Temperament- these are the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental activity and behavior.

Also in Ancient Greece The physician Hippocrates proposed the concept of temperament. He taught that temperament depends on the ratio of the four fluids of the body and which of them predominates: blood (in Latin "sangve"), mucus (in Greek "phlegm"), red-yellow bile (in Greek "chole" ), black bile (in Greek "melain chole"). The mixture of these fluids, Hippocrates argued, underlies the main types of temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic. The very term "temperament" in Latin means "proper ratio of parts."

Physiological basis of temperament. I.P. Pavlov, studying work hemispheres brain, found that all traits of temperament depend on features of higher nervous activity person. He proved that representatives of different temperaments change typological differences in strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex.

The power of nervous processes- this is the ability of nerve cells to endure strong excitation and prolonged inhibition, i.e. endurance and performance of nerve cells. The strength of the nervous process is expressed in the corresponding reaction to strong stimuli: strong irritations cause strong nervous system strong processes of excitation, in a weak nervous system - weak processes of excitation and inhibition.

Equilibrium implies a proportional ratio of these nervous processes. The predominance of excitation processes over inhibition is expressed in the speed of formation conditioned reflexes and their slow decline. The predominance of the processes of inhibition over excitation is determined by the slow formation of conditioned reflexes and the speed of their extinction.

Mobility of nervous processes- this is the ability of the nervous system to quickly, in response to the requirements of environmental conditions, change the process of excitation by the process of inhibition and vice versa.

Various ratios of the specified properties of nervous processes were taken as the basis for the definition type of higher nervous activity.

Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, I.P. Pavlov identified four types of the nervous system, which correspond to four temperaments:

1. Sanguine- strong, balanced, mobile

2. Phlegmatic- strong, balanced, inactive (inert).

3. Choleric- strong, but unbalanced, with weak inhibitory processes compared to excitation.

4.Melancholic- weak processes of excitation and inhibition.

Temperament does not have a significant impact on the formation of a person's motivational-value orientations. Each type of temperament has its pros and cons. Moreover, it practically does not occur in people in a “pure” form: temperament specific person this is a combination of "close temperaments" (choleric and sanguine, sanguine and phlegmatic, phlegmatic and melancholic).

Psychological characteristics of temperaments. Psychologists identify two main indicators of the dynamics of mental processes and behavior: activity and emotionality.

Activity- these are the features of the pace, rhythm of activity, the speed and strength of the course of mental processes, the degree of mobility, the speed or slowness of reactions.

Emotionality It is expressed in various human experiences and is characterized by varying degrees, the speed of occurrence and the strength of emotions, emotional impressionability.

sanguine- a person is fast, agile, responds emotionally to all impressions; however, his joy, grief, sympathies and other feelings are bright, but unstable and easily replaced by opposite feelings. Sanguine quickly establishes social contact. He is almost always the initiator in communication, immediately responds to the desire to communicate on the part of another person, but his attitude towards people can be changeable and inconsistent. He feels like a fish in water in a big company. strangers, and the new, unusual environment only excites him.

Phlegmatic person- a person is slow, balanced and calm, who is not easy to emotionally hurt and impossible to piss off; his feelings are almost never manifested outwardly. In relationships with other people, they are calm, stable in their emotions. But under certain conditions, indifference to work, to the surrounding life, lack of will can develop. Social contacts the phlegmatic establishes slowly, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. But he is stable and constant in his attitude towards a person. He likes to be in a narrow circle of old acquaintances, in familiar surroundings.

Choleric- a person is fast, impetuous, with strong, flaming feelings, which are clearly reflected in expressive facial expressions, gestures, and speech. He is often prone to violent emotional outbursts. Cholerics have a rapid change of mood, imbalance, which is explained by the predominance of excitation over inhibition in higher nervous activity. Starting a business with enthusiasm, the choleric quickly cools down, interest in work disappears, and he continues without enthusiasm, and sometimes even quits it.

In communication, people of choleric temperament are difficult.

melancholic- does not respond emotionally to everything. He has a small variety of emotional experiences, but these experiences are of considerable depth, strength and duration. He does not respond to everything, but when he responds, he experiences strongly, although he does not express his feelings outwardly. In a familiar, calm environment, people of this type work very productively, they are distinguished by the depth and content of their emotional and moral behavior and attitude towards people around them. Melancholic people are very touchy, hard to endure failures, resentment. They are disposed to isolation, loneliness, feel uncomfortable in a new, unusual environment, often embarrassed.

Each temperament has its positive and negative sides. Examples of valuable properties of a choleric person: passion, activity, energy; sanguine - mobility, liveliness, responsiveness; melancholic - depth and stability of feelings, high sensitivity; phlegmatic - calm, lack of haste.

But not every choleric person is energetic and not every sanguine person is responsive. These properties must be developed in oneself, and temperament only facilitates or complicates this task. B.M. Teplov wrote that with any temperament there is a danger of developing undesirable personality traits. Choleric temperament can provoke a person to incontinence, harshness, a tendency to constant "explosions". A sanguine temperament can lead a person to frivolity, a tendency to scatter, lack depth and stability. With a melancholic temperament, a person may develop excessive isolation, a tendency to completely immerse himself in his own experiences, and excessive shyness. A phlegmatic temperament can contribute to the fact that a person will be lethargic, inert, indifferent to the events taking place around him.

The properties of temperament are formed in human activity and are largely determined by the direction of his personality. Based on each temperament, valuable personality traits can be formulated.

Specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse. Features of a person's temperament are not only manifested in his behavior, but also determine the originality of the dynamics cognitive activity and spheres of feelings, are reflected in the motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of intellectual activity, features of speech, etc.

At present, we are able to give a complete psychological description of all types of temperament. To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional four types, the basic properties of temperament are usually used. Many of these properties were disclosed in the works of B.M. Teplov and his students, and then received further development in the research of domestic scientists. In the course of these studies, the names of some properties proposed by Teplov changed, and new properties were discovered. For example, the property of temperament, called thermal "emotional excitability", in psychological literature often called sensitivity (sensitivity), and the reactivity of involuntary movements caused by external influences - reactivity. The names and other properties of temperament have changed. At the same time, extraversion - introversion began to be attributed to the properties of temperament. These concepts determine what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise in this moment(extraversion), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).

Choleric- this is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impulsiveness, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness, incontinence. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and vigor: carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for a long time, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is being worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him. . An irritable state appears Bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand"). The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression cause uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the manifestation of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

sanguine- a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system has a quick reaction, his actions are thoughtful, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person, easily converges with new people, and therefore he has wide circle acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes dull, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it shows a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, deliberately defends itself, fights for the normalization of the situation.

Phlegmatic person- a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system, as a result of which he reacts slowly; taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger, cheer); has a high capacity for work, well resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties, but is not able to quickly respond to unexpected, new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, life routines, work, friends, and adapts to new conditions with difficulty and slowness. The mood is stable, even. In case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic person remains outwardly calm.

melancholic- a person with a weak nervous system, who is hypersensitive even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a “breakdown”, “stopper”, confusion, “rabbit stress”, therefore, in stressful situations(exam, competition, danger, etc.) the results of the melancholic's activities may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required). An insignificant occasion can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, anxious, he may experience neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of the nervous system, melancholics often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

It is difficult to answer what type of temperament this or that adult person has. The type of the nervous system, although determined by heredity. but is not completely unchanged. With age, as well as under the influence of systematic training, education, life circumstances, nervous processes can weaken or intensify, their switchability can accelerate or slow down. For example, among children, choleric and sanguine people predominate (they are energetic, cheerful, easily and strongly excited; crying, after a minute they can be distracted and laugh joyfully, i.e. there is a high mobility of nervous processes). Among the elderly, on the contrary, there are many phlegmatic and melancholic people.

Temperament is outward manifestation type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is “disguised”. Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.

Table 1. Types of temperaments and outstanding personalities.

There is also another system of types of human temperaments. These are the so-called dominant instincts. They are represented by seven types.

egophilic.

FROM early childhood characterized by increased caution. It is characterized by: “symbiosis” with the mother (does not let go of the mother for a moment, shows neurotic reactions if you have to leave), a tendency to fear, intolerance to pain, anxiety about the new and unknown, a tendency to conservatism, distrust, suspicion, suspiciousness.

Their motto is: “Safety and health above all else! There is only one life, and there will be no other. But with disharmony, self-centeredness and anxious suspiciousness, denial of changes and any risk are formed. Preferred color is grey.

Genophilic. (from lat. genus - kind.)

"I" is replaced by the concept of "WE". Already in childhood, fixation on the family leads to neuropsychic disorders if there is discord in the family. People of this type subtly catch the deterioration in the well-being of their loved ones, they are very responsive. The credo of such people: “My house is my fortress! The interests of the family are paramount." Under adverse circumstances, an anxious personality is formed with the focus of anxiety on children and family. Preferred color is brown.

Altruistic.

Research.

From early childhood, people of this type have curiosity, a desire to get to the bottom of everything in everything. He upsets his parents by taking apart everything he can take apart, asking the question "why?" more often than others, puts experiments. At first, he is interested in everything, but then there is a narrowing of interests. It's keen creative people. The preferred color is red.

Dominant.

From early childhood, there is a desire for leadership and the presence of the qualities of a true leader: the ability to organize, leave a goal, show the will to achieve it. This is very courageous people, with the logic of thinking, criticality, responsibility, the ability to highlight the main thing. But in communication and business contacts, they are characterized by an orientation towards leaders and neglect of the weak. They tend to take into account the interests of the entire team. Their credo: "Business and order above all." Preferred colors are green and red.

Libertophile. (from lat. libertas - freedom.)

Already in the cradle, a child of this type protests sharply against being swaddled, kept in the crib for a long time. The tendency to protest against any restriction on his freedom grows with him. For people of this type, the denial of authorities is characteristic. Characterized by tolerance for pain, deprivation and the desire for independence. The tendency appears early: "My home is the whole world"; tendency to leave Father's house. Stubbornness, adventurism, optimism are manifested in behavior. Characterized by a tendency to change jobs, lifestyle, intolerance to routine. The credo of such people is “Freedom above all”. Preferred colors are yellow, red.

Digitophilic. (from lat. dignitas - dignity.)

Already in early age a person of this type is able to catch irony, ridicule and is absolutely intolerant of any form of humiliation. In childhood, you can only negotiate with him with kindness. In defending their rights, many can sacrifice. His credo is "Honor Above All". A bit of family honor. Preferred colors are green and grey.

Methods of psychodiagnostics allow you to draw conclusions about the temperament of a person. But no judgment about personality can be considered final. If only because if today you have the opportunity to learn something new, then tomorrow you will already be a little different.

As for the tests (“test” from the English “test”, short test, test), they have been used to determine a person’s abilities and predict his behavior for a long time. One of the first psychological tests was described in the Bible, in the book of Judges. The troops of the commander Gideon, tired after a grueling transition, faced a difficult battle with the Midianites. To select more resistant fighters, the commander ordered them to drink from the source. Some of the tired warriors, standing on all fours, greedily drank water. Others, without losing dignity, scooped it up with their palms. They then made up a select detachment.

In the last century, the English scientist F. Galton was the first to use tests to measure mental capacity person. Since then, about 10 thousand different tests have been created, with the help of which their authors hoped to find out anything from the professional suitability of an employee to his sincerity.

In our work, we found it necessary to present several tests that are suitable for us on the topic. (See Attachment).

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. General concept about temperament
CHAPTER 2. Basic properties of temperament
CHAPTER 3. Classifications of temperament
CHAPTER 4. Psychological characteristics of temperament types
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

People begin to get acquainted with the concept of "temperament" very early. Even in childhood, we notice that some of us are more mobile, cheerful, persistent, while others are slow, shy, unhurried in words and deeds. It is in these features that temperament is manifested.

The famous psychologist Merlin wrote: “Imagine two rivers - one is calm, flat, the other is swift, mountainous. The course of the first is barely noticeable, it smoothly carries its waters, it does not have bright splashes, stormy waterfalls and splashes. The second one is the complete opposite. The river rushes quickly, the water in it rumbles, boils and, hitting the stones, turns into shreds of foam ... Something similar can be observed in the behavior of people.

Observations have shown that all people are different not only in appearance, but also in behavior and movements. For example, if you follow the behavior of students in the classroom, you can immediately notice the difference in the behavior, movements of each. Some have unhurried correct movements, a noticeable calmness in their eyes, while others jerky movements, fussiness in the eyes, but most of them show similar results in development. What explains this difference in behavior? First of all, temperament, which manifests itself in any kind of activity (playing, working, educational, creative), in gait, gestures, in all behavior. The individual characteristics of a person's personality, his temperament give a peculiar coloring to all activities and behavior.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CONCEPT OF TEMPERAMENT

When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. Nevertheless, temperament remains largely controversial and unresolved problem. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being.

Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person. Most specific feature temperament lies in the fact that the various properties of temperament this person are not randomly combined with each other, but are naturally interconnected, forming a certain organization, structure.

So under temperament one should understand the individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which, being equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in interconnection characterize the type of temperament.

The properties of temperament include individual characteristics that:

1. Regulate the dynamics of mental activity in general;
2. Characterize the features of the dynamics of individual mental processes;
3. They have a stable and permanent character and remain in development for a long period of time;
4. They are in a strictly regular ratio, characterizing the type of temperament;
5. Definitely due to the general type of the nervous system.

CHAPTER 2. MAIN PROPERTIES OF TEMPERAMENT

The properties of temperament include those distinctive, individual signs of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the features of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting themselves soon after birth (after the central nervous system acquires specific human forms). It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system.

Soviet psychophysiologist V.M. Rusalov, relying on new concept properties of the nervous system, proposed on its basis more modern interpretation temperament properties. Based on the theory of the functional system P.K. Anokhin, which includes four blocks of storage, circulation and processing of information (block of afferent synthesis, programming (decision making), execution and feedback), Rusalov identified four properties of temperament associated with them, which are responsible for the breadth or narrowness of afferent synthesis (the degree of tension of the interaction of the organism with the environment), the ease of switching from one behavior program to another, the speed of execution of the current behavior program and sensitivity to mismatch real result actions with its acceptor.

In accordance with this, the traditional psychophysiological assessment of temperament changes and instead of two parameters - activity and sensitivity - it already includes four components: ergicity (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity). All these components of temperament, according to V.M. Rusalov, are biologically and genetically determined. Temperament depends on the properties of the nervous system, and they, in turn, are understood as the main characteristics of functional systems that provide integrative, analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, the entire nervous system as a whole.

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following main properties:

Sensitivity - we judge this property by the least strength external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.

Reactivity - this property is judged by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength.

Activity - this property is judged by the degree of activity with which a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in the implementation of goals. This includes purposefulness and perseverance in achieving the goal, concentration of attention in long-term work.

The ratio of activity and reactivity - this property is judged by the speed of various psychological reactions and processes: the speed of movements, the pace of speech, resourcefulness, speed of memorization, quickness of mind.

Plasticity and rigidity - this property is judged by how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences or, conversely, how inert and inert his behavior, habits, and judgments are.

Extraversion and introversion - this property is judged by what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extroversion) or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).

Emotional excitability - this property is judged by how weak the impact is necessary for the occurrence emotional reaction and at what rate it occurs.

CHAPTER 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF TEMPERAMENT

AT various classifications temperaments are based on their different properties:

1) the speed and strength of emotional reactions;

2) the level of activity and the prevailing sensory tone;

3) scales of extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism (emotional stability);

4) reactivity and activity;

5) general mental activity, historian and emotionality.

The similarity noticeable in these classifications shows that the identified psychological characteristics really form a special, fairly unambiguously defined group of individual properties.

In these examples of classifications, only the most general of the properties are noted. A more complete list of such properties, including more specific ones, is as follows: sensitivity, reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity and rigidity, extraversion and introversion, emotional excitability.

According to the teachings of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VI century BC), there are four types of temperament. It was believed that the body has four main fluids, or "juices": blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile. Mixing in certain proportions, they make up his temperament. The specific name of the types of temperament was given by the fluid prevailing in the body: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic and choleric temperament (hence melancholic; sanguine; phlegmatic; choleric).

Psychological doctrine of temperament. The approach to temperament, characteristic of this doctrine, is to proceed from the analysis of only behavior. When determining temperament, as a rule, there is no sign of congenital, or organic bases, and the main load is on the basis of "formally dynamic properties of behavior", which are abstracted from integral behavioral acts. But here a significant difficulty is revealed: this feature also does not allow one to unambiguously resolve the issue of the range of specific properties that should be attributed to temperament. And the tendency to expand the range of such properties leads to a mixture of temperament with character and even personality.

Physiological doctrine of temperament. For a long time and complex history Teachings about temperament, he always associated with the physiological characteristics of the organism. One of the most serious attempts to bring a physiological basis to temperament is associated with the names of I. P. Pavlov, B. M. Teplov and Nebylitsyn. Initially, this concept was called the doctrine of the types of the nervous system, later - the doctrine of the properties of the nervous system.

Regardless of these hypotheses about physical foundations temperament, the conviction became stronger and stronger that its properties are most clearly manifested in those forms of behavior that are directly related to the energy expenditure of the body - with the methods of accumulating and expending energy and the quantitative characteristics of the processes. Therefore, most researchers of temperament paid attention, first of all, to the emotional and motor reactions of the individual, especially emphasizing their formal aspect, that is, their strength (intensity) and flow in time.

A classic example of such an approach is the typology of temperaments by W. Wundt, the creator of experimental psychology. He understood temperament as a predisposition to affect, which was expressed in the following thesis: temperament for emotions is the same as excitability for sensations. Based on this understanding, W. Wundt singled out two bipolar properties of temperament, namely the strength and speed of emotion change, emphasizing the importance energy performance individual.

Classification of temperaments (according to Wundt)

We find in W. Wundt an extremely important idea that each temperament has its positive and negative sides, and this, in particular, means that proper education involves the use of the merits of a given temperament and at the same time leveled the negative impact that it can have on the behavior of an individual.

Confidence remains that the dynamic properties of behavior, manifested in temperament, have a physiological basis - certain features of the functioning of physiological structures. The question of what these structures and features are is being intensively investigated. There are different opinions about which particular features of the body should be associated with temperament - with hereditary or simply physiological, which can be formed in vivo. There is a fundamental difficulty here: it has not yet been established what, in terms of behavior, is a manifestation of the genotype (refers to temperament), and what is the result of lifetime layers (refers to character).

CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, described four temperaments, which received the following names: sanguine temperament, phlegmatic temperament, choleric temperament, melancholic temperament. He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with the properties of the nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile. The first classification of temperaments was proposed by Galen, and it has survived to the present day in a relatively unmodified form. The last known description of it, which is also used in modern psychology, belongs German philosopher I. Kant.

I. Kant divided human temperaments (manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity.

According to I.P. Pavlova, temperaments are "basic features" individual characteristics person.

Below is psychological characteristic four types of temperaments:

Sanguine temperament .

The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, actively enters into contacts with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and is accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by a certain duality. If the stimuli change rapidly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in the sanguine person, and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, boredom, lethargy.

A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They quickly arise and can just as quickly disappear or even be replaced by the opposite. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails.

Phlegmatic temperament.

A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. He usually finishes what he starts. All mental processes in the phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of the life of a phlegmatic person, it is not easy to piss off and hurt him emotionally. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But the phlegmatic person should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to life around him, to people and even to himself.

choleric temperament .

People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in incontinence, impulsiveness, irascibility, irritability of the choleric. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hurried speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually brightly manifested, quickly arise; mood sometimes changes dramatically. The imbalance inherent in choleric is clearly associated in his activities: he gets down to business with an increase and even passion, while showing impulsiveness and speed of movements, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But a person with choleric temperament the supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: uplift and inspiration disappear, mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, the choleric person allows harshness, irritability, emotional incontinence, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in a collective. Excessive straightforwardness, irascibility, harshness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.

Melancholic temperament .

Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and intense stress causes slow activity in people of this temperament, and then its cessation. In work, melancholic people are usually passive, often not very interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament, they arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed poorly in them. Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a braking state in melancholics. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. It is easy for melancholic people to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences.

"Pure" temperaments are relatively rare. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often in the temperament of a person, features of different temperaments are combined.

CONCLUSION

Features of the type of higher nervous activity and the properties of temperament have long attracted the attention of researchers. However, their findings are extremely contradictory. Many theories and methods of study have been put forward.

Since the middle of the 18th century, theories of temperament have been developed, associated with some properties of the nervous system. So, Albrecht Haller, the founder of experimental physiology, who introduced the concepts of excitability and sensitivity, important for psychology, argued that the main factors in differences in temperament are the strength and excitability of the blood vessels themselves through which blood passes. This idea was adopted by A. Haller's student, G. Vrisberg, who connected temperament directly with the characteristics of the nervous system. So, he believed that the basis of the choleric sanguine temperament is a large brain, "strong and thick nerves" and high excitability of the senses. The idea of ​​connecting the characteristics of temperament with certain anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system in various forms manifested in the teachings of many philosophers and doctors of the XVIII and XIX centuries. The idea of ​​the existence of such a connection was expressed by I.P. Pavlov, who assumed that the extreme human types"thinkers" and "artists" - the opposite types of temperaments of melancholic and choleric must also correspond. He established and experimentally proved that the physiological basis of temperament is a combination of the properties of nervous processes. B.M. Teplov, rejecting the Pavlovian scheme of the "four classical temperaments", proposed to consider all combinations of the properties of the nervous system as independent types, posing as a special task the question of the criteria on the basis of which "basic types" can be distinguished from them.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Maklakov A.G. General psychology. - SPb., 2000.
2. Merlin V.S. Essay on the theory of temperament. - M., 1964.
3. Nebylitsyn V.D. Basic properties of the human nervous system // Izbr. psychological works. - M., 1990.
4. Petrovsky A.V. Introduction to psychology. - M., 1995.
5. Rogov E.I. General Psychology: Course of lectures for the first stage teacher education. - M., 1998.
6. Strelyau Ya. The role of temperament in mental development. - M., 1982.