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In the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" political, philosophical and moral issues. The work touches on the so-called " eternal questions»: relationship between senior and younger generation("fathers and sons"), love and friendship, choice life path, the formation of personality, the search for happiness. However, the author focuses on the conflict of different worldviews - conservative-liberal and revolutionary-democratic. At the end of the 50s of the XIX century, “new people” appeared in society - nihilists who deny modern laws and social and moral norms.
Bazarov is just such a hero of the times. He actively opposes the "old", goes to extremes, proclaims vulgar materialistic views on life, which inevitably leads the hero to internal conflict and conflict with others.
Evgeny Vasilyevich emerges victorious in disputes with Pavel Petrovich, but after the “test of love” he is internally broken. Bazarov denied love, the divine beauty of nature, art. He sharply expressed the following judgments: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it”, “Raphael is not worth a penny”, enigmatic female look- "nonsense, rot, art." Love for Odintsova refutes these provisions of the nihilist theory and reveals other spiritual qualities in the hero.
Already at the first meeting with Anna Sergeevna, Bazarov blushes: “his blood caught fire as soon as he remembered her; he would easily cope with his blood, but something else entered into him, which he did not allow, which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride ... He indignantly recognized the romance in himself. It turned out that Bazarov was capable of an all-consuming feeling. The hero also saw the beauty of nature. When he was talking to Odintsova, the irritable freshness of the night poured into him, he heard
L her "mysterious whisper".
Before the hero opened two abysses. One is the riddle... of his own soul, which turned out to be more complex and deeper than he expected. The other is the mystery of the world around. He tries to answer fatal questions about the meaning of life, about the mystery of death with the help of modern science- natural sciences. But the data of the natural sciences no longer relieve anxiety. The nihilist is terrified by the thought of the "grass of oblivion", of the "burdock", which after death will remain the only "monument" to him.
The tragedy of Bazarov lies in the fact that Odintsova did not respond to his love. He gets irritated, breaks down more and more, becomes hostile in dealing with Arkady. The hero is having a hard time with his unsuccessful romance, trying to escape from experiences. But he only breaks all ties: with the Kirsanov family, with Fenechka, with Odintsova, Arkady and Katya, with his parents and with the people. Timofeich - personification folk life, from which Bazarov contemptuously turns away. He does not spare the feelings of a devoted old man, calling Bazarov to visit his parents. Bazarov constantly sneers at the Russian peasant. He mockingly addresses the “brother”: “Explain to me your views on life ... after all, in you, they say, all the strength and future of Russia, you will begin new era in history…"
The physiologist and doctor Bazarov receives the fatal blow of fate precisely from the peasant. He contracted typhoid when he opened the corpse of a peasant. Bazarov made tragic mistake also because he lost his temper. IN parental home"The fever of work jumped off him and was replaced by dreary boredom and deaf anxiety."
With special force, Bazarov as a “tragic face” is revealed in the chapter depicting his death. In the face of death, the best properties of Bazarov are manifested: tenderness for parents, hidden under external severity, poetic love for Odintsova; thirst for life, work, achievement, social cause; willpower, courage. The hero in the last minutes realized how dear his parents are to him: “... people like them in your big light not to be found in the daytime with fire. Bazarov dies suddenly. Death does not spare an original, strong person, and makes his image truly tragic.
Turgenev believed that Bazarov - " extra person", that the death of Bazarov is inevitable, that his time has not yet come. Showing a large, large-scale personality capable of influencing others, the author unwittingly expressed his respect for the nihilist. Eugene went through with dignity life tests, and redeemed the extremes of his views with a tragic death.
The novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" is rightfully considered one of the best works writer. And not only for artistic skill with which it is written. Turgenev all his creative life spent in search of "his" hero. This search is the most important, but also the most difficult thing in the work of a writer. And we can admit that in the novel "Fathers and Sons" he found such a hero. This is none other than Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov.
Yes, this is a really colorful, monumental figure. Turgenev himself admitted that "when writing Bazarov ... not only did he not get angry with him, but also felt 'attraction*' for him, a kind of illness." The last combination may seem strange: "attraction" and "kind of illness." Obviously, Turgenev understood that the hero he created was full of contradictions. Moreover, I would venture to call him a tragic figure. And tragic, not so much because he dies at the end of the novel, dies senselessly, absurdly, although in general, death in such early age forever ridiculous. The tragic figure of Bazarov is largely due to his internal inconsistency. This is probably why the death of Bazarov seems completely natural.
Bazarov - strong personality. It would be senseless and useless not to acknowledge this. He is smart, active, which compares favorably with both his literary predecessors and the heroes with whom the freedom of the author brings him together. Bazarov himself declares that he is a "nihilist", that is, a denier. He denies everything: authorities, principles, idealism, poetry, music, and so on. and so on. In his endless denial, he occasionally reaches the point of absurdity, absurdity. And it may be that one of the reasons for his tragedy lies precisely in the fact that no matter how he denies all of the above, it is impossible not to take this into account, to do without all this. Bazarov himself understands this, that due to some stubbornness he does not recognize the obvious.
Bazarov calls love, tenderness, in general, any feelings "romanticism", "nonsense", in short, nonsense that should not be dealt with by sane people, and he includes himself among the like. But saying this, Bazarov does not understand that he is robbing himself, depriving himself of simple human emotions. In the end, he himself falls into the category of romantic fools, whom he scolds so selflessly.
Meeting with Odintsova, with this smart one, beautiful woman, a personality no less strong than Bazarov himself, showed him that, in essence, he is also subject to "weaknesses", that is, he is also capable of falling in love. But moreover, having understood this, he continues to scold himself for such a manifestation of his soul: “he would easily cope with his blood, but something else infused into him, which he did not allow, over which he always mocked, which revolted all his pride. ".
This duality, which has settled in his soul, or rather, the consciousness that he, it turns out, is a man, and not a machine, is probably what makes Bazarov unhappy, and, therefore, tragic in our eyes. Indeed, to see how a person suffers and suffers is eternally painful, but it is especially painful to see how strong man, an extraordinary personality and deserving happiness.
So, we see that Bazarov cannot reconcile in himself the nascent feeling and his own life position rejecting this feeling.
Bazarov is alone. He is lonely initially, because he has not met (and is unlikely to meet) a person equal to himself. The people around him can't compare to him.
Arkady Kirsanov, of course, cannot be called a friend to him, and even to them. friendly relations soon stop.
Even in his house he is alone. Parents revere him, and to some extent fear their learned son. Bazarov himself is bored in their society. It turns out that he is alone in the circle of his relatives. This is scary. Loneliness is the hardest test, not everyone can stand it. Of course, Bazarov, as a strong man, will cope with him, but who knows at what cost he will succeed.
Of course, Turgenev never showed us such a development of events, but the very logic of the novel allows us to realize this. And it turns out that death is the best way out. This was also noted by Pisarev D.I., who responded very positively to the novel in his article "Bazarov".
The critic appreciated the significance of this image, but he also noted that happy bazarov cannot be, at least in given hour. He has no one to love, he has no associates, really close people. And this is what makes our life beautiful. Therefore, we can confidently report that the figure of Bazarov is a tragic figure. And that tragedy is contained primarily within the hero himself. When a person cannot exist in harmony with himself, when there is no inner harmony in him, then such a person is truly unhappy and deserves pity. And we feel sorry for Bazarov from the bottom of our hearts.
The main character of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" is a young nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov. On the pages of his work, the author expounds in detail the views of this man, comprehensively illuminates his character - this is how Turgenev studies a new phenomenon called "nihilism", which captured Russia in the 60s of the 19th century.
Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov - a native of a raznochin environment, his father served all his life county doctor. The hero himself is a student and studies natural Sciences. The appearance of this hero fully reflects his origin and occupation, as well as, to some extent, his views: “Nikolai Petrovich quickly turned around and, going up to the man tall in a long robe with tassels, which had just crawled out of the tarantass, tightly squeezed his naked red hand, which he did not immediately give to him.
Bazarov’s face testifies to his great mind and remarkable abilities: “long and thin, with a wide forehead, flat top, pointed nose, large greenish eyes ... it was animated by a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence.”
Yevgeny Bazarov considers "nihilism" to be his main life purpose.
He is convinced that a person needs only what brings specific benefits, such as chemistry or mathematics. The hero sincerely believes: "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet."
The area of feelings, art, religion does not exist for Bazarov. He believes that all this is an invention of idle aristocrats. According to the hero, there is only physiology and necessity, and this guides the behavior of people.
Bazarov is convinced of the omnipotent power of man on this earth. That is why he believes that people (or rather, their individual representatives - nihilists) are subject to everything - they are able to reject all the previous experience of mankind and live only according to their own understanding: “We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful,” said Bazarov. “At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny.”
Furthermore, the hero believes that the nihilists are fulfilling a sacred mission - destroying the "delusions of the ancestors." To the exclamation of Nikolai Petrovich, “yes, it’s necessary to build,” Evgeny replies: “It’s not our business anymore ... First we need to clear the place.”
There is no doubt that Bazarov is smart, has great internal potential. However, his beliefs, the author claims, are fundamentally wrong and dangerous, because they contradict the laws of life.
As the plot develops, Bazarov begins to disbelieve in his life principles. The most serious blow for the hero was the love that he, who always denied it, suddenly felt for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. Admiring at first only the beauty of this woman, he soon began to realize that he fell in love with Odintsova with all his heart. And - most importantly - that this happened against his will, he can’t do anything, he can’t order his heart to be silent: “So know that I love you, stupidly, madly ... That’s what you have achieved.”
Love made Bazarov realize that all his theories on which he built his life were erroneous. Yes, and he a common person, which is governed by some laws unknown to him. This discovery crippled the hero - he did not know how to live on, what to believe in, what to rely on.
Bazarov decides to go to his parents in order to somehow recover. It is here, in the parental home, that a fatal incident occurs to him, which can be called fateful. By performing an autopsy on a typhoid patient, Bazarov becomes infected himself. Soon he realizes that he will die: “... my business is lousy. I am infected, and in a few days you will bury me.”
Bazarov's behavior before his death fully reflects the strength and richness of his nature, his inner evolution and the tragedy of fate. A certain insight comes to the hero, he begins to understand what is really important in life, and what is superficial, the game of his pride, delusions.
True values for Bazarov are his parents and their love: “After all, people like them cannot be found in your big world during the day with fire ...” And also his own love for Odintsova, which the hero now recognizes and accepts: “Well, what let me tell you... I loved you!”
Now Bazarov is convinced that Russia, which he so wanted to serve, is not needed at all. Indeed, what did he do for his homeland, what benefit did he bring to it? Much more for the country was done by those who simply do their job day in and day out: “Russia needs me... No, apparently, it is not needed. And who is needed? A shoemaker is needed, a tailor is needed, a butcher is needed.
We see that Bazarov is a strong, intelligent, powerful person, deeply gifted, striving with all the strength of his soul to live and work for the good of Russia. However, as the author sadly states, the fate of this hero is tragic - with all his rich potential, Bazarova was killed by a commitment to destructive nihilism, forcing people to abandon true values, from everything that does possible life man on this earth.
The protagonist of the novel I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov. He is a nihilist, a man who proclaims the idea of "complete and merciless denial", recognizing no limits that can limit its implementation. He denies love, poetry, music, the beauty of nature, philosophical thinking. Bazarov considers it necessary to start history anew, from scratch, regardless of the "opinion of the people." And all this is not only ideas, we really have before us new person, impudent, strong, incapable of compromises by illusions, ready to go to his goal, crushing everything in his path.
Following the vulgar German materialists, Bazarov simplifies the nature of human consciousness to the utmost. Art for Yevgeny Vasilyevich is a perversion, “nonsense, rottenness”: “... Rafael is not worth a penny of copper ...” He despises the Kirsanovs not only because they are “barchuks”, but also because they are “old men”, “people retired”, “their song is sung”. He approaches his parents with the same yardstick.
Bazarov expressed his attitude to nature with an aphorism: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop." There is a huge flaw in this statement. Subsequently, he even envies the ant, which has the right "... not to recognize feelings of compassion, not like our brother, self-broken..."
The tragedy of Bazarov is due to his political views. According to the ideas of the nihilists, it is necessary to cut down everything old in order to build a new one on the cleared place. But, following Bazarov's thoughts, we see that he does not imagine the ultimate goal. So he will fight, but he will never be victorious.
Love is the purest, highest and most beautiful feeling, the soul and personality of a person are revealed before it. Bazarov also experienced this feeling. This man, who denies everything and everyone, falls in love with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a wealthy widow, smart and mysterious woman. At first, the hero drives away this romantic feeling. In the house of Odintsova, Bazarov behaves very cheekily in her presence, but then he is embarrassed and blushes.
On the second visit to Nikolskoe main character very worried. He understands more and more that he has some kind of feeling for Anna Sergeevna, but this does not agree with his convictions, because love for him is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense, a disease.
The feeling for Odintsova torments and infuriates him. Bazarov indignantly recognizes romance in himself. Dying, Evgeny Vasilyevich forgives Odintsova and asks her to take care of his parents.
The hero sacrifices everything for the sake of love: his beliefs, views, he is ready for this feeling and is not afraid of responsibility. But nothing here depends on him - Odintsova is not ready for love, so she repels Bazarov.
At the end of the novel, the hero dies and says: “Russia needs me ... No, I don’t seem to need it ...” This question is one of the main problems of Bazarov’s existence. Shortly before blood poisoning, Eugene began to listen to people, regretted that he had no family.
Before Bazarov's death, we hear resentment that we have to die, but there is still strength in him. This is a hint that Eugene could not realize himself in life.
The attitude of the author to Bazarov is ambiguous. But still, we can conclude that Turgenev loves him. This is clearly seen in the epilogue, in the picture describing the grave of Eugene. On the one hand, the author does not share the principles of his hero, on the other hand, he respects his strength and intelligence. For example, in the description of the death of Yevgeny, Turgenev’s respect for him is felt, because Bazarov is not a coward in the face of death, he says: “I still don’t fear ...”
All decisions that a person makes, he makes for the sake of some future goal. It may be small and nondescript, it may be sublime, but one way or another, any person needs his own goal for happiness. It determines his place in the world. The hero of the novel "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev, Yevgeny Bazarov, throughout the whole work tries to follow his goal, but it is difficult for him to live with it.
Was such a fate inevitable, or was he just unlucky? Why does the author decide to kill his hero? Let's think about this.
At the very beginning of the novel, Bazarov appears before us as a young man confident in himself and his convictions. To the question of Pavel Petrovich, what is Bazarov, Arkady confidently answers that "He is a nihilist, a man who does not bow to any authorities, who does not take a single principle on faith." Bazarov fully corresponds to this description in all respects.
Is such a position correct and could it become mass? controversial issue. But Bazarov, who does not perceive the opinions of others, behaves rather arrogantly and looks at all those who disagree with slight condescension, clearly could not win over to his side a large number of followers.
He does not even try to maintain relationships with people who have a different point of view. And yet, in response to Pavel Petrovich's statements, "... there are only four and a half of you ...", he says that "from a penny candle, you know, Moscow burned down." He considers himself capable of finding followers, seeing Arkady in front of him, who idolizes a friend. But it cannot be said that Arkady completely agrees with Bazarov in everything. In addition, Arkady has not yet managed to become a full-fledged personality and form his principles and goals, so he is easily influenced from the very beginning. different parties, and the fact that today he agrees with Bazarov does not mean that now he has become his follower and ally.
Thus, we can say that Bazarov’s chances of realizing his lofty goal are small - he is actually alone in his convictions, but at the same time he wants to make incredible reforms in the world, full of people absolutely opposite opinion. He is too self-confident and does not see how crazy his ideals are in the context of contemporary society.
And then one day Odintsova appears in the life of Bazarov, who awakens tender feelings in the soul of a nihilist. A woman by the standards of Bazarov was unusual. Anna Sergeevna was smart, could keep up the conversation on topics interesting to Bazarov, and was beautiful, although he said that, in his opinion, "... only freaks think freely between women ...". Neither he nor those around him recognize the usual Bazarov - in the presence of Odintsova, he behaves unnaturally. But in fact, he always denied any romance and considered love for a woman unnecessary nonsense. He did not respect Pavel Petrovich Kirisanov, believing that “... a man who put his whole life on the line female love <...>- not a man, not a male ... ”, but in the end he fell in love and was rejected.
It cannot be said that after this Bazarov completely ceased to be himself. He just wasn't that unshakable and sure of himself and his purpose anymore. He now looked at nihilism differently, he had to re-accept all his principles after he was faced with a contradiction. As soon as he lost Odintsova, he immediately lost Arkady, who moved further and further away from the ideas of nihilism. All this forced Bazarov to go home and devote himself to science, shutting himself off from others.
In the end, his life is cut short due to a ridiculous accident, due to which he becomes infected with typhus. the last man, whom he sees before his death, becomes Odintsov. Bazarov last time confesses his love to her and comes to the conclusion that he is not right person in the life of the state. “…What kind of person Russia is losing… This is nonsense…” he says, apparently realizing that, being a nihilist, he was extremely vulnerable in contemporary society. His actions would have led to nothing anyway. He was ready only for destruction, not for creation. He thought that great achievements awaited him, although in fact he was going to take away what constituted the culture of many generations and what society stood on.
It seems to me that the author is killing Bazarov, because he himself does not believe in those great things that his hero is striving for. Such a person has two options - outgrow such beliefs and live a quiet life, or be disappointed in own purposes and principles and become lethargic and depressed. Is Bazarov worthy of such a fate? Who would the hero become if he went further? Would you become an ordinary county doctor, and nothing more? Perhaps if Odintsova would have been more suitable for Bazarov in terms of temperament and character, he would simply have surrendered to the feeling and would have forgotten about his nihilism. That giant who was expected to accomplish, for whom the novel was written, would have disappeared. But, as Bazarov himself said, "And now the whole task of the giant is how to die decently, although no one cares about this ...".
The tragedy in the fate of Bazarov is that he could not find a place for himself in life. His beliefs are at odds with the reality surrounding him, he is lonely and it is unlikely that he could find people who he could consider friends. I feel sorry for him, because there is only one way out of his situation - to abandon his principles. But then it would not be Bazarov at all, but some kind of famous hero unknown novel.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -
