There have always been many monuments in Russia. But the most famous, the most iconic works of art have become only a few. So, our 10 most famous monuments in Russia:
1. Monument to Peter I - Moscow
Official name - Monument "In commemoration of the 300th anniversary Russian fleet". The author of the monument was Zurab Tsereteli. The grandiose sculptural composition was installed on an artificial island on the arrow, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Obvodny Canal, not far from the famous Red October confectionery factory. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. The total height of the monument is 98 meters, it is the highest monument in Russia, and one of the highest in the whole world.
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2. Monument "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" - Moscow
"Worker and Collective Farm Woman" - outstanding monument monumental art, "ideal and symbol Soviet era", which is a dynamic sculptural group of two figures with a sickle and a hammer raised above their heads. Author - Vera Mukhina; concept and compositional design of the architect Boris Iofan. The monument is made of stainless chromium-nickel steel. Height is about 25 m. It is located on Prospekt Mira, near the Northern entrance of VDNKh.
Initially, the monument to the worker and collective farmer was developed for an exhibition in Paris, but the result stunned everyone. After all, not only fundamentally new materials were used for the monument (stainless steel had not been used before), but also new principles of construction. After all, before that, it was also not necessary to increase from nature 15 times, it was a grandiose experiment.
Remarkable facts of the monument to the worker and collective farm woman:
· A monument to a worker and a collective farm woman was delivered to Paris on 28 railway cars, but even such a division was not enough, because. some parts did not fit into the tunnels, and had to be cut further.
· Before the opening of the monument in Paris, a sabotage was noticed in time, someone sawed the cables of the crane that was collecting the monument at the exhibition, after which round-the-clock security was set up from volunteers and employees who came to collect the monument.
· Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was assembled within 1 month, people worked in three shifts, slept only for three hours in a barn built nearby, where a large fire was always burning in the center.
· In Paris, the monument was assembled in 11 days, although 25 days were planned.
· It is the symbol of the film studio "Mosfilm".
· Dismantling, storage and restoration of the legendary sculptural composition cost the budget 2.9 billion rubles
3. Monument Rodina Mother Calling - Volgograd
The sculpture "Motherland Calls" in Volgograd is the compositional center of the monument-ensemble "To Heroes Battle of Stalingrad", located on. This statue is one of the tallest in the world, ranked 11th in the Guinness Book of Records. At night, the monument is illuminated by spotlights. The total height of the monument is 85-87 meters.
Its military name is Hill 102. During the years of the Battle of Stalingrad, the most fierce battles unfolded here. And then the dead defenders of the city were buried here. Their feat is immortalized in a unique monument-ensemble "To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad", erected in 1967 according to the project of the famous Soviet sculptor Evgeny Vuchetich.
4. Monument-obelisk "Conquerors of space" - Moscow
The monument to the Conquerors of Space was erected in Moscow in 1964 to commemorate the achievements Soviet people in development outer space. This is a 107 m high obelisk lined with titanium panels, depicting a plume left behind by a rocket, located on top of the obelisk. On the facade, poetic lines by Nikolai Gribachev are laid out in metal letters:
And our efforts were rewarded,
What, overcoming lawlessness and darkness,
We forged fiery wings
To your country and your age!
Initially, the option of placing a monument on the Lenin Hills (today the Vorobyovs) between the building of Moscow State University named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov and observation deck overlooking the Luzhniki. It was supposed to be made of smoky translucent glass with night illumination from the inside. The height of the monument was to be 50 m. At the personal suggestion of S.P. Korolev, it was decided to veneer the monument with a coating of "space" metal - titanium. The height of the grandiose monument has doubled and amounted to 100 m, and the total weight of the entire structure is 250 tons. The final site for the construction of the monument was a wasteland near the entrance to VDNKh and the metro station of the same name.
The monument became a symbol of a qualitative technological leap of its time: October 4, 1957 Soviet Union the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched, on April 12, 1961, the cosmos spoke the language of man - and this language was the Russian language.
Together with the obelisk was born into the world and new type building structure - inclined tower. History keeps in its tablets only one such structure - the famous "Leaning Tower".
5. Monument "Millennium of Russia" - Veliky Novgorod
The Millennium of Russia monument is a monument erected in Veliky Novgorod in 1862 in honor of the millennium anniversary of the founding of the Russian state. The monument resembles a bell. Its upper part is a ball, symbolizing power - the emblem of royal power. The total height of the monument is 15 meters. This is one of the most iconic monuments in Russia, more details about it.
6. Monument to the Scuttled Ships - Sevastopol
The Monument to the Scuttled Ships is the most famous military monument of Sevastopol, it was depicted on the Soviet coat of arms of the city and is considered one of the main city symbols. The monument is located in the Sevastopol Bay, near the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard. The majestic and proud monument to the scuttled ships is one of the most beloved by residents and guests of the city. He is a symbol and calling card Sevastopol. Height - 16.7 meters.
There is another significant monument for Sevastopol - the brig "Mercury" and Captain Kazarsky. It was the first monument in the then young city. About it .
7. Monument to George the Victorious - Moscow
The statue of George the Victorious is located on the territory of the Moscow Victory Park and is part of the memorial complex on Poklonnaya Hill. Located at the foot of the obelisk dedicated to 1418 days and nights of the Great Patriotic War. St. George the Victorious strikes a snake with a spear, which is a symbol of evil. The statue of George the Victorious is one of the central compositions of the memorial complex.
8. Monument " Bronze Horseman" - Saint Petersburg
The Bronze Horseman - a monument to Peter I on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg. The opening of the monument took place in August 1782. It is the very first monument in St. Petersburg. It later got its name from the famous poem of the same name A. S. Pushkin, although it is actually made of bronze.
9. Monument to mammoths in Khanty-Mansiysk
sculptural composition"Mammoths" appeared in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2007. Creation this monument was timed to coincide with the 425th anniversary of the capital of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. The sculpture is located on the territory of the famous Archeopark. The sculptural composition consists of 11 bronze monuments. The total weight of these monuments exceeds 70 tons. All monuments are installed in full size. The height of the tallest mammoth exceeds 8 meters, while the smallest mammoth is only 3 meters high.
10. Monument "Alyosha"
Memorial "To the Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War" ("Alyosha") - memorial Complex in the Leninsky district of the city of Murmansk. The main figure in the memorial is the figure of a soldier in a raincoat, with a machine gun over his shoulder. The height of the pedestal of the monument is 7 meters. The height of the monument itself is 35.5 meters, the weight of the hollow sculpture inside is more than 5 thousand tons. "In its growth" "Alyosha" is second only to the Volgograd statue "Motherland". Nevertheless, it is among the highest monuments in Russia.
Map digitized by site member
Map Description
"Moscow. Architectural monuments". The scheme was compiled, designed and prepared for printing by the Scientific and Editorial Mapping Department of the GUGK in 1973. Editor: Smigelskaya S.V. Paper size 100x72. Circulation 47000. Price 30 kopecks.
We thank Roman Maslov for digitizing the material!
Scheme architectural monuments center of Moscow
Accompanying text for the scheme
Among Russian cities, Moscow occupies a special place, both in terms of the significance of its historical path, and in terms of the unique originality of its architectural appearance. Having inherited a high artistic culture Ancient Rus', it became the focus of the best creative forces of the people. Monuments of Moscow architecture reflected various stages of the city's history and entered the golden fund of world architecture.
In Moscow, the foundations were laid not only for the all-Russian statehood, but also for the all-Russian artistic culture, which absorbed all the best that was achieved in other cities in the era feudal fragmentation. Expressing the leading ideas of their time by means of architecture, Moscow architects introduced an amazing variety into the main types of structures characteristic of a particular era.
The core of the Kremlin ensemble - historical and composition center cities - took shape at a time when Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state(in the XV-XVII centuries). Cathedral Square and the fortifications of the Kremlin, created by the Russians and by Italian masters and reflecting the idea of the greatness and power of the young state, amazed contemporaries with their scale and monumentality.
In the XVI century. a new type of structure was created - triumphal pillar-like compositions, the so-called memorial temples, and among them a masterpiece of Russian architecture - the Pokrovsky Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).
In the settlements and settlements surrounding the Kremlin, stone church and residential buildings appeared at that time, small in size, but interesting in their architectural forms. Widely deployed in the XVI century. and fortification: in the 30s, walls were built around the settlement (Kitay-gorod), in the 80-90s - around the White City, and in early XVII V. Moscow received its last defensive belt - the Earthen Wall with oak walls and towers (Earth City). In addition, for centuries powerful fortresses - monasteries - were built around Moscow.
The Polish-Swedish intervention caused a temporary decline in construction in Moscow, but from the middle of the 17th century. a new stage in the development of Moscow architecture begins.
Numerous popular uprisings shook the foundations of the official ideology and contributed to the penetration into architecture folk motives. Hence - the wealth of decorative decoration, colorful, picturesque composition in the buildings of that time. TO late XVII V. the desire for symmetry and balance is growing, a new type of tiered church buildings appears ("an octagon on a quadrangle"). This new period in architecture was called "Moscow" or "Naryshkin baroque".
Peter's reforms, victory in northern war put Russia among the leading European powers. Without breaking with national traditions, Russian masters creatively perceived the artistic culture Western Europe. In the XVIII century. Two main stylistic trends were created - Russian Baroque and Russian Classicism.
Few baroque monuments were created in Moscow, since the development of the style coincided with the building of St. Petersburg, moreover, some of them died during the fire of 1812, but Moscow classicism brilliantly manifested itself in numerous buildings for various purposes. After the Patriotic War of 1812, classicism acquires features of great simplicity and rigor. WITH mid-nineteenth V. its decline begins and various stylistic trends come to replace it - the era of "all styles" is coming. Originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. style "modern" further increases the diversity of buildings. Capitalism puts forward the need to create new types of structures - tenement houses, hotels, railway stations, etc.
Construction technology is booming at this time, but artistic value buildings, with some exceptions, does not reach a high level.
Great October opened up unlimited opportunities for the development of all kinds of arts. Already in 1918, V.I. Lenin signs a decree on the protection and restoration of historical and cultural monuments. Restoration work has received a huge scale in our days.
The party and the government pay great attention aesthetic education Soviet people, and the works of Russian architects play in this big role, causing admiration for the talent of the Russian people, fostering a sense of patriotism and pride in their country. Architectural monuments brought back to life by Soviet restorers occupy a place of honor in the ensembles of the new Moscow.
Soviet architecture in its development went through a number of stages. The twenties and early thirties are characterized by the search for new means of architectural expression, free from the eclecticism of the previous period. At that time great attention is given to the rational construction of building plans, the widespread use of new materials and structures, which made it possible to create a number of interesting and artistically valuable structures. However real opportunities construction of that time did not allow many architectural ideas to be realized.
The development of the country's economy gave rise to a desire for majestic forms and splendor of decoration. The appeal to various styles began again, which subsequently led to excesses and unjustified embellishment. This direction was justly condemned by the government decree of 1955, which stated that "simplicity, rigor of forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions should be characteristic of Soviet architecture." At present, Soviet architects are persistently working on the creation of full-fledged works of art capable of reflecting the spirit of our time and the pathos of building communism. The huge scale of construction in our country poses Soviet architecture the need to build complexes and ensembles capable of creating a holistic image of the city. L.I. Brezhnev pointed out that "it is a matter of honor for each of us to turn Moscow into an exemplary communist city."
It is clear that it is impossible to present all the architectural wealth of Moscow in a booklet. Only the monuments that are the most valuable in artistic terms or the most characteristic of their time are indicated here.
Monuments of architecture - objects that were created, as a rule, in honor of significant event or important person. The age of some is calculated in tens of years, while others still remember the Egyptian pharaohs. This review contains the most famous monuments architecture, about which you can write the history of mankind.
1. Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram)
The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the most sacred place in Islam, as well as the oldest and most famous cultural monument in the world.
The Quran says that the Kaaba was built by Abraham (Ibrahim on Arabic) and his son Ismail, after the latter settled in Arabia. A mosque, the Masjid al-Haram, was built around this building. All Muslims around the world turn to face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are.
One of the five basic laws of Islam requires every Muslim to make the Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life. In this case, the Kaaba must be circumvented seven times counterclockwise (when viewed from above).
2. Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal ("Crown of Palaces") is a white marble mausoleum located in the city of Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely regarded as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the world's recognized masterpieces of world heritage". The area of the Taj Mahal is about 221 hectares (38 hectares are occupied by the mausoleum itself and 183 hectares by the protected forest around it).
3. Egyptian pyramids
A total of 138 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Most of them were built as tombs for pharaohs and their wives during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. These are one of the oldest famous cultural monuments.
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids were found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. And the oldest of them is the Pyramid of Djoser, built in 2630-2611 BC. e., during the third dynasty. This pyramid and the complex surrounding it were designed by the architect Imhotep and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures made of bricks with facings.
4. Great Wall of China
Great Chinese Wall is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood and other materials built along China's historical northern borders to protect the country from incursions of various warlike peoples.
Several walls were built as early as the 7th century BC and were later added to form what is today known as the Great Wall. Particularly famous is the part of the wall built between 220-206 BC. the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (very little remains of her).
By the way, there are many more in China
5. Angkor Thom (Greater Angkor)
Angkor Thom is a 3 square kilometer walled royal city that was the last capital of the Khmer Empire. After Jayavarman VII retook Yashodharapura (the previous capital) from the invaders from Champa in 1181, he built a new imperial capital on the site of the ruined city. He started with existing surviving structures such as Bapuon and Fimeanakas and built a majestic walled city around them, adding an outer wall with a moat and some of the the greatest temples Angkor. There are five entrances (gates) to the city, one for each cardinal direction and the Gate of Victory leading to the area of the Royal Palace. Each gate is crowned with four gigantic faces.
athenian acropolis, which in Athens is also called "Kekropia", is the most important place city and one of the most recognizable monuments in the world. This is the main guide ancient Greek culture, as well as the symbol of the city of Athens itself, since it represents the apogee artistic development in the 5th century BC.
7. Chiang Kai-shek National Memorial Hall
National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall famous monument and a local landmark erected in memory of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, former president Republic of China. It is located in the Chinese city of Taipei. The monument, surrounded by a park, was built in the eastern part of Memorial Square. To the north of it is National Theater, and from the south is the National concert hall.
The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa in Tibet. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenrezig or Avalokiteshvara. The Potala Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959.
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the fifth Grand Dalai Lama, began construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisors, Konchog Chopel, noted that the location between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa was ideal for the seat of government. The Potala was eventually built on the remains of an earlier fortress, called the White or Red Palace, built by King Songtsen Gampo of Tibet in 637. Today the Potala Palace is a museum.
For a long time, golden-domed Moscow played a huge role in the history of the great Russian state. And later this wonderful city became the capital of our country. Emperors with their families, representatives of aristocratic dynasties, bishops and patriarchs, famous musicians, masters of painting and the most talented writers lived in Moscow. That is why, from time immemorial, cultural, political, financial, spiritual and, of course, secular activities have been concentrated in the white stone, which could not but affect the process of forming the architectural appearance of the city.
Today in the Russian capital you can see a huge number of stunningly beautiful buildings, which, due to their considerable age and the talent of famous architects, are truly our priceless heritage! Unique and inimitable architectural monuments in Moscow serve as a source of pride and admiration. Their fame has already spread all over the world!
The list of the capital's historical and architectural monuments is really huge. First of all, the attention of tourists is attracted by the recently opened, which can rightfully be called one of best jewelry Moscow. In addition, one cannot ignore the buildings of the Central Department Store and Bolshoi Theater, etc. Each of these unique buildings has its own entertaining story and its incredibly interesting past.
If you have no more than a couple of hours to inspect Moscow monuments, then do not rush to get upset. Do you want to take a picture against the backdrop of magnificent architecture? Then just walk along the streets of old Moscow. For example, incredibly interesting old buildings are concentrated on the streets that are part of the Boulevard Ring. Mostly historical buildings erected during the 17th-20th centuries are located here.
