.
