The first exhibits in the Polytechnic Museum appeared in 1872. For a century and a half, the collection has grown so much that the halls cannot accommodate it: part of the collection is stored in the depository. However, every visitor can get into this kind of museum behind the scenes on an excursion. We present the 5 most valuable exhibits from the open funds of the Polytechnic Museum.
Camera Photographe Chevalier
The Photographe camera is one of the first arrivals to the museum from the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition in 1872. This is a box magazine daguerreotype camera with a combined P.V.C. (Photographe à Verres Combinés), in which the cassettes inside the cassette magazine are moved manually. Both the camera and the photographic lens were designed by the optician and physicist Charles Louis Chevalier in 1840.
In 1843, Sergei Levitsky, the first Russian photographer and court photographer, traveled around the Caucasus and took photographs there. His camera was equipped with a P.V.C. Levitsky sent some of his best daguerreotypes to Charles Chevalier. In 1849, at the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris, for daguerreotypes with views of Pyatigorsk and its environs, the optician Chevalier was awarded Golden medal. It was the first highest award in the history of photography. So the P.V.C. became known among his contemporaries - he was popular with photographers until the 1860s.
Pavel Schilling's telegraph apparatus
The Schilling telegraph is the first electromagnetic telegraph in world history. Only two genuine Pavel Schilling apparatuses exist today. One of them is stored in the Central Museum of Communications in St. Petersburg, the other is in the exposition of the Polytechnic Museum. Both devices were restored in 1886 - on the centenary of the birth of the inventor - by the chief mechanic of the St. Petersburg telegraph Ivan Derevyankin.
Schilling, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, demonstrated the "long-range warning machine" for the first time in his apartment in October 1832. Two devices of the world's first electromagnetic telegraph line stood in different rooms. Using a special code, they transmitted numbers and letters at a rate of 10 characters per minute. Sessions of "communication" were arranged regularly, they could be attended before the Christmas holidays. Emperor Nicholas I attended one of the demonstrations.
The invention of the electromagnetic apparatus was an important scientific event: the telegraph code for the apparatus laid the foundations for encoding information, which are still used today.
Franz Aepinus Achromatic Telescopic Microscope
The Polytechnic Museum houses the only copy of the world's first achromatic telescopic microscope, made by master Johann Gottlieb Tiedemann according to the design of Franz Aepinus.
The first achromatic microscope was designed by Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Epinus in 1784. He used the achievements of the mechanic Leonhard Euler, who owned the idea of lens achromatization, and the mathematician Nikolai Fuss - he produced necessary calculations. The image quality in the Aepinus microscope was an order of magnitude higher: the achromatic objective smoothed out some of the noise.
In the history of science, the Aepinus microscope occupies a special place. It was the first microscope created on the basis of mathematical calculations, and not the selection of lenses by experience. Franz Aepinus wrote about him: “If my new microscope does not immediately force me to abandon and forget all those that currently exist, then after a few years it will not be possible to find anyone who would use other microscopes than the one I invented”.
In 1805, the rector of Dorpat (now Tartu) University Georg Parrot ordered a microscope from the German optician Johann Tiedemann. In 1827, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences purchased one of these microscopes from Dorpat University. This helped to preserve it for posterity: the second copy was lost during the occupation of Tartu in 1942.
"Indicator of hours of the entire globe" To determine the local, church time and geographic longitude of Peter Khavsky
"The clock pointer the globe”appeared in those years when the idea of a unified time system was just in its infancy. Calculations for the clock were prepared by a specialist in Russian chronology, Pyotr Khavsky, in the 1850s. The Polytechnic Museum keeps the first author's copy, which was made by watchmaker and engraver Dmitry Gavrilov. On the dial there is an inscription: "Composition by P. Khavsky, and edition and device by D. Gavrilov." Preserved advertisement, from which it is clear that the sentry produced devices of different designs.
The names of 135 cities, the time and meridians of which can be determined relative to zero points - Ferro Island, Moscow, Paris, are placed on the dials of the "Clock Pointer".
The device has a special scale that allows you to convert church time into civil time and vice versa. How to apply it, Pavel Khavsky described in detail in a brochure describing the watch. The scale helped historians who worked with ancient chronicles: with its help, scientists accurately calculated civil time Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.
Car "Russo-Balt K12 / 20"
The Polytechnic Museum has a collection of unique cars manufactured before 1918. Among them is the Russian car "Russo-Balt K12 / 20" of 1911. This is the only one that has survived to this day. a car this brand.
IN Russian Empire Russo-Balt cars were produced using advanced technologies. In particular, for the first time in our country, an engine was installed on a K12 / 20 model car, all cylinders of which were cast in one block. The car developed a speed of up to 60 km / h. They drove the K12 / 20 with landole bodies famous poet, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, retired Prime Minister Count Sergei Witte, Prince Boris Golitsyn, industrialist Emmanuel Nobel.
The exhibit, which is stored in the Polytechnic Museum, was discovered in 1963 in the city of Kimry, Kalinin Region (today Tver Region). The car belonged to the steam boiler mechanic Alexander Orlov. He bought a car in 1929 and drove it for almost 13 years, until the car broke down: the owner forgot to drain the water from the engine cooling system for the winter. In 1966, Russo-Balt acquired the Gorky Film Studio, and in the same year it was bought from the studio by the Polytechnic Museum. To the 50th anniversary of the Great October revolution the car was restored at the Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Institute, and soon it took its place in the exposition.
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At the opening of the exposition “Russia. XX I century: challenges of the times and development priorities” at the State Museum modern history Russia. The general director of the museum I. Velikanova is speaking. Photo by A. Torin.
On Constitution Day, a new exposition was opened at the Museum of Modern History of Russia. It was called "Russia. XXI Century: Challenges of the Time and Priorities of Development” and covers the history of the present - from perestroika to the present day. The opening ceremony was attended by the Minister of Culture of Russia Vladimir Medinsky and the Minister of Education and Science Russian Federation Olga Vasilyeva.
The exposition is located in six halls. with total area 700 sq. m. As artistic solution The exposition chose the image of the path - difficult, multi-plot, sometimes tragic, which the country has passed over the past three decades. hallmark The project was a combination of authentic exhibits and multimedia technology. The All-Russian State Television and Radio Company rendered great assistance in creating the exposition by providing newsreel footage. major events recent decades, as well as the International information Agency Rossiya Segodnya, which acted as the general partner of the project. The museum received invaluable assistance from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and its director A. Sorokin, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its director Yu. Petrov, and the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Attention of visitors State Museum modern history of Russia for the first time in post-Soviet period Was presented museum exposition dedicated difficult path which our country has passed over the past three decades.
According to CEO Museum of Modern History of Russia Irina Velikanova, the project presented to the attention of visitors can be compared with a multimedia reader, which is based, on the one hand, on documentary chronicles, eyewitness accounts and direct participants in the events, unique documents and exhibits, and on the other hand, the latest technologies, with the help of which information is provided.
According to the Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva, new project Museum is the basis for further research on current political and social issues.
“We have been restoring this building for the third year already, we are overhauling it in parts,” Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky noted in his speech. - Next year we will deal with the branches of the museum. The building of the former English Club in Moscow should become one of the most visited museum spaces in the capital.”
Currently, the exposition of the exhibition “Russia. XXI century” contains 1,400 items and 10,000 documents, however, this is by no means the limit. According to the organizers, the exposition will be updated almost in real time, incorporating all the most important evidence of time. In order to “immerse yourself in the era”, 14 multimedia kiosks are located in six halls, when accessing which you can learn in great detail about the events that took place, listen to audio and video recordings. Some of them are made especially for the museum. The interview of Admiral Igor Kasatonov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet in 1991-1992, about the circumstances of the division of the fleet between the Russian Federation and Ukraine and his refusal to take the oath to Kyiv will arouse considerable interest among visitors.
Among the exhibits presented to the attention of visitors are relics from the inauguration of the first and last President USSR Mikhail Gorbachev and the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, personal belongings of the defenders of the House of Soviets of the RSFSR ("White House") in August 1991, a sheet with the inscription in blood "Do not shoot at us!", Which was hung in the window by the hostages during the tragic events in Budennovsk in June 1995, personal items people's deputy USSR Galina Starovoitova. The exhibition presents the personal belongings of the Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin and Yevgeny Primakov. It is all the more valuable that the organizers of the project did not set themselves the task of condemning or extolling any of the active participants in the events of the 1990-2000s. This exhibition rather encourages reflection on the causes and consequences of events that our entire multinational people witnessed until recently.
Exhibition showcase dedicated to tragic events in Moscow on October 3-4, 1993. Photo by A. Torin.
In the halls devoted to the modern period, a special place is given to the referendum in the Crimea in March 2014. Using a special multimedia program, everyone can study in detail the history of the Crimea - from joining the Russian Empire in 1783 to recent events. The exclusive exhibit of the exhibition was the pen with which the President of Russia Vladimir Putin signed the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea and the Formation of New Subjects within Russia.
Exposition dedicated to the reunification of the Crimea with Russia. Among the exhibits on the right is a voting ballot for the all-Crimean referendum on March 16, 2014. In the center is the pen with which the President of Russia signed the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea and the Formation of New Subjects within Russia. On the right - the order of the President on the signing of this Treaty. Photo by A. Torin.
An important place at the exhibition is given to the development of science and technology in modern Russia. Among the most valuable exhibits is a fairing from the first rocket launched in April 2016 from the Vostochny cosmodrome to Far East; model of the launch vehicle "Angara"; space suit of pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin. Military developments also found a prominent place in the new exposition. recent years- tank T-14 "Armata" and Russian military equipment "Warrior".
Model of the T-14 "Armata" tank, presented at the exhibition. Photo by A. Torin.
The exhibition presents exhibits illustrating Russia's participation in peacekeeping operations, as well as current events unfolding in Syria. Among them is a valuable trophy: the black flag of the Daesh terrorist organization, captured during the liberation of Palmyra.
Model of the offshore ice-resistant fixed platform (OIRFP) "Prirazlomnaya". Photo by A. Torin.
Significant emphasis within the framework of the exhibition is given to the development of the North. The showcase dedicated to this issue presents a capsule with the first Arctic oil, as well as a model of an ice-resistant oil platform"Prirazlomnaya". The museum presents personal belongings of the famous Russian polar explorer, Hero Soviet Union and Hero of Russia Artur Chilingarov. Visitors to the exhibition can see a mock-up of the Mir submersible (bathyscaphe), on which, during the Arktika-2007 expedition, people reached the bottom at the geographic North Pole. The expedition members managed to prove that the Lomonosov Ridge, in the area of which, according to preliminary data, there is up to a quarter of the world's hydrocarbon reserves, is part of the Russian continental shelf.
The unique interactive map "Russia-My Motherland" became the central multimedia object of the exposition. It includes 15 information layers and 1500 downloaded objects. The map allows you to get comprehensive data on the subjects of the country, their history, peoples and religions, cultural and natural wealth.
The final chord of the project was the demonstration of the panoramic video film "Symbols of Russia", the leitmotif of which was the theme of unity and traditions Russian people- from the adoption by the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavich of baptism in Chersonese to modern stage development of the Russian Federation. Thus, the visitor of the exhibition feels that new pages of history are being created before his eyes, and he himself is a direct participant in this process. I would like to hope that this exhibition will gain popularity not only as a museum object, but also as a source of formation of a balanced view of the past and present of our country.
copper money Imperial Russia. The day before, a numismatic exhibition opened in the capital. Among the presented exhibits are the rarest samples minted back in the time of Peter the Great.
It's hard to believe that copper nickel can cost seven million rubles. In 1723, Tsar Peter rejected this coin and did not let it go into mass production. Now only sophisticated numismatists know about it. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that this is the first attempt to create a bimetal coin to protect the treasury from counterfeiters. In those days, only a jeweler could insert a bronze pin into it.
"In addition to the difficulty of reproducing facial and reverse side, in the edge design, this bronze pin was additionally included, so round, small in size, which turned the coin into a bimetallic one. The level of counterfeiting of that time did not allow repeating such technology," says coin expert Andrey Fedorin.
The uniqueness of the exhibition itself lies in the fact that Russian small coins are collected here. 623 copper coins were held by the contemporaries of Peter the Great, Catherine and other glorious monarchs. That is why they are expensive, because gold and silver money lay in the treasury or were buried in the ground. Thus, they were withdrawn from circulation, and therefore preserved as good as new.
"There are gold coins that are not at all expensive, for example, coins of the period of Nicholas II, the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th, which are very cheap, in fact, at the cost of the metal, at the cost of gold. But there are copper coins, which are much more expensive than gold," explained Igor Lavruk, the organizer of the exhibition.
Along with the square nickels minted by Catherine II, defective specimens are on display. According to technological requirements, they should have been sent for remelting. How they got into the hands of collectors is not known. While the exhibition is open, visitors can take the money in their hands, view it in all the necessary projections, but this is of no use to professionals, they already know how Soviet money is different from the old ones. They were banned from use by several monetary reforms.
"The money issued under Peter I had circulation under Catherine II, under Paul, under Nicholas II, they were always in circulation. Continuity was constantly present," said Vladimir Kazakov, a numismatist.
Peasant Russia kept polushkas, nickels and dimes in anticipation of future acquisitions. The most profitable investment is a cow. It cost one and a half rubles. If the grandfather began to raise funds for the breadwinner, the grandson could already be guaranteed to become its owner. With the money collected in this collection, you can not even buy a herd of cows, but a pasture with elephants.
Google's Cultural Institute is a model example of a modern virtual museum. Started in 2011 as a project dedicated exclusively to art museums, the resource now includes a section on history as well as the most amazing places on the planet. In addition to viewing pictures in high resolution site offers virtual tour with a spectacular interface and audio guide. Here you can find sites such as the galleryTate in London, galleryUffizi ,
Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC, uzei d'orsay in Paris, Royal Museum in Amsterdam and others. Recently Google digitized last Venice Biennale contemporary art. The project deserves special attention. Street art from all over the world street art.
Guggenheim Museum
But most famous museums today they consider it necessary to form a virtual collection on the network, once again confirming their possession of masterpieces and distributing high-quality reproductions of their paintings. In particular, the Guggenheim Museum has created an online collection with a convenient rubricator by name and direction, thus uniting the collections of all four cities where the museum is located, and other projects of the Guggenheim Foundation. Virtual Museum includes many options: among other things, it is an informative site with lectures and videos on various topics.
Virtual tours of the Louvre in Paris
The Louvre is not represented in the Google cultural project (which was discussed above), preferring to develop its own online platform. On its website, the museum allows you to walk through several rooms. The foot of the walls of the royal palace on the first floor of the museum, a hall with relics of antiquity and ancient egypt can be seen as a virtual panorama.
Museum of History and Science Oxford
On the website of one of the world's most famous science museums, you can see photos and panoramas of expositions. All this is part of one big virtual tour of Oxford . Of the notable exhibits of the virtual museum is the board on which Einstein wrote during the famous lecture at the university in 1931. A whole nostalgic project has been created on the museum website Farewell board! » , which was attended by British celebrities like Brian Eno and Robert May. It turned out nice.
George Washington Mount Vernon Virtual Museum
A free tour of the cradle of American democracy, the George Washington Mount Vernon Museum. The place where the first president of America worked and lived has been digitized by the creators of the museum with incredible care. Detailed online tour with photos, information blocks, audio guide on English language also supported by a video with actors in costumes late XVIII century. Everything to immerse yourself in the atmosphere of a historical place.
Virtual Museum of Things Thngs.co
The young project, which has already won recognition among IT industry specialists and ordinary users, will appeal to those who are interested in the history of things and are inclined to create own collections. The authors themselves call their site Facebook for things. Each item or category of items has its own timeline, where you can track the evolution of the object in a historical perspective. The viewer is offered only the facts: year, place and appearance. Focus on objectivity and simplicity distinguishes this project from others. It will help to verify this, in particular, compilation items of the Soviet heritage. The project was launched recently, but promises to rapidly develop and grow.
Project Europeana
Rather, this is a project of an encyclopedic nature, but due to the emphasis on visual culture, it is quite drawn to the title of a museum. The resource allows the user to go on a real virtual tour of the subject that interests him, whether it is bicycles from the beginning of the 20th century, antique vases or postcards with views of St. Petersburg. You just need to enter the data, the era - and the resource will issue a list of images, texts, videos and sound tracks to help make the perception of the subject as voluminous and complete as possible.
World Digital Library
Similar to Europeana, but already Russified, the World Digital Library project can also provide useful facts and images on any topic. The site is aesthetically pleasing and easy to use, so you can get stuck studying the laws of the times for a long time. Kievan Rus or a chronicle of the 1947 U.S. Baseball Championship out of sheer curiosity.
National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC
American National Museum natural history allows you to walk through the halls, examine in detail the fossils of ancient creatures, collections of insects and birds, and even Egyptian mummies presented in the exposition. In general, to completely immerse yourself in the history of natural history, even if you do not have the opportunity to visit the museum in real life. The site also has a large section with interactive materials and videos on topics.
NASA Museum
Fans of the space theme cannot pass by a virtual project dedicated to the history of the world-famous US space agency. The launch of the resource was timed to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the organization in 2008. In addition to the successes of American astronautics, it is quite clearly shown here technical details space shipbuilding and launching spacecraft, and a good-natured robot will guide you on what to click on next.
" - This international project about the first Russian space travel. The exhibition was the result of an extensive study that lasted five years. Scientists and museum workers from Russia and England bit by bit collected archival documents and memorabilia belonging to the pioneers of astronautics in order to reveal the personal stories of people who participated in the creation of the space age.
The initiators of the exhibition are London's Science Museum and Natalya Sidlina, who later became the organizer of the exhibition from the English side, and now is the curator of the Russian collection at the Tate Gallery.
After the exhibition was held in London and Moscow, a virtual catalog of the exposition was created. The platform for it was the "Wikipedia of things" Thngs - an international startup originally from Russia.
The Village talked to the creators of the exhibition and asked them to select seven iconic items from which it would be better to start getting acquainted with the project.
Natalya Sergievskaya
Deputy General Director for Development of the Polytechnic Museum, curator of the exhibition
"Space: the birth of a new era"
The idea was not only to tell the facts about the Russian cosmonautics. Our goal is to tell about the legend, about the destinies amazing people involved in the first flights into space. How the impossible becomes reality.
could have gone simple way to make an exhibition: collect an exposition from models and exhibits from Russian museums. But it became clear that if we launch such a large unique project, then it is necessary to show those objects that no one has ever seen before. The team collected authentic "documents" of those first space flights: real flying vehicles, technological layouts ships, stations, moon rovers, which were the most breakthrough inventions of that time.
involved in the negotiations a large number of Russian enterprises space industry. After all, the exhibition is made up of exhibits from more than 25 collections. On the one hand, there were large fantastically beautiful objects that were unrealistically difficult to transport across the border. On the other hand, a huge array of archival materials was shoveled. The organizers met with the living cosmonauts of the first galaxy, such as Tereshkova, Leonov, and with the relatives of Korolev, Gagarin, and with a large number of other people involved in the first flights, which no one in Russia had ever heard of.
The idea of the exhibition was to talk about those dreamers who did not think that space flight was impossible. They just flew.
At some point, they managed to convince the organizers that the exhibition should be shown in Moscow, otherwise most of objects that we read about as schoolchildren in textbooks will return to closed enterprises and no one will ever see them again. It was decided that the exhibition should take place at VDNKh. All participants in a rather complex organizational process (VDNKh, the Polytechnic Museum, Science Museum and ROSIZO) tried to agree on how much the concept of the exhibition would change. It seemed that it would be strange to make the exhibition exactly the same as in London, given the level of awareness of the Russian audience about the history and heroes of Russian cosmonautics. We decided to shift the focus, emphasizing the fantasticness of what our compatriots have done, we talked about space as a dream.
In addition to spacecraft, the exhibition also included works of art - it was they who created the aura of dreams, hopes and fantasies that came true. Among them were, for example, the works of avant-garde artists of the early 20th century, which were created at the same time when the first designers and the first ideologists of space flights (Korolev, Glushkov, Tsiolkovsky) dreamed of what now seems to be the norm, but then it seemed absolutely impossible. Works of art were presented from the collection Tretyakov Gallery, Museum of Architecture named after Shchusev, private collections.
In the section devoted to the stay of man in space, we placed architectural watercolors Galina Balashova, who in reality was engaged in the design of the very interiors that people dreamed of at the beginning of the "space" age. Art permeates the entire exhibition with a parallel thread - the thread of a dream.
Dima Devinn
co-founder and CEO of Thngs
We are building the Wikipedia of Things. You can find interesting things on Thngs, and soon it will be possible to discuss them, collect them, and even buy some of them. Right now we are focused on working with museum collections, their digitization and the publication of online exhibitions. This is a very interesting format, at Thngs the exhibitions take place outside the usual museum space and are not limited in time - anyone can access the exhibits and their stories, wherever he or she is. It is a kind of building bridges between cultures: for example, a student from Tokyo or an astronaut from California has access to knowledge about the Soviet space program, as well as the dreams and values of that time through the screen of their device. And it's just beautiful.
The ORM-52 liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory under the direction of Valentin Glushko. It became one of the most powerful engines from the early ORM series. He worked on a mixture of kerosene and nitric acid and produced a very significant power for his time - 300 kgf. Thanks to this, ORM-52 was used in one of the first experimental liquid-fuel rockets - RLA-2. In accordance with the project, the rocket was supposed to rise vertically, reach a height of four kilometers, and then release a parachute with meteorological instruments installed at the top. In the wake of the success of the ORM-52 engine, several more powerful liquid engines were developed after a number of attempts: from ORT-53 to ORM-70, which could produce up to 600 kgf of power.
Scale: 1:10
Sputnik-3 was created at OKB-1 (now RSC Energia). He became in fact the first satellite really prepared for scientific work. Sputnik-1 was made for the sake of the very fact of launching an object into space, and Sputnik-2 was designed in a hurry - for the anniversary of the October Revolution. "Sputnik-3" was much larger and contained a large number of various measuring instruments. It was equipped with a tape recorder for recording telemetry, experimental solar batteries and a radio beacon powered by them, as well as sensors for registering cosmic rays, radiation levels, analyzing solar radiation, and others.
The launch of Sputnik-3 took place on May 15, 1958 with the help of a modified R-7 launch vehicle: an additional rocket unit was needed to launch a payload weighing 1327 kg. The device successfully entered an elongated elliptical orbit and remained in it until April 6, 1960. As a result of the launch of Sputnik-3, a whole family of similar devices was created.
Armchairs for three crew members entered Voskhod with difficulty. I had to sacrifice comfort - the astronauts had to dodge to see the control panel. In addition, the means of evacuation also did not fit, and the astronauts did not leave the board throughout the entire mission. The return rocket slowed down the speed of the ship descending to Earth.
Dimensions: 0.6 × 0.85 × 2 m
Weight: 85 kg
"Krechet" was developed at the research and production enterprise "Zvezda" them. G. I. Severin in the framework of the Soviet "lunar program". Since it was very different from the American counterpart, completely different requirements were imposed on the suit, which ultimately allowed the developers to set several technological records. So, "Krechet" could provide autonomous work of an astronaut on the Moon for 10 hours, which is enough for a five-kilometer walk.
The spacesuit was provided with two independent air conditioning systems: one provided uniform circulation and regeneration of the atmosphere, and the other (CVO, presented here) - heat removal. To do this, a special overall was put on under the Krechet, into which it was sewn into total about 100 meters of pipes through which water flowed. Thus, it was possible to remove about 400 W of heat. But you have to pay for everything: the weight of the suit filled with water was more than three kilograms, and the Krechet suit was not intended to be put on at all - it was so large and heavy that it had to be "entered" through a hatch in the back. "Krechet" was never used for its intended purpose due to the cancellation of the "lunar program". However, most of his systems, including the KVO, found application in the development of spacesuits of the Orlan series, which are still used to work in outer space.
Scale: 1:3
Dimensions: 1.3×1.25×1.85 m
Weight: 40 kg
The station was developed at the design bureau of the Khimki Machine-Building Plant named after S. A. Lavochkin in order to deliver a sample to Earth lunar soil. For this, Luna-16, in addition to the landing platform, was equipped with a return rocket and a return vehicle. The launch took place on September 12, 1970, and on September 20 the station softly landed. Due to restrictions on the mass of the reentry vehicle, the landing point was chosen so that the initial trajectory of the rocket on its way to the Earth was as close as possible to the vertical with respect to the surface of the Moon, which greatly simplified maneuvering and trajectory correction. As a result, the station landed almost on the equator, in the Sea of Plenty, setting a record for the maximum mass delivered to the moon. After the soil was taken, the return rocket was successfully launched.
, steel , fiberglassA key mechanism that is still used today for docking spacecraft in space - for example, for docking additional modules to a space station. Developed at the Energia Design Bureau in the early 1970s. Docking units are divided into two main classes: active-passive and universal. In the first case, the units on two docking ships are not symmetrical, most often one has the shape of a pin, the other is a cone. Such a system is more accurate in guidance, but not universal: two spacecraft with the same (pin-pin or cone-cone) units cannot dock. To eliminate this shortcoming, an androgynous unit was developed: one APAS could always dock with another, regardless of whether it was passive or active. For the first time, APAS-75 was used in July 1975 during the Soyuz-Apollo experimental flight. With the help of the APAS system, the ships successfully docked twice and in total were in a docked state for almost 47 hours. Later, more advanced modifications appeared - APAS-89 and APAS-95, the latter is still used today. The International Space Station also uses a similar system, the Single Docking Mechanism, through which the H-II Transfer Vehicle, Cygnus and Dragon SpaceX ships dock with the station.
Photos: Polytechnic Museum/Thngs
