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Now no one considers supernatural and. Household writing of Ancient Rus'

Now no one considers supernatural and. Household writing of Ancient Rus'

08.02.2019

Literacy in Rus'. Dictation (text and article)

Literacy in Rus'. Dictation(text)

(1) Now no one considers it supernatural and inexplicable the fact that from the beginning of Christianity to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Kievan Rus was a country of high and beautiful written culture. (2) The introduction of Christianity and its introduction to the Byzantine literacy established the continuity of the two written cultures. (3) This greatly increased the interest of the Eastern Slavs in the book and contributed to the spread of writing even at the dawn | the dawn of its civilization.

(4) Not without reason, it is assumed that literacy was perceived by us in the course of the most | the shortest time and developed unhindered at the first stages | pores. (5) Nothing blocked the people's path to literacy, and our forefathers quickly mastered a relatively high level of writing|writing. (6) This is confirmed by the surviving inscriptions on wooden objects, for example, on spinning wheels, on bizarre combs for combing flax, on unpretentious pottery, on various pieces of wood that are not suitable for exhibiting.

(7) It is not for nothing that science attaches great importance to the study of ancient objects. (8) It can be said without exaggeration that the archaeological finds surpassed all | all the expectations of scientists, revealing the pictures of living antiquity. (9) In the notorious excavations near Novgorod, which were carried out for ten years, super-interesting letters were found on birch bark | birch bark. (10) This is an unprecedented discovery in archeology: they capture the original prehistory of the Russian book.

(According to I. Golub.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. In one or two sentences, formulate the main idea of the text.

AT 2. Among sentences 5-6, find a sentence with an introductory word. Indicate his number.

AT 3. Among sentences 4−6 find a compound sentence. Indicate his number.

AT 4. From sentence 4 write out everything|all prepositions.

AT 5. From sentences 1–3 write out a word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root.

AT 6. From sentences 4−6 write out a separate definition.

AT 7. Indicate the way of forming the word | word not without reason (sentence 7).

AT 8. Write out a phrase (sentence 7) built on the basis of adjacency.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical bases of the sentence 8.

II option

IN 1. How else could you title the text? Write down 2 of your headings to the text.

AT 2. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with an introductory construction. Indicate his number.

AT 3. Among sentences 7−10, find a non-union compound sentence. Indicate his number.

AT 4. From sentence 9 write out everything|all prepositions.

AT 5. From sentences 4–6 write out a word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root.

AT 6. From sentences 7−10 write out an isolated circumstance.

AT 7. Indicate the way of forming a word | written word (sentence 3).

AT 8. Write out a phrase (sentence 4) built on the basis of adjacency.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of the sentence 5.

Literacy in Rus' (article)

Education, enlightenment and literacy came to ancient Rus' along with Christianity. The confession of Christ was brought to the pagan Slavs from above by state power. At the behest of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the original pagan faith was abolished, and a new one, unknown to the people, was established. In Kiev and Novgorod, in a mandatory-compulsory manner, the rite of baptism was performed over the pagan people. But a formal act is not at all enough for people who profess a different faith to become true Christians overnight. Thrice immersing a person in water and reading the rite of baptism over him does not mean turning him into a convinced neophyte. The Slavic pagans, having returned to their huts, by no means became the “new people” of the New Testament. They continued to live according to a long-established way of life with their original views, beliefs, and traditions. To become a true Christian, a person must be enlightened and educated: he must know, understand and confess the foundations of the faith of Christ, its dogma and ritualism.

A difficult, painstaking and long-term mission - teaching and familiarizing the people with the Christian faith - became the main task for both the princely authorities and the Church.

With the formal churching of the Eastern Slavs, the need for educated and enlightened people sharply increased. In ancient Orthodox culture, an educated person was considered a Christian who truly believed in Christ's teaching, comprehended its essence and read in "divine books", that is, who became like the image of Christ. The understanding of the “enlightened person” completely coincided with the original meaning of the word | the word “enlightened”. Such was the believer who is illumined by the light of the Lord. “I am the light of the world, whoever follows me will not remain in darkness, but will have the light of life” (John 8:12). The gospel words|the words of Jesus Christ were addressed not only to the apostles, but to everyone following along his path: “You are the salt of the earth|of the earth…, you are the light of the world” (Matt. 5:13-14). "Enlightenment" in the Church Slavonic language means "baptism". And the one who revealed to the pagans the truths of Christian teaching and actively contributed to the spread of faith was revered as an educator. Such naming was applied to the saints, who had done much in the field of enlightenment and became famous for the conversion of peoples to the Christian faith.

Meanwhile, Rus' needed not only educated and enlightened ascetics, but also literate people. The baptism of Russia and the spread of literacy have become links in one chain. On the one hand, a competent administration was required to strengthen Kiev statehood. On the other hand, the Church, the ideological pillar of princely power, was equally interested in the training of competent clergy. For the numerous temples that were being opened needed people who could read according to the statute books in order to perform divine services. First of all, this directly concerned the parish clergy, directly connected with the unenlightened and uneducated pagan people.

By the time of the churching of the Eastern Slavs, the Christian doctrine, which emerged from the Jewish environment, had already been fully formed by the labors of many generations of Greek apologists. Christian dogma has already established itself as an unshakable stronghold of the true faith at the Ecumenical Councils. A complete set of church rules and regulations was developed, which were included in the Nomocanon. In a modified form, he received the name of the Slavic lands Pilot of the book, which regulates the ecclesiastical and secular state of society. Finally, for the enlightenment of the Slavic peoples, the Byzantine educators Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius created a Slavic grammar more than a hundred years before the baptism of Russia.

The ordinary priesthood and the Christian ecclesia actually do not need, and indeed it was impossible, to assimilate all | all the complex theological mental constructions of the Byzantine Church. It was only necessary to accept with true faith the fundamental foundations of Christian teaching in the Greek variation and be guided by it in one's life. However, this task, stretched out for centuries, turned out to be only partly feasible.

At the early stages of the Christianization of the Eastern Slavs, a multi-ethnic composition of the clergy was formed, which constituted additional difficulties in the wide spread of the new religion. Most of the clergy were foreigners who did not know the local language. The priestly staff consisted mainly of Greeks, taken by Vladimir from Korsun, where he, apparently, was baptized; and also Bulgarians, to some extent Serbs. Both among those and others in this era, church literacy was developed to a greater extent.

Services in the churches were conducted in Greek, unknown to the parishioners, and later in ancient Church Slavonic, which was not identical in any of its variants with the Old Russian language. No one spoke Church Slavonic in real life, it was never spoken and was understood only in narrow circles of educated people.

Temple worship could not orient the parishioners-pagans to the conscious perception of a foreign religion. Willy-nilly, the neophytes were required, first of all, outward observance of Christian institutions and piety. Therefore, the chronicler, bitterly, but rightly, wrote under the year 1068: “Christians who are called by the word, but live in filth,” that is, as pagans.

The churches that were opened only to a small extent played the role of a "school of faith", which they were supposed to become with regular and methodical reading of sermons, explaining Christian teaching and instructing on the true path. But for the Byzantine clergy, preaching was not a primary task in church activity. “Eastern Rome (Byzantium) was too far from Russia for it to really become a part of its spiritual landscape,” G. Podskalski rightly noted. In addition, the Greek educators-missionaries were by no means in a hurry to the distant newly converted pagan lands|lands. Enlightenment and preaching did not become obligatory for the Russian "fathers" either in the initial period, or later | later in the flesh until the 19th century. In addition to all this, there were extremely few of their own people, educated and “knowledgeable from the book”, among the Eastern Slavs.

Prince Vladimir himself was illiterate and, according to the chronicler, was "an ignoramus". His baptized retinue and the palace environment were also by no means strong in “written wisdom” and were well-read in the Gospel. And the other privileged classes even more so.

Only in the second generation of Christians does a small layer of literate people appear in the country. The tops of society took possession of it before others. It is known, for example, that the sons | sons of Prince Vladimir, the holy martyrs Boris and Gleb, having received home education, were already reading Holy Scripture.

pocrovahram.ru

Writing, literacy, schools. Ancient Rus'

The basis of any ancient culture is writing. When did it originate in Rus'? For a long time there was an opinion that the letter came to Rus' along with Christianity, with church books and prayers. However, it is difficult to agree with this. There is evidence of the existence of Slavic writing long before the Christianization of Rus'. In 1949, the Soviet archaeologist D.V. Avdusin, during excavations near Smolensk, found an earthenware vessel dating back to the beginning of the 10th century, on which “pea” (spice) was written. This meant that already at that time in the East Slavic environment there was a letter, there was an alphabet. This is also evidenced by the testimony of the Byzantine diplomat and Slavic educator Cyril. During his stay in Chersonese in the 60s. 9th century he got acquainted with the Gospel, written in Slavic letters. Subsequently, Cyril and his brother Methodius became the founders of the Slavic alphabet, which, apparently, was based in some part on the principles of Slavic writing that existed among the Eastern, Southern and Western Slavs long before their Christianization.

It should also be remembered that the treaties between Rus' and Byzantium, dating back to the first half of the 10th century, had “pans” - copies also written in Slavic. The existence of interpreters (translators) and scribes who wrote down the speeches of ambassadors on parchment dates back to this time.

Christianization of Rus' gave powerful push further development of writing, literacy. From the time of Vladimir, church clerks and translators from Byzantium, Bulgaria, and Serbia began to come to Russia. Numerous translations of Greek and Bulgarian books of both church and secular content appeared, especially during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise and his sons. Translated, in particular, Byzantine historical writings, biographies of Christian saints. These translations became the property of literate people: they were read with pleasure in the princely, boyar, merchant environment, in monasteries, churches, where Russian chronicle writing was born. In the XI century. such popular translated works as "Alexandria", containing legends and traditions about the life and exploits of Alexander the Great, "Deed of Devgen", which is a translation of the Byzantine epic poem about the exploits of the warrior Digenis, are becoming widespread.

Thus, a literate Russian person of the 11th century. knew much of what writing and book culture had of Eastern Europe, Byzantium.

The cadres of the first Russian literates, scribes, and translators were formed in schools that had been opened at churches since the time of Vladimir I and Yaroslav the Wise, and later at monasteries. There is a lot of evidence of the widespread development of literacy in Rus' in the 11th-12th centuries. However, it was distributed mainly in the urban environment, especially among wealthy citizens, the princely-boyar elite, merchants, and wealthy artisans.

In rural areas, in remote, remote places, the population was almost entirely illiterate.

From the 11th century in rich families began to teach literacy not only boys, but also girls. Vladimir Monomakh's sister Yanka, the founder of a convent in Kyiv, created a school for the education of girls in it.

Birch bark letters are a clear evidence of the wide spread of literacy in cities and suburbs. In 1951, during archaeological excavations in Novgorod, an expedition member Nina Akulova removed a birch bark from the ground with well-preserved letters on it. “I have been waiting for this find for twenty years!” - exclaimed the head of the expedition, Professor A. V. Artsikhovsky, who had long assumed that the level of literacy of Rus' at that time should have been reflected in mass writing, which could be in the absence of paper in Rus', writing either on wooden boards, as evidenced by foreign evidence, or on birch bark. Since then, hundreds of birch bark letters have been introduced into scientific circulation, indicating that in Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, and other cities of Rus', people loved and knew how to write to each other. Letters include business documents, exchanges of information, invitations to visit, and even love letters. A certain Mikita wrote on birch bark to his beloved Ulyana: “From Mikita to Ulianitsi. Follow me…”

There is one more curious evidence of the development of literacy in Rus': the so-called "graffiti". They were scratched on the walls of churches by lovers to pour out their souls. Among these inscriptions are reflections on life, complaints, and prayers. The famous Vladimir II Monomakh, while still a young man, during a church service, lost in a crowd of the same young princes, scrawled on the wall of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev: “Oh, it’s hard for me” and signed his Christian name: “Vasily”.

moitvoru.ru

Culture of Ancient Rus'. (9th - first third of the 13th centuries) Writing, literature, education

Writing was in Rus' before the adoption of Christianity, and Old Russian writing was literal. However, it was after the adoption of Christianity that writing began to spread, books appeared.

The spread of writing is associated with the names of the brothers - Cyril and Methodius in the 2nd half of the 9th century. . They created the first Slavic alphabet. From the 60s of the 9th century, the beginning of their educational activities.

The turn of the 9th-10th century - the Cyrillic alphabet (simplified Glagolitic) was used, we use it now. Its reform - under Peter 1 and in 1918.

First documents:

Treaty between Oleg and Byzantium in 911.

Birch bark letters (Novgorod)

Graffiti inscriptions on handicrafts and on the walls of stone buildings (for example, the record of the death of Yaroslav the Wise on the wall of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv).

They wrote on parchment - specially dressed calfskin, as well as on birch bark with ink or cinnabar, until the 19th century - with goose quills.

Books were decorated with miniatures, gold, precious stones or enamel (enamel)

The first chronicles - c. 1040

Folklore.

Conspiracies, spells, ritual songs, epics, proverbs, sayings, riddles.

Epics about Ilya Muromets, Dobryn Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Mikul Selyaninovich, about the giant Svyatogor, about Sadko. The legendary storyteller is Boyan.

Genres of ancient Russian literature.

Literature genres: chronicle, life, word, teaching, historical stories.

40s. 11c - “The Word about Law and Grace” by Illarion (about the equality of Rus' among Christian states).

"The Word about Igor's Campaign" (late 12th century-1187-).- about the unity of Rus'. (Igor's campaign was in 1185).

"Word" by Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 13th century)

Gospel.

1056-1057-Ostromir gospel (Under Izyaslav) - the earliest.

Mstislav Gospel-12th century.

Chronicles.

1113, i.e. the beginning of the 12th century - "The Tale of Bygone Years", written by the monk Nestor (Kiev-Pechersky Monastery).

1377 - Laurentian Chronicle (it includes "The Tale of Bygone Years") - a chronicle of the events of Rus' until 1305.

Early 15th century - Ipatiev Chronicle - (The same Lavrentian, but events in Kyiv, Galich, Volhynia were added until 1292).

Teaching.

1117 - Instruction of V. Monomakh - political and moral testament with elements of autobiography.

Walking (walking)

Journey of Abbot Daniel to Palestine.

At the turn of the 12th-13th centuries, the Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener.

Hagiographic literature (lives of saints, hagiography)

"The Tale of Boris and Gleb"

"The Life of Theodosius of the Caves" chronicler Nestor.

poznaemvmeste.ru

Russian language: From the history of Russian writing. Educational film

into Russian

writing appeared in the tenth

inscriptions made by Russian people pokal

find him years ago to Kerch

in the game prince least by the sea politologist hell we

cockroach race in short

kerch 14 thousand is also about 30

kilometers

Ligation whether Khmelnitsky found

lettering etna bricks

asset on the walls of St. Sophia Cathedral

found records scratched on

stucco mill owner old men

also appeared

writing in Russian

more than a thousand hundred years ago

wonderful educators

Cyril and Methodius were created on the basis of

greek alphabet south slavic

Cyrillic alphabet

this is a reference passed to Rus'

the oldest extant

Russian handwritten books rest come on

Gospels written in Cyrillic

like all the books of that time it was written

off on parchment

and over nine hundred years

diligent scribes

weighted each shelf sought to

so that all letters

were the same size

the text was continuous without division into

letters measure geometrically

inscription

such a letter was called a charter

capital letters were especially carefully drawn

they were painted with cinnabar their red

paint and betrayed the down of Egypt's body in

artistic drawings

hence the expression sign with

red line, that is, starts a new

at that time there were no special signs

for numbers they were denoted by

junk does not particularly mean him accusations

in their handwritten books

there were many miniatures and drawings

chroniclers wrote important

historical events

initial Russian chronicle

tells Kosovo and the fight of the Russian

people with numerous

the most wonderful literary

works of ancient Rus'

and Igor's regiment

Prince Igor went to war against the Polovtsy

and was cruelly revenge

and the ground is black under the hooves

bones were sown ap half a meter of roofing

Gorin they entered the Russian land

word about igor's regiment

terribly called the Russians to unity

on the eve of a difficult and terrible test

thirteenth century

Mongolian Tatar ports collapsed on

the conquerors passed through Rus' with fire and sword

leaving behind a burning ruin

thousands of manuscripts were destroyed

advent for a long time slowed down the development

Russian writing, but this did not stop

the largest center of Russian culture

Novgorod was the only large

Russian city

who was not captured by operations

the roof of the Mongol Tatars

during the excavations of ancient Novgorod

were found in a scroll blackened from

birch bark time

covered with inscriptions

scientists processed birch bark ingots and

read them

it turned out to be birch bark letters

letters documents of ancient Novgorodians

here is one of those giants

bows were opened to my son Gregory

buy me indian ships rub good heart

Akunin I gave money to David to win back

and you, son, do it yourself, bring the year

in Novgorod they studied literacy and simple

here is the Novgorod rebound

thirteenth 15 mines

in novgorod pskov smolensk

found hundreds of birch bark letters

these findings tell us a wide

the spread of literacy in Rus'

in the fifteenth century

moscow united russians united land

state

from interrogated the Mongol Tatar yoke

Moscow became the capital of the state and the center

common Russian writing

for a time

the nature of the letter changes

letters become smaller and

rounded outlines the division of the text into

individual is weak

this letter is called

semi-handicraft

according to the statutes was written in 1490 the seventh

year and a judge either on the third

the first set of laws of Moscow

states

looked like an order

ancient institutions were drawn up

important documents

wild and

going chery idea same were

census takers

and there are letters to the homeland of that time

ink and passenger

goose feathers

documents were written on separate sheets

which are then gluing

brightness fastened the places of its gluing

signature

glued dedicated stripes documents

rolled up in a coil

each column is also fastened by

pessimistic

this is what the original cathedral looks like

position of 1649

this is a complete set of laws of Russian

states

cathedral code is a very valuable document

it is stored in a special bed

scribes had to write

many documents therefore appeared more

one kind of letter soon ths

soon after writing letters easier free

many words will describe the abbreviated cb

the lawsuit was written in cursive

Ivan the Terrible 1500 1950

in Rus' there were many books handwritten books

are very expensive

mid sixteenth century

appeared in Rus' and printing

the first Russian printer was also you

best creations sofas Fedorov book

apostles

came out in 1564 this year

book printing

promote

literacy

books became poland

in the seventeenth century appeared secular

first about the textbook

along with typography

book rewriting continued

at that time most of the books were

religious content

it was necessary to free the printed

pay the church

under Peter the Great

writing was reformed

produced by civil autoguide

more simple and convenient

for reading and writing

book publishing began

in different branches of science and technology

textbooks

and the first Russians

so at the beginning of the eighteenth century

writing appeared in russia

close to modern

www.watch-listen-read.com

Writing in Kievan Rus - report

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Kazan State Energy University

By discipline

"Story"

"Writing in Kievan Rus"

Completed by: Filinova A.D.

Group EKP-4-11

Lecturer: Pospelova E.Yu.

Kazan 2011.

Introduction
Chapter 1. Birch bark letters Writing in pre-Christian Rus'.
Chapter 2. Household writing of Ancient Rus'. Part 1.
Chapter 3. Household writing of Ancient Rus'. Part 2.
Chapter 4. Culture of Kievan Rus in the 9th–11th centuries.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.

Introduction

Now no one considers it supernatural and inexplicable the fact that from the beginning of Christianity to Tatar-Mongol invasion Kievan Rus was a country of high and beautiful written culture. The introduction of Christianity and its familiarization with Byzantine literacy established the continuity of the two written cultures. This greatly increased the interest of the Eastern Slavs in the book and contributed to the spread of writing at the dawn of their civilization.

It is not without reason to assume that literacy was accepted in our country in the shortest possible time and developed unhindered at first. Nothing blocked the people's path to literacy, and our forefathers quickly mastered a relatively high level of writing. This is confirmed by the surviving inscriptions on wooden signs, for example, on spinning wheels, on bizarre combs for combing flax, on unpretentious pottery, on various pieces of wood unsuitable for exhibiting.

It is not for nothing that science attaches great importance to the study of ancient objects. It can be said without exaggeration that archaeological finds surpassed all the expectations of scientists, revealing pictures of living antiquity.

In the notorious excavations near Novgorod, which were carried out for ten years under the guidance of Professor Artsikhovsky, super-interesting letters on birch bark dating back to the 11th-16th centuries were found. Finding such confirmation of the long tradition of Russian written culture was far from easy. But the indestructible optimism of the archaeologists who led this difficult search, the correct calculation, which has always been their integral feature, and the countless efforts of the entire team, have produced an incomparable scientific effect.

This topic is relevant because it is important to know the history mother tongue, the language of the state, the language of a vast nation. This is important to know not only for general development but also to enrich their intellectual abilities. Through writing, you can learn many aspects of the history of the nation and state.

The purpose of my work is to analyze various literary and historical sources of different times, historical figures and archaeological sites of the times of Kievan Rus.

To achieve this goal, I need to thoroughly study all the available literature on this topic, as well as to study different views and points of view on the emergence of writing in Rus' and its development.

Chapter 1. Birch bark letters Writing in pre-Christian Rus'

All attempts to prove the existence of a developed East Slavic writing before the baptism of Rus' in 988 ended in failure and do not stand up to scrutiny by scientific facts. The proofs cited in reality are either crude, inept fakes (the notorious Book of Veles), or untenable hypotheses (the so-called Askold Chronicle, allegedly used in the Nikon Chronicle of the 16th century among the articles of 867-889), or allow others , more reliable explanations (evidence of the “Life of Cyril”) about the Gospel and the Psalter, written in “handwriting” and found by Konstantin the Philosopher in Chersonesos (for more details, see “Hear, all Slavs ...”).

However, this does not mean that any written language was completely absent in pre-Christian Rus'. Exceptionally valuable information about the beginning of ancient Russian literature is contained in The Tale of Bygone Years. According to A. A. Shakhmatov, Nestor found in the Grand Duke's book depository in Kiev and included in the annals the agreements of the Old Russian state with Byzantium, concluded in 911 by Oleg, in 944 by Igor and in 971 by Svyatoslav (another agreement is placed in the annals under 907 , but, as A. A. Shakhmatov proved, it did not exist: parts of one contract are given under 907 and 911). All treaties were written in Byzantium and are translations of Greek documents drawn up in accordance with Byzantine diplomatic practice.

This is also indicated by the discoveries made by the Novgorod expedition of the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University. During excavations in Novgorod, two wooden cylinders with carved Cyrillic inscriptions of business content were found. V. L. Yanin proved that cylinders were used in the princely economy as special locks on bags. According to archaeological data, the dating of the finds is quite wide - 973-1051. The princely sign carved on one of the cylinders (in the form of a simple trident) of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the future baptist of Rus', who ruled in Novgorod in 970-980, helps to significantly clarify it. Thus, the Cyrillic alphabet was used in the state apparatus of Ancient Rus' before the official adoption of Christianity and writing.

In medieval sources, not only the Eastern Slavs, but also the Normans, Scandinavians (or, as they said in Ancient Rus', the Varangians) are called Rus. So, in the Middle Greek language it means "Normans", in Finnish Ruotsi "Sweden". However, the message draws attention to itself that the "Russian letters" were cut out (more precisely, scratched?) On a white tree. According to L.P. Zhukovskaya, the interlocutor showed an ancient Russian letter, scratched on a birch bark.

The oldest birch-bark writings found today belong to the first half - the middle of the 11th century. However, two bone writing implements were found in Novgorod, which, according to archaeological data, date back to the time before the baptism of Rus': one - 953-957, and the other - 972-989. Such tools for writing on birch bark or wax tablets are metal or bone rods with a point at one end and a spatula at the other for erasing writing. In ancient Rus' they were called writing.

Christianity and books began to penetrate into Rus' long before its baptism in 988. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, among the combatants of Prince Igor (912-945) there were many Christians, and in Kiev there was a significant Christian community of Varangian Christians openly and there was a cathedral church in the name of the prophet Elijah, where the oath was taken. Existence cathedral church implies, apparently, the presence of other churches in Kyiv. In The Tale of Bygone Years, under the year 983, it is reported about the murder of the Christian Varangians, father and son, who refused to submit to the pagan Kievans. This event is sometimes seen as a pagan reaction to the strengthening of Christianity, which threatened to undermine the spiritual foundations of the old society.

E. E. Golubinsky believed that the Ilyinskaya Church in Kiev was Varangian (“... multiply bo besh Varangian Christians,” the chronicler notes in connection with its mention) and was in a child relationship with the Norman church of the same name of the prophet Elijah in Constantinople. According to E. E. Golubinsky, divine services in Kiev, as well as in Constantinople, were performed in Greek or, more likely, in Gothic, which was used in liturgical practice from the 4th century, close and understandable Norman. As B. A. Uspensky notes, the Christian community in Kyiv was ethnically diverse: it included not only Varangians, but also Eastern Slavs and, possibly, baptized Khazars. The language of Christianity in Kyiv was undoubtedly Church Slavonic, accessible to all ethnic groups of the Kyiv population and serving as a means of interethnic communication. The Spanish Jew Ibrahim ibn Yakub, the author of a note about his trip to Germany and the Slavic countries, reports around 965 that the Varangians used the Slavic language.

Christianity was professed by the ruler of the Old Russian state, Princess Olga, who bore the Scandinavian name (Helga > Elga > Olga, cf.: Helgi > Elgъ > Olga > Oleg). Olga was baptized in Constantinople in 957. Her intention initially included not only personal baptism, but also the Christianization of the country and the creation of an independent church organization.

Olga's plans were destined to come true only after her death, when her pupil, the youngest son of Svyatoslav, Prince Vladimir I, who ascended the throne after a bloody internecine struggle, became the ruler of Rus'. Even during the paganism of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, of his five wives, at least three were Christians (Greek, Czech, Bulgarian) and, presumably, had priests, Old Slavonic and Greek books with them. The baptism of Vladimir and then Kyiv in 988 brought Rus' into orbit Byzantine world and created the necessary conditions to transfer to the country the richest Cyril and Methodius book heritage from the southern and, to a lesser extent, western Slavs. The South Slavic influence in Ancient Rus' at the end of the 10th-11th centuries marked the beginning of the Old Russian book culture and literary language.

Chapter 2. Household writing of Ancient Rus'.

Birch bark letters, mostly private letters. Everyday life and worries of a medieval person appear in them in great detail. All this everyday side of the medieval way of life, all these trifles of everyday life, so obvious to contemporaries and constantly eluding researchers, are poorly reflected in the traditional genres of literature of the 11th-15th centuries.

Chapter 3. Household writing of Ancient Rus'.

As Zaliznyak established, the main differences between everyday graphic systems and book writing come down to the following points:

1) replacing the letter b with e (or vice versa): a horse instead of a horse, a village instead of a village;

2) replacing the letter ъ with o (or vice versa): bow instead of bow, chet instead of someone;

3) replacing the letter with e or b (or vice versa). The successive replacement of е and ь by h (a very rare graphic device) is presented in an inscription of the 20-50s of the 12th century, scratched on a wooden tablet (tsere): "A yaz tiundan zh uyal" ? (tiun ‘butler, house manager under princes, boyars and bishops; official for the management of a city or locality?).

student.zoomru.ru

Household writing of Ancient Rus'

Household writing of Ancient Rus'.

From sources on everyday writing of the XI-XV centuries the greatest interest represent birch bark letters and monuments of epigraphy (epigraphy is a historical discipline that studies inscriptions on hard material). The cultural and historical significance of these sources is extremely high. Monuments of everyday writing made it possible to put an end to the myth of almost universal illiteracy in Ancient Rus'.

For the first time birch bark letters were discovered in 1951 during archaeological excavations in Novgorod. Then they were found (although in incomparably smaller numbers than in Novgorod) in Staraya Russa, Pskov, Smolensk, Tver, Torzhok, Moscow, Vitebsk, Mstislavl, Zvenigorod Galitsky (near Lvov). Currently, the collection of texts on birch bark contains over a thousand documents, and their number is constantly growing with each new archaeological expedition.

Unlike expensive parchment, birch bark was the most democratic and easily accessible writing material in the Middle Ages. They wrote on it with a sharp metal or bone rod, or, as it was called in Ancient Rus', wrote. On the soft birch bark, the letters were squeezed out or scratched. Only in rare cases did they write on birch bark with pen and ink. The oldest birch-bark writings found today belong to the first half - the middle of the 11th century. However, two bone writings were found in Novgorod, which, according to archaeological data, date back to the time before the baptism of Rus': one - 953-957 years, and the other - 972-989 years.

As V. L. Yanin notes in the book “I sent you birch bark ...” (3rd ed. M., 1998. P. 30, 51), “birch bark letters were a familiar element of medieval Novgorod life. Novgorodians constantly read and wrote letters, tore them up and threw them away, as we now tear and throw away unnecessary or used papers”, “correspondence served the Novgorodians, who were not engaged in some narrow, specific sphere of human activity. She was not professional mark. She became everyday occurrence».

The social composition of the authors and addressees of birch bark letters is very wide. Among them are not only representatives of the titled nobility, clergy and monasticism, but also merchants, elders, housekeepers, warriors, artisans, peasants and others. Women took part in the correspondence on birch bark. In some cases, they act as addressees or authors of letters. Five letters have survived, sent from woman to woman.

The vast majority of birch bark letters were written in Old Russian, and only a small number were written in Church Slavonic. In addition, two birch-bark letters were found, written by foreigners living in Novgorod in Latin and Low German. Greek and Baltic-Finnish charters are also known. The latter is a spell, a pagan prayer of the mid-13th century. It is three hundred years older than all currently known texts written in Finnish or Karelian.

Birch bark letters, mostly private letters. Everyday life and worries of a medieval person appear in them in great detail. The authors of the messages on birch bark talk about their momentary affairs and concerns: family, domestic, economic, commercial, monetary, legal, often also about trips, military campaigns, expeditions for tribute, etc. All this everyday side of the medieval way of life, all these little things everyday life, so obvious to contemporaries and constantly eluding researchers, are poorly reflected in the traditional genres of literature of the 11th-15th centuries.

The texts on birch bark are diverse in terms of genre. In addition to private letters, there are various kinds of accounts, receipts, records of debt obligations, owner's labels, wills, bills of sale, petitions from peasants to feudal lords and other documents. Of great interest are texts of an educational nature: student exercises, alphabets, lists of numbers, lists of syllables by which they learned to read. In charter No. 403 of the 50-80s of the XIV century there is a small dictionary in which for Russian words their Baltic-Finnish translations are indicated. Significantly less common are birch bark letters of ecclesiastical and literary content: fragments of liturgical texts, prayers and teachings, for example, two quotations from the “Word on Wisdom” by the famous writer and preacher Cyril of Turov, who died before 1182, in the birch bark list of the first 20th anniversary of the 13th century from Torzhok. There are also conspiracies, riddles, school joke.

Of all East Slavic written sources XI-XV centuries, birch-bark letters most fully and diversely reflected the features of living colloquial speech. The study of texts on birch bark allowed A. A. Zaliznyak in the monograph "Old Novgorod dialect" (M., 1995) to restore many of its features. Let's consider the most important of them.

In the Old Novgorod dialect, there was no common Slavic result of the second palatalization: the transition of back-lingual [k], [g], [x] into soft whistling consonants [ts?], [z?], [s?] in the position before the front vowels [e] ( listen)) or [and] of diphthong origin. All Slavic languages survived the second palatalization, and only the Old Novgorod dialect did not know it. So, in the charter No. 247 (XI century, probably the second quarter), the false accusation of burglary is refuted: “And the lock is glued, but the doors are closed ...”, that is, “And the castle is intact, and the doors are intact ...?. Root kl- ‘whole? presented in both cases without the effect of the second palatalization. In a birch bark of the XIV century. No. 130, the word khr is found in the meaning of ‘gray (unpainted) cloth, sermyaga? (root xp- ‘grey?’).

In Im. pad. units h. husband R. of the hard o-declension, the ending was -e. This ending is found in nouns brother ‘brother?’, adjectives ‘meretve ‘dead?’, pronouns ‘self’ ‘self?’, participles ruined ‘destroyed?’, in the nominal part of the perfect - forgot ‘forgot?’. “Cheaper than bread,” that is, “cheap (here) bread?” wrote Gyurgiy (Georgy), a Novgorodian, in the first quarter of the 12th century, advising his father and mother to sell the farm and move to Smolensk or Kiev, since Novgorod, obviously, was hunger. Inflection -e distinguishes the Old Novgorod dialect from all Slavic languages and dialects. In the rest of the Slavic world, in the ancient era, the ending -ъ (for example, brother, samъ) corresponds to it, and after the fall of the reduced ъ and ь - zero inflection(brother, himself). Recall that the letters ъ “er” and ь “er” in ancient times denoted special ultra-short sounds, somewhat similar in their pronunciation, respectively, to [s] and [i], which finally disappeared from the Russian language at the beginning of the 13th century.

In Rod. pad unit h. nouns of the a-declension in the Old Novgorod dialect from the very beginning of writing were dominated by the ending - (at the wives), while in the standard Old Russian language there was an ending -ы (at the wife). The present tense of the verb was characterized by a clear predominance of 3 litres. units hours and 3 liters. pl. including forms without -th: live, thresh, beat, come, etc. In the standard Old Russian language, it was respectively: live, thresh, beat, come.

Everyday literacy is extremely close to dialect speech. However, they cannot be regarded as an exact transmission spoken language. In everyday writing, there was an established custom of language use, which was learned during literacy. N. A. Meshchersky established that in private correspondence on birch bark there were special address and etiquette epistolary formulas. Some of these formulas are of book origin, although the vast majority of birch bark letters are not literary works and monuments book language. So, at the beginning of the letter, the traditional formula bowing or bowing from such and such to such and such is often used, and at the end of the message there are steady turns of kindness doing ‘be kind, please? or kiss you in the meaning of ‘greeting you?

Birch bark letters provide rich material for the study of non-bookish, everyday graphic systems. In ancient Rus', an elementary literacy course was limited to one learning to read. But after finishing it, students, albeit unprofessionally, could write, transferring reading skills to writing. The art of writing and the rules of spelling were specially taught, mainly to future scribes. Unlike book texts created by professional scribes, birch bark letters were created by people who, for the most part, did not specifically learn to write. Without passing through the filter of book spelling rules, birch bark letters reflected many local features of live speech of the 11th-15th centuries.

In the monuments of book writing, on the contrary, the features of dialectal speech were carefully eliminated. Only those local language features, which were difficult to get rid of - for example, clatter. Birch bark letters show how great importance had a book spelling filter, how radically medieval book scribes abandoned the regional features of live speech in their professional activities.

As Zaliznyak established, the main differences between everyday graphic systems and book writing come down to the following points: 1) replacing the letter ь with e (or vice versa): a horse instead of a horse, a village instead of a village; 2) replacing the letter b with o (or vice versa): bow instead of bow, chet instead of someone; 3) replace the letter with e or b (or vice versa). The successive replacement of е and ь by h (a very rare graphic technique) is presented in an inscription of the 20-50s of the XII century, scratched on a wooden tablet (tsere): “A yaz tiun dan zh uyal” 'A tiun, tribute took? (tiun ‘butler, house manager under princes, boyars and bishops; official for the administration of a city or locality?) If there is no vowel at the phonetic level, then “mute” b or b, o or e are written - depending on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant, for example: the other side instead of the other side. As "silent" vowels after consonants, s or and could also be used: ovis instead of ovs, svoiy instead of svoim.

As you can see, the text written using everyday graphic rules differs significantly from book writing. So, in the literacy of the 40-50s of the XII century, there is a spelling ko mon, which in book spelling corresponds to the form ky man. Nevertheless, everyday graphic systems sometimes penetrated book writing. Their use is known in a number of ancient Novgorod and ancient Pskov manuscripts.

The language of birch bark letters is close to graffiti inscriptions drawn with a sharp object (often with the same writing) on a hard surface. Particularly numerous and linguistically interesting are the texts on the plaster of ancient buildings, mainly churches. Currently, graffiti is found on the walls architectural monuments many ancient Russian cities: Kiev, Novgorod, Pskov, Staraya Ladoga, Vladimir, Smolensk, Polotsk, Staraya Ryazan, Galich South, etc. A large number of inscriptions made not only by representatives of the princely-boyar and church circles, but also by combatants, artisans, and simple pilgrims , testifies to the wide spread of literacy in Rus' already in the XI-XII centuries. Important studies of historians and linguists are devoted to ancient Russian graffiti (see, for example: Vysotsky S.A.

Kyiv graffiti XI-XVII centuries. Kyiv, 1985; Medyntseva A. A. Literacy in Ancient Rus': According to epigraphic monuments of the 10th - the first half of the 13th century. M., 2000; Rozhdestvenskaya T. V. Old Russian inscriptions on the walls of temples: New sources of the XI-XV centuries. SPb., 1992).

Rozhdestvenskaya distinguishes the following types of inscriptions: “prayer” inscriptions with the formula “Lord, help (remember, save, etc.)”, memorial inscriptions with a message about death (such is the record in St. Sophia of Kiev about the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise in 1054 ), autograph inscriptions (for example, in the 12th and 13th centuries in St. George's Cathedral of the St. George's Monastery in Novgorod: "and behold Sozon? l's fierce ..." - 'But Sozon the fierce wrote?, "Ivan? l with his left hand"), liturgical inscriptions ( biblical and liturgical quotations, penitential verses, etc.), “annalistic” or “event-related” inscriptions, inscriptions of business content, inscriptions of a “literary” nature (thus, the sayings from the translated the monument “The Reasons of the Formation of Barnabas the Unlikely,” known from manuscripts only from the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, date the appearance of this work in Russia to the time no later than the second half of the 11th century), folklore inscriptions (proverbs, sayings, riddles, etc.), “ everyday” inscriptions (for example, XIV-XV centuries in the Church of Fyodor Stratilat in Novgorod: “about the priesthood of the priest avoid drunkenness ...” - “Oh priests, avoid drunkenness !?”, “And (o) sav (e) with me send is torgu zbile me (z) apsl ”- 'Josaph walked with me from the marketplace, knocked me (down), did I write it down?). Some of the inscriptions are carefully crossed out. One of them, late XII - early XIII century, from St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod managed to make out. According to Medyntseva, this is a children's counting song, but Rozhdestvenskaya connects the inscription with pagan funeral rite: “(ako s) dite pyro (ge in) oven mushrooms in ships ... cinder steam (and in) dubrove post (avi) porridge for (st) avi pie that [there. - V.K.] go.” As Rozhdestvenskaya notes, this rhythmic text is based on semantic parallelism, which finds support in syntactic constructions and grammatical forms: pie (singular) - in the oven, grydba ‘team? (singular) - in the ship, quail (singular) - in the oak forest. Some contemporary of the inscription carefully crossed it out and scolded the author, adding below: "shrink your hands."

Sometimes graffiti appeared on the walls of temples, representing legal documents. On the wall of Kyiv Sophia, the main temple of Kievan Rus, an inscription was made about the purchase by the widow of Prince Vsevolod Olgovich of the land that previously belonged to Boyan, for a huge sum - 700 hryvnias of sables. The inscription was drawn up according to the form of bills of sale with the mention of witnesses - "rumors": "... and before them rumors, buy the land of Princess Boyan all over ...". Vysotsky, who discovered the inscription, dated it to the second half of the 12th century and suggested that the sold land once had something to do with the famous poet-singer "prophetic" Boyan, who lived in the 11th century and was sung in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". According to a less probable assumption by B. A. Rybakov, the inscription dates back to the end of the 11th century and could have been made shortly after Boyan’s death. However, Rybakov emphasized that "the text of the graffito in itself does not give us the right to identify Boyan the songwriter with Boyan the landowner."

The verbal writing, invented by the first teacher of the Slavs, St. Cyril, was not widely used in Ancient Rus' and was used only by skilled scribes. Not a single East Slavic Glagolitic book has survived to our time. Only in eight surviving Cyrillic manuscripts of the 11th-13th centuries are there separate Glagolitic words and letters. Meanwhile, Glagolitic and mixed Glagolitic-Cyrillic inscriptions of the 11th-12th centuries are known on the walls Sophia Cathedrals in Novgorod and Kyiv. One of them was scratched by the "fierce Sozon" in the first half of the 12th century, ending the above Cyrillic text with Glagolitic letters. According to Rozhdestvenskaya, since most of the finds of Old Russian inscriptions with Glagolitic letters and Cyrillic manuscripts with Glagolitic “blotches” refer to Novgorod and Northern Russia (in Novgorod, for example, 10 graffiti of the 11th century have been preserved, and in Kiev 3), this suggests the existence closer and more independent connections of Novgorod in comparison with Kiev with the Glagolitic tradition and Glagolitic centers in Western Bulgaria, Macedonia and Moravia.

According to Rozhdestvenskaya's observations, an important difference between epigraphic monuments and book texts is a freer attitude towards the book norm. Moreover, the degree of implementation of the book norm largely depends on the type of inscription. If in the liturgical inscriptions the Church Slavonic language is more Russified compared to similar book texts, then in the secular inscriptions the language of the narrative and business genres of Old Russian writing was reflected. Live colloquial speech is heard in a small rhymed mockery of the 11th-12th centuries, possibly over a dozed chanter or pilgrimage in Sophia of Novgorod: “Yakim, standing, sleep and rota and about a stone not a rostepe” 'Yakim, standing, will fall asleep, but his mouth and the stone will not break (that is, will not open)?.

In graffiti inscriptions of all types, there is no rigid opposition between Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages. At the same time, Novgorod inscriptions more consistently than birch bark letters reflect the book orthographic norm. As for dialect features, in this respect graffiti, as well as epigraphy in general, are more restrained than birch bark letters, which is explained by the smaller amount of text and the stability of written formulas. Thus, the book language norm in epigraphy is more variable than in book texts, and less variable than in birch bark.

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The writing of ancient Rus' the text of the dictation

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Grade 9
Control work on the Russian language.

Dictation and grammar task.

B-Ι

Guest

(1) Everything in the house has changed, everything has become a match for the new inhabitants. (2) The beardless yard guys, merry fellows and jokers, replaced the former sedate old men. (3) Lean pacers, rooters and zealous harnesses started up in the stables.

(4) On that evening, which was discussed, the inhabitants of the house were engaged in a little complicated, but, judging by the friendly laughter, a very funny game for them: they ran around the living rooms and halls and caught each other. (5) The dogs ran and barked, and the canaries hanging in the cages, fluttering incessantly, vied with each other to tear their throats.

(6) In the midst of too deafening fun, inaccessible to the understanding of the courtyards, a polluted tarantass drove up to the gate, and a man of about forty slowly got out of it and stopped in amazement. (7) He stood for a while, as if dumbfounded, looked around the house with an attentive gaze, entered through the ajar gate into the wooden front garden and slowly climbed onto the porch with railings cut from pine. (8) No one met him in the hall, but the door of the hall quickly swung open, and Shurochka jumped out of it, all flushed. (9) Instantly, the whole young company ran out after her with a loud cry. (10) Surprised by the appearance of an unexpected and uninvited visitor, Shurochka suddenly calmed down, but her bright eyes fixed on him looked just as kindly.

(11) The guest, and it was none other than Lavretsky, introduced himself, and confusion was visible on his face. (According to I. Turgenev.)

(194 words.)

Assignments to the text

AT 3. explain lexical meaning words "yard" (guys), "confusion".

AT 4. From 4 sentences, write down the words formed in different ways.

AT 5. Write out from 10 sentences the word(s) corresponding to the scheme: one prefix + root + one suffix + ending.

AT 6. From the 5th sentence, write out the phrases with the connection adjunction, control, coordination.

AT 10 O'CLOCK. With what help language tools Is there a connection between sentences, between paragraphs?

B - ΙΙ

Sea and forest

(1) Shaggy gray clouds, like a broken flock of frightened birds, rush low over the sea. (2) A piercing, sharp wind from the ocean either knocks them into a dark solid mass, then, as if playing, it tears and flies, piling up into bizarre outlines.

(3) The sea turned white, the weather rustled. (4) Leaden waters rise heavily and, swirling with bubbling foam, roll with a dull roar into the hazy distance. (5) The wind angrily digs along their shaggy surface, far spreading salt spray. (6) And along the snaking coast, white jagged piles of ice piled up on the shallows rise massively in a colossal ridge. (7) As if the titans in a heavy grip threw these giant fragments.

(8) Breaking off with steep ledges from coastal heights, a dense forest gloomy approached the sea itself. (9) The wind hums with the red trunks of centuries-old pines, heels slender fir trees, shaking them with sharp tops and showering fluffy snow from sadly drooping green branches.

(10) Gray centuries pass without a trace over a silent country, and a dense forest stands and calmly, gloomy, as if in deep thought, shakes its dark peaks. (11) Not one of his mighty trunks has yet fallen under the daring ax of the greedy lumberjack: swamps and impenetrable swamps lay in his dark thicket. (12) And where the century-old pines turned into small shrubs, the lifeless tundra stretched like a dead expanse and was lost by an endless border in the cold haze of a low-hanging fog. (According to A. Serafimovich.)

(190 words)

Assignments to the text

IN 1. What is the most generalized sentence that expresses the main idea of the text?

AT 2. What type of speech is presented in the text?

AT 3. Explain the lexical meaning of the words "titans", "greedy".

AT 4. From 12 sentences, write down the words formed in different ways.

AT 5. Write out from 2 sentences the word(s) corresponding to the scheme: one prefix + root + one suffix + ending.

AT 6. From 1 sentence, write out phrases with the connection adjunction, control, coordination.

AT 7. Find in the text simple sentences complicated by isolated circumstances. Write down their numbers.

AT 8. Find in the text sentences with homogeneous predicates. Write down their numbers.

AT 9. Determine what types of complex sentences are used in the text.

AT 10 O'CLOCK. What linguistic means are used to link between sentences, between paragraphs?

B - ΙΙΙ

wonderful night

(164 words.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. In one or two sentences, state the main idea of the text.

AT 2. From sentence 5, write out a separate, common, agreed-upon definition.

AT 3. Among sentences 1-5 find compound sentences. List their numbers.

AT 4. Write out all the pronouns from sentence 5.

AT 5. From sentences 1 - 4 write out a word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root.

AT 6. Among sentences 6−10 find a simple one-part definite-personal. Enter his number.

AT 7. Indicate the way the word is formed little by little (sentence 3).

AT 8. Write out a phrase (sentence 11) built on the basis of control.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of sentence 16.

-ΙV

wonderful night

(1) Spring night, exciting, fragrant, full of mysterious charms and passionate fading, floats across the sky. (2) The shepherd's pipe fell silent. (3) All sounds gradually subsided. (4) The frogs subsided, and the mosquitoes calmed down. (5) From time to time, some strange rustling in the bushes will sweep, or a gust of wind will blow away the howl of a watch dog from a distant village, languishing in loneliness on this wonderful night.

(6) It is stuffy in a large cool room. (7) You get out of bed, open the window and put your hot cheek to the glass. (8) But the face is still burning, and the heart stops just as painfully.

(9) All around is quiet! (10) The grove seems huge. (11) The trees seem to have moved together and seem to be conspiring, as if they are revealing an important secret. (12) Suddenly, an iridescent ringing is heard: this is a mail carriage driving along a high road. (13) The rattling of bells can be heard from afar. (14) For a minute it will be silent, it must be that the troika drove over the mountain.

(15) How exciting is the sound of postal bells at night! (16) After all, you know - there is no one to wait. (17) And yet, as soon as you hear this silvery ringing on the road, your heart will beat and suddenly pull you somewhere far away, to some unknown countries. (18) How good life is! (According to S. Kovalevskaya.)

(164 words.)

option

IN 1. How else could the text be titled? Write down 2 of your headings to the text.

AT 2. From sentence 1, write out a separate, common, agreed-upon definition.

AT 3. Among sentences 11-17 find non-union compound sentences. List their numbers.

AT 4. From sentence 11 write out all unions.

AT 5. From sentences 6-14, write out the word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root.

AT 6. Among sentences 15−18, find such a complex one, both parts of which are one-part. Enter his number.

AT 7. Indicate the way the word is formed from afar (sentence 13).

AT 8. Write out a phrase (sentence 12) built on the basis of adjacency.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of sentence 17.

Dictation text.

Literacy in Rus'

(1) Now no one considers it supernatural and inexplicable the fact that from the beginning of Christianity to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Kievan Rus was a country of high and beautiful written culture. (2) The introduction of Christianity and its introduction to Byzantine literacy established the continuity of the two written cultures. (3) This greatly increased the interest of the Eastern Slavs in the book and contributed to the spread of writing at the dawn of its civilization.

(4) It is not without reason to assume that literacy was perceived by us in the shortest possible time and developed unhindered at first. (5) Nothing blocked the people's path to literacy, and our forefathers quickly mastered a relatively high level of writing. (6) This is confirmed by the surviving inscriptions on wooden objects, for example, on spinning wheels, on fancy combs for combing flax, on unpretentious pottery, on various pieces of wood that are not suitable for exhibiting.

(7) It is not for nothing that science attaches great importance to the study of ancient objects. (8) Without exaggeration, we can say that the archaeological finds exceeded all the expectations of scientists, revealing pictures of living antiquity. (9) In the notorious excavations near Novgorod, which were carried out for ten years, super interesting writings on birch bark were found. (10) This is an unprecedented discovery in archeology: they capture the original prehistory of the Russian book.

(According to I. Golub.) (169 words.)

In grade 10, texts are offered from 180 to 230 words, you can use additional tasks different types. Dictations are held 3-4 times during the academic year. In the first week in September, it is recommended to conduct a diagnostic dictation.

Grade 10
Diagnostic dictation

Pushkin House

Pushkin's house in Mikhailovsky, though a museum, is alive. It is filled with warmth, friendly and bright. His rooms are always permeated with the smells of good wood and fresh earth. When pine trees bloom in the groves, fragrant pollen rises in a cloud over the house.

But now the time comes, and lindens bloom on the estate. Then the house is saturated with the smells of wax and honey. Limes stand next to the house, and wild bees live in their hollows.

The house has a lot of good Pskov linen - tablecloths, towels, curtains. Flax has its own aroma - cool, strong. When the linen things in the house get old, they are replaced with fresh, newly woven rural weavers on old mills.

Things made of linen have an amazing property - where they are, they always smell of freshness. Scientists say that flax preserves human health. The one who sleeps on a coarse linen sheet, wears a linen shirt on his body, wipes himself with a linen towel - almost never gets sick with a cold.

Pushkin's peasants, like all Pskovians, from ancient times loved to grow flax, and it was famous throughout Russia and abroad. Two hundred years ago, there was even an English trading office in Pskov, which bought linen and linen products and sent them to England.

Linen, flowers, apples in Pushkin's rooms always smell of sunshine and cleanliness, although on some days thousands of people pass through the museum.

(190 words) (According to S. Geichenko.)

Silence

And behind the oaks - Dikanka with its magnificent palace, surrounded by a park, merging with oak forests, in which there were even herds of wild goats.

I spent the whole day in this forest, a sunny October day.

The silence is amazing. Neither leaf nor twig moves. If you just look at the sun, a transparent, shiny cobweb shimmers in the air between thin shoots, and if you listen, an oak leaf that has fallen from a tree rustles for a moment. The ground was strewn with yellow leaves, densely nailed down the day before by rain, above which stood still green ones, which had not had time to turn yellow and fall off the leaves of young shoots. No sound, no movement. Only pawed Maple Leaf, transparent yellow in the sun, stands sideways to the stem and stubbornly swings to the sides with the right movement, like a pendulum: now to the right, then to the left. It swayed for a long time and calmed down only when it broke away, flew down in zigzags and merged with the yellow carpet. Moreover, the silence was broken by two beauties - wild goats, who quickly swept past me and disappeared into the forest beam ... And there is no end to this forest. And in the middle of it are glades where herds graze...

Here is Volchiy Yar, from where an immense horizon opens far, far below, cut through by the blue ribbon of the Vorskla, now with a smooth steppe, now with a wooded steep bank ...

(185 words.) (According to V. A. Gilyarovsky.)

Dikanka, Vorskla, Volchiy Yar - write the words on the board.

Noble estates

Reader, are you familiar with those small noble estates that our Ukraine abounded twenty-five, thirty years ago? Now they are rarely seen, and in ten years, and the last of them, perhaps, will disappear without a trace.

A flowing pond, overgrown with willows and reeds, a roost of busy ducks, to which occasionally a cautious teal joins. Behind the pond there is a garden with alleys of linden trees, of this beauty and honor of our black earth plains, with dead strawberry ridges, with a continuous thicket of gooseberries, currants, raspberries, in the midst of which, in the dark hour of the motionless midday heat, the yard girl’s colorful handkerchief will certainly flash and her piercing voice will ring out. There is also a barn on chicken legs, a greenhouse, a poor vegetable garden, with a flock of sparrows on stamens and a cat crouching near a failed well. And then - curly apple trees over high, green below, gray grass above, liquid cherries, pears, on which there is never a fruit. Then flowerbeds with poppies, peonies, pansies, bushes of honeysuckle, wild jasmine, lilac and acacia, with incessant bee, bumblebee buzzing in thick, fragrant, sticky branches.

Finally, the manor house, one-story, on a brick foundation, with greenish glass in narrow frames, with a sloping, once painted roof, with a balcony from which jug-shaped railings fell out, with a crooked mezzanine, with a voiceless old dog in a hole under the porch ...

(191 words.) (According to I. S. Turgenev.)

gypsies

The performance with the learned bear was the only folk theater at that time. Although it served as entertainment for the people, but, like many other things at that time, this performance was extremely rude, harmful and even dangerous. The enraged beast often reared up, bared its terrible teeth and uttered a tremendous roar. Horror seized then domestic animals, and a terrible commotion arose in the barnyard: the horses neighed, and often broke off the leash, the cows mooed, the sheep bleated more and more pitifully.

In spring and summer, a gypsy camp also appeared and was located near one or another landowner's estate. With the onset of dusk, the gypsies lit fires and prepared their dinner, after which the sounds of music and singing were heard. People flocked to look at them from all villages, and aside from their fun and dancing, gypsies predicted the future for women, girls and young ladies.

I was especially attracted to Masha - a beautiful swarthy, red-cheeked gypsy with black eyes that burned with fire, with wavy jet-black hair, curls and curls of which completely covered her forehead, with black thick eyebrows in an arch. Of all the wanderings, Masha always brought me gifts: either some especially large hazelnuts, or sunflowers, or black pods, or a clay cockerel, or some tiny clay pot.

(190 words.) (According to E. N. Vodovozova.)

Early morning

The heavy, thick hands on the huge dial, whitened obliquely from the watchmaker's sign, showed thirty-six minutes past seven. In the light blue of the sky, not yet warmer after the night, one thin cloud turned pink, and there was something unearthly graceful in his elongated outline. The footsteps of infrequent passers-by sounded especially clear in the desert air, and in the distance the bodily ebb trembled on the tram rails. A wagon loaded with huge bundles of violets, covered with half-striped coarse cloth, rolled quietly along the panel; the trader helped to drag her to a big red dog, which, sticking out his tongue, leaned forward all over, straining all his dry, human-devoted muscles.

Sparrows fluttered up from the black branches of slightly green trees with an airy rustle and perched on a narrow ledge of a high brick wall.

The shops were still sleeping behind bars, the houses were lit only from above, but it was impossible to imagine that it was sunset and not early morning. Due to the fact that the shadows lay in the other direction, strange combinations were created, unexpected for the eye, well accustomed to evening shadows...

Everything seemed not so set, fragile, upside down, as in a mirror...

He looked around and at the end of the street saw a lighted corner of the house where he had just lived in the past and where he would never return again. And in this departure of the whole house from his life there was a beautiful mystery.

(197 words.) (According to V. Nabokov.)

Grade 10
Control dictation
based on the results of the 1st half of the 2013-2014 academic year

Guest

(194 words) (According to I. Turgenev.)

Assignments to the text

AT 3. Explain the lexical meaning of the words "yard" (guys), "confusion".

AT 4. From 4 sentences, write down the words formed in different ways.

AT 5. Write out from 10 sentences the word(s) corresponding to the scheme: one prefix + root + one suffix + ending.

AT 6. From the 5th sentence, write out the phrases with the connection adjunction, control, coordination.

Sea and forest

(190 words) (According to A. Serafimovich.)