Modern architecture diverse and amazing, it is difficult to place it in a clear framework and give it precise definition, but it is alive and rapidly developing, like technological progress, and perhaps that is why it is so difficult to understand and not always loved by critics. But we will still try to formulate its main trends, principles and goals.
Text: Diana Muromtseva
The German philosopher Friedrich Schelling called architecture frozen music, and we probably won't be mistaken if we add that it is a jazz improvisation, always unique, with history, mood and soul. There are no two identical cities, no two identical personalities, and, as with people, we can fall in love with some cities and hate others. And architecture is something more than art, because it creates the spaces and scenery in which our lives pass. She dresses each era in a certain style that reflects the values, priorities and aspirations of humanity. Walking through the cities, we can read this chronicle of the world on the facades of old buildings, and this is how our cultural traditions, taste and ideas about the familiar are formed. But life does not stand still, it is constantly changing, improving, and with it our needs and demands are growing. The frozen melodies of the past are gradually fading into history, becoming the foundation of a new architecture relevant to modern reality, which is able to create the best spaces for work, leisure and human life.
The architecture of our days
When it comes to modern architecture, the question immediately arises of how it changes the existing appearance of cities and improves the lives of their inhabitants. Architect and designer, winner of many professional awards Hadi Teherani believes that modern architecture fails when it does not correspond to human existence and its integrity. It should give a person all the components of his life well-being, which, like a puzzle, is made up of various and equally significant details, such as ecology, economic aspect, adequate space for life, light, texture of materials, form and emotions. Also, Mr. Teherani notes the importance for people of such a factor as the identification of an architectural structure with its utility, not only in terms of comfort, but also aesthetics. Indeed, buildings made in an ultramodern style, like everything new, are quite difficult to win universal love and recognition. Modern buildings in the urban area always have their fans and opponents, so they must justify their existence with utility, functionality and beauty.
But if we talk about the commercial demand for residential facilities, then the managing partner of SESEGAR Investment Group, Irina Zharova-Wright, puts aesthetics one step higher: “The question of the dependence of the external appearance of a building on its demand initially assumes a positive answer. After all, aesthetics sells. You can talk for a long time about the beauty of the soul, and in the case of real estate, about its functionality, but they are met by clothes and appearance. It is also interesting that a new building, attractive in its architecture, will not become beautiful in our eyes if it is discordant with the surrounding landscape. Therefore, in addition to functionality and aesthetics, the architecture of our days must be skillfully and harmoniously inscribed in the prevailing style of the area and at the same time look fresh and attractive.
“I believe that modern urban architecture is delightful when it includes both innovative design solutions and respect for historical context, and also contains the prerequisites for the architecture of the future,” says architect and managing director of HBA Architectur Jeffrey Michael Williams. By the way, such successful architectural compromises can be seen in the examples of new and popular city hotels. “The fact is that the main trend in the architecture of modern urban hotels is the creation of full-fledged iconic objects within the urban context,” explains Jeffrey Michael Williams. “It is also important to fully comply with the lifestyle of the guests and its reflection in every detail, because positive and vivid impressions depend on this, which further form the demand for a temporary place of residence.”
All of the above tasks should be performed by the architecture of private houses, even if they are located outside the city. But here there is another task - to embody the wishes of the client and not to destroy the existing image of the area. “An architect is always trying to integrate his project into an already existing environment. Sometimes it works out, and sometimes it doesn't. It is possible to maintain the balance with the continuous and joint work of the architect and the customer,” comments Svetlana Lagutina, head of the Svetlana Lagutina Architectural Bureau.
Who creates the trends?
Like it or not, trends always exist in everything, but if architecture is designed to serve humanity, creating the most comfortable and prosperous environment for all aspects of life, then it is interesting to understand how fashion is born here. “Globally, new world trends are determined by generally recognized architects, Pritzker Prize winners and, of course, world heritage, - says Svetlana Lagutina. – It is impossible to say which country has the greatest influence on the development of architecture. If we talk about the architecture of private houses in Russia, then individual elements and principles are borrowed in France and Italy, where design is given close attention unity of interior spaces and harmonious planning of the area around the house.
Hadi Teherani, on the other hand, says the following about the birth of trends: “For a long time, mankind has been concerned about such issues as energy saving and environmental friendliness. And in this area, the leading positions in the world are now occupied by German architects. Irina Zharova-Wright believes that benchmarks depend on specific situation in every city: “If the chief architect of the city is a fan of everything German, then we will see the embodiment of his taste in stone, glass and concrete,” explains Irina. “If he is fond of classics, then Italian architects will participate in the development of project concepts.”
Speaking of hospitality trends and demand, Jeffrey Michael Williams points out that the design standards for city hotels around the world are always set in countries with the highest economic growth.
Needs
If we talk about the demand for real estate among buyers, then Irina Zharova-Wright notes that here the liquidity of the object and the expediency of investing in it are important for a person: “Order architecture or classic is the best-selling form of architecture in urban development and in the Moscow region. Muscovites explain their choice by the fact that if you invest in real estate, then only in something eternal, like Rome, and this is just a classic.
Svetlana Lagutina, in turn, adds that in addition to the classics, such styles as modern, chalet and minimalism are becoming popular among Russian customers: but convenient and comfortable for life. And this is in tune with the global trends of modern architecture, about which Hadi Teherani says the following: “The main trend of modernity is the creation of the best and most comfortable environment for human life. And this is achieved through the implementation of its basic needs: functionality, competent organization space, emotionality, aesthetics, efficiency and care for the environment. All this creates a positive perception environment, be it home, hotel or office, and does not make it necessary to leave it in search of something better.
In conclusion, I would like to add that modern architecture is a completely new philosophy, whose global meaning is not based on the creation eternal monuments someone's Ego, but at the service of Humanity and its needs, which are a complex quintessence of functionality, comfort, convenience, beauty, emotionality, economy and environmental friendliness. Now, both in design and architecture, the definition of “beautiful” has received an additional meaning, namely the expediency of its existence in each element. That is, the beautiful is ingenious, and all ingenious is simple and not littered with unnecessary details. That's why perfect works of modern architecture are called upon to be not just beautiful monuments, but vessels for our life, turning it into unbearable lightness being."
Read the full material in the issue of Elite Interior magazine No. 05/101 May 2014.
Almost 30 years have passed since the birth of one of the most controversial styles of architecture, deconstructivism, but today it still causes a lot of controversy. We represent short review 15 world masterpieces of architecture of deformation and destruction, which will help to understand how the future was seen in the 80s of the XX century.
1. Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
The author of the magnificent and memorable Spanish branch of the Solomon Guggenheim Museum of Contemporary Art is the Canadian architect Frank Gehry. The museum building, built of glass, titanium and sandstone, is recognized as one of the most spectacular deconstructivist buildings in the world. main goal Gehry was giving the museum, located on the waterfront, the appearance of a futuristic ship.
2. Museum of Music in Seattle, USA
15 years ago, one of the most amazing buildings in the world was opened in Seattle, USA. Famous museum music is unusual not only for its incredible external forms, which were inspired by the guitar of the legendary Jimi Hendrix. The very ideology of this temple of music is unique - a huge building contains almost the entire collection american rock and pop music.
3. Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, USA
The family of the creator of the cartoon empire Walt Disney has long wanted to build a building worthy of the highest marks in his honor and donated $ 50 million for its construction. As a result, with the opening of another masterpiece from Frank Gehry in 2003 main city California got its new character. It is worth noting that in addition to its external expressiveness, this concert hall has acoustic properties that are in many ways superior to the most famous venues in the world.
4. "Dancing House" in Prague, Czech Republic
"Dancing House
The house in Prague, reminiscent of a dancing couple, is an office building. Made in the style of deconstructivism, the complex consists of two cylindrical towers: normal and deformed. The Dancing House is an architectural metaphor for a couple in beautiful dance. Almost immediately after construction, the house acquired the playful nickname "Ginger and Fred" in honor of the famous American couple of film actors Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire.
5. Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada
The Royal Ontario Museum has been operating since 1857, but after 150 years its appearance was radically changed by the architect Daniel Libeskind, who turned the old museum building into an incredible structure in the form of a crystal. According to him, it was the real mineral crystals that were exhibited in one of the halls of the museum that became the prototypes of his new building. It is interesting to note that the first sketch of the reconstruction of the museum was made on an ordinary napkin in one of the restaurants in New York.
6. Northern Imperial War Museum in Manchester, UK
Manchester branch of the London network of museums dedicated to military theme, was built in 2001 in the territory of England, which suffered the most from the horrors of the war. The author of the project of the new museum was Daniel Libeskind. The main motive for the creation of such an important cultural object there was a desire to show our planet, destroyed as a result of numerous wars, but then assembled piece by piece.
7. Denver Art Museum, USA
The history of the Denver Museum of Art began back in 1893 - then the museum was known as the Denver Artists Club. The modern building of the museum was opened to visitors in 2006. The design of the building, resembling a huge rock, was developed by Libeskind's studio in order to emphasize the features of the local nature.
8. Seattle Central Library, USA
futuristic building central library Seattle was designed by Dutch architect Rem Koolhasomi and built in 2004. The main purpose of the construction of this futuristic complex is to attract real connoisseurs of books. The building consists of four facades decorated with metal mesh and glass. Interestingly, it lacks right angles and parallel lines.
9. Cinema UFA-Palast in Dresden, Germany
The incredibly deformed building of the cinema in Dresden is a project from the Austrian architectural bureau Coop Himmelb(l)au, famous all over the world for its philosophy of destruction. The cinema center consists of two inextricably linked objects - a cinema with 8 halls capable of simultaneously receiving 2,600 visitors, and a "crystal" made of glass shell, which serves as a foyer and a public platform.
10. "in Munich, Germany
Multifunctional exhibition center "BMW World"
Multifunctional exhibition center "BMW World"
Building competition winner exhibition center car giant BMW, held in the early 2000s, became Himmelb (l) au. In their project, the architects proposed the concept of a space that will become both a "showroom" and a place for negotiations between representatives of the concern and its customers. The main architectural feature of the project was a huge funnel made of glass blocks. Visitors get the feeling that the roof floating in the sky is being sucked into this funnel.
11. Hotel Porta Fira in Barcelona, Spain
The spectacular tower of the Porta Fira Hotel, located in the Catalan capital, was designed by the famous Japanese architect Toyo Ito and built in 2009. Tourists and local residents the organic form of the tower and the incredible texture of its facades, which are the result of the use of red aluminum pipes, are striking. It is these metal elements that give the walls of the hotel the effect of vibration and serve as blinds.
12. Statistics Center in Cambridge, USA
The buildings of the Statistical Center, located on the Cambridge campus, look like they could collapse at any second. The walls of numerous buildings, located at terrible angles, seem to rotate and collide with each other. They are made mainly of brick and corrugated steel. Many criticize this building by the architect Gehry, while others, on the contrary, consider it almost the best project Canadian.
13. Museum of Modern Art in Cincinnati, USA
The building of the Museum of Modern Arts was the first American project internationally renowned architect Zaha Hadid. It is worth noting that although the facade of the building is not typical of Hadid, its incredible interiors are in style quite consistent with most of her works. The walls, floors and ceilings of the museum repeatedly merge into each other, which corresponds to the main principle of the architect - the dynamic flow of spaces. This building is the most important achievement legendary architect in the field of deconstructivism.
14. Holocaust Museum in Berlin, Germany
The museum ensemble, dedicated to all Jews affected by the Holocaust, consists of two buildings - the old one, in the Baroque style, and the new one, built according to the design of the Berlin architect Daniel Libeskind in 1998. The modern building in plan is a long zigzag gallery, made in the author's signature style. Unexpected for most visitors is the fact that the floor in the museum is sloping, so literally from the first steps you need to make some effort in order to move forward.
Deconstructivism in architecture became popular thanks to the few masters working in this style. Among them, a special place is occupied by Frank Gehry, whose work can be found in more detail in the article. And you will learn about how you can use this style in the interior of a private house from our material.
Architecture is the art of building, the ability to design and create cities, residential buildings, public and industrial buildings, squares and streets, gardens and parks. In many cities of our country you will find ancient kremlins and churches, palaces and mansions, modern buildings of theaters, libraries, youth palaces, in front of which you will want to stop and take a closer look at them.
So would you stand in front of a museum interesting picture or sculpture. This is because buildings and streets, squares and parks, rooms and halls, with their beauty, can also excite the imagination and feelings of a person, like other works of art. Masterpieces of architecture are remembered as symbols of peoples and countries. The whole world knows the Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the ancient Acropolis in Athens. However, unlike other arts, people not only contemplate works of architecture, but also constantly use them. Architecture surrounds us and forms a spatial environment for the life and activities of people. Here are the houses where you live; schools, technical schools, institutes where you study; in theaters, circuses and cinema - have fun; in gardens, parks and yards - relax. Your parents work in factories and institutions; shops, canteens, stations, metro are constantly filled with visitors. It is hard to even imagine how you can do without these and many other structures.
The diversity of architecture depends not only on the creative imagination of the architect (the so-called architect in Rus'), but also on the conditions of construction: warm or cold climate, flat or mountainous terrain, the capabilities of construction equipment, wooden, stone or metal structures, the aesthetic tastes of residents and much more. . In construction, the labor of people of many professions is used - masons, designers, scientists and artists. All of them work under the guidance of an architect. (Architect in Greek means "master builder".) A person in this profession must have great technical and artistic knowledge. Admiring the Gothic cathedral, the Moscow Kremlin or the cycle track in Krylatskoe, we admire not only the peculiar beauty of these structures, but also the work and skill of the builders.
Even in ancient times, the tasks of architecture were determined by three qualities - usefulness, strength, beauty. Each building should be useful, meet its intended purpose. This is also evident in his appearance, and in the nature of its interior. Residential building, theater and educational institution - three different types structures. Each of them has its own purpose, and each building should be convenient: in one case - for housing, in the other - for showing performances, in the third - for study. It is also important that each of them be durable, strong. After all, buildings are created not for one year, but for a long time. But architecture would not have become art if the third important requirement, beauty, had been ignored.
The well-known human desire for beauty inspires creative fantasy architect to search for ever new unusual architectural forms, originality of appearance and brightness artistic image structures. Here we see the most different buildings both ancient and modern. Take, for example, multi-storey residential buildings: one is high, like a tower, the other is in the form of a long straight plate, the third is bent in a circle. They have the same purpose and similar structures, they are designed for the same climate, they stand in the same city, but the architect's imagination for each of them has found its own form, its own color solution. This is how structures arise with their individual traits by which we recognize them. And each building makes its own impression: one has a solemn, festive appearance, the other is strict, the third is lyrical. Monuments of architecture related to different eras and countries differ from each other in terms of appearance or by style, how the living conditions differed and artistic tastes people of those times. Look at the pictures and you will see for yourself.
Bright period in the history of Russian architecture -mid XVIII V. This is the time of rapid construction of palaces, large temples, the heyday of the Baroque style. V. V. Rastrelli (1700-1771) was the largest architect, who largely determined the style of buildings of that time. The facades of its buildings, painted in white, blue and gilding, are unusually elegant. The enfilades of halls, richly decorated with molding, and wooden mosaic floors of rare beauty are magnificent. The best buildings of V. V. Rastrelli - Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin), the Winter Palace and the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, Grand Palace in Peterhof. On the island of Kizhi in Lake Onega, the wooden Church of the Transfiguration (1714), the bell tower (1874) and the Church of the Intercession (1764), built without a single nail, have been preserved. Eiffel Tower in Paris. It was designed in the middle of the 19th century. engineer Gustave Eiffel. Originality, bold design and architectural form made the tower famous.
Ferrari World- the largest closed thematic object in the world. Its length reaches 700 m, total area- 176 thousand sq.m. Located in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates).
Burj Dubai is the world's tallest building designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Based in Dubai (UAE). At the official opening ceremony, it was renamed the Burj Khalifa in honor of the Sheikh and at the same time the President of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan.
- In his best! The project is presented by the bureau Kobi Karp. Construction is planned on Watson Island (USA, Miami). The announcement of the project says that this tower, which has a height of 975 meters, will be able to easily remove the crown from Dubai. According to official figures, the 160-storey eco-city of Miapolis will be more than 183 meters taller than the famous Dubai giant Burj Khalifa. The building will include countless entertainment and living spaces.
The Cleveland Clinic is the Low Ruvo Center for Brain Health. original name- . An unusual building is located in Las Vegas (USA). The author of the project is Frank Gehry. The project consists of two blocks and is estimated at $100 million. One wing houses the research center and the other wing houses the patient rooms.
- skyscraper-waterfall, tower " sunny city". It is being built for the 2016 Olympics, which will be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The project was developed by the eminent Swiss bureau RAFAA Architecture and Design. He pledges to become "the eighth wonder of the world." The function of the tower is to provide clean electricity to the nearby Olympic Village along with the city of millions. Moreover, at a height of 105 meters in the Solar City Tower there will be cafes and shops. The roof will be equipped Observation deck, where you can admire the panorama of Rio de Janeiro along with the prostrate bottomless ocean. For lovers of extreme recreation, a platform for bungee jumping is provided.
- a house designed by the bureau Senosiain Arquitectos. Located in Mexico. Built in the style of biorchitectura at the request of a young couple. The house has, thanks to which young people with two children now live in a fabulous "underwater kingdom".
- one of the most luxurious hotels in the world, which is built in Singapore (Southeast Asia). The hotel houses the largest casino in the world, worth about eight billion dollars. Marina Bay Sands consists of three vertical towers, which in turn are connected by an amusement park in the form of a ship. The park-ship stretches for 340 meters in length and can accommodate 3900 guests. The project is implemented by Las Vegas Sands.
- National Museum located in Abu Dhabi (UAE). The museum project was created by Foster + Partners and is dedicated to the President of the United United Arab Emirates, How historical monument, timed to coincide with socio-economic changes, initiated by Zayed bin Sultan Al Naiyan himself - Sheikh and the President of the United Arab Emirates in one person.
- the most extreme observation deck in the world, which is located on Mount Osterfelderkopf (Alpspitz, Germany). The view from the AlpspiX site is breathtaking. Kilometer height, two mutually intersecting steel beams, the feeling of free flight over the abyss...
Although the observation deck was built not so long ago - in October 2010, nevertheless, over the past few years, tourists have fallen in love with it and even become a kind of Mecca for lovers of extreme sensations.
located in Dubai (UAE). Meydan City is a development project of Meydan Group LLC, covering an area of 18.6 million square meters. square meters. The project is a complex for horse racing, a hotel and a number of premises for entertainment events.
Unusual modern architecture, designed by SAMOO design studio, is an eco-project of the South Korean National Institute of Ecology. The territorial area is 33 thousand square meters. architectural structure honorably bears the title of the think tank of the country.
Chicago Spire- project of the famous architect Santiago Calatrava (Chicago, USA). The height of the skyscraper reaches 609 meters (150 floors). The Chicago spire is shaped like a drill and includes 1,193 apartments, which feature three-meter ceilings and full-wall windows.
Eco roof project for a market in Seoul ( South Korea). Developers: Samoo Architects & Engineers. The goal of the project is to abolish unpleasant odors and the constant noise generated by cars scurrying by.
- underground station (London, UK).
- TV tower, which is located in the city of Guangzhou (PRC). The height of Canton is 610 meters. To date, this is a record height among TV towers. The record-breaking tower has broken the record until recently high tower CN (Toronto, Canada).
- energy passage, made in the best traditions of modern world architecture. The project, which is located in the Italian city of Perugia, was developed by Coop Himmelb(l)au. Before you is not just a bizarre roof that sets off the famous pedestrian street of the city, but also an energy turbine that functions due to the sun and wind.
is the center of contemporary art. This gigantic building was designed by famous architect, a woman whose work is revered in all countries of the world. Place of deployment: Cagliari, Italian region of Sardinia.
- architectural project team of Dynamic Architecture, presented in the form of a rotating tower (Dubai, UAE).
The head office of the eminent giant car manufacturing company bmw located in Munich (Germany). The authors of the project are the team of the bureau Coop Himmelb(l)au.
- a gallery that is located in the administrative center of Edmonton (Canada). Designed by Randall Stout Architects.
Bella Sky Hotel is a design hotel embodying original modern architecture. Based in Copenhagen (Denmark). The slope of the towers of the largest hotel in Scandinavia is 15 degrees. Note: just imagine, the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa leaned 3.97 degrees.
- Hamburg Philharmonic (Germany), project by Herzog & de Meuron. The building, built on the banks of the Elbe, includes 3 concert halls, a hotel, 45 apartments and a public area called the Plaza. The latter is located at a 37-meter height above the water. 360° panoramic view.
From year to year, leading architectural bureaus delight us with such bright and multifaceted projects. I think such modern world-class architecture brings you only positive emotions, but not vice versa. Of course, there is something to envy, peering into these unusual architectural masterpieces of our time and the near future. Be that as it may, the project bureau team wishes you inspired architectural and design ideas and, of course, their implementation!
The architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, forms, structures. Architectural styles were formed in certain conditions of the economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, state structure, ideology, traditions of architecture and national characteristics, climatic conditions, landscape. The emergence of a new kind of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for a variety of trends in architecture in different periods time.
archaic architecture
Buildings erected before the 5th century BC are usually referred to as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (the states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings ancient egypt. They are related by simplicity, monumentality, geometric forms, the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: symmetry is characteristic of Egyptian buildings, asymmetry is present in the architecture of Mesopotamia. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).
antique style
Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, refers to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of the Megaron residential building of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. IN Greek temple the walls were made thick, massive, without windows; a hole was made in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.
Megaron - means in translation "great hall" - a house of a rectangular plan with a hearth in the middle (beginning 4 thousand BC)
The ancient architectural style became the basis for the development of the order system. There were directions in the order system: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, it was distinguished by rigor and massiveness. The Ionic order, lighter and more elegant, appeared later, and was popular in Asia Minor. The Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. Colonnades became a sign of this type of architectural style. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as the antique, Doric order.
The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decor and introduced the order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.
Roman style
View of the architectural style of the 10th-12th centuries. - received its name "Romanesque" only in the 19th century. thanks to art critics. The structures were created as a structure from simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. Castles, temples and monasteries were built in this style with powerful stone walls with battlements. In the 12th century towers with loopholes and galleries appeared near castle-fortresses.
The main buildings of that era were a temple - a fortress and a castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric figures: cubes, prisms, cylinders, during their construction vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, the walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. volumetric stone reliefs appeared on the facades.
