Ticket 21
Baroque architecture and sculpture. The work of Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
The main features of the Baroque.
Baroque is a style in art, architecture, literature that originated in Italy.
Baroque combines two concepts: lifestyle and style. The main features of the Baroque are pomp and flamboyance, grandiosity and solemnity, luxury and magnificence.
This style is characterized by dynamics, intensity of feelings, tension and contrast, it combines reality with fantasy. Baroque inspired sensual-physical enjoyment of life.
Baroque style main features
The main features of the Baroque, perhaps, are dynamic forms and curved lines. It is characterized by contrasts of rhythms and scales, light and shadow, materials and textures. This style shows a passion for allegories, similitudes, complex metaphors and other expressive art forms.
Baroque architecture loses its harmonious balance, and the circle becomes an oval, the square becomes a rectangle, the centric is replaced by an extended one. Instead of balanced proportions appear complex constructions and variety of forms. At the same time, axes and symmetry dominate in Baroque architecture.
In the Baroque, a person appears as a multifaceted personality with a rich and complex inner world and dramatic experiences. Baroque art is characterized by the realism with which the person is depicted. Conflict, tension and movement abound in the Baroque. A striking example is the sculpture "The Rape of Proserpina" by Bernini.
It is a highly ornamental style with a strong harmonic basis.
It was distinguished by expressiveness, an abundance of decor, pomp and excess in everything. Painting, sculpture, architecture were combined into new spatial relationships, both real and illusory.
The baroque style has the following character traits:
Main themes - mythology and religion
The lexicon has been enriched with colloquial and foreign words
Use of complex metaphors and epithets
Visible dynamics
Use of contrasts
Variety of genres
architectural structures different from each other and individual style
Lots of jewelry and golden elements
The viewer must be amazed, surprised and enlightened by the work of art
Everything must be huge and magnificent
Almost no straight lines
An abundance of curved lines, rounded and wavy shapes
Monumentality
allegories
Oppositions
Emotionality and sensuality
Search for a person in the world, questions of being
Unusual and unique
Acting and theatricality
In the 17th century, Rome was the capital of the world in the field of art, attracting artists from all over Europe, so Baroque art soon spread beyond the "eternal city". The Baroque style has its deepest roots outside of Italy in Catholic countries. In every country of the Baroque, art was fueled local traditions. In some countries it became more extravagant, as, for example, in Spain and Latin America, where a style of architectural embellishment called churrigueresco developed; in others it was toned down to suit more conservative tastes. The Baroque style is spreading in Spain, Germany, Belgium (Flanders), the Netherlands, Russia, France.
In Catholic Flanders Baroque art flourished in the work of Rubens, to Protestant Holland it had less of an impact. True, the mature works of Rembrandt, extremely lively and dynamic, are clearly marked by the influence of Baroque art.
In France it expressed itself most clearly in the service of the monarchy, and not of the church. Louis XIV understood the importance of art as a means of glorification royalty. His adviser in this area was Charles Lebrun, who directed the painters and decorators who worked at Louis's palace at Versailles. Versailles, with its grandiose combination of opulent architecture, sculpture, painting, decorative and landscape art was one of the most impressive examples of the fusion of the arts.
For baroque architecture(L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B.F. Rastrelli in Russia) are characterized by spatial scope, fusion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Baroque architecture gravitates toward the solemn " great style”, to emphasized monumentality, is based on the idea of the complexity, diversity, variability of the world, reflects the greatness of the Pope and catholic church, as well as the power and luxury of monarchs and large aristocracy. At this time, Catholic churches, urban and suburban palace and park ensembles are being erected - the square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, country villas in Italy.
The main features of the buildings are a complex curvilinear plan and outlines of lines, whimsical plasticity of facades, the use of complex diverse and picturesque forms based on an oval, ellipse and semicircle, semicircular windows, torn gables, paired columns and pilasters, massive front staircases, the spatial scope of the complexes, the fusion of arts (architecture, sculpture, painting), decorative interiors, the use of mirrors in the design of premises. The order is used as a decorative plastic form along with sculpture. Properties of buildings - the ultimate picturesqueness (pretentiousness), contrast, tension, dynamism of images and the fluidity of complex usually curvilinear forms, the desire for deliberate splendor, to combine reality and illusion. There are often deployed large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on facades and in interiors, volutes, big number rake-outs, arched facades with a rake-out in the middle, rusticated columns and pilasters. Domes acquire complex shapes, often they are multi-tiered, like at St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. Characteristic details of the Baroque - telamon (atlas), caryatid, mascaron.
IN Italian architecture the most prominent representative of Baroque art was Carlo Maderna(1556-1629), who broke with mannerism and created his own own style. His main creation is the façade of the Roman church of Santa Susanna (1603). The main figure in the development of Baroque sculpture was Lorenzo Bernini, whose first masterpieces executed in the new style date back to around 1620. The quintessence of the Baroque, an impressive fusion of painting, sculpture and architecture, is the Coranaro Chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Victoria (1645-1652). . The most prominent Italian contemporaries of Bernini during this mature Baroque period were the architect Borromini both artist and architect Pietro da Cortona. Somewhat later, Andrea del Pozzo (1642-1709) worked; the ceiling painted by him in the church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome (the Apotheosis of St. Ignatius of Loyola) is the culmination of the baroque trend towards pompous magnificence. Spanish baroque, or according to the local churrigueresco (in honor of the architect Churriguera), which also spread in Latin America. His most popular monument is the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, which is also one of the most revered churches in Spain by believers. In Latin America, baroque mixed with local architectural traditions, this is its most pretentious version, and they call it ultrabaroque. Baroque style in France expressed more modestly than in other countries. Previously, it was believed that the style did not develop here at all, and baroque monuments were considered monuments of classicism. Sometimes the term "baroque classicism" is used in relation to French and English variants baroque. Now the Palace of Versailles, along with a regular park, the Luxembourg Palace, the building of the French Academy in Paris, and other works are considered French Baroque. They really have some features of classicism. In Belgiumoutstanding monument baroque is the Grand Place Ensemble in Brussels. Baroque features have the house of Rubens in Antwerp, built according to own project artist. Baroque in Russia appears as early as the 17th century (“Naryshkin Baroque”, “Golitsyn Baroque”). In the 18th century, during the reign of Peter I, it was developed in St. Petersburg and its suburbs in the work of D. Trezzini - the so-called "Petrine baroque" (more restrained), and reached its peak in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna in the work of S.I. Chevakinsky and B. Rastrelli. In Germany An outstanding baroque monument is the New Palace in Sanssouci (authors - I.G. Bühring, H.L. Manter) and the Summer Palace in the same place (G.W. von Knobelsdorff).
The largest and most famous Baroque ensembles in the world: Versailles (France), Peterhof (Russia), Aranjuez (Spain), Zwinger (Germany), Schönbrunn (Austria).
Baroque style in painting characterized by the dynamism of the compositions, the "flatness" and pomp of forms, the aristocracy and originality of the plots. Plots based on a dramatic conflict prevailed - religious, mythological or allegorical in nature. Ceremonial portraits are created to decorate interiors.
A feature of the Baroque is not observing the Renaissance harmony for the sake of more emotional contact with the viewer. Great importance acquired compositional effects expressed in bold contrasts of scale, color, light and shadow. But at the same time, baroque artists strive to achieve rhythmic and color unity, the picturesqueness of the whole.
At the origins of Baroque art in painting are two great Italian artists - Caravaggio And Annibale Carracci, who created the most significant works in the late 16th - early 17th centuries. For Italian painting the end of the 16th century is characterized by unnaturalness and stylistic uncertainty. Caravaggio and Carracci, with their art, restored her integrity and expressiveness.
In Italian painting of the Baroque era developed different genres, but mostly they were allegories, mythological genre. Pietro da Cortona, Andrea del Pozzo, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and the Carracci brothers succeeded in this direction. became famous Venetian school, where the genre of veduta, or urban landscape, gained great popularity. The most famous author of such works is D.A. Canaletto. No less famous are Francesco Guardi and Bernardo Bellotto. Canaletto and Guardi painted views of Venice, while Bellotto (a student of Canaletto) worked in Germany. He owns many views of Dresden and other places. Salvator Rosa (Neapolitan school) and Alessandro Magnasco painted fantastic landscapes. The last belong architectural views, and very close to it french artist Hubert Robert, who worked at a time when interest flared up in antiquity, in Roman ruins. Their works show ruins, arches, colonnades, ancient temples, but in a few fantastic view, exaggerated. Heroic canvases were painted by Domenichino, and picturesque parables by Domenico Fetti. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) early XVII V. studied in Italy, where he learned the style of Caravaggio and Carraci, although he arrived there only after completing his course in Antwerp. He happily combined best features painting schools of the North and South, merging in their canvases the natural and the supernatural, reality and fantasy, learning and spirituality.
Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) (1571-1610) is considered the most significant master among Italian artists who created in late XVI V. a new style in painting. His paintings, written on religious subjects, resemble realistic scenes. modern author life, creating a contrast between late antiquity and modern times. The characters are depicted in twilight, from which the rays of light snatch out the expressive gestures of the characters, contrastingly writing out their specificity. Followers and imitators of Caravaggio adopted the riot of feelings and the characteristic manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in the depiction of people and events.
In France Baroque features are inherent in the ceremonial portraits of Iasent Rigaud. His most famous work is a portrait of Louis XIV. The work of Simon Vouet and Charles Lebrun, court painters who worked in the genre of formal portraiture, is characterized as "baroque classicism". The real transformation of baroque into classicism is observed in the canvases of Nicolas Poussin. A more rigid, strict embodiment was given to the Baroque style in Spain, embodied in the works of such masters as Velasquez, Ribera and Zurbaran. They adhered to the principles of realism. By that time, Spain was experiencing its "Golden Age" in art, while being in economic and political decline.
For the art of Spain decorativeness, capriciousness, sophistication of forms, the dualism of the ideal and the real, the bodily and the ascetic, piling up and stinginess, the sublime and the ridiculous are characteristic. Among the representatives: Domenico Theotokopuli (El Greco). He was deeply religious, therefore, his art presents numerous variants of religious plots and festivities: “ holy family”, “Apostles Peter and Paul”, “Descent of the Holy Spirit”, “Christ on the Shrovetide Mount”. El Greco was an excellent portrait painter - he interpreted what he portrayed as surreal, fantastic, imaginary. Hence the deformation of the figures (Gothic elements), the extreme color contrasts with a predominance of dark colors, the play of chiaroscuro, a sense of movement. Diego Velazquez (1599-1660) - a magnificent master psychological portrait, character painter. His paintings are distinguished by the multi-figure complexity of compositions, multi-frame, extreme detail, and excellent mastery of color.
Heyday Flemish Baroque falls on 1 floor. XVII century. Rubens became the legislator in the new style. IN early period Baroque style is perceived by Rubens through the prism painting by Caravaggio- "Exaltation of the Cross", "Descent from the Cross", "The Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus". The transition to the mature phase of the artist's work was a large order for a cycle of paintings "The Life of Marie Medici". The paintings are theatrical, allegorical, the manner of writing is expressive. Rubens demonstrates the incredible life-affirming power of the Baroque, his portraits, especially women's, open up this inexhaustible source of joy for him. IN last period creativity Rubens continues the theme of bacchanalia - "Bacchus" - a frankly bodily perception of life. In addition to Rubens, another master of the Flemish Baroque, van Dyck (1599-1641), achieved recognition.
With the work of Rubens, the new style came to Holland, where it was picked up by Frans Hals (1580/85-1666), Rembrandt (1606-1669) and Vermeer (1632-1675). In Spain, Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) worked in the style of Caravaggio, and in France, Nicolas Poussin (1593-1665), who, not satisfied with the Baroque school, laid the foundations of a new trend in his work - classicism.
In Holland there were several schools of painting that united major masters and their followers: Franz Hals - in Haarlem, Rembrandt - in Amsterdam, Vermeer - in Delft. In the painting of this country, the baroque had a peculiar character, focusing not on the emotions of the audience, but on their calm, rational attitude to life. Rembrandt emphasized this in the following words: "Heaven, earth, sea, animals, people - all this serves for our exercise."
Baroque is one of significant styles V cultural life Europe. He achieved the greatest popularity in such countries as Germany, Spain, Russia, France. Italy is considered its homeland. The Baroque era covers about two centuries - from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century.
TO distinctive features this style include pomposity, solemnity and splendor. Moreover, baroque covers not only artistic creativity, literature and painting, but also the way of thinking of a person, his existence, and also, to some extent, science.
The works of this time are expressive and expressive, they are characterized by the sophistication of forms, the creation of an illusory space, as well as a bizarre play of shadow and light.
The Baroque era gave life to science. It was at this time that biology, anatomy, physics and chemistry, and other disciplines began to develop. Previously, their study was severely punished by the ministers of the church.
Wars, epidemics of various diseases, such as plague and smallpox, various led to the fact that a person felt unprotected and confused. His future was uncertain. More and more minds were seized by various superstitions and fears. At the same time, the church splits into two religious camps - Protestants and Catholics, which also gives rise to many squabbles and battles.
All this leads to a new understanding of the Lord as the Creator of the universe. God was considered only as the creator of the essential, while man controlled the living and the inanimate.
The Baroque era is also characterized by active colonization - English settlements are formed in the Old and New Worlds.
The architecture of that time is rich in colonnades, abundance various decorations facades and interiors. Multi-tiered domes of complex, layered structure. To the most famous architects of that time include Michelangelo Buonarroti, Carlo Maderna, Nikolai Sultanov.
The painting of this era is dominated by religious and mythological motifs, as well as ceremonial portraits. Quite often, the paintings depicted the Madonna surrounded by angels. Most of the Baroque - Michelangelo Merisi, Iasento Rigaud, Peter Paul Rubens.
It was at this time that such as opera and fugue were born. Music becomes more expressive. Baroque composers - Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Giovanni Gabrieli. As you can see, a lot prominent personalities did at the time.
The Baroque era is one of the most significant in the history of human development. It was at this time that new styles were born in literature, music, painting, architecture. New views on religion and man are being formed. There are new directions in science. Despite some pomposity, this period gave world culture a lot of cultural monuments, which are highly valued in our time. The names of masters and artists of the Baroque era are still thundering all over the world.
The logical continuation of this style was Rococo, which was formed in the first half of the 18th century. He managed to maintain his position until the end of the 18th century.
Baroque (Italian barocco - “bizarre”, “strange”, “excessive”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” - a characteristic of European cultures XVII-XVIII centuries.
Baroque era
The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for entertainment: instead of pilgrimages - the promenade (walks in the park); instead of jousting tournaments - "carousels" (horseback rides) and card games; instead of mysteries - theater and a masquerade ball. You can add the appearance of swings and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, portraits and landscapes took the place of icons, and music turned from spiritual into a pleasant play of sound.
Baroque features
Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamic images, affectation, striving for grandeur and pomp, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (urban and palace and park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); at the same time - a tendency towards autonomy of individual genres (concerto grosso, sonata, suite in instrumental music).
baroque man
Baroque man rejects naturalness, which is identified with savagery, arrogance, tyranny, bestiality and ignorance. The Baroque woman cherishes the pallor of her skin, she wears an unnatural, frilly hairstyle, a corset and an artificially extended skirt on a whalebone frame. She is in heels.
And the ideal of a man in the Baroque era becomes a gentleman, a gentleman - from the English. gentle: “soft”, “gentle”, “calm”. He prefers to shave his mustache and beard, wear perfume and wear powdered wigs. Why force, if now they kill by pulling the trigger of a musket.
Galileo for the first time directs a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and Leeuwenhoek discovers tiny living organisms under a microscope (1675). Huge sailboats plow the expanses of the world's oceans, erasing white spots on geographical maps peace. Literary symbols era become travelers and adventurers.
Baroque in sculpture
Sculpture is an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and the recognized architect of the 17th century was an Italian Lorenzo Bernini(1598-1680). Among his most famous sculptures are the mythological scenes of the abduction of Proserpina by the god. underworld Pluto and the miraculous transformation into a tree of the nymph Daphne, pursued by the god of light Apollo, as well as the altar group "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" in one of the Roman churches. The last of them, with its clouds carved from marble and the clothes of characters fluttering in the wind, with theatrically exaggerated feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.
In Spain, during the Baroque era, dominated by wooden sculptures, for greater credibility, they were made with glass eyes and even a crystal tear, real clothes were often put on the statue.
Baroque in architecture
For baroque architecture ( L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy B. F. Rastrell and in Russia Jan Christoph Glaubitz in the Commonwealth) are characterized by spatial scope, fusion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Large-scale colonnades are often found, an abundance of sculptures on facades and in interiors, volutes, a large number of rake-outs, arched facades with a rake-out in the middle, rusticated columns and pilasters. The domes acquire complex forms, often they are multi-tiered, as in St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. Characteristic details of the Baroque - telamon (atlas), caryatid, mascaron.
Baroque in the interior
The baroque style is characterized by ostentatious luxury, although it retains such an important feature classical style like symmetry.
Wall painting (one of the types monumental painting) has been used in decorating European interiors since early Christian times. In the Baroque era, it was most widely used. The interiors used a lot of color and large, richly decorated details: a ceiling decorated with frescoes, marble walls and parts of the decor, gilding. Color contrasts were characteristic - for example, the marble floor, decorated with tiles in a checkerboard pattern. Abundant gilded jewelry was a characteristic feature of this style.
Furniture was a piece of art, and was intended almost exclusively for interior decoration. Chairs, sofas and armchairs were upholstered in expensive, richly colored fabric. Huge beds with canopies and flowing down bedspreads, giant wardrobes were widespread. Mirrors were decorated with sculptures and stucco with floral patterns. Southern walnut and Ceylon ebony were often used as furniture material.
Baroque style is not suitable for small spaces, as massive furniture and decorations take up large volume in space.
baroque fashion
The fashion of the Baroque era corresponds in France to the period of the reign of Louis XIV, the second half of the 17th century. This is the age of absolutism. Strict etiquette and complex ceremonial reigned at the court. The suit was subject to etiquette. France was a trendsetter in Europe, so other countries quickly adopted French fashion. This was the century when a general fashion was established in Europe, and national characteristics receded into the background or preserved in a folk peasant costume. Before Peter I, European costumes were also worn in Russia by some aristocrats, although not everywhere.
The costume was characterized by stiffness, splendor, an abundance of jewelry. The ideal of a man was Louis XIV, the "sun king", a skilled rider, dancer, shooter. He was short, so he wore high heels.
Baroque in painting
The Baroque style in painting is characterized by the dynamism of compositions, the “flatness” and pomp of forms, the aristocracy and originality of subjects. The most characteristic features of the Baroque are catchy flamboyance and dynamism; a prime example- creation Rubens And Caravaggio.
Michelangelo Merisi (1571-1610), nicknamed after his birthplace near Milan Caravaggio, is considered the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the 16th century. new style in painting. His paintings, painted on religious subjects, resemble realistic scenes of the author's contemporary life, creating a contrast between late antiquity and modern times. The heroes are depicted in twilight, from which the rays of light snatch out the expressive gestures of the characters, contrastingly writing out their specificity. Followers and imitators of Caravaggio, who at first were called caravaggists, and the current itself was called caravagism, such as Annibale Carracci(1560-1609) or Guido Reni(1575-1642), adopted the riot of feelings and the characteristic manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in the depiction of people and events.
The emergence of the Baroque:
baroque architecture - a period in the development of architecture in Europe and America (especially in Central and South), covering approximately 150-200 years. The period began at the end of the 16th century and ended in late XVIII. Baroque (as a style) embraced all art forms, but was most clearly reflected in painting, theater (and related literature, music) and architecture.
a brief description of architectural style baroque:
Characteristic features: symmetry in the style of space. Lots of stucco. The complex surfaces of the plane in the buildings are large and new in the columns, the frenziedly finished ceilings with recessed parts.
Dominant colors: muted pastel shades; red pink white blue with yellow accent.
Lines: bizarre convex-concave asymmetric pattern; in the forms of a semicircle, a rectangle, an oval; vertical lines columns; pronounced horizontal division.
Shape: vaulted domed and rectangular; towers balconies bay windows.
Interior elements: striving for grandeur and splendor; massive front stairs; columns pilasters sculptures stucco and painting carved ornament; relationship of design elements.
Designs: contrasting tense dynamic; pretentious on the facade and at the same time massive and stable.
Windows: semicircular and rectangular; with floral decoration around the perimeter.
Doors: arched openings with columns; vegetable decor.
From Baroque Mannerism, art inherited dynamism and deep emotionality, and from the Renaissance - solidity and pomp: the features of both styles harmoniously merged into one single whole. Baroque , gravitating toward the solemn "grand style", at the same time reflected progressive ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world.
Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, the desire for grandeur and pomp, for the combination of reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (urban and palace and park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); at the same time - a tendency towards autonomy of individual genres. Baroque architecture served to affirm the ideas of Catholicism and absolutism, but it reflected progressive tendencies architecture, which were revealed in the planning of cities, squares, buildings, designed for the masses of the people.
It is characteristic that in the Baroque era, the facades of Romanesque churches were remade into Baroque ones, since they seemed insufficiently expressive, while the Gothic ones remained intact. In many European cities, ancient cathedrals have towers with a new baroque finish and the same baroque portals, in the interiors - baroque altars. Both Gothic and Baroque are united by expression, an irrational understanding of architectural space.
Baroque masters:
Borromini (1599-1667), Yuvara, Domenico Fontana (1543-1607), Francesco Caratti (? −1675), Santino Solari, M. G. Zemtsov, V. V. Rastrelli, D. V. Ukhtomsky and others.
Examples:
Church of Pope Clement, architect Pietro-Antonio Trezzini, Zamoskvorechye, Russia.
