What concepts are used in the analysis of dramatic works. Analysis of a dramatic work

The inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish it from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. hard to find good text, in which there are no these members of the sentence, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which are presented below, are an attribute only of written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same minor ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called secondary members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: the definitions are high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. His group: addition horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. So, additions are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances are adverbs or participles, as well as nouns.

Sometimes there is a polysemy of the secondary term: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk left without delay.

The secondary member to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (what?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both a circumstance (lies (where?) on the paws) and an addition (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is definition

Definition - such a secondary member of the sentence, to which you can ask questions: “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”

Distinguish agreed and inconsistent definitions. Gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

A definition can be an adjective, a noun, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, and even an infinitive. They extend the subject, object, and circumstance.

For example:

The last leaves hung from the frozen branches.

The definition of the latter refers to the subject leaflets; the definition of frozen refers to the addition-circumstance on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of the sentence can carry the main semantic load subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to get out into a stuffy city.

Here the role of the definition village is very interesting, without which the subject inhabitant would not make sense. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in this example, the subject is a villager.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and non-agreed definitions can express the following meanings:

1. item quality ( Nice dress, interesting book).
2. Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
3. Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
4. Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
5. Attitude to another object (clay vase - clay vase).
6. Affiliation ( maternal heart mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Definitions agreed can act as the following parts of speech:

• Adjective name (children's toy, deep lake).
• Pronoun (your car, a certain amount).
• Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
• Numerals (eighteenth fighter, first student).

Between this definition and the word to which it refers, there is an agreement in gender, number and case.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

Here are the following agreed definitions:

History (whose?) Ours - pronoun;

History (what?) majestic - adjective;

Centuries (how many?) Twenty - numeral.

As a rule, the agreed definition in the sentence is before the word to which it refers.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive kind is the inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Verb-infinitive.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) With classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

Inconsistent definition expressed comparative degree adjective: a person (what?) is more friendly.

Let's analyze the sentence, where the definition is expressed by the infinitive:

I had great opportunity come to the beach every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The examples of sentences discussed above allow us to conclude that this type of definition is most often found after the word to which it refers.

How to distinguish an agreed definition from a non-agreed one

In order not to get confused about which definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

1. Find out what part of speech the definition is.
2. Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (agreement - an agreed definition, control and adjacency - an inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - connection agreement, definition meowing - agreed; a box made of wood - communication control, the definition of wood is inconsistent.
3. Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it, an inconsistent definition. Examples: a meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it is after the main word; deep ravine - the definition is agreed, it stands after the main word.
4. If the definition is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: it was (what?) neither fish nor meat. Phraseologism neither fish nor meat acts as an inconsistent definition.

A table will help distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions.

The concept of isolation

Situations often arise when in a sentence there are separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require separation by appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks, it should not be confused, for example, with commas with homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different characters in isolation is a gross mistake, which indicates a misunderstanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than separating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

• The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
• How are the members of the sentence participating in the isolation expressed (the definition itself and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separation of agreed definitions

If the agreed definition is after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

1. It is a participle. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participle turnover, which is located after the word basket being defined.
2. It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, you could see everything that was happening in the yard. Here, the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is required to put commas, because this revolution is located after the word glass, which is being defined.
3. Definitions are necessarily separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is in front of the defined word days, respectively, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
4. Definitions are not common, they are in the sentence after the word being defined. Eg: South night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definition black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the union and. There may be such an option: the southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, the union is absent, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word to which it refers, so it is not required to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from home, loneliness is somehow felt in a special way.

The definition far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is not clear.

Separation of the agreed definition, which is before the word being defined, is necessary if it has the meaning of cause or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult transition, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition exhausted by a long transition is isolated, because it is used in the sense of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by a difficult transition, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition has a concession that has not yet been planted with greenery: despite the fact that the trees have not yet been planted with greenery, they are elegant and festive.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Separate inconsistent definitions are a rather rare phenomenon. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection by agreement.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed new definition, so it needs to be isolated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by accident we met Andrey, in the dust, tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is related to the consistent definition of tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases when there are isolated inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in pressed uniforms, happy and contented.

In this case, it is possible not to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed: happy, satisfied.

IN classical literature one can meet both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearin candles, in travel silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in overcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to replace the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In a sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in travel silver chandeliers is isolated, but Tolstoy's sentence of the same construction is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks in the definitions in overcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in overcoats.

Application as a special kind of definition

A special kind of definition is an application. It is always expressed by a noun. Applications and inconsistent definitions should be distinguished. The latter are associated with the word being defined by means of control, while between the application and the main word there is an agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You like Chief Engineer should oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white coat made the guys grumble.

In the first case, we have an application engineer. Let us prove this by declining the main and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. The connection between the words is clearly visible agreement, respectively, we have an application. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is control, so here we observe an inconsistent definition.

In addition, the application simply names the subject differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of its sign.

Application isolation

A single application, as a rule, is written with a hyphen: hostess sister, lord commander. IN certain cases the application will be isolated. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is separated. Examples:

1. Does she, an excellent student, take care of the control.

Here the application of an excellent student refers to the pronoun to her.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We isolate the application reason, because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. Brave Captain, a thunderstorm of the seas, easily passed any reefs.

The thunderstorm application is a common one (thunderstorm (what?) of the seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone's favorite, received the best gift.

The application universal favorite is used after the word girl being defined.

Applications are separated with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification (with it there is a union like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (reason value).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning of "as" is not isolated. For example:

How school discipline mathematics develops well logical thinking. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. Separation is not needed.

If standalone application located at the end of a sentence - it can be distinguished with a dash. For example:

The rest of the sisters are similar to each other - Elizabeth and Sophia.

The application Elizabeth and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so a dash is separated.

Isolation(separated by commas) inconsistent definitions also depends on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (circumstantial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.

However, in general, the isolation of inconsistent definitions is less categorical than the isolation of agreed definitions. It occurs in the event that in this context it is required to highlight any feature, to strengthen the meaning expressed by it.

Conditions for separating inconsistent definitions

A) The definition expressed indirect cases nouns (usually with prepositions)

1. Noun definitions are isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(M. Gorky).

2. Noun definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress with black headband, sitting Carolina(Goncharov).

3. Noun definitions are isolated if they form a series of homogeneous terms with a preceding or following separate, agreed-upon definition:

This crowd people gaily dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses, made a strange impression(Arseniev).

4. Noun definitions are usually isolated if they refer to own name, because they complement, clarify the idea of ​​​​a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head and in a shawl sitting on the couch(Goncharov).

5. Definitions-nouns are usually isolated if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives an additional characteristic to the person. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note!

1) When placing punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type of a minor member expressed by a noun, since it can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed: came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. - Mother came out in a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) Separation of inconsistent definitions, expressed by a noun, is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to the person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of intentionally separating the turnover from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

women, with a long rake in hand, wandering into the field(Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in hand does not refer to the predicate wander, and to the subject women(“Women with a rake”, not “wandering with a rake”).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander in the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced subordinate clause or a standalone offer. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev). - Wed: This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Other guys, come on, looked at us with delight(Trifonov).

2. A definition with the form of the comparative degree of an adjective is not isolated if it is closely related to the noun being defined:

But at other times it was not man is more active (Turgenev).

C) Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb

1. A definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash) if it has an explanatory meaning and you can put words in front of it, namely. In oral speech, such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this lot is beautiful - to shine and die(Bryusov).

2. The definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is not isolated if it forms a single phrase together with the noun. Usually such definitions are in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind(Kuprin).

Note!

1) Infinitive definitions are marked with a dash, not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition, expressed by the infinitive, is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this the question is to leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since there was only one choice - lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the last(L. Tolstoy).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they refer to their own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous terms with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, in front of which words can be put without loss of meaning, namely: I went to you with pure motives, with only desire- do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

A) The definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (often with prepositions)

1. when referring to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in a new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where,in a black dress, with black headband , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if they form a series of homogeneous members preceded or followed by a separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people, colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arseniev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement, clarify the idea of ​​a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

5. Noun definitions are usually isolated, if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives an additional characteristic to the person. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

1) When placing punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type of a minor member expressed by a noun, since it can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed:came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came outin a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) The isolation of inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to the person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of intentionally separating the turnover from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

women, with a long rake in hand , wandering in the field (Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in hand does not refer to the predicate wander, but to the subject women (“Women with a rake”, not “wandering with a rake”).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander into the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced by a subordinate clause or an independent clause. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Force, stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). -Wed:This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other Guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the noun it defines:

But at other times it was not human more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed in the indefinite form of the verb

1. The definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash), if it has an explanatory meaning and it can be preceded by the words viz. In oral speech, such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten Anddie (Bryusov).

2. Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), does not separate if it forms a single phrase together with a noun. Usually such definitions are in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind (Kuprin).

Note! G

1) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition, expressed by the infinitive, is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Topic exercises

"Separation of agreed definitions"

Exercise 1. Find isolated or non-isolated definitions in sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. The weather, which had been frowning in the morning, began to gradually clear up (Arseniev). 2. He already opened his mouth and got up a little from the bench, but suddenly, stricken with horror, he closed his eyes and fell off the bench (M. Gorky). 3. Seized with evil despair, I saw around only these waves with whitish manes (M. Gorky). 4. Overwhelmed by some kind of vague premonition, Korchagin quickly dressed and went out into the street (N. Ostrovsky). 5. Meresyev sat silent and anxious (Field). 6. A stoker who looked like a Negro passed by and did not close the door near me (Bunin). 7. While the chariot, accompanied by barking, rolls with a roar along the bridges through the ravines, I look at the piles of bricks left over from the burnt house and drowned in weeds and think about what old Kologrivov would do if he saw impudent galloping around the yard of his estate (Bunin) . 8. Pavel went into her room and tiredly sat down on a chair (Field). 9. The fire of a bomb that exploded near him instantly illuminated two people standing at the top and white foam greenish waves cut by the steamer (L. Tolstoy). 10. A heavy, unheard-of roar shook the air (A.N. Tolstoy). 11. Chichikov only noticed through the thick cover of pouring rain something like a roof (Gogol). 12. Frightened by the noise, the badger rushed to the side and disappeared from sight (Arseniev).

Exercise 2. Place the missing punctuation marks.

1. The girl plucked a sprig from a currant bush and, delighted with the aroma of buds, caught up with her companion and handed him a sprig (Prishvin). 2. In long beard the father of the archpriest and in his small mustache, connected with a beard at the corners of his mouth, a few black hair flashes, giving it the appearance of silver trimmed with niello (Leskov). 3. His eyes are brown, bold and clear (Leskov). 4. The sky is almost not reflected in the water, dissected by the blows of the oars of steamship screws with the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other ships plowing a tight harbor in all directions (M. Gorky). 5. A long dam lined with silvery poplars closed this pond (Turgenev). 6. She was in a white coat stained with blood in a scarf tightly tied to the very eyebrows (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. Long, girthy pines raised their wide arms and try to hold on to the clouds (Kuranov). 8. Angry in appearance, he was a good-natured soul (Fadeev).

9. Energetic, tall, slightly angry and mocking, he stands as if rooted to the logs, and in a tense pose, ready to turn the rafts every second, he vigilantly looks ahead (M. Gorky). 10. The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy (M. Gorky). 11. Mountains resembling a flock of clouds protruded from the sea, and behind them swirled clouds resembling snowy mountains (Krymov). 12. The ringing of anchor chains, the rumble of coupled wagons carrying cargo, the metal shriek of iron sheets falling from somewhere on the stone of the pavement, the dull thud of wood, the rattling of cab carts, the whistles of steamboats, then the piercingly sharp, then the dull roaring cries of loaders, sailors and customs soldiers - all these sounds merge into deafening music labor day(M. Gorky). 13. And the people themselves who originally gave birth to this noise are ridiculous and pathetic: their dusty, ragged, brisk figures, bent under the weight of goods lying on their backs, fussily run here and there in clouds of dust in a sea of ​​heat and sounds, they are insignificant compared to the iron colossi surrounding them piles of goods, rattling wagons and everything they created (M. Gorky). 14. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked over the stones (M. Gorky). 15. He is a very kind person, but with rather strange concepts and habits (Turgenev). 16. But paying two hundred and three hundred rubles for something at least the most necessary suddenly seemed to them almost suicide (Goncharov). 17. The next day we learned that Soviet intelligence entered the city, but shocked by the monstrous picture of flight, she stopped at the slopes to the port and did not open fire (Paustovsky). 18. Obviously, Arzhanov, depressed by memories, fell silent for a long time (Sholokhov). 19. He looked around and saw that an overturned and long-torn apart truck lying on the road was smoking quickly flaring up (Field). 20. The dawn came, and Kazbek (Zabolotsky) lit up in the fire, chained in snow with a two-headed fragment of a crystal. 21. And the prisoner in the correct square either rushes about and rushes over the fence, then silently flies around the garden (Shefner). 22. I never entered the house, sat on a bench and left unnoticed by anyone (Nikitin). 23. But besides the song, we also had something good, something we loved and, perhaps, replaced the sun for us (M. Gorky). 24. He stood surprised unexpected meeting and, also embarrassed, was about to leave (N. Ostrovsky). 25. Soft and silvery, it [the sea] merged there with blue southern sky and sleeps soundly, reflecting in itself the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds of motionless and not hiding the golden patterns of stars (M. Gorky).

Topic exercise

"Separation of inconsistent definitions"

Exercise 1. Find inconsistent definitions in the sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. One of them was Stoltz, the other was his friend, a full writer with an apathetic face, thoughtful, as if sleepy eyes (Goncharov). 2. Blue in the constellations lasts midnight (Lugovskoy). 3. It was Lyoshka Shulepnikov, only a very old crumpled one with a gray mustache, unlike himself (Trifonov). 4. The desire to talk with her daughter disappeared (Trifonov). 5. Broad-shouldered, short-legged in heavy boots in a thick caftan the color of road dust, he stood in the middle of the steppe as if carved out of stone (M. Gorky). 6. And all of her in an old tunic with a burnt-out cap on dark blond smooth hair seemed to Alexei very tired and tired (Field). 7. The next morning, Luzgina, in a smart blue silk dress with whipped bouffants of light blond hair, fresh, ruddy, lush and fragrant with bracelets and rings on her plump hands, hurriedly drank coffee, afraid to be late for the ship (Stanyukovich). 8. The lifter at the entrance, gloomy with drooping cheeks, greeted Lyosha with a nod of his head (Trifonov). 9. Suddenly out of the white door with frosted pimply glass came out old woman with a cigarette in his mouth (Trifonov). 10. In a white tie in a dandy overcoat wide open with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone (Turgenev). 11. Elizaveta Kievna with red hands in a man's dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes did not come out of memory (A.N. Tolstoy). 12. I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this (L. Tolstoy). 13. With her defenselessness, she evoked in him a chivalrous feeling to shield protect protect (Kataev). 14. Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, an elevated and playful note is heard - one of the waves crept closer to us more boldly (M. Gorky). 15. Suddenly, everyone left work, turned to face us, bowed low, and some older peasants greeted their father and me (Aksakov). 16. Older children were spinning under his arms (Rylenkov). 17. So I have only one dubious pleasure to look out of the window at fishing (Kuprin). 18. She was pursued by a secret dream of going into the partisan underground (Fadeev). 19. Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times (M. Gorky). 20. On the bridge, dressed in raincoats with short-brimmed southwests on their heads, are the captain and the watch officer (Stanyukovich).

REPEAT! FIXING!

LESSON #53

Subject. Separate inconsistent definitions

Purpose: to deepen students' knowledge about the isolation of definitions; develop their punctuation skills; instill in children a love for the Russian language.

Expected results: students recognize separate agreed and inconsistent definitions; make sentences with separate definitions; correctly intonate these constructions and correctly punctuate them.

Equipment: textbook, didactic material, cards.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes

I. UPDATING STUDENTS' BASIC KNOWLEDGE

- Examination homework.

- Explanatory dictation.

Gnarled oaks and elms, broken by thunderstorms, raised their old hollow trunks to the sky. (M. Gorky) The shores overgrown with forests languished with their monotony. (V. Shishkov) Surprised, the boy seemed to freeze in place. The flame ran over to the needles and, fanned by the wind, flared up with a groan and whistle. (B. Polevoy) Gifted with extraordinary strength, Nikolai worked for four people. We are full of impressions, returned from the tour.

- Card work.

CARD 1

Insert after the highlighted words separate definitions expressed by participial phrases, and write down the resulting sentences.

Sample: The house was at the very end of the street. The house was at the very end of the street that led into the fields.

The boat was stuck on still water. Asphalt highway passed near the house. There were colorful pebbles in the stream. The boy took a stick and began to stir the wood in the fire. Olga was talking on the phone.

CARD 2

Write down the sentences, replacing the nouns to which the definitions refer with personal pronouns.

Sample: Frightened Natasha sat quietly. Frightened, she sat quietly.

The travelers, soaked in the rain, settled down by the fire. The ironed dress looked very elegant. A cheerful and lively girl excitedly talked about her trip. The annoyed father fell silent. The traveler who experienced the difficulties of the campaign was not afraid of either heat or cold.

CARD 3

Make up sentences using these constructions as separate definitions related to personal pronouns.

Tired of hard work. Exhausted from the heat. Serious and attentive. Joyful and lively. Proud of trust.

CARD 4

Insert 2-3 single definitions after the word being defined and write down the resulting sentences.

Sample: The wind stirred the young leaves. The wind, warm and damp, stirred the young leaves.

The hum was gradually approaching. Two lights burned brightly in the night sky. Twilight covered the city more and more densely. The dog lay lazily around the fence. The trees were barely visible in the distance.

CARD 5

Spread single participles and put the resulting turns after the words being defined.

The sound of falling water is heard. Song being performed I loved it. I listened to the sounds of a babbling stream. We threw dry branches into the burning fire. The fallen petals of bird cherry float on the water.

II. MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS' LEARNING ACTIVITY. ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC AND LESSON OBJECTIVES

- Assignment to students.

Compare offers. Make a conclusion about the role of isolated definitions and about ways of expressing them. What definitions are called inconsistent?

Mother entered majestically.

Mother entered majestically, dressed in a lilac dress with lace.

Mother entered majestically, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around her neck. (M. Gorky)

III. PERCEPTION AND ASSEMBLY OF LEARNING MATERIAL

- Word of the teacher.

After the defined word, the following are separated:

1) inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective with dependent words: A red beard, much darker than hair, framed his face;

2) an inconsistent definition with a proper name or personal pronoun: Ferapontov, in a waistcoat, in a chintz shirt, stood at a shop overlooking the street. (L. Tolstoy);

3) an inconsistent definition, expressed by a comparative degree without dependent words, if there is already an agreed definition with the noun being defined: Another boy, older, was called Petrusha.

Remember! The inconsistent definition, expressed by the infinitive of the verb, is separated by a dash (if you can ask a question exactly?): Since childhood, he dreamed of only one thing - to become a geologist.

- Work with the textbook.

Reading theoretical material.

- Make a summary of the teacher's lecture.

- With. 172-173.

- Training exercises.

1. Find isolated inconsistent definitions. Explain punctuation marks.

Denis Antonovich, without a jacket, in slippers on his bare feet, was sitting at a large table with a newspaper. (A. Koptyaeva) A force stronger than his will threw him out of there. (I. Turgenev) Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for themselves, for their neighbors. (V. Ketlinskaya) Younger Cossacks willingly competed in the felling. (M. Sholokhov) Today, in a new blue hood*, she was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M. Gorky) The patient, in a white hood, all lined with pillows, was sitting on the bed. (L. Tolstoy)

2. Find definitions. Place punctuation marks and explain them.

She was very beautiful with a bright blush on her cheeks and sparkling eyes. A huge poster about two meters long hung over the stage. A tall man with cold gray eyes, strict and impregnable, he immediately made a depressing impression on me. Her young face, thinned by suffering, with a bulging forehead and beautiful ashy hair twisted in a braid around her head, was calm and impassive. (A. Tolstoy) In the morning, already in a coat with a briefcase in his hands, Ivan stood in the corridor and waited for someone. (A. Kuznetsov)

- Selective dictation.

Write out separate inconsistent definitions from the sentences (the signs are not placed) together with the word being defined. How are inconsistent definitions expressed? Arrange and explain punctuation marks.

Alena, with her cheeks red from the heat, ran now into the garden, then into the house, then into the cellar. (A. Chekhov) Uncle Matvey in a wet apron with a badge was watering the sidewalk with a hose. (Yu. Bondarev) A black puppy the size of a large toad rolled under our feet. (M. Gorky) Another room was called the hall almost twice as much. (A. Chekhov) Uncle Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream of becoming a carpenter. (K. Paustovsky) Varvara Pavlovna in a hat and shawl was hurriedly returning from a walk. (I. Turgenev)

IV. CONSOLIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND SKILLS

- Work with the textbook.

Doing exercises.

– 200 (in writing).

- 420 (in writing).

- Creative work.

Make up several sentences containing isolated homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions that characterize the hobbies, occupation, etc. of your family members.

Sample: Grandmother, who does not know rest, with constant knitting in her hands, loves to listen to the news on TV.

- Dictation with an additional task.

Write down the text from dictation. In the first sentence, replace the isolated definition with a non-isolated one, and in the first sentence of the second paragraph, replace the non-isolated definition with an isolated one. IN the last sentence enter an inconsistent isolated definition referring to a personal pronoun.

The sea, sighing lazily near the shore, fell asleep and motionless in the distance, bathed in the blue radiance of the moon. Soft and silvery, it merged with the blue southern sky there and sleeps soundly, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds, motionless and not hiding the golden patterns of the stars.

The dark, powerfully swept sea is lighter, in some places carelessly thrown glare of the moon appears on it. She has already floated out from behind the shaggy peaks of the mountain and now she is thoughtfully pouring her light on the sea, quietly sighing towards her.

(According to M. Gorky)

V. HOMEWORK

1. Learn theoretical material.

2. Prepare a description of one of the architectural monuments of Kharkov.

VI. LESSON SUMMARY

- A question for the students.

– What are the conditions for separating inconsistent definitions?

___________________________________________________________

* Hood - female home clothes free cut, a kind of dressing gown.

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