Today the most known systems chronology are the Julian calendar ("old"), introduced in the Roman Republic by Julius Caesar from January 1, 45 BC, and Gregorian calendar("new"), which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. But history also knows other calendars - some of them were used by the ancients, while others were put into use quite recently.
Mayan calendar
The Mayan calendar actually consists of three different calendars: the Long Count (astronomical calendar), the Tzolkin (divine calendar) and the Haab (civil calendar). The Haab calendar had 365 days, and it was divided into 19 months: 18 months had 20 days, and 19 months had only 5 days. The Tzolkin had 20 "periods" of 13 days each. The Tzolkin was used to determine the days of Maya ceremonies and religious events. The long count was used to determine long periods of time in the "general cycle", which has 2.88 million days (about 7885 years). The ancient Maya believed that the universe was destroyed and rebuilt every 2.88 million days.
International corrected calendar
The International Corrected Calendar has 13 months, each with 28 days. Months in it go, as in a regular calendar - from January to December, and also in June-July, the 13th month is added - "Sol". According to such a calendar, Easter will always be on April 15, every Christmas will fall on Wednesday, and every year will start on Sunday. However, every month the 13th will be a Friday. The calendar was made by Moses Costworth in 1899 but was never adopted.
Egyptian calendar
The first calendar that the ancient Egyptians began to use is the lunar calendar, based on the floods of the Nile River. This calendar turned out to be very inaccurate, and an error of up to 80 days could occur in it. Therefore, the Egyptians introduced solar calendar, based on the motion of the star Sirius. The two calendars were used at the same time, but they soon began to differ greatly, causing the Egyptians to add an extra month to lunar calendar every three years. But even with an additional month, the calendars did not match, so the Egyptians introduced new calendar, which had 365 days divided by 12 months. Each month had 30 days, and at the end of the year 5 extra days were added.
positivist calendar
The positivist calendar was intended to replace the Catholic calendar. It was invented in 1849 by Auguste Comte. In all of his 13 months, there were exactly 28 days, divided into four seven-day weeks. Each week of this calendar is dedicated to outstanding personality in world history.
Chinese calendar
The Chinese calendar was solar-lunar, that is, it was calculated based on the position of the Sun and Moon. There were 12 months and 353-355 days in a year, while a whole extra month was added in a leap year (resulting in 383-385 days in a year). A leap month was added about once every three years. Although this calendar is still used in China, it is mainly used to calculate the days of Chinese ceremonies and weddings, and the Gregorian calendar is used for everything else.
Ethiopian orthodox calendar
Ethiopia celebrated the new millennium on September 12, 2007, seven and a half years after the rest of the world. This happened because in Ethiopia they use the Coptic Orthodox calendar, which has 13 months of 30 days each. In leap years, an extra month of five or six days is added. The calendar was often used in the West until 1582, after which it was replaced by the Gregorian calendar. Ethiopia did not switch to the Gregorian calendar due to excessive conservatism and religiosity in the country.
French revolutionary calendar
The French Revolutionary Calendar is also called the French Republican Calendar and was unsuccessful attempt"de-Christianization" of France. The calendar was used in France from October 24, 1793 until January 1, 1806, when it was finally abolished. The year of the beginning of the revolution (1792) was declared the beginning new era. The era "from the birth of Christ" and the beginning of the year on January 1 were abolished. Instead, each year began on September 22 (the first day of the Republic). Given that the calendar was introduced in 1793, it had a 1st year, instead, the countdown immediately started from the 2nd year.
Roman calendar
The Roman calendar is a perfect example of what a calendar shouldn't look like. This chronology, sometimes referred to as the "pre-Julian calendar", was created by King Romulus during the founding of Rome. The calendar had 10 months, a total of 304 days, and an additional 61 days that were not included in any month or week. Since the months did not coincide with the seasons of the year, King Numa Pompilius added two extra months, januarius (January) and februarius (February). Subsequently, the pontiffs added additional months for their own personal purposes. Some of them were even bribed to add or reduce the length of the year. Julius Caesar later introduced the Julian calendar after he became pontiff.
Aztec calendar
The Aztec calendar was made up of two different calendars: Xiupoualli and Tonalpoualli. The regular Xi'poualli calendar had 365 days, divided into 18 months of 20 days each. Five extra days were added at the end of the year, and another 12 days were added every 52 years. IN ritual calendar tonalpoualli had 20 months divided into 13 days, i.e. there were 260 days in a year. Each of these 260 days was designated by a separate symbol and was dedicated to a specific god. Both calendars coincided once every 52 years, and the Aztecs believed that the world could be destroyed at the end of each such cycle. To avert impending doom, they performed a 12-day ritual called the New Fire Festival, during which they practiced human sacrifice.
Instruction
The calendar allows you to fix dates and measure time intervals. This is necessary to register events in chronological order. Since ancient times, calendars have been used to appoint church holidays- including those that do not have an exact date, as in the case of Easter. IN secular life wage, interest payments and other liabilities are also tied to time intervals.
The main types of calendars are solar, lunar and lunisolar. The length of a day is determined by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. The lunar month is tied to the revolution of the moon around the earth. The solar year is given by the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.
Ancient Egyptians, Maya and most modern countries follow the solar calendar. It is tied to the length of the solar year, which has 365.2422 days. The civil calendar has been corrected for the integer 365, and the missing fractional part is taken into account by adding one day to the leap year.
IN lunisolar calendar an attempt was made to match the duration of the solar year with the lunar months by means of fittings. This is the official Jewish calendar in Israel.
in different historical periods attempts have been made to improve timing. The problem is that both the solar year and the lunar month contain fractional parts that can be taken into account in different ways. This is done with the help of amendments with a certain frequency.
Greek calendar. The year consisted of 354 days. Every 8 years, 90 days were added to it, divided by three months.
The Roman calendar consisted of 10 months, then two more were added. Around 451 BC. the beginning of the year was moved to January 1 and the sequence of months was brought to the current form.
Julian calendar. At first, the dates did not coincide with the natural seasons. After the reform of Julius Caesar, a leap year appeared. The Julian calendar is called the "old style".
August calendar. When Caesar died, a leap month was added not every four years, but every three. This mistake was corrected by Emperor Augustus. He also changed the length of some months. As a result, the current system has emerged.
Chinese calendar. For several millennia BC. Emperor Yao ordered the creation of a calendar suitable for agricultural work. Until 1930, the peasants used the ancient calendar, then it was banned.
Gregorian calendar. Pope Gregory XIII added to the Julian calendar, and March 21 became the day of the vernal equinox. Since 1582, the so-called a new style. The correction of dates introduced confusion, because Gregory XIII ordered that corrections be made to past dates. Now the Gregorian calendar is used in Russia, the USA and other countries. The Gregorian calendar is consistent with natural phenomena, but it also has flaws. There is talk of improving and reforming the calendar.
Edwards' perpetual calendar is divided into quarters. Every week starts on Monday, which is convenient for business. Friday does not fall on the 13th. In the United States, they even submitted a bill to the House of Representatives to switch to this calendar.
Types of calendars
Calendar - reference edition, contains a sequential listing of numbers, days of the week, and months of the year, often with other details and illustrations.
For a whole year, he stands before your eyes, helping you plan your time correctly and achieve new successes. Perhaps there is no other subject that, with the same functional task, would be represented by such diverse solutions. Let's take a look at the motley variety of types of calendars together and take a closer look at each of them.
tear-off calendar- a pocket or wall calendar-book with loose-leaf sheets, where one sheet contains information on this day(rarely a week or a month). Often used as a wall calendar.
The tear-off wall calendar came into use more than a century ago, namely in 1885. Ivan Sytin, the owner of a large Moscow printing house, became its publisher. A publication that differed from all existing analogues affordable price and practicality, instantly gained popularity. Already the second issue of such polygraphy totaled over 8 million copies, and their production was put on stream. The tear-off calendar reached its peak of popularity in Soviet times, being an alternative to a book, which was not so easy to acquire, a prototype of an organizer and a means of political propaganda. These publications published helpful tips, cooking recipes, Interesting Facts and much more.
As a rule, they were of a thematic nature and everyone, depending on their interests and inclinations, could purchase products of one or another content. In Europe, there was also an analogue of the domestic tear-off calendar, which throughout the 19th century served as visual advertising and served as a pocket diary.
Flip calendar- a desktop or wall calendar-book, in which, after a specified period (day, week or month), pages are flipped (for example, on a "spring"). TO beginning of XXI century gained more popularity than tear-off.
Flip calendars are the most expensive kind of calendars. Often such calendars are called image calendars. The flip calendar will never get bored of its owner - after all, each page of such a calendar has a separate image. Quite often, a flip calendar functions as a mini-catalogue, with information about products and services corresponding to each month. Attaches a wall-mounted flip calendar, usually with a 5/16-inch diameter spring with a metal bolt for wall mounting.
Tambel calendar-- calendar in the form of a table, can be both pocket and wall or desktop.
Like other types of calendars, the timesheet calendar helps to plan time. First of all, this species calendars needed by accountants. After all, they count work time, hours of missed days, vacation or sick leave. Timesheet calendars truly help them in this. For ordinary people, the report card is the most reliable source of work and rest days in the coming year.
Externally, timesheet calendars are small A4 calendars. It used to be thought that these were desk calendars. Accountants put them on the table under a sheet of plexiglass and worked, looking at the calendar if necessary. Now the calendar is often hung on the wall next to the workplace. In general, everyone arranges this calendar in the way that is convenient for him.
The timesheet is compiled according to Labor Code Russian Federation and government decrees on the postponement of working days.
pocket calendar-- a small-format printed calendar of such a size that it can be put in a pocket (that is, no larger than a postcard). It is issued in the form of a table (one thick sheet) or a book (tear-off pocket calendar).
IN European countries pocket calendars have been known since early XIX century.
In 1885, Zemstvos received the right to issue calendars, and at the same time, the widespread production of cheap calendars, including small-format, pocket ones, began in Russia. Since calendars are issued for the next year, the year 1886 is considered the year of the beginning of the history of the domestic pocket calendar.
Pocket calendars were seen as the cheapest means of advertising as soon as they appeared, and as such were already in use in Europe throughout the 19th century. When good design and skillfully presented information, the calendar, unlike booklets, also has a utilitarian meaning, it is not thrown away immediately upon receipt by a potential client, but is stored for at least a year, thereby multiplying its advertising opportunities.
The first known Russian pocket calendars are the calendar issued as an appendix to the "Picturesque Everyday Calendar" for 1886 by I. N. Kushnarev and Co. and the calendar of the P. Van Dyck Heirs, Technical office and Warehouse of agricultural machines, implements and artificial fertilizers in Riga", printed by the M. Schulz printing house in Riga.
Pocket calendars pre-revolutionary Russia usually divided into three main categories: trade advertising calendars, business calendars (they are distinguished by strict information content and the absence of drawings), calendars for public education (issued by Sytin's publishing house).
Material for pocket calendars is used the most diverse. Calendars are printed on paper and cardboard, on tin, silk and leather. In the second decade of the 20th century, calendars appeared on aluminum, a metal that was just beginning to enter everyday life at that time.
poster calendar is the simplest kind wall calendar. It is a regular poster, on which, in addition to the image, there is also a calendar grid. Since these calendars are ordinary posters with a specific image, they fully possess all the properties of posters.
House calendars- This the new kind desktop calendars. When unfolded, the calendar is an A4 sheet with full-color printing on one side. However, when assembled, it turns into a triangular prism. In this form, the format of its two main sides is approximately 210 by 100 mm. Also, this calendar can have a spring and flip pages.
Since this type of calendar is volumetric figure, it attracts increased attention, in addition, many will like the process of its assembly.
Calendar - "pyramid". This calendar, just like the house calendar, after assembly is a three-dimensional figure, but not a prism, but a pyramid. This calendar looks more impressive than the house calendar, but because of the triangular edges, it will not be able to accommodate much information.
Calendar "hut". Imagine a house calendar or a pyramid calendar. And mentally make a bunch of holes in them. What you get will be a calendar-hut. This is the most original calendar, but also, like the pyramid calendar, somewhat of little functionality.
calendar-- a reference publication in the form of a medium-sized book in a thick cover, containing, in addition to the actual calendar pages, many other useful information, which may be needed at any time: a calendar for several years ahead, address pages, phone codes cities and countries, a table of public holidays of their country and foreign countries, vacation planning calendar table, time zone table, calculation units, world currencies, world maps and much more. It is an indispensable accessory and component of any planning of working time and fixing all the necessary useful information.
Meets all the requirements of its purpose for every day: convenient at work, on a trip, when used on weight, in limited time conditions, on the street, in a car, etc.
Bryusov calendar- The calendar is named after Jacob Bruce - the famous Russian leader science and military leader, associate of Peter I. The full title of the first edition is "Christian calendar or calendar. According to the old style or calculus for the summer from the incarnation of God the Word 1710. From the universe 7217. Printed in Moscow, the summer of the Lord 1709. December a day." The calendar, which became the model for all later publications with predictions, was first engraved in 1709 on copper and consisted of six separate sheets. The only complete copy of this calendar is kept in the Hermitage (in the collection of engravings and maps); an incomplete copy is in the public library.
For about 200 years, the calendar has been a desktop reference book for Russian farmers. Also contained astrological "omens of action for each day along the course of the Moon and the Earth"
organizer(eng. organizer) - originally a small book containing a calendar, address book and notepad, used to organize information about personal contacts and events. With development information technologies the book began to be replaced first by electronic organizers, then by pocket personal computers, computer programs and online organizers with additional features: reminder of upcoming events, protection and synchronization of information.
What is the year now? The question is not as simple as it might seem. Everything is relative. People have created calendars to measure the passage of time. But time is ephemeral, it cannot be caught, and the starting point cannot be marked. This is where the complexity begins. How to find a start? What to count on? And with what steps?
1. 2018 in Russia.
Most countries in the world follow the Gregorian calendar. Including Russia. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII to replace the Julian calendar. The difference between these two calendars today is 13 days, and it increases by 3 days every 400 years. That is why there is such a holiday as the Old New Year: it's New Year's Eve julian calendar, and some countries still celebrate it.
The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 in Catholic countries, and it was gradually spread to other countries.
2. 2561 in Thailand.
In Thailand, 2018 will be the year 2561. Officially, Thailand lives according to the Buddhist lunar calendar, in which the chronology begins from the moment when the Buddha attained nirvana.
However, they also use the Gregorian calendar.
3. 2011 in Ethiopia.
The Ethiopian calendar is 8 years younger than the regular calendar. Moreover, it has 13 months in a year. 12 months have 30 days and the last one is very short, only 5 or 6 days depending on whether it is leap year or not. In addition, their new day does not begin at midnight, but at dawn. The Ethiopian calendar is based on ancient calendar Alexandria.
4. 5778 in Israel.
The Jewish calendar is officially used in Israel along with the Gregorian. All Jewish holidays, days of remembrance and birthdays of relatives are celebrated in accordance with the first. Months start with new moon, and the first day of the year (Rosh Hashanah) can only be Monday, Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday. Therefore, in order for all this to work, the previous year is extended by one day.
The Jewish calendar takes its chronology from the very first new moon, which took place on October 7, 3761 BC.
5. 1439 in Pakistan.
The Islamic calendar is used to determine the timing of religious holidays and as the official calendar in some Muslim countries. The chronology begins with the Hijra, the first Muslim emigration to Medina (622 AD).
The day here starts at sunset, not at midnight. The beginning of the month is the day when the crescent first appears after the new moon. The length of the year in the Islamic calendar is 10-11 days shorter than the solar year.
6. 1396 in Iran.
The Persian calendar, or solar Hijri calendar, is the official calendar in Iran and Afghanistan. This astronomical solar calendar was created by a group of astronomers including famous poet Omar Khayyam.
The chronology starts with the Hijri just like the Islamic calendar, but it is also based on the solar year so the months stay in the same seasons. The week starts on Saturday and ends on Friday.
7. 1939 in India.
The unified national calendar of India was created not so long ago and introduced in 1957. It is based on calculations from the Saka era, ancient chronology, widespread in India and Cambodia.
In India, there are other calendars used by different peoples and tribes. Some begin the chronology with the death of Krishna (3102 B.C.); others date from Vikram's rise to power in 57; the third group, according to the Buddhist calendar, begins the chronology from the date of the death of Gautama Buddha (543 AD).
8. 30 year in Japan.
In Japan, there are 2 existing chronologies: one that begins with the birth of Christ and the traditional one. The latter is based on years of government Japanese emperors. Each emperor gives a name to his period: the motto of his reign.
Since 1989, there has been an "epoch of peace and tranquility", and the throne belongs to Emperor Akihito. The previous era - the Enlightened World - lasted 64 years. Most official documents use 2 dates: one according to the Gregorian calendar and one according to the current era in Japan.
9. 4716 in China.
The Chinese calendar is used in Cambodia, Mongolia, Vietnam and others Asian countries. The chronology begins with the date when Emperor Huangdi began his reign in 2637 BC.
The calendar is cyclical and is based on the astronomical cycles of Jupiter. Within 60 years, Jupiter circles the Sun 5 times, and these are the 5 elements of the Chinese calendar. One circle of Jupiter around the Sun takes 12 years, and these years get their names from animals. 2018 (Gregorian) will be the Year of the Dog.
10. 107 in North Korea.
The Juche calendar has been used in North Korea since July 8, 1997, along with the chronology of the birth of Christ. Countdown - 1912, birth year of Kim Il Sung, founder North Korea and the eternal president of the country. His year of birth is year 1; There is no year 0 in this calendar.
When writing dates, both calendars are used. Gregorian calendar year written in parentheses next to the year according to the Juche calendar.
Not all peoples of the world celebrate the New Year on January 1st. Jews and Ethiopians meet it earlier than us, while Tuvans and Chinese meet it later. This is due to the fact that in different ethnic groups and religious denominations, different events and dates were chosen as the starting point of time. Jews count from the creation of the world, Christians - from the day of the birth of Christ, Buddhists - from the date of the death of Buddha. True, in international use today only the Christian Gregorian calendar is used - this is dictated by considerations of practicality. The Islamic calendar is official only in Saudi Arabia and some other states of the Persian Gulf. Rest Muslim countries use it only for religious purposes.
In India, there are more than twenty systems of chronology, in Nepal - a little less, but both Delhi and Kathmandu are still forced to focus on the calendar adopted by the rest of humanity. However, this one, taken as universal system chronology is rather conditional. After all, if you mentally imagine the 3.35 billion years that have passed since the formation of the Earth as one day, then the first signs of life on the planet were found around noon. Man, according to this time scale, appeared four seconds before midnight, and the time studied by history (the last 6-7 thousand years) lasts only a quarter of a second.
Who is counting from where?
The Orthodox Church follows a calendar in which the chronology is from the creation of the world. Orthodox believe that this happened in 5508 BC. e. This year was taken as the first, and March 1 was considered the day of the new year. According to this calendar, March 1, 2016 will be the year 7524.
According to the Jewish calendar, the creation of the world took place almost 2 thousand years later than according to the Orthodox. Therefore, the Jewish New Year, which has already arrived on September 16, has serial number 5777.
The Chinese date back to 2637 BC. e. It was then that the first calendar in the history of mankind was compiled. According to the Chinese lunar-solar-Jupiter calendar, 2016 will come on January 28 and will be the 4714th in a row. In addition, in China there is a cyclic system of chronology: once every 60 years, each of the twelve animals lunar cycle combined with one of the five elements (wood, fire, metal, water and earth). 2016 will be the year of the Fire Monkey.
The historian Timaeus introduced Ancient Greece calendar in which the chronology was carried out from the year of the first Olympic Games. The Olympics - the Greek year - lasted 1417 days (i.e. every 4 years). Following the Timaeus, the next year will begin on August 8, 2016, when the next Olympics kick off in Rio de Janeiro. He will be the 699th in a row.
The ancient Romans counted the chronology from the day of the founding of Rome. The next Roman year will be 2769.
Buddhists count down from the day the Buddha died. According to their lunar calendar change year will happen January 29. For Buddhists, this will be the year 2559.
The Christian (Gregorian) calendar counts from the birth of Christ. New Year - 2016 from the birth of Christ.
According to the Ethiopian calendar, the birth of Christ occurred 6 years and 8 months later than is customary in the rest Christian world. This is how the Ethiopian calendar lags behind the Gregorian. Therefore, the new year 2010 in Ethiopia has already arrived.
Muslims count years from the year of the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. Under Caliph Omar I (634-644), this year was declared the beginning of the Muslim era. In order to convert the Muslim calendar into the Christian one, it is necessary to subtract 622 from the year according to the Christian calendar and multiply by the correction factor 1.03069 (the Muslim year is shorter than the Christian one by 11 days). So 2016 will be 1436 for Muslims.
It was introduced on November 24, 1793 and canceled on January 1, 1806 (years are counted from the moment the First french republic). Then it was used during the days of the Paris Commune in 1871. Each year in this calendar begins on the day of the autumnal equinox (September 21 or 22). Accordingly, in France in September the 224th year could come.
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