Man always strives for beauty, such is his essence. And he eagerly studies the past, learns from it, works on mistakes, because without this the future is impossible. An example of this combination of art and history is the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii", painted by brilliant artist in 1830-1833. What is depicted on it, how the painter worked and what he wanted to convey, we will consider in our article.
A few words about the author
The painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" was painted in the first half of the nineteenth century by Karl Bryullov. Born in St. Petersburg in the family of an academician-sculptor, he was imbued with a passion for art from childhood. studied with the best craftsmen of that time, traveled a lot, often visited Italy, where he lived and worked.
Mostly his canvases are written in historical and portrait genre. The work to which our article is devoted was awarded the Grand Prix in Paris. It should be noted that the contemporaries of the painter appreciated his work. Even during the life of Bryullov, his canvases received the most enthusiastic reviews. Most notable works- "Horsewoman", "Siege of Pskov", "Portrait of the archaeologist Michelangelo Lanchi" and others. And in 1862, a sculpture dedicated to the millennium of Russia was erected in Novgorod to the best cultural figures. Among the sixteen figures of the composition, there was a place for Karl Bryullov.
History of a masterpiece
The history of the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" is known to us, so we will be happy to share it with the reader.
As we mentioned earlier, Bryullov often visited Italy, where he worked a lot. By the way, he died on this earth, where his body found its last resting place. In 1827, the painter visited the excavations of an ancient Roman city located near Naples. The settlement was buried by the lava of Vesuvius, which suddenly woke up. This moment was captured in the picture.
The last day of Pompey met with a seething life. Unfortunately, the inhabitants of a small but very rich town did not manage to escape. Most of them died from the hot volcanic mass, others suffocated from poisonous fumes and ash. And only a few managed to escape. But the volcano rendered an invaluable service to mankind - it seemed to conserve the life of that time, preserving in its original form the dwellings of the nobility, wall paintings, mosaic floors, paintings, flowers. Clearing the area from dust, ash, dirt and earth, archaeologists find a large number of objects, and the city itself today is an open-air museum.
Preparation for work
The painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" was painted by Bryullov after a thorough study of that era. The artist visited the excavations several times, trying to remember the location of the buildings, every pebble. He read the works of ancient historians, in particular the works of Pliny the Younger, an eyewitness to the tragedy, studied costumes in museums and household items. This allowed him to realistically depict the life of Italian society during the volcanic eruption, as well as convey the feelings of people who are about to die from the elements.
Outcast Labor
Finally, Bryullov decided that he was ready for the titanic work, and set about painting the canvas. It took him three years to create a masterpiece measuring 4.5 x 6.5 meters. He was enthusiastically received in Italy, France, Russia. In his native Academy of Arts, Karl was carried in his arms into the hall, where his painting was already hanging. The last day (Pompeia could not even imagine then that it was the last for her) famous city now forever remain in the memory of mankind, and he himself rose from oblivion. Consider the canvas, conditionally dividing it into two parts.
Right side of the painting
Bryullov's painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" captivates with its perfection, storm of emotions, drama and harmony of colors. On the right side, the artist depicted a group of people united by a common grief. This is a young guy and a boy who are carrying a sick father in their arms, a young man who is trying to save his mother, but she orders him to leave her and run away on his own. Presumably, that young man is Pliny the Younger, who informed us sad story Pompeii.
The painting “The Last Day of Pompeii” also depicts a couple: a young man carries a bride in his arms and peers into her face - is she alive? Behind them you can see a rearing horse with a rider on its back, falling houses decorated with statues. And above the unfortunate people, the sky, dark from smoke and ashes, clouds cut by lightning, a stream of fiery lava stretches.
Left side of the masterpiece
We continue our description of the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii." On the left, Bryullov depicted steps leading to the tomb of Scaurus. Another group of people gathered at them: a woman looking directly at the viewer, an artist with paints in a box on her head, a mother with two girls, a calm Christian priest, a pagan priest with jewelry under his arm, a man covering his wife and small children with a cloak.
Another "hero" of the canvas is light, or rather, its effects. The cold shade of lightning contrasts with the glow of the volcano. Against its background, the panorama of the dying city looks very tragic and realistic.
Analysis of the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii"
Bryullov masterfully chose the colors that helped him portray the picture very realistically. Shades of red predominate on the canvas - people's clothes, glow, flowers on the bride's head. In the center of the canvas, the artist used greenish, bluish and yellowish tones.
Finishing the description of the painting “The Last Day of Pompey” (as some mistakenly call the painting), let’s try to analyze it, find hidden meaning. The viewer should pay attention to the fact that people seem to freeze, as if posing for a painter. Their faces are not disfigured by pain, even the girl lying on the ground is beautiful. People's clothes are clean, no blood is visible on it. This is the principle of convention by which the painter shows that man is the most beautiful creation on the ground. It is striking that many characters in the picture in moments of danger think not only about themselves, but also about others.
Bryullov departed from the rules of realism, following the basics of classicism. He draws not the usual crowd, which in a panic seeks to leave the city, but orderly groups of people in which similar faces, But different poses. Thus, the master conveyed feelings with the help of movement, plasticity. But the master introduces a lot of new things into art, breaks the accepted rules, which is why the canvas only wins. The artist uses restless light, which gives sharp shadows, a plot full of tragedy. Two themes are intertwined in the picture - the height of the human spirit, love, self-sacrifice, heroism and the catastrophe, which entailed the death of not only the city, but the whole culture.
Instead of a conclusion
The picture, created by the genius of art, is both beautiful and terrible. Yes, a person is powerless in front of the elements, which knows no barriers in its power. However, he can and should remain a Human with capital letter. Not everyone is capable of this, but this should be striven for. Such conflicting feelings seize everyone who looks at the canvas depicting the last days. ancient city. And see famous painting today everyone can by visiting the State Russian Museum.
Russian artist Pushkin era known as a portrait painter and the last romantic of painting, and not in love with life and beauty, but rather, as experiencing tragic conflict. It is noteworthy that small watercolors during his life in Naples were brought by aristocrats from trips as a decorative and entertaining souvenir.
A strong influence on the work of the master had a life in Italy, and a trip to the cities of Greece, as well as friendship with A. S. Pushkin. The latter drastically affected the vision of the world of the graduate of the Academy of Arts - the fate of all mankind comes to the fore in his works.
The picture reflects this idea as clearly as possible. "The last day of Pompeii" based on real historical facts.
A city near modern Naples was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. This is also evidenced by the manuscripts of ancient historians, in particular, Pliny the Younger. He says that Pompeii was famous throughout Italy for its mild climate, healing air and divine nature. Patricians built villas here, emperors and generals came to rest, turning the city into an ancient version of Rublyovka. It is authentically known that there was a theater, plumbing and Roman baths. August 24, 79 CE e. people heard a deafening roar and saw how pillars of fire, ash and stones began to break out of the depths of Vesuvius. The catastrophe was preceded by an earthquake the day before, so most of the people managed to leave the city. The rest did not escape from the ashes that reached Egypt and the volcanic lava. terrible tragedy came in a matter of seconds - the houses collapsed on the heads of the inhabitants, and meter layers of volcanic precipitation covered everyone without exception. Panic broke out in Pompeii, but there was nowhere to run. It is this moment that is depicted on the canvas by K. Bryullov, who saw the streets of the ancient city live, even under a layer of petrified ash, remaining the same as they were before the eruption. Artist for a long time collected materials, visited Pompeii several times, examined houses, walked the streets, made sketches of the body prints of people who died under a layer of hot ash. Many figures are depicted in the picture in the same poses - a mother with children, a woman who fell from a chariot and a young couple.
The work was written for 3 years - from 1830 to 1833. The master was so imbued with the tragedy of human civilization that he was taken out of the workshop several times in a semi-conscious state. Interestingly, the themes of destruction and human self-sacrifice are connected in the picture. The first moment you will see in the fire that engulfed the city, the falling statues, the enraged horse and the murdered woman who fell from the chariot. The contrast is achieved by the fleeing townspeople who don't care about her.
It is noteworthy that the master depicted not a crowd in the usual sense of the word, but people, each of whom tells his own story.
Mothers hugging their children, who do not quite understand what is happening, want to shelter them from this catastrophe. The sons, carrying their father in their arms, who looks madly at the sky and closes his eyes from the ashes with his hand, try to save him at the cost of their lives. A young man holding his dead bride in his arms does not seem to believe that she is no longer alive. The mad horse, which is trying to throw off its rider, seems to convey that nature has not spared anyone. A Christian shepherd in red robes, who does not let go of the censer, fearlessly and terrifyingly calmly looks at the falling statues. pagan gods, as if he sees God's punishment in this. The image of the priest, who, having taken a golden cup and artifacts from the temple, is striking, leaves the city, cowardly looking around. The faces of people are mostly beautiful and reflect not horror, but calmness.
One of them in the background is a self-portrait of Bryullov himself. He clutches the most valuable thing - a box of paints. Pay attention to his look, there is no fear of death in him, there is only admiration for the opened spectacle. The master seems to have stopped and remembers a deadly beautiful moment.
Remarkably, there is no main character on the canvas, there is only a world divided by the elements into two parts. Characters diverge on the proscenium, opening the doors to volcanic hell, and a young woman in a golden dress lying on the ground is a symbol of the death of the sophisticated culture of Pompeii.
Bryullov knew how to work with chiaroscuro, modeling voluminous and lively images. Important role clothes and draperies play here. The robes are depicted in rich colors - red, orange, green, ocher, light blue and blue. Contrasted with them is deathly pale skin, which is illuminated by the glow of lightning.
Continues the idea of dividing the picture with light. He is no longer a way of conveying what is happening, but becomes a living hero of "The Last Day of Pompeii." Lightning flashes yellow, even lemon, cold color, turning the townspeople into living marble statues, and blood-red lava flows over a peaceful paradise. The glow of the volcano sets off the panorama of the dying city in the background of the picture. Black clouds of dust, from which not saving rain pours, but destructive ash, as if they say that no one can be saved. The dominant color in the painting is red. And this is not the one cheerful color which is meant to give life. Bryullov red is bloody, as if reflecting the biblical Armageddon. The clothes of the heroes, the background of the picture seem to merge with the glow of the volcano. Flashes of lightning illuminate only the foreground.
"The Last Day of Pompeii" is terrible and beautiful. It shows how powerless a person is in front of an angry nature. The talent of the artist is amazing, who managed to convey all the fragility human life. The picture silently screams that there is nothing in the world more important than human tragedy. A thirty-meter monumental canvas opens up to everyone those pages of history that no one wants to repeat. ... Of the 20 thousand inhabitants of Pompeii, 2000 people died on the streets of the city that day. How many of them remained buried under the rubble of houses is unknown to this day.
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After the demonstration of the painting, Nicholas I awarded Bryullov with a laurel wreath,
after which the artist was called "Charlemagne"
Fragment of the painting by Karl Bryullov (1799-1852) "The Last Day of Pompeii" (1830-1833)
Karl Bryullov was so carried away by the tragedy of the city destroyed by Vesuvius that he personally participated in the excavations of Pompeii, and later carefully worked on the painting: instead of three years indicated in the order of the young patron Anatoly Demidov, the artist painted the picture for six whole years. About the imitation of Raphael, plot parallels with The Bronze Horseman, tours of the work in Europe and the fashion for the tragedy of Pompeii among artists.
Before you start looking at the photos that the son took in Pompeii, it is worth understanding how it was.
The eruption of Vesuvius on August 24-25 in 79 AD was the largest cataclysm ancient world. On that last day, several coastal cities lost about 5,000 people. Even now at modern man the word “death” immediately associatively requires the word “Pompeii”, and the phrase: “Yesterday I just had the death of Pompeii” is understandable and metaphorically indicates the scale of the trouble, even if it broke through the fan pipe and flooded the neighbors.
This story is especially well known to us from the painting by Karl Bryullov, which can be seen in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. This picture is remembered, a kind of blockbuster, it is clear that at a time when there was no cinema, it made an indelible impression on the audience
In 1834, the "presentation" of the painting took place in St. Petersburg. The poet Yevgeny Boratynsky wrote the lines:The last day of Pompeii became the first day for the Russian brush!”The picture struck Pushkin and Gogol. Gogol captured in his inspirational article, dedicated to the painting, the secret of her popularity: "His works are the first that can be understood (although not equally) by an artist who has a higher development of taste, and does not know what art is.Indeed, a work of genius is understandable to everyone, and at the same time, a more developed person will discover in it still other planes of a different level.
Pushkin wrote poetry and even sketched a part of the painting's composition in the margins.
Vesuvius opened the pharynx - the smoke gushed out in a club - the flame
Widely developed like a battle banner.
The earth is worried - from the staggering columns
Idols are falling! A people driven by fear
Under the stone rain, under the inflamed ashes,
Crowds, old and young, run out of the city (III, 332).
This brief retelling paintings, multi-figure and compositionally complex, not at all a small canvas, in those days it was even the most big picture, which already amazed contemporaries: the scale of the picture, correlated with the scale of the disaster.
Our memory cannot absorb everything, its possibilities are not unlimited, such a picture can be viewed more than once and every time something else can be seen. What did Pushkin single out and remember? The researcher of his work, Yuri Lotman, identified three main thoughts: "the uprising of the elements - the statues begin to move - the people (people) as a victim of a disaster." And he made a completely reasonable conclusion: Pushkin had just finished his “ Bronze Horseman and saw what was close to him at that moment. Indeed, a similar plot: the element (flood) is raging, the monument comes to life, frightened Eugene runs from the elements and the monument.
Lotman also writes about the direction of Pushkin's gaze:Comparison of the text with Bryullov's canvas reveals that Pushkin's gaze slides diagonally from the upper right corner to the lower left. This corresponds to the main compositional axis of the picture. The researcher of diagonal compositions, artist and art theorist N. Tarabukin wrote: "The content of the picture, built compositionally along this diagonal, is often one or another demonstration procession." And further: "The viewer of the picture in this case takes a place, as it were, among the crowd depicted on the canvas."
Indeed, we are unusually captivated by what is happening, Bryullov managed to make the viewer involved in the events as much as possible. There is a presence effect.
Karl Bryullov graduated from the Academy of Arts in 1823 with a gold medal. By tradition, gold medalists went to Italy for an internship. There Bryullov visits the workshop Italian artist and for 4 years copies " the school of Athens» Raphael, and life-size all 50 figures. At this time, Bryullov is visited by the writer Stendhal. There is no doubt that Bryullov learned a lot from Raphael, the ability to organize a large canvas. Bryullov came to Pompeii in 1827 together with Countess Maria Grigoryevna Razumovskaya. She became the first customer of the painting. However, the rights to the paintings are redeemed by sixteen-year-old Anatoly Nikolaevich Demidov, the owner of the Ural mining plants, a rich man and philanthropist. He had a net annual income of two million rubles. Nikolai Demidov, father, recently deceased, was a Russian envoy and sponsored excavations in Florence in the Forum and the Capitol. Demidov will later present the painting to Nicholas the First, who will donate it to the Academy of Arts, from where it will go to the Russian Museum. Demidov signed a contract with Bryullov for a fixed period and tried to fit the artist, but he conceived grand design and in total The painting took 6 years to complete.
Bryullov makes many sketches and collects material.
Bryullov was so carried away that he himself participated in the excavations. It must be said that the excavations began formally on October 22, 1738, by decree of the Neapolitan king Charles III, they were carried out by an engineer from Andalusia, Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre, with 12 workers, and these were the first archaeological systematic excavations in history, when detailed records were made of everything that was found, before that, there were mostly pirate methods, when precious items were snatched, and the rest could be savagely destroyed. By the time Bryullov appeared, Herculaneum and Pompeii had already become not only a place of excavations, but also a place of pilgrimage for tourists. In addition, Bryullov was inspired by Paccini's opera The Last Day of Pompeii, which he saw in Italy. It is known that he dressed sitters in costumes for the play. Gogol, by the way, compared the picture with an opera, apparently felt the "theatricality" of the mise-en-scene. She definitely misses musical accompaniment in the spirit of "Carmina Burana".
So, after a long sketching, Bryullov painted a picture and already in Italy it aroused tremendous interest. Demidov decided to take her to Paris to the Salon, where she also received gold medal. In addition, she exhibited in Milan and London. In London, the painting was seen by the writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton, who later wrote his novel The Last Days of Pompeii under the impression of the canvas. It is interesting to compare the two moments of the interpretation of the plot. With Bryullov, we clearly see all the action, somewhere near the fire and smoke, but in the foreground there is a clear image of the characters. scattered on the pavement. People are more likely to run from the fire. In fact, the city was already shrouded in smog, it was impossible to breathe, in Bulwer-Lytton's novel, the heroes, a couple in love, are saved by a slave, blind from birth. Since she is blind, she easily finds her way in the dark. Heroes are saved and accept Christianity.
Were there Christians in Pompeii? At that time they were persecuted and it is not known whether new faith to a provincial resort. However, Bryullov also contrasts the Christian faith with the pagan faith and the death of the pagans. In the left corner of the picture we see a group of an old man with a cross around his neck and women under his protection. The old man turned his gaze to heaven, to his God, perhaps he would save him.
The picture is familiar to me since childhood, once, back in art school we took it apart whole lesson, it was on the example of "The Last Day of Pompeii" that the teacher talked about the main painting techniques used by the artist. Indeed, it can serve as a textbook on painting, if you take it apart carefully. The artist uses color and light contrasts, skillfully unites groups of people. Although contemporaries-artists called her "scrambled eggs" because of bright colors, mostly bright composition center, we understand that Italy with its bright natural colors could not influence. Bryullov is considered the founder of the "Italian genre" in Russian painting.
By the way, Bryullov copied some of the figures from the figures from the excavations. By that time, they began to fill the voids with plaster and got quite real figures dead residents.
Classicist teachers scolded Charles for deviating from the canons classical painting. Karl tossed between the classics absorbed at the Academy with its ideally sublime principles and the new aesthetics of romanticism.
If you look at the picture, you can distinguish several groups and individual characters, each with its own history. Something was inspired by excavations, something by historical facts.
The artist himself is present in the picture, his self-portrait is recognizable, here he is young, he is about 30 years old, on his head he takes out the most necessary and expensive - a box of paints. This is a tribute to the tradition of Renaissance artists to paint their self-portrait in a painting.
The girl next to her carries a lamp.
The son who carries his father on himself reminds of classic plot about Aeneas, who carried his father out of the burning Troy.
With one piece of cloth, the artist unites a family fleeing disaster into a group. During the excavations, couples who embraced before death, children together with their parents, are especially touching.
The two figures, the son persuading his mother to get up and run on, are taken from the letters of Pliny the Younger.
Pliny the Younger turned out to be an eyewitness who left written evidence of the death of cities. There are two letters written by him to the historian Tacitus, in which he talks about the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, a famous naturalist, and his own misadventures.
Gaius Pliny was only 17 years old, at the time of the disaster he was studying the history of Titus Livius in order to write an essay, and therefore refused to go with his uncle to watch the volcanic eruption. Pliny the Elder was then an admiral of the local fleet, a position that he received for his scientific merits was an easy one. His curiosity ruined him, in addition, a certain Rektsina sent him a letter asking for help, it was possible to escape from her villa only by sea. Pliny sailed past Herculaneum, people on the shore at that moment could still be saved, but he strove to see the eruption in all its glory as soon as possible. Then the ships in the smoke with difficulty found their way to Stabia, where Pliny spent the night, but the next day he died, inhaling the sulfur-poisoned air.
Gaius Pliny, who remained in Mizena, 30 kilometers from Pompeii, was forced to flee, since the disaster reached him and his mother.
The painting by the Swiss artist Angelica Kaufmann just shows this moment. A Spanish friend persuades Guy and his mother to run away, but they hesitate, thinking to wait for their uncle to return. The mother in the picture is not at all weak, but quite young.
They run, the mother asks her to leave and escape alone, but Guy helps her go on. Fortunately, they are saved.
Pliny described the horror of the disaster and described the type of eruption, after which it began to be called "Plinian". He saw the eruption from afar:
“The cloud (those who looked from afar could not determine which mountain it arose over; that it was Vesuvius, they recognized later), in its form most of all resembled a pine tree: it was as if a tall trunk rose upwards and from it branches seemed to diverge in all directions. I think that it was thrown out by a current of air, but then the current weakened and the cloud, due to its own gravity, began to diverge in width; in some places it was a bright white color, in other places it was covered with dirty spots, as if from earth and ashes raised up.
The inhabitants of Pompeii had already experienced a volcanic eruption 15 years before, but did not draw conclusions. Blame - seductive sea coast and fertile land. Every gardener knows how well a crop grows on ashes. Mankind still believes in "maybe it will blow over." Vesuvius and after that woke up more than once, almost once every 20 years. Many drawings of eruptions from different centuries have been preserved.
It was this that especially affected the death of cities, the wind carried a suspension of ejected particles towards the southeast, just to the cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabia and several other small villas and villages. During the day they were under a multi-meter layer of ash, but before that, many people died from a rockfall, burned alive, died of suffocation. A slight shaking did not suggest an approaching catastrophe, even when stones were already falling from the sky, many preferred to pray to the gods and hide in houses, where they were then walled up alive with a layer of ash.
Gaius Pliny, who survived all this in a light version in Mezima, describes what happened:“It is already the first hour of the day, and the light is wrong, as if sick. The houses around are shaking; in an open narrow area it is very scary; this is where they collapse. It was finally decided to leave the city; we are followed by a crowd of people who have lost their heads and prefer someone else's decision to their own; frightened, it seems reasonable; we are crushed and pushed in this crowd of departing. When we leave the city, we stop. How amazing and how terrible we have experienced! The wagons that were ordered to accompany us, on a completely level ground, were thrown into different sides; despite the stones placed, they could not stand in the same place. We have seen the sea recede; the earth, shaking, seemed to push him away. The coast was clearly moving forward; many marine animals stuck in dry sand. On the other hand, a terrible black cloud that broke through different places running fiery zigzags; it opened up in wide blazing stripes, similar to lightning, but large.
The agony of those whose brains exploded from the heat, their lungs turned into cement, and their teeth and bones decayed, we cannot even imagine.
How the catastrophe happened within one day can be seen in the BBC film, or briefly on this installation:
Or watch the movie "Pompeii", where also with the help of computer graphics recreated view of the city and large-scale apocalypse.
And we'll see what the archaeologists unearthed for long years excavations..
We have long known the picture Karla Bryullova THE LAST DAY OF POMPEI, but we did not consider it in detail. I wanted to know its history and examine the canvas in detail.
K. Bryullov. The last day of Pompeii. 1830-1833
BACKGROUND OF THE PICTURE.
In 1827, the young Russian artist Karl Bryullov arrived in Pompeii. He did not know that this trip would lead him to the pinnacle of creativity. The sight of Pompeii stunned him. He walked all the nooks and crannies of the city, touched the walls, rough from boiling lava, and, perhaps, he had the idea to paint a picture of last day Pompeii.
From the idea of the picture to its completion will take a long six years. Bryullov begins with the study historical sources. He reads the letters of Pliny the Younger, an eyewitness to the events, to the Roman historian Tacitus.
In search of authenticity, the artist also turns to materials archaeological sites, he will depict some figures in those poses in which the skeletons of the victims of Vesuvius were found in hardened lava.
Almost all items were painted by Bryullov from authentic items stored in the Neapolitan Museum. The surviving drawings, sketches and sketches show how persistently the artist sought the most expressive composition. And even when the sketch of the future canvas was ready, Bryullov regroups the scene about a dozen times, changes gestures, movements, poses.
In 1830 the artist began work on a large canvas. He wrote at such a limit of spiritual tension that it happened that he was literally taken out of the studio in his arms. Finally, by the middle of 1833, the canvas was ready.
Eruption of Vesuvius.
Let's take a short digression to get to know historical details events that we see in the picture.
The eruption of Vesuvius began on the afternoon of August 24, 79 and lasted about a day, as evidenced by some of the surviving manuscripts of the "Letters" of Pliny the Younger. It led to the death of three cities - Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia and several small villages and villas.
Vesuvius wakes up and brings down all kinds of products of volcanic activity on the surrounding space. Tremors, ash flakes, stones falling from the sky - all this took the inhabitants of Pompeii by surprise.
People tried to hide in houses, but died from suffocation or under the ruins. Someone has died in in public places- in theaters, markets, forums, temples, someone - on the streets of the city, someone - already beyond its borders. However, the vast majority of residents still managed to leave the city.
During the excavations, it turned out that everything in the cities was preserved as it was before the eruption. Streets, houses with full furnishings, the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape were found under many meters of ash. The force of the eruption was such that the ashes from it flew even to Egypt and Syria.
Of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii, about 2,000 died in the buildings and on the streets. Most of the inhabitants left the city before the disaster, but the remains of the dead are found outside the city. That's why exact number the dead cannot be estimated.
Among those who died from the eruption was Pliny the Elder, scientific interest and out of a desire to help people suffering from the eruption, he tried to approach Vesuvius on a ship and found himself in one of the centers of the disaster - near Stabia.
Pliny the Younger describes what happened on the 25th at Miseno. In the morning, a black cloud of ash began to approach the city. Residents fled in horror from the city to the seashore (probably, the inhabitants of the dead cities also tried to do the same). The crowd running along the road soon found itself in total darkness, screams, crying children were heard.
Those who fell were trampled down by those who followed. I had to shake off the ashes all the time, otherwise the person instantly fell asleep, and there was no way for those who sat down to rest to rise. This went on for several hours, but in the afternoon the ash cloud began to dissipate.
Pliny returned to Miseno, although the earthquakes continued. By evening, the eruption began to subside, and by the evening of the 26th everything had subsided. Pliny the Younger was lucky, but his uncle is an outstanding scientist, author natural history Pliny the Elder - died during the eruption in Pompeii.
They say that he was let down by the curiosity of a naturalist, he stayed in the city for observations. sun over dead cities- Pompeii, Stabia, Herculaneum and Octavianum - it seemed only on August 27th. Vesuvius has erupted to this day at least eight more times. Moreover, in 1631, in 1794 and 1944 the eruption was quite strong.
DESCRIPTION.
Black darkness hung over the earth. A blood-red glow paints the sky near the horizon, and a blinding flash of lightning momentarily breaks the darkness. In the face of death, the essence of the human soul is exposed.
Here the young Pliny persuades his mother, who has fallen to the ground, to gather the remnants of her strength and try to escape.
Here are the sons carrying the old man on their shoulders, trying to quickly deliver the precious burden to a safe place.
Raising his hand towards the crumbling skies, the man is ready to protect his loved ones with his chest.
Nearby is a kneeling mother with children. With what inexpressible tenderness they huddle together!
Above them is a Christian shepherd with a cross around his neck, with a torch and a censer in his hands. With calm fearlessness, he looks at the flaming skies and the crumbling statues of the former gods.
And in the depths of the canvas, he is opposed by a pagan priest, running in fear with an altar under his arm. This somewhat naive allegory proclaims the advantages Christian religion over the outgoing pagan.
A man who raised his hand to heaven is trying to protect his family. Next to him is a kneeling mother with children who seek protection and help from her.
On the left in the background is a crowd of fugitives on the steps of the tomb of Skaurus. In it, we notice an artist saving the most precious thing - a box with brushes and paints. This is a self-portrait of Karl Bryullov.
But in his eyes, not so much the horror of death as close attention artist, exacerbated by a terrible sight. He carries on his head the most precious thing - a box with paints and other painting accessories. It seems that he slowed down his steps and tries to remember the picture that unfolded before him. Yu.P. Samoilova served as a model for a girl with a jug.
We can see it in other images. This and a woman smashed to death, sprawled on the pavement, where next to her is a living child - in the center of the canvas; and a mother attracting her daughters to her, in the left corner of the picture.
The young man holds his beloved, in his eyes there is despair and hopelessness.
Many art historians consider the frightened child lying near the dead mother to be the central characters on the canvas. Here we see grief, despair, hope, the death of the old world, and perhaps the birth of a new one. This is a confrontation between life and death.
A noble woman tried to escape on a fast chariot, but no one can escape Kara, everyone must be punished for their sins. On the other hand, we see a frightened child who against all odds, he survived to revive the fallen race. But what is his further fate we certainly don't know, and can only hope for a happy ending.
The baby mourning her is an allegory of the new world, a symbol of the inexhaustible power of life.
How much pain, fear and despair in the eyes of people.
"The Last Day of Pompeii" convinces that main value in the world is a man. To the destructive forces Bryullov contrasts nature spiritual greatness and the beauty of man.
Brought up on the aesthetics of classicism, the artist strives to give his heroes ideal features and plastic perfection, although it is known that residents of Rome posed for many of them.
Seeing this work for the first time, any viewer admires its colossal scale: on canvas, with an area of more than thirty square meters, the artist tells the story of many lives united by disaster. It seems that not the city is depicted on the plane of the canvas, but the whole world surviving death.
HISTORY OF THE PICTURE
In the autumn of 1833, the painting appeared at an exhibition in Milan and caused an explosion of delight and admiration. An even greater triumph awaited Bryullov at home. Exhibited in the Hermitage and then at the Academy of Arts, the painting became a subject of patriotic pride. She was enthusiastically welcomed by A.S. Pushkin:
Vesuvius zev opened - smoke gushed in a club - flame
Widely developed like a battle banner.
The earth worries - from staggering columns
Idols are falling! A people driven by fear
Crowds, old and young, under inflamed ashes,
Under the stone rain runs out of the hail.
Really, world fame Bryullov's painting forever destroyed dismissive attitude to Russian artists, which existed even in Russia itself. In the eyes of contemporaries, the work of Karl Bryullov was proof of the originality of the national artistic genius.
Bryullov was compared with the greats by Italian masters. Poets dedicated poems to him. He was greeted with applause in the street and in the theater. A year later, the French Academy of Arts awarded the artist a gold medal for the painting after her participation in the Paris Salon.
In 1834, the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" was sent to St. Petersburg. Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev said that this picture was the glory of Russia and Italy. E. A. Baratynsky composed on this occasion famous aphorism: "The last day of Pompeii became the first day for the Russian brush!".
Nicholas I honored the artist with a personal audience and awarded Charles with a laurel wreath, after which the artist was called "Charlemagne".
Anatoly Demidov presented the painting to Nicholas I, who exhibited it at the Academy of Arts as a guide for beginner painters. After the opening of the Russian Museum in 1895, the canvas moved there, and the general public gained access to it.
It is possible for contemporaries to see through the eyes of a painter last moments life of the inhabitants of the city of Pompeii. It must be admitted that the manner of Raphael and Velasquez is guessed in the artist's hand. The display and detail, so sharply grasped, the saturation of crimson and reddish hues, the technique of chiaroscuro - the master absorbed all the best from the artists of that era. Bryullov himself had a very significant influence on the technique and manner of drawing, Flavitsky, Serov, Moller, and others. He was characterized by a certain academicism and majesty, which he violently displayed in the painting “The Horsewoman” and “The Siege of Pskov”.
In order to implement his idea (and the idea, it must be admitted, was embodied in a very grandiose way - on a canvas measuring 465 × 561 centimeters), Bryullov had to go to the foot of Mount Vesuvius, to see the city ruins of Pompeii. In the same place, on the spot, he made sketches for the future canvas, imagining how the revived Vesuvius spews hundreds of thousands of tons of ash and lava on the confused inhabitants of Pompeii. It took Bryullov 3 years to write the work, and in 1833 he finished writing it.
Immediately after the completion of the painting, it was brought to Rome for viewing - critics and viewers were unanimous in flattering reviews. Then the painting was taken to an exhibition in Paris and placed in the Louvre. There she was seen by a world-famous writer - Walter Scott. He said that the painting is "unusual, epic." A year later, after the completion of the Paris exhibition, the canvas finally arrives in Russia, in St. Petersburg. And here, at home, great figures and writers do not get tired of talking about it. A flattering review was left by Turgenev, and Baratynsky and Pushkin immediately sprinkled aphorisms, immediately banned by the censors.
The style of the work at that time was considered something extraordinary, innovative, because it was ahead of its time. Now this technique is recognized as neoclassicism.
So popular then stories on historical themes, Bryullov turned into a kind of reality - the characters depicted are not static, he is all in motion. Their faces are filled with horror and fear. It seems that the artist himself caught the crowd at this very moment - the reality of the painted figures is so great. Not indifferent to Countess Yulia Pavlovna Samoilova, the royal maid of honor, Bryullov could not deny himself the pleasure of capturing her several times in the picture.
Here she appears on the left side of the canvas on a hill, in the form of a woman with a jug on her head, then the image of a woman who has crashed to death - she and her child (he is alive) were thrown off the broken stairs, and finally, she is a mother hugging her daughter. The artist depicted himself as the same painter on the left in the corner of the picture. The artist depicted in great detail and exaltation a blazing glow and falling marble statues of the gods, over which lightning is scattered.
People, maddened by fear, run away from the destruction, but fail to escape. "The Last Day of Pompeii" presents us with an image of eternal life imprinted.
Currently, the painting belongs to the Russian Museum, where in 1895 it was transferred by Nicholas I.
