The word "fairy tale" is attested in written sources not earlier than the 17th century. Derived from the word "say". It mattered: a list, a list, an exact description. Modern meaning acquires from the XVII-XIX centuries. Previously, the word fable was used, until the 11th century - a blasphemer.
A fairy tale is needed for the subconscious or conscious teaching of a child in the family the rules and purpose of life, the need to protect their "area" and decent attitude to other communities. It is noteworthy that the fairy tale carries a huge informational component, passed down from generation to generation, faith in which is based on respect for one's ancestors.
folk tale - genre literary creativity; epic genre written and oral folk art. A type of narrative, mostly prose folklore (fairy tale prose), which includes works of different genres whose texts are based on fiction.
In fairy tales, the character of the people, their wisdom and high moral qualities are manifested.
A folklore tale based on a traditional plot refers to prose folklore(fabulous prose). To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:
1. Animal Tales
2. Fairy tales
Russian folk tale about animals - it is one of the oldest folklore genres. It intertwined echoes of myths about totem animals, stories about the origin of animals and birds, legends about the relationship between the world of people and the world of animals, etc. It captures the centuries-old experience of man in mastering the natural world, comprehending the most important laws of his being.
Animal tales are fundamentally different from other species fairy tale genre. Their specificity is manifested primarily in the peculiarities of fantastic fiction. According to J. Grimm, the possibility of the appearance of animal fiction was influenced by the views primitive people. During the decomposition of this epic, a fairy tale about animals and a fable stood out.
Anikin V.P. in his book "Russian Folk Tale" he claims that the appearance of fairy tales about animals proper was preceded by stories directly related to beliefs about animals. In these stories, the future protagonists of fairy tales about animals acted. These stories did not yet have an allegorical meaning. Animals meant animals. Such stories directly reflected ritual-magical and mythical concepts and ideas. Stories of a mythical nature were distinguished by their vital purpose. It can be assumed that they were told with instructive purposes and taught how to relate to animals. Through compliance known rules people tried to subdue animal world to his influence. Such was the initial stage of the birth of fantastic fiction. Later, fairy tales about animals were based on it.
In the Russian folk "animal" tale, two worlds mutually reflect each other - the world of people and the world of animals. Tales about animals "introduce a person into the circle of the first vital ideas, explain the essence of many phenomena, acquaint with the characters and relationships of people." This gives rise to a special kind of narrative convention. The animal and the person in animalistic fairy tales are interchangeable, the transferability of functions from one character to another makes the action primary, and not the subject who performs it.
The possibility of interchange of characters gives rise in folklore to images that are identical in meaning and parallel plots. So, the beginnings of the tales “The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox” and “Baba Yaga and the Zhikhar” coincide: in the first, the fox carries off the rooster, luring him out with a song, and the cat goes to save him; in the second, Zhikhar is dragged off by Baba Yaga, who lured him out with a song, and a cat and a sparrow rush to help him. Almost identical in plot, composition and ideological sense the fairy tales “The Chanterelle with a Rolling Pin” and “The Old Woman-Lapotnitsa”, in which the heroines, by deceit, change the rolling pin / bast shoe for a chicken, a chicken for a goose, a goose for a turkey, etc., up to a bull / girl.
V.Ya. Propp, defining animal tales, suggested: “Animal tales will mean those tales in which the animal is the main object or subject of the narrative. On this basis, fairy tales about animals can be distinguished from others where animals play only an auxiliary role and are not the heroes of the story.
The fabulous animal epic is a special education, a little like stories from the life of animals. Animals here act in accordance with their nature and act as carriers of this or that character and producers of these or those actions, which should be attributed primarily to man. Therefore, the world of animals in fairy tales is a form of expression of thoughts and feelings of a person, his views on life.
Allegoricalness is characteristic of Russian animalistic tales, where it is possible due to the use of allegorical (fable) imagery. Hence the main themes of Russian fairy tales about animals - human characters, the virtues and vices of people, the types of human relationships both in everyday life and in social sphere, up to a sharp social satire on the social structure.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.
Russian folk tale "The Fox and Cancer"
The fox and the cancer stood together and talked among themselves. The fox says to the cancer: "Let's run a race with you." Cancer replies: “Well, fox, come on!”
We started to race. As soon as the fox ran, the cancer clung to its tail. The fox ran to the place, but the cancer does not unhook. The fox turned around to look, wagged its tail, the crayfish unhooked and said: "I've been waiting for you here for a long time."
Russian folk tale "The Fox and the Black Grouse"
The black grouse was sitting on a tree. The fox came up to him and said:
- Hello, grouse, my friend! As soon as I heard your voice, I came to visit you.
“Thank you for your kind words,” said the grouse.
The fox pretended not to hear, and says:
— What are you talking about? I can not hear. You, black grouse, my friend, would go down to the grass for a walk, talk to me, otherwise I won’t hear from the tree.
Teterev said:
- I'm afraid to go to the grass. It is dangerous for us birds to walk on the ground.
Or are you afraid of me? - said the fox.
“Not you, I’m so afraid of other animals,” said the black grouse. - There are all kinds of animals.
- No, black grouse, my friend, yesterday the decree was announced so that there would be peace throughout the earth. Now the animals do not touch each other.
“That’s good,” said the black grouse, “otherwise the dogs are running over there.” If everything was the same, you would have to leave. And now you have nothing to fear.
The fox heard about the dogs, pricked up her ears and wanted to run.
— Where are you? - said the grouse. - After all, there is a decree, the dogs will not be touched.
“And who knows,” said the fox, “maybe they didn’t hear the decree.”
And she ran away.
Russian folk tale "The Little Fox and the Wolf"
Grandfather and grandmother lived. Grandpa says to grandma:
- You, woman, bake pies, and I will harness the sleigh and go for fish.
Caught fish and carries home a whole cart. Here he goes and sees: the fox curled up and lies on the road. Grandfather got down from the cart, went up to the fox, but she did not move, she lay like a dead man.
- Here's a gift for my wife! - said the grandfather, took the fox and put it on the cart, and he went ahead.
And the little fox seized the time and began to throw everything out of the cart, one by one, one fish and one fish, everything one fish and one fish. She threw out all the fish and left.
- Well, old woman, - says the grandfather, - what kind of collar did I bring you for a fur coat!
- There's a cart and a fish, and a collar.
The woman came up to the cart: no collar, no fish, and began to scold her husband:
- Oh, you, so-and-so! You even dared to cheat!
Then the grandfather realized that the fox was not dead. I grieved, I grieved, but there was nothing to do.
And the fox collected all the scattered fish, sat down on the road and eats for itself. Comes Gray wolf:
— Hello, sister!
— Hello, brother!
- Give me the fish!
- Catch yourself and eat.
- I can't.
- After all, I caught it! You, brother, go to the river, dip your tail into the hole, sit and say: “Catch, fish, both small and large! Catch, fish, both small and large! The fish will grab onto its tail.
The wolf went to the river, lowered his tail into the hole and began to say:
- Catch, fish, both small and large! Catch, fish, both small and large!
Following him, the fox appeared; walks around the wolf and says:
- Clear, clear stars in the sky,
Freeze, freeze, wolf tail!
- What are you, little fox-sister, talking about?
- I'm helping you.
For a long, long time the wolf sat at the hole, his tail froze; I tried to get up - it was not there!
“Eka, how many fish - and you won’t pull it out!” - thinks.
He looks, and the women go for water and shout:
- Wolf, wolf! Beat him, beat him!
They ran and began to beat the wolf - some with a yoke, some with a bucket, some with anything. The wolf jumped, jumped, tore off his tail and started running without looking back.
“Good,” he thinks, “I’ll repay you, sister!”
In the meantime, while the wolf was puffing its sides, the fox-sister wanted to try: would it be possible to pull off something else? She climbed into one of the huts, where the women baked pancakes, but hit her head in a tub of dough, got smeared and ran. And the wolf to meet her:
- Is that how you study? I've been thrashed all over!
- Oh, wolf-brother! - says the fox-sister. - At least you bled, but I have a brain, they nailed me more painfully than yours: I drag myself by force.
“And that’s true,” says the wolf, “where are you, sister, to go, sit on me, I’ll take you.”
The fox sat on his back, and he carried her. Here fox sister sits and slowly sings:
- The beaten unbeaten is lucky,
The beaten unbeaten is lucky!
What are you talking about, sister?
- I, brother, say: "The beaten one is lucky."
Yes, sister, yes!
Russian folk tale "The Fox, the Wolf and the Bear"
The fox lay under a bush, turned over from side to side, thought and wondered: what would she eat, what would she profit from. I decided to hunt chickens in the village.
A fox is walking through the forest, a wolf runs towards her and asks:
- Where, godfather, are you going, wandering?
- I'm going, kumanyok, to the village, to hunt chickens! the fox answers.
- Take me too! Otherwise, I will howl, the dogs in the village will bark, the men and women will scream.
- Let's go, let's go, kumanek! You will help!
A fox and a wolf are walking along the road, a bear is dragging towards it and asks:
- Where, sister, are you going, wandering?
- I'm going, brother, to the village, to hunt chickens! the fox answers.
- Take me too! And then I will roar, the dogs in the village will bark, the men and women will scream,
"Let's go, let's go, brother!" You will help!
They came to the village. Lisa says:
- Come on, fat-fifted bear brother, go to the village. And when men and women chase after you, run away into the forest. I'll bring chickens to your share.
The bear walked through the village. Men and women saw him, grabbed stakes and yokes, and began to beat the bear. The clumsy one escaped, barely carried his legs into the forest.
Lisa says:
- Come on, kumanyok gray top, run to the village! Men and women ran after the bear, but the dogs remained. They will smell you, they will chase you, you run into the forest. I'll bring chickens to your share.
The wolf ran to the village. Dogs smelled him, ran, began to bite. The wolf barely carried his legs into the forest, he remained a little alive.
Meanwhile, the fox entered the chicken coop. I grabbed the chickens and put them in a bag. And it was like that. She ran along the hillocks, along the stumps, along the sparse bushes and ran into the forest.
The fox put the bag of chickens on the ground. And in another bag, which was larger, she put stones, cones and acorns and attached them nearby. She sat down under a bush to rest. A wolf and a bear came running and shouting:
“Hey fox, where’s the prey?! Where is our share?!
- Yes, there are bags of chickens, - says the fox, - take any.
The wolf and the bear rushed to prey. They chose the largest and heaviest bag, stuffed with stones, cones and acorns, and dragged it into the forest.
And the fox laughed at the stupid wolf and bear, put the bag of chickens on his back and ran to his hole.
Russian folk tale "Like a wolf lived with a peasant"
There lived a wolf. He was tired of chasing hares, walking through the forest hungry. He decided to become a rooster and live with a peasant. He thinks: “The rooster is sitting on the fence, screaming songs all day. The owner feeds him for it. He came to the blacksmith and says;
The blacksmith forged it. The wolf took the cock's voice and went to the village. He climbed the fence and sang: “Ku-ka-re-ku! Ku-ka-re-ku!” The man went out into the yard. He sees that a wolf is sitting on the fence and cries like a cock. He took him to his service - to wake up at dawn. Night has come. The wolf went to sleep. In the morning the peasant woke up, looked, and the sun was already overhead, work was in full swing in the field. The wolf did not wake him up at dawn with a cock's cry. The peasant took a stick and drove the wolf out of the yard.
The wolf ran away. He walks, beaten, through the forest and thinks: “It’s bad to be a rooster. I will do better than a dog. The dog sits by the porch, barks all day. The owner feeds her for it. The wolf came again to the blacksmith and asked:
The blacksmith forged it. The wolf took the dog's voice and went to the village. I climbed into the peasant’s yard, sat down at the porch and let’s bark: “Woof-woof, woof-woof!” A man came out onto the porch: He sees - the wolf is sitting and barking like a dog. I took him to serve myself - to guard the house. Sat, sat the wolf at the porch. The sun baked his withers. He went and hid under the barn in the shade. And a thief got into the house and took everything that was good. A peasant returned from the field, looked - everything in the house was stolen. The wolf did not save. The peasant got angry, grabbed a stick and drove the wolf out of the yard.
The wolf ran away. He walks, beaten, through the forest and thinks: “It’s bad to be a dog. I'll make myself a better pig. The pig lies in a puddle, grunts all day. The owner feeds her for it. The wolf came to the blacksmith and asked:
Until autumn, the man fed the wolf. In autumn he came to the barn and said:
“You won’t take fat from this pig, but you’ll take off the skin for a hat!”
The wolf heard that the peasant was going to rip off his skin, jumped out of the barn and ran into the forest. No longer lived with the man.
Russian folk tale "The Frog and the Sandpiper"
A sandpiper flew to a new swamp. He saw a frog and said: - Hey, frog, move to my swamp to live. My swamp is better than yours. In my swamp, there are big bumps, the banks are steep, midges fly into the mouth by themselves.
The frog believed the sandpiper and went to live in his swamp. Jumping, jumping. There is a stump on the road, he asks:
- Where, frog, are you jumping?
“Each sandpiper praises his swamp,” says the stump. Look, you're in trouble! Come back!
- Where, frog, are you jumping?
- I'm going to the sandpiper in the swamp to live. His swamp is better than mine. In its swamp there are large bumps, steep banks, midges themselves fly into the mouth.
“Each sandpiper praises his swamp,” says the puddle. Look, you're in trouble! Come back!
- Where, frog, are you jumping?
- I'm going to the sandpiper in the swamp to live. His swamp is better than mine. In its swamp there are large bumps, steep banks, midges themselves fly into the mouth.
“Each sandpiper praises his swamp,” says the snail. Look, you're in trouble! Come back!
The frog did not listen to her and went on. It's jumping, jumping. Finally galloped to the sandpiper in the swamp. She looked around: the bumps are from the top, the banks are canopies, midges do not fly. She jumped into the water - and got bogged down in the quagmire, barely got out. She found a dry place and thinks: “We need to climb higher, look around.” He sees - there is a pole nearby. I started climbing up it. I climbed up to the heron on the leg and - right in her beak hit.
Russian folk tale "Ship"
Floating on the river bast shoes. I saw a mouse and said:
She sat in it and swam. A hare is running, he saw a bast shoe and says:
- I, the little mouse!
- Where are you sailing?
- I am sailing to distant kingdoms, to neighboring states, to see others and show myself. And who are you?
- I'm a runaway bunny! Take me with you too.
The mouse took the hare with her, and they swam on. A fox runs, saw a bast shoe and says:
- What a pretty boat, wicker and new from bast! Who is on the boat?
- I, the little mouse!
- I'm a runaway bunny!
- Where are you sailing?
- I am a fox - divya beauty! Take me with you.
They took the mouse and the hare with the fox and swam on. A wolf is running, he saw a bast shoe and says:
- What a pretty boat, wicker and new from bast! Who is on the boat?
- I, the little mouse!
- I'm a runaway bunny!
- I, the fox - Divya beauty!
- Where are you sailing?
- We are sailing to distant kingdoms, to neighboring states, to see others and show ourselves. And who are you?
- I am a wolf - a gray side! Take me with you.
They took a mouse, a hare and a fox with a wolf, and they swam on. There is a bear, he saw a bast shoe and says:
- What a pretty boat, wicker and new from bast!
And roared:
Uh-huh-huh, I'm swimming!
Uh-huh-huh, I'm swimming!
On the water, on the water
To be seen everywhere!
The bear got on the boat. The bast shoe crackled, the bast burst—and the boat fell apart. The animals rushed into the water, reached the shore and dispersed in all directions.
Russian folk tale "How the mice divided the flour"
Two mice lived on the edge of a large field. Their minks were nearby. Once they heard a knock: "You-la-you, you-laty." They think: “What kind of knock is this?” Came out of the holes. They looked, and these are the peasants at the current* threshing wheat with flails. One mouse says:
- Come on, girlfriend, we'll drag wheat and bake pies.
- Let's! the other agrees.
Here is one mouse running around and carrying grain. Another mouse threshes this grain on a millstone. They worked all day. It turned out to be a pile of flour. One mouse says:
- Come on, girlfriend, share the flour! I have two measurements ***, and you have one.
- No, I have two measurements, and you have one! another mouse says. - I worked more than you - I carried grain!
- I worked harder! the first disagrees. - I've been turning the millstones all day!
— No, I worked harder!
- No, I! ..
They argued, argued - who should take how much flour. An hour passed, two ... It was already getting dark. Suddenly flew strong wind, picked up the flour and scattered it all over the earth.
Two mice grieved and dispersed to their minks.
_________________________________
*Tok - a platform for threshing grain.
** Millstone, millstone - here: manual stone wheel for grinding, grinding grain into flour.
*** Measure, measure—here: Russian folk unit of flour capacity, cereals.
Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Fairy tale "Three Bears"
One girl left home for the forest. She got lost in the forest and began to look for her way home, but she did not find it, but came to the house in the forest.
The door was open: she looked through the door, saw that there was no one in the house, and entered. Three bears lived in this house. One bear was a father, his name was Mikhailo Ivanovich. He was big and shaggy. The other was a bear. She was smaller, and her name was Nastasya Petrovna. The third was a little bear cub, and his name was Mishutka. The bears were not at home, they went for a walk in the forest.
There were two rooms in the house: one dining room, the other bedroom. The girl entered the dining room and saw three cups of stew on the table. The first cup, very large, was Mikhail Ivanychev's. The second cup, smaller, was Nastasya Petrovnina; the third, little blue cup, was Mishutkin. Beside each cup lay a spoon: large, medium and small.
The girl took the biggest spoon and drank from the biggest cup; then she took the middle spoon and drank from the middle cup; then she took a small spoon and drank from a little blue cup, and Mishutka's stew seemed to her the best of all.
The girl wanted to sit down and saw three chairs by the table: one large - Mikhail Ivanovich, the other smaller - Nastasya Petrovnin, and the third, small, with a blue cushion - Mishutkin. She climbed onto a large chair and fell; then she sat down on the middle chair - it was awkward on it; then she sat down on a small chair and laughed—it was so good. She took the little blue cup on her knees and began to eat. She ate all the stew and began to swing on a chair.
The chair broke and she fell to the floor. She got up, picked up a chair and went to another room. There were three beds: one large bed for Mikhail Ivanychev, another medium bed for Nastasya Petrovnina, and the third small bed for Mishenkina. The girl lay down in a large one - it was too spacious for her; lay down in the middle - it was too high; she lay down in the little one - the bed fit her just right, and she fell asleep.
And the bears came home hungry and wanted to have dinner. The big bear took his cup, looked and roared scary voice:
— WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP?
Nastasya Petrovna looked into her cup and growled not so loudly:
— WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP?
But Mishutka saw his empty cup and squeaked in a thin voice:
— WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP AND DRINKED EVERYTHING?
Mikhailo Ivanovich looked at his chair and growled in a terrible voice:
Nastasya Petrovna glanced at her chair and growled not so loudly:
— WHO SAT ON MY CHAIR AND PUSHED IT FROM THE PLACE?
Mishutka looked at his broken chair and squeaked:
WHO SIT ON MY CHAIR AND BROKEN IT?
The bears came to another room. — WHO WAS IN MY BED AND CRASHED IT? roared Mikhailo Ivanovich in a terrible voice.
— WHO WAS IN MY BED AND CRUSHED IT? growled Nastasya Petrovna, not so loudly.
But Mishenka set up a bench, climbed into his bed and squeaked in a thin voice:
WHO WAS IN MY BED?
And suddenly he saw a girl and squealed as if he was being cut:
- Here she is! Hold it, hold it! Here she is! Here she is! Ay-ya-yay! Hold on!
He wanted to bite her. The girl opened her eyes, saw the bears and rushed to the window. The window was open, she jumped out the window and ran away. And the bears did not catch up with her.
Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Fairy tale "Squirrel and Wolf"
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch and fell right on the sleepy wolf. The wolf jumped up and wanted to eat her. The squirrel began to ask: "Let me go." The wolf said: “Okay, I'll let you in, just tell me why you squirrels are so cheerful. I'm always bored, but you look at you, you're all playing and jumping up there. The squirrel said: “Let me go up the tree first, and from there I will tell you, otherwise I am afraid of you.” The wolf let go, and the squirrel went to the tree and said from there: “You are bored because you are angry. Anger burns your heart. And we are cheerful because we are kind and do no harm to anyone.
V. M. Garshin "Frog Traveler"
Once upon a time there lived a frog frog. She sat in the swamp, caught mosquitoes and midges, in the spring she croaked loudly with her friends. And she would have lived happily for the whole century - of course, if the stork had not eaten her. But one incident happened. One day she was sitting on a piece of driftwood sticking out of the water and enjoying the warm fine rain.
“Oh, what a beautiful wet weather today! she thought. “What a pleasure it is to live in the world!”
The rain was drizzling down her mottled lacquered back; drops of it dripped under her belly and behind her paws, and it was deliciously pleasant, so pleasant that she almost croaked, but, fortunately, she remembered that it was already autumn and that frogs do not croak in autumn - there is spring for this , - and that, by croaking, she can drop her frog dignity. So she kept silent and continued to bask.
Suddenly a thin, hissing, intermittent sound resounded in the air. There is such a breed of ducks: when they fly, their wings, cutting through the air, seem to sing, or, better, whistle. Fu-fu-fu-fu - resounds in the air when a flock of such ducks flies high above you, and you can’t even see them themselves: they fly so high. This time the ducks, having described a huge semicircle, descended and sat down just in the very swamp where the frog lived.
- Quack quack! one of them said. - It's still a long way to go, you need to eat.
And the frog immediately hid. Although she knew that the ducks would not eat her, a big and fat frog, but still, just in case, she dived under a snag. However, after thinking, she decided to stick her pop-eyed head out of the water: she was very interested to know where the ducks were flying.
- Quack quack! another duck said. - It's getting cold! Hurry south! Hurry south!
And all the ducks began to quack loudly in approval.
“Lady ducks,” the frog dared to say, “what is the south to which you are flying?” I apologize for the inconvenience.
And the ducks surrounded the frog. At first they had a desire to eat it, but each of them thought that the frog was too big and would not fit into the throat. Then they all began to shout, flapping their wings:
— Good in the south! Now it's warm! There are such glorious, warm swamps! What kind of worms are there! Good in the south!
They screamed so much that they almost stunned the frog. As soon as she persuaded them to shut up, she asked one of them, who seemed to her fatter and smarter than everyone else, to explain to her what the south is. And when she told her about the south, the frog was delighted, but in the end she still asked, because she was careful:
- Are there many midges and mosquitoes there?
- ABOUT! Whole clouds! the duck replied.
— Qua! - said the frog and immediately turned around to see if there were any friends here who could hear her and condemn her for croaking in the fall. She really could not help but croak at least once: - Take me with you!
- It's amazing to me! the duck exclaimed. How can we take you? You don't have wings.
- When are you flying? the frog asked.
- Soon soon! all the ducks yelled. - Quack quack! Quack quack! It is cold here! South! South!
“Let me think for just five minutes,” said the frog. “I’ll be right back, I’ll probably come up with something good.”
And she plopped down from the branch, on which she climbed again, into the water, dived into the mud and completely buried herself in it so that foreign objects would not interfere with her thinking. Five minutes passed, the ducks were just about to fly, when suddenly out of the water, near the branch on which the frog was sitting, its muzzle appeared, and the expression of this muzzle was the most radiant that a frog is capable of.
- I've figured it out! I found! - she said. “Let two of you take a twig in your beaks, and I will cling to it in the middle. You will fly and I will drive. It is only necessary that you do not quack, and I do not croak, and everything will be fine.
Although to be silent and drag at least light frog three thousand miles, God knows what a pleasure, but her mind led the ducks into such delight that they unanimously agreed to carry her. They decided to take turns every two hours, and since there were, as the riddle says, so many ducks, and so many more, half as many, and a quarter as many, and there was only one frog, it was not necessary to carry it very often.
They found a good, strong twig, two ducks took it in their beaks, the frog clung to the middle with its mouth, and the whole herd rose into the air. The frog was breathless from the terrible height to which it was raised; in addition, the ducks flew unevenly and pulled the twig; the poor frog was dangling in the air like a paper clown, and with all her urine she clenched her jaws so as not to tear herself away and plop down on the ground. However, she soon got used to her position and even began to look around. Fields, meadows, rivers and mountains quickly swept under her, which, however, it was very difficult for her to see, because, hanging on a twig, she looked back and a little upward, but she still saw something and rejoiced and was proud.
“This is how I came up with an excellent idea,” she thought to herself.
And the ducks flew after the front pair carrying her, shouted and praised her.
- Marvelous clever mind our frog, they said. “Even among the ducks, there are few of them.
She could hardly restrain herself from thanking them, but remembering that if she opened her mouth she would fall from a terrible height, she clenched her jaw even tighter and decided to endure. She hung out in this way all day; the ducks carrying it changed on the fly, deftly picking up the twig; it was very frightening: more than once the frog almost croaked with fear, but it was necessary to have the presence of mind, and she had it. In the evening, the whole company stopped in some kind of swamp; at dawn, the ducks with the frog set off again, but this time the traveler, in order to better see what was happening on the way, clung to her back and head forward, and her belly back. Ducks flew over harvested fields, over yellowed forests and over villages full of bread in stacks; from there came the sound of people talking and the sound of flails with which they threshed rye. People looked at the flock of ducks and, noticing something strange in it, pointed at it with their hands. And the frog terribly wanted to fly closer to the earth, show himself and listen to what they say about him. On next vacation She said:
"Can't we fly not so high?" I'm dizzy from the height, and I'm afraid to fall if I suddenly feel sick.
And good ducks promised her to fly lower. The next day they flew so low that they heard voices:
“Look, look,” shouted children in one village, “ducks are carrying a frog!”
The frog heard this and her heart skipped a beat.
“Look, look,” adults in another village shouted, “this is a miracle!”
“Do they know I came up with this, not the ducks?” thought the frog.
Look, look, they shouted in the third village, what a miracle! And who came up with such a cunning thing?
Here the frog could not stand it and, forgetting all caution, screamed with all his might:
- It's me! I!
And with that cry, she flew upside down to the ground. The ducks screamed loudly; one of them wanted to catch the poor companion on the fly, but missed. The frog, jerking all four legs, quickly fell to the ground; but since the ducks were flying very fast, she did not fall directly on the place over which she screamed and where there was a hard road, but much further, which was great happiness for her, because she flopped into a dirty pond at the edge of the village.
She soon emerged from the water and immediately again shouted in a rage at the top of her lungs:
- It's me! This is what I came up with!
But there was no one around her. Frightened by the unexpected splash, the local frogs all hid in the water. When they began to emerge from it, they looked with surprise at the new one.
And she told them a wonderful story about how she thought all her life and finally invented a new, unusual way of traveling on ducks; how she had her own ducks to carry her wherever she pleased; how did she visit beautiful south, where it is so good, where there are such beautiful warm swamps and so many midges and all sorts of other edible insects.
“I stopped by to see how you live,” she said. “I will stay with you until spring, until my ducks, which I released, return.
But the ducks never returned. They thought that the wah had crashed on the ground, and they were very sorry for her.
A. Fedorov-Davydov "Sandals-bast shoes"
Once a fox spent the night with a man. In the morning I got ready for the road and secretly took with me a pair of old bast shoes. “Maybe,” he thinks, “they will be useful for something.”
He walks through the forest, waving his bast shoes from side to side, purring a song under his breath.
A homeless dog runs towards her - a mangy nose, dragging a rooster.
- Hello, Kuma-fox!
— Hello, kumanek!
— What do you have?
fox circled stray dog with a look, and then she stood very close to him and sang:
And this is a bast-bast shoe,
Weaved his great craftsman.
And you - well, well, well! -
Look what this thing is.
Pretty for everything:
If you want - measure rye for them,
If you want - slurp them,
If you want, put the kids in it.
Do you want to wash
He is for you - and the trough! ..
“Ah,” says the dog, “what a good thing!.. Give it to me, fox, I really liked your bast shoes. You yourself understand how he can be useful to me in my wandering life ...
The fox was to deny: "No, no, and it hurts the most." Yes, the dog is not far behind. She agreed.
- So be it, for your sake I will give one bast shoe, and I myself need the other ... Give me a rooster in exchange!
And a wolf comes towards her and carries a piglet.
- Hello, fox! How are you?
- Hello, wolf! I live nothing, I’ve taken up trade: I trade in bast shoes, you won’t get enough. I used to change it for roosters, but now I realized that it is more expensive for myself.
- And what is this, godfather, a bast shoe? the wolf asks.
The fox looked at the wolf, was silent for a short while, and then sang:
A glorious thing is a bast-bast shoe.
His skillful craftsman got along.
Pretty for everything:
If you want - measure rye for them,
If you want - slurp them,
If you want, put the kids in it.
And I'll have to wash
He is for you - and the trough! ..
- Yes, - says the wolf, - a good thing! .. It looks small, but the use is great. Give it to me, fox!
- What are you, what are you, wolf! You say too...
- Well then, take a pig for him.
- Piglet? .. Come on, perhaps!
The wolf was delighted, took a bast shoe and was like that. And the fox stepped into the bushes by the road, rummaged through them, rummaged, found an abandoned bast shoe - how many of them are lying along the road? - and went on; chasing a rooster and a pig in front of him ...
A bear comes towards her with luggage - he carries a whole calf.
- Hello, Kuma-fox!
- Hello, grandfather-bear!
- Where are you wandering, where are you driving the living creatures?
- And to my house ... Here I exchanged for bast shoes, but I gave a blunder - I sold too cheap.
- And what is this, godfather, for these bast shoes?
- Yes, nothing special, - the fox answers, - but the use of them is great! ..
And then she shot at the bear with her eyes, and sang affectionately:
My bast shoes
A cunning craftsman got along.
I'm handsome for everything:
If you want - measure rye for them,
If you want - slurp them,
If you want, put the kids in it.
Are you thinking about washing?
He is for you - and the trough!
In vain, perhaps, little bear, they tear them off with my hands in the market?
“We know,” says the bear, “your bast shoe is an interesting thing.” It looks unprepossessing, but look how well-made ... Give it to me, fox!
- I really need it!
- I'll give you a calf for him.
- Yes, in the market I won’t even take a cow for him!
- Well, please, godfather, at least a little to your own.
- So be it, bear, take it ... Well, what should I do with you!
The bear grabbed a bast shoe, like some kind of treasure, ran with him to the village. And there is a temple holiday and a bazaar. They came there with their sandals and a stray dog with a wolf. They walk around the market, calling out:
- Who needs bast shoes, who needs old ones? ..
The last ones left, buy, good people, you won't regret it!
Then their people surrounded and laughed so that they did not know where they were ashamed to go.
They ran to look for the fox, and she was sitting in a forest in a clearing, grazing her herd.
Steel her stray dog, the wolf and the bear reproach, and she says:
- And what about me, good gentlemen, what's the matter? .. What kind of desire did you have to take something that you don’t know? The bast shoes have come in handy for me, but I don’t know what to do with them, my dears, and I don’t want to know! ..
So the animals left her with nothing, and for a long time after that they looked askance at the fox and sharpened their teeth.
K. Chukovsky "Confusion"
Kittens meowed:
“We are tired of meowing!
We want, like pigs,
Grunt!"
And behind them and ducklings:
“We don’t want to quack anymore!
We want, like frogs,
Croak!"
The pigs meowed:
The cats grunted:
Oink oink oink!
The ducks croaked:
Kwa, kwa, kwa!
The hens quacked:
Quack, quack, quack!
Sparrow galloped
And mooed like a cow:
A bear came running
And let's roar:
Ku-ka-re-ku!
And a cuckoo on a bitch:
"I don't want to scream kuku,
I bark the dog
Woof woof woof!"
Only hare
There was a good boy:
Didn't meow
And did not grunt -
Lying under the cabbage
babbled like a hare
And foolish little animals
Persuaded:
"Who is ordered to chirp -
Don't purr!
Who is commanded to purr -
Don't tweet!
Not to be a crow a cow,
Do not fly frogs under the cloud!
But funny animals -
Pigs, bear cubs -
More than ever they are naughty,
The hare does not want to listen.
The fish are walking across the field,
Toads fly across the sky
The mice caught the cat
They put me in a mousetrap.
And the chanterelles
They took the matches
Let's go to the blue sea
The blue sea was lit.
The sea is on fire
A whale ran out of the sea:
"Hey firefighters, run!
Help, help!"
Long, long crocodile
The blue sea extinguished
Pies and pancakes
And dried mushrooms.
Two chickens came running
Watered from a barrel.
Two ruffs sailed
Watered from a bucket.
The frogs came running
Watered from a tub.
Extinguish, extinguish - do not extinguish,
Filled - not flooded.
Here comes the butterfly
Waving wings,
The sea began to fade -
And it went out.
The animals are happy!
Laughed and sang
Ears clapped,
They stomped their feet.
The geese started again
Shout like a goose:
The cats purred:
Mur-mur-mur!
The birds chirped:
Chick-chirp!
The horses neighed:
Flies buzzed:
The frogs are croaking:
Qua-qua-qua!
And the ducklings quack:
Quack-quack-quack!
Piglets grunt:
Oink oink oink!
Murochka is cradled
my dear:
Baiushki bye!
Throughout the history of mankind, animals have played and are playing a huge role in the world. literary art including fairy tales for children. In wonderful and mysterious tales, we meet witches and queens, princes and elves, dragons and talking animals. Since ancient times, when man first scratched the buffalo on the walls of caves, and up to the present, animals have been depicted in mythical stories and Russian folk tales. Rich story animal world, presented in mythology and fairy tales, continues endlessly. These animals awaken our creative spirit and feed our imagination.
Animal tales for young children are part of a list of fairy tales that have been passed down from generation to generation for centuries. Wonderful and amazing things happen to small and big animals. Some of them are kind and sympathetic, others are evil and insidious. IN fairy tales animals can turn into handsome princes and extraordinary beauties, talk human language, laugh, cry and worry.
The best fairy tales about animals with pictures
Little children are always with passion and special interest they listen to the fairy tales of Prishvin and Leo Tolstoy, where the main characters are animals, admiring their exploits and condemning evil deeds. Animals that help people are portrayed as strong, dexterous, fast, cunning and kind. Fictional talking creatures in the form of animals, possessing human qualities, entertain kids and adults, making them experience the extraordinary adventures described in short stories with pictures. For hundreds of years, we and our children have been learning about scary dragons, unicorns and other extraordinary creatures of animal origin. These creatures have appeared in such fairy tales as "The Adventures of Pinocchio", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Alice in Wonderland", "Cinderella" and many, many others. 
Storytellers characterize animals with human behavior in their narratives, for example, in the fairy tale “About the Three Little Pigs” or “The Wolf and the Seven Kids”, evil, greedy and at the same time kind and sensual animals are shown. They, like people, are able to love and hate, deceive and admire. On our site you can read 1 tale summary to each fairy tale and choose the one that your child will like. 
Animal stories will never go out of style. From year to year we will read, compose and tell them to our children, experience and admire good deeds animals and rejoice in their victories and achievements. Contemporary authors continue folk traditions and the traditions of storytellers of the past, creating new stories with new titles, where the main characters are animals.
Young children are usually attracted to the world of animals, so they really like fairy tales in which animals and birds act. Animal Tales- this is the most common type of fairy tales, which becomes known to the child early.
Tales about animals, having the most archaic roots, have now almost completely lost their original mythological and magical meaning. The youngest children are usually told “childish tales” specially designed for them (“Turnip”, “Kolobok”, “Teremok”, “Wolf and Goats”). They are small in volume, simple in composition. Big role here allotted to dialogue, the repetition of one and the same episode. Often this is an episode of the meeting of the protagonist with other characters. In the fairy tale “The Fox and the Hare”, the bunny complains to every animal it meets: “How can I not cry? I had a bast hut, and the fox had an icy one; she asked me to come, and she kicked me out.
In some fairy tales, the episodes are repeated with an increase, in a chain-like manner, and are successfully resolved in the end. (So built cumulative tales.) Especially expressive in this regard is the fairy tale "Goat" from the collection of A.N. Afanasyev:
Water went to pour fire.
The fire went to burn the stone.
The stone went to put out the axe.
The ax went to chop the oak,
Dubye went to beat people.
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The bear went to fight the wolves,
The wolves went to chase the goat:
Here is a goat with nuts
Here is a goat with red-hot!
Repeating episodes, dialogues are often rhymed and rhythmic, accompanied by songs (for example, Kolobok's songs). Goat, and then the Wolf in the fairy tale "The Wolf and the Goats" different voices sing:
Goats, kids!
Open up, open up.
The performance of such fairy tales is akin to a theatrical performance with the active participation of the audience. The fairy tale approaches the game, which corresponds to the peculiarities of perception artwork children aged two to five - "assistance and complicity", as the psychologist A.V. Zaporozhets defined it.
How younger child, the more literally he perceives the events and heroes of the fairy tale. Fairy-tale characters are close to children just like real living creatures: a dog, a cat, a cockerel, kids. In a fairy tale animals take on human traits- think, speak and act like people: they build their own dwellings, chop wood, carry water. In essence, such images bring the child knowledge about the world of people, not animals.
Animals, birds in them are both similar and not similar to real ones. A rooster walks in boots, carries a scythe on his shoulder and shouts at the top of his voice that the goat should go out of the hare's hut, otherwise it will be hacked to death (“Goat-dereza”). The wolf catches fish - he lowered his tail into the hole and says: “Catch, fish, both small and large! (“The Fox and the Wolf”). The fox informs the black grouse about a new "decree" - the black grouses are not afraid to walk in the meadows, but the black grouse does not believe ("The Fox and the black grouse").
It is easy to see implausibility in all these tales: where has it been seen that a rooster walked with a scythe, a wolf caught fish, and a fox persuaded a black grouse to descend to the ground? The child takes fiction for fiction, like an adult, but she attracts with unusualness, dissimilarity to what he knows about real birds and animals. Most of all, the children are interested in the story itself: will the dereza goat be expelled from the hare's hut, how will the obvious absurdity of catching fish with its tail end, will the cunning intent of the fox succeed. Most elementary and in the same time the most important views - about wit and stupidity, O cunning and honesty, O good and evil, O heroism and cowardice, O kindness and greed- fall into consciousness and set standards of behavior for the child.
In fairy tales about animals, representatives of the animal world embody certain qualities: fox - cunning, flattery, wolf - treacherous strength and stupidity, hare - cowardice. Moreover, in this type of fairy tales there is usually no clear division of characters into positive and negative. Each of them is endowed any one feature, an inherent feature of his character, which is played out in the plot. So, traditionally the main feature of the fox is cunning, That's why we are talking usually about how she fools other animals. Wolf greedy and stupid; in a relationship with a fox, he will certainly get into a mess. The bear has a not so unambiguous image, bear sometimes evil and sometimes good, but at the same time always remains a klutz. If a person appears in such a fairy tale, then he invariably turns out to be smarter than the fox, and the wolf, and the bear. Reason helps him to win over any opponent.
Animals in a fairy tale observe the principle of hierarchy: everyone recognizes the strongest and the main one. Is it a lion or a bear. They are always at the top of the social ladder. This brings animal tales closer to fables, which is especially evident from the presence in both of them of similar moral conclusions - social and universal. Children easy to digest: That, that the wolf is strong does not at all make him fair(for example, in a fairy tale story about seven kids). Sympathy listeners always on the side of the righteous, not strong.
Tales claim the child in the right relationship with the world. The grandfather, and the grandmother, and the granddaughter, and the Bug, and the cat are pulling the turnip - pulling, pulling, and not pulling the turnips for them. And only when the mouse came to the rescue, they pulled out a turnip. Of course, capacious artistic sense this ironic tale will become fully understandable little man only when he grows up. Then the fairy tale will turn to him with many facets. The child can only think that no, even the smallest force is superfluous in work: how many forces are in the mouse, and without it they could not pull out the turnip.
"Rocked Hen" in folk version, well presented, for example, in the processing of the writer A. N. Tolstoy, bears in yourself as well important thought for education. A chicken laid an egg, a mouse ran, wagged its tail, the egg fell and broke. The grandfather began to cry, the grandmother began to sob, the gates creaked, the hens flew up, the doors squinted, the tyn crumbled, the top of the hut staggered. And all the commotion - from broken egg. Much ado about nothing! The tale laughs at the trifling cause of so many absurd consequences.
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It has been observed that children easily memorize fairy tales about animals. This is explained by folk pedagogical experience correctly captured the features of children's perception. Fairy tales “Turnip”, “Rocked Hen”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Teremok” and some others keep the child’s attention special composition: episode clings to episode, often they are repeated with the addition of some new detail. These repetitions promote memory and understanding.
Animal tales can be called children's and because they have a lot of action, movement, energy- that is inherent in the child. The plot unfolds rapidly: quickly, headlong, a chicken runs to the hostess for butter, - the rooster swallowed the grain and choked, she sends her to the cow for milk. The hen goes to the cow, she asks the owner to give her fresh grass, etc. In the end, the hen brought butter, the rooster was saved, but how much he owes salvation! (“Cockerel and bean seed”.) The irony of a fairy tale is understandable to a child, he also likes the fact that the hen managed to overcome so many difficult obstacles so that the cockerel remained alive. happy endings I correspond to fairy tales tons of cheerfulness child , his confidence in the successful outcome of the struggle between good and evil.
In fairy tales about animals a lot of humor. This is their wonderful property. develops in children a sense of reality and simply amuses, entertains, pleases, sets in motion spiritual forces. However, fairy tales are known sadness. How the transitions from sadness to fun are sharply contrasted here! The feelings that are spoken of in fairy tales are as vivid as children's emotions. It is easy to console a child, but it is also easy to upset. A hare is crying at the threshold of his hut. The goat kicked him out. The rooster chased away the goat - there is no end to the joy of the hare. Fun and listener fairy tales.
A sharp distinction between positive and negative in the nature of fairy tales. The child has there is never any doubt in, how to deal with one or the other fairy tale character . The rooster is a hero, the fox is a cunning liar, the wolf is greedy, the bear is stupid, the goat is deceitful. This is not primitive, but necessary simplicity , which must be learned by the child before he is ready to accept difficult things.
