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Who are the Aryans and where did they come from? Who are the Aryans, where did they come from?

Who are the Aryans and where did they come from? Who are the Aryans, where did they come from?

17.02.2019

Aryans

(Sanskrit aryja, i.e. faithful; Persian airja and arija, hence Airjana - Iran, i.e. country of the Aryans) - a generally accepted name for the linguistic family of peoples inhabiting, with very minor exceptions, almost all of Western Asia and Europe and moved individual members to several tables. to America, Australia, Africa and Polynesia. The close and ancient kinship of the individual branches and members of this big tribe is already reflected in the similarity of physical type and in many character traits, which are especially pronounced in intellectual, moral and religious creativity individual peoples, as well as in their history. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages - Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to believe that most of European languages comes from one common, primitive language - Aryan. This issue of the relationship of languages was dealt with primarily by German scientists at the beginning of this century, among others Friedrich Schlegel (who introduced the name Indo-Germans), Franz Bopp and his school. Bopp and English scientists call these all related peoples Indo-Europeans, German scientists call them Indo-Germans, while the French simply call them Aryans. Last title Almost everywhere has now received the right of citizenship. By the latest research, all living and dead branches of the large Aryan root language can be counted eight. Two of them form the Asian group, while the remaining six form the European group of the Aryan indigenous language. The Asian group is embraced by: 1) Indian languages, headed by the Sanskrit language in its ancient form(the language of the Vedas), the oldest and most important language for linguistic research; 2) Iranian languages, also called Persian after their main language; their oldest branches are ancient Persians. language Achaemenian wedge-shaped inscriptions and ancient Bactrian, or Zendian. The European group is embraced by: 3) the Herako-Illyrian family of languages, from which we have very weak remains. The remnant of the Erakian languages is considered, and the Illyrian languages - the current Albanian; 4) Greek family; 5) Italic languages, the most important representative of which is the Latin language. This latter, again like vulgar Latin, i.e., like the language of the Roman colonists, is the ancestor of new Romance languages; 6) endangered languages of the Celts; 7) Slavic languages, the oldest form of which is the Church Slavonic language, together with the very related family Lithuanian and Latvian or Baltic, to which, in addition to Lithuanian and Latvian, the Old Prussian language also belongs; 8) Germanic languages. Where to look for the location of the primitive Aryan people is a rather controversial issue and in this regard scientists disagree; while earlier scientists indicate its location in the country near the upper Oxus and Jaxartes, the newest scientists (for example, Benfey, L. Geiger, F. Muller, etc.) speak out in favor of the Eastern or Central Europe, some even in favor of Scandinavia (Penka). According to the latest critical research (O. Schrader), the latter opinion has a b O greater probability than the first. In any case, primitive A. had already achieved quite high degree culture: they lived, as the studies of Kuhn, Max Müller, Schrader showed, in a fairly regular family organization, were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and sedentary image life. Their religion, based on the adoration of light, was a simple cult of nature. Likewise, regarding the question of how the branching of an entire primitive tribe into separate tribes occurred, different opinions prevail. Schleicher claims that first the main branch separated from the Aryans, which in turn split into Germans, Lithuanians and Slavs. The second main branch, which separated from the Aryans, embraced the later families of the Celts, Greeks (with Eraco-Illyrian tribes) and Italians. The last group, who left the original common residence, were Hindus and Iranians. The first descended through the Himalayan mountains to the Punjab valley, where the first Vedic hymns originated, and then spread along the entire coast of the Ganges. The Iranians, leaving old Bactria, occupied the entire Iranian plateau. Schleicher therefore accepts three groups: North-East European, South-West European and Asian. But the majority of modern linguists, contrary to Schleicher, are of the opinion that the indigenous language first split into two groups: Asian (Indians and Iranians) and European, the latter then branched out again (cf. A. Fick, “Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der J. Europas” ", Gettin., 1873). But still, the starting point for both opinions is the assumption that separate groups and families arose as a result of migration and actual separation from the primitive people or part of it. IN modern times The famous German linguist Johann Schmidt, in his work “Die Verwandschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen” (Weimar, 1872), expressed the opinion that there were no sharp breaks between individual Aryan families, but only gradual transitions. This opinion found few adherents. We owe a detailed and in-depth study of the common indigenous Aryan language mainly to Bopp and Schleicher, who with their writings laid the foundations of the newest science - Comparative Grammar. The main work of the first: “Vergleichende Grammatik” (6 parts. Berl., 1833-52; 3 ed. 3 vols., Berl., 1868-71); the second - "Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik" (4th ed. Weimar, 1876). An important essay on the issue of the Aryans, Pictet’s work “Les origines indoeuropéennes ou les Aryas primitifs” (Paris, 1878) is considered. The development of individual branches of languages was carried out mainly by: Jacob Grimm (Germanic languages), Miklosic (Slavic languages), Schleicher (Lithuanian and Slavic), Ebel (Celtic languages), Benfey, Pott, Curtius (Greek), Spiegel, Gaug, Justi, F. Müller (Iranian) and others. Since 1850, Kuhn published "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der deutschen, griechischen und lat. Sprachen") from 1856-76 together with Schleicher he published in Berlin " Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, kelt. Since 1876, both of these publications have been combined into one under the title "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischer Sprachen". Wed. Pesce, "Die Arier" (Jena, 1878).

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

See what “Aryans” are in other dictionaries:

See Arias... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ARYANS, Aryans, units. Aryan, Aryan, husband. (from Sanskrit arya noble). 1. Common name for Indian and Iranian groups of Indo-Europeans. 2. Same as Indo-Europeans. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ARYANS, ev, units. Aryan, yitsa, husband. 1. Name of peoples belonging to eastern branch Indo-European family languages. 2. In the terminology of racism, a representative of the “highest racial type"white people. | wives Aryan, I. | adj. Aryan, aya, oh. Intelligent... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ARIES, ARYANS (Sans.). Same as Indo-European peoples. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Aryans of the Aryans, units. Aryan, Aryan, m. [from Sanskrit. arya – noble]. 1. Common name for Indian and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Ev; pl. 1. The name of the peoples belonging to the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages (mainly Indians, Iranians). 2. According to racist ideas: representatives of the superior white race (in fascist Germany Germans). ◁ Aryan, Aryan; m.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Aryans- ARYANS, ev, pl (single Aryan, yitsa, m) and ((stl 8)) ARIES((/stl 8)), ev, pl (single Aryan, i, m). Group of peoples and tribes of the Indo-European linguistic community, who spoke the Indo-Iranian languages of the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages; people belonging to... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

An obsolete name for the Indo-Iranian peoples; see Arias... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Mn. The name of the peoples belonging to the Indo-European (primarily Indo-Iranian) linguistic community; arias II (in the predominantly racist German literature of the pre-war period, declared the superior race). Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T.F.... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

- ... Wikipedia

Aryans- Aryans, ev, units. h. Aryan, Aryan, creative. n. Aryan... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

Aryans. The first encyclopedia of the "Higher Race", Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich. There has never been such a book in Russia, and there cannot be one in the West! This is the first encyclopedia of the Aryans to recognize their leadership and decisive contribution to the development of humanity. All about the Higher Race of "blond...

Why was Hitler wrong? In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on history and myths about the Nordic race. He considered the Germans to be the descendants of the Aryans as a Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of European and Indo-Iranian civilization. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages - Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most European languages come from one, common, primitive language - Aryan. Even the German writer and linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed studying phenomena that could improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of humanity... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as “the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of the race.”

In 1928, the first eugenics law was passed in Europe in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under the eugenic law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in Germany judicial practice. In the future in Nazi Germany sterilization was used in relation to “inferior persons”: mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenics programs that were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as representatives of the “Aryan race”: Euthanasia T4 (extermination of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final Solution Jewish question, Plan "Ost".
All this was built on the idea of the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries within himself a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. Genetic genealogy methods allow you to gain access to that part of DNA that is passed unchanged from father to son through the direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests and genetic genealogy are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and indisputably indicate the degree of relationship of those tested. As a result of the fusion of an egg and a sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is passed on only from the father, so the number of repeats in the son's markers will be the same as in his father. The Y chromosome is passed down through generations from father to son without changes through centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of mutation, which occurs quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This allows you to reliably determine when the common ancestor in two male test subjects. After checking and combining the results of Y chromosome markers from a single human genome, the haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. When comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, you can trace the entire path of your ancestors this person for hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy provide results much greater than those of all archeology and anthropology combined.

Which haplogroup is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the spread of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

The Aryans spoke and wrote Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italian groups, including Latin languages. It was the language of the Celts and Slavs.

The progenitor of the Baltic and German languages. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, and had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing the deepest internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - they were the main ones actors world history.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. cornerstone their public life was big patriarchal family, typical for the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure material well-being and wealth, the cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.

The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses sunk into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like vans or tents; they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, and made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were good at the art of woodworking; it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made "sauma" - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Basic Principle, the spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a harsh patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are “lord of vast pastures”, “sender of beautiful horse wealth”, etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures and give herds of horses and bulls. In the Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding on horse-drawn chariots; their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, they donated ghee, sauma and milk to the gods. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians, along with it there was probably a less widespread cult of the beaver.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun. It is possible that the name “Arya” itself goes back to ancient name Sun - Svar, Svara.

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Under such a spread of languages and historical sources Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for the settlement of the Aryans.

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols, Buryats, etc.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b - ?
J2 - Turks.

The second density center of haplogroup R1a in India is upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same ancestors of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.
In total, there are more than a hundred haplogroups (with subvariants - 169), lettered from A to R. For example, A, B and E3a (Africa), C, E and K (Asia), I and R (Europe), J2 (Middle East ; Cohen modal group), Q3 (American Indians). We are interested in haplogroup R1a - Aryans. The ancestors of the Aryans descended from the same “Adam” who lived in northeast Africa and had the first common genetic marker M168. 50 thousand years ago, when about 10 thousand people lived on Earth, direct ancient ancestor non-Africans moved north and crossed the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. He became the progenitor of all people now living outside of Africa, in addition to the Africans themselves.

In the Arabian Peninsula, just beyond the Red Sea, the first mutation changed its common marker to M89. This happened 45 thousand years ago. This marker is now present in 90-95% of all non-Africans. The ancestor of the Aryans went further to the northeast, where in the territory modern Iraq the flow divided - part of our family continued to go north, and, having passed Syria and Turkey, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles went to the Balkans, Greece, Europe, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned to the right, walked along the northern part of the Persian Gulf, crossed Iran and Afghanistan , leaving the Hindu Kush ridge on the right, and rested against the Pamir mountains, at the Pamir Knot, where the mountains of the Hindu Kush, Tien Shan and Himalayas converge. There was nowhere to go further straight to the east. By this time, the direct ancestor of the Aryans mutated again, and became the carrier of the M9 marker, the marker of the so-called Eurasian clan. This happened 40 thousand years ago. There were several tens of thousands of people on Earth at that time. Several thousand years later, the Eurasian ancestor of the Aryans experienced another mutation, M45. This happened in Central Asia, 35 thousand years ago. Behind it is the next mutation, M207, already in the south of Siberia, 30 thousand years ago, on the way to the north. After this, the flow divided again, and at the latitude of the future Moscow, the Aryans turned west, to Europe, soon undergoing the M173 mutation. The rest of the tribe went further north, into the glaciers, eventually becoming Eskimos, some moved overland to Alaska and became American Indians. But they already had other genetic markers.

Approximately in the area of the future Novgorod-Pskov, the flow divided again. Some continued their journey to the west and came to Europe, bringing marker M173 there, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned south and settled along the way to the Black and Caspian Seas, in the territory of present-day Ukraine and southern Russia, earning the last mutation M17, 10- along the way. 15 thousand years ago. M17 mutation preserved among the Slavs. In the steppes of Ukraine and Russia, the ancestors of the Aryans thousands of years ago left a mass of burial mounds, in which they later found a lot of gold and silver jewelry. Here the Aryans first domesticated the horse many thousands of years ago. They were the first to speak a language that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages, including English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, several Indian languages such as Bengali and Hindu, and many others. Now about 40% of men living in Europe, especially in the north of France and in England and Germany, and as far as Siberia, are descendants of this haplogroup R1a. Aryan haplogroups.
4,500 years ago, the Proto-Slavs-Aryans appeared on the Central Russian Upland, and not just any Proto-Slavs, but precisely those whose descendants live in our time. 3800 years ago they built the settlement of Arkaim and the “country of cities” on Southern Urals. 3600 years ago the Arkaim left Arkaim and moved to India. Indeed, according to archaeologists, the settlement, which is now called Arkaim, lasted only 200 years.

What about the Germans themselves? Modern Germans are not only not Aryans, but for the most part they are not even historical Germans. In this sense, Swedes, Danes and Norwegians are more Germanic than the Germans themselves, and Austrian Germans can only conditionally be classified as a Germanic ethnic group.
As part of the modern German ethnos, groups I1a and I1c constitute a minority of about 30%, and the majority is the population with haplogroup R1b - 46% and represents the heirs of the historical Celts. In addition, a significant proportion of the modern German ethnic group, more than 8%, are descendants of Aryan-Slavs with haplogroup R1a.

Or did Hitler know?

German ethnographers considered the Slavs to be Aryans, this is clearly visible on a 19th century map from the bibliographic museum of the city of Leipzig:

In his Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (1855). Gobineau defined with this term the fair-haired and blue-eyed representatives of the white race, whom he considered as the highest level of this race and, therefore, of all humanity.

IN scientific literature the term fell out of use in the first half of the 20th century and is no longer used. The pseudoscientific nature of the term is derived from the confusion of linguistic and anthropological characteristics, since in linguistics Aryan languages are now called Indo-Iranian languages, and at the time the term arose - Indo-European languages in general; but the carriers of both those and others do not have common physical properties and do not form any race. Thus, the speakers of Aryan languages are such anthropologically different peoples as Ossetians, Persians, Tajiks, Gypsies, Indians and Veddas (the latter are generally Australoids). Anthropological diversity among speakers of all Indo-European languages much higher.

According to fashionable turn of XIX-XX centuries, according to theories that later formed the basis of Nazi ideology, the ancestral home of the “Aryans” (Indo-Europeans) is Northern Europe, and it is there that the most “pure Aryan racial type” has been preserved, while the inhabitants of other countries are the fruit of a mixture of “Aryans” with the aborigines. This led to the conclusion that racial superiority residents Northern Europe, supposedly the purest and most perfect bearers of the “Aryan spirit” (to which, in turn, all achievements were attributed European culture). Thus, Adolf Hitler said:

The "Aryan race" was opposed to the "Semitic race" represented primarily by the Jews, hence the term anti-Semitism. At the same time, the “Semitic race” was attributed purely negative qualities, which made it, in the minds of racists, the direct opposite of the “Aryan race”.

Notes

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2010.
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Arik Benado

See what the “Aryan race” is in other dictionaries: ARYAN RACE - a term used in racist concepts to designate the superior racial type of the blond Aryans (Aryans), the founders of great civilization Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

(see Racism) ... Aryan race - a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond Aryans (Aryans), the founders of a great civilization (Racism). Political science: Dictionary reference book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ...

Political science. Dictionary.- a term used in racist concepts to designate the "superior" racial type of Aryans (Aryans) (see Racism). * * * ARYAN RACE ARYAN RACE, a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

(see Racism) ...- A pseudoscientific term coined in mid-19th century by reactionary authors racial theories. The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages were called Aryan. But their carriers do not... ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

(see Racism) ... - pseudoscientific term, put forward in the mid-19th century. authors of reactionary racial “theories.” The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages are called Aryan. But their carriers... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Indigenous race- This article should be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page... Wikipedia

Mediterranean race- the currently accepted designation for those tribes that, according to Blumenbach’s terminology, belonged to the Caucasian race (see). All Europeans belong to the S. race, to the extent that they are not Mongol-like, all North Africans, to the extent that they are not part of... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

RACIAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCHOOL- (or anthroposociology) one of the influential schools in sociology and anthropology. 19 n. 20th century; basic the idea of the decisive influence of the racial factor on history. And cultural development peoples R. a. w. formed in conditions of growth... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Vril Society- Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia

Mein Kampf- (Mein Kampf My Struggle), a book by Hitler in which he detailed his political program. IN Hitler's Germany Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism, it became famous even before its publication, and many Germans believed... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

Books

Aryan Hyperborea. Cradle of the Russian World, Pavlishcheva Natalya Pavlovna. A new book from the author of the best-selling books “10 thousand years of Russian history. Forbidden Rus'” and “Veles’s Rus'. Chronicle of Ice and Fire”. New evidence of the antiquity and primogeniture of our Fatherland...

Have you looked? Now read:

In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

In 1928, the first eugenics law was passed in Europe in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under eugenic law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in judicial practice in Germany. Subsequently, in Nazi Germany, sterilization was used in relation to “inferior persons”: mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenic programs, which were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as a representative of the “Aryan race”: Euthanasia T4 (destruction of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final Solution to the Jewish Question, Ost Plan.

All this was built on the idea of the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries within himself a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. Genetic genealogy methods allow you to gain access to that part of DNA that is passed unchanged from father to son through the direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests and genetic genealogy are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and indisputably indicate the degree of relationship of those tested. As a result of the fusion of an egg and a sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is passed on only from the father, so the number of repeats in the son's markers will be the same as in his father. The Y chromosome is passed down through generations from father to son without changes through centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of mutation, which occurs quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This makes it possible to reliably determine when the common ancestor of two tested male individuals occurred. After checking and combining the results of Y chromosome markers from a single human genome, the haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. By comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, it is possible to trace the entire path of a given person's ancestors over hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy provide results much greater than those of all archeology and anthropology combined.

Aryans

The Aryans spoke and wrote Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of the groups of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italic, including Latin languages. It was the language of the Celts and Slavs.

Sanskrit was also the progenitor of the Baltic and German language groups. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing the deepest internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - they were the main characters in world history.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. The cornerstone of their social life was the large patriarchal family, typical of the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure of material well-being and wealth; a cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.
The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made “sauma” - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, ghee, sauma and milk were donated to the gods. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun.

Aryan expansion from 4000 to 1000 BC

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for such a distribution of languages and historical sources of settlement of the Aryans.

One of the centers of high density of haplogroup R1a is located in Russia. .

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b -?
J2 - Turks.

The second center of density of haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same descendants of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.

On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit / On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit

Year of manufacture: 1853
Author: A. Gilferding / A. Gilferding
Publisher: St. Petersburg, Printing Houses of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
Format: DjVu
Language: pre-reform Russian
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 321
Description: The famous work of A. Hilferding, in which, perhaps for the first time, a comparison of two languages - Russian and Sanskrit - was made.
Add. information: I'm not a linguist, so sorry if the description is not entirely accurate.
You can give yours.

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Meaning of the word Aryans

Aryans in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

Aryans

Aryans, units Aryan, Aryan, m. (from Sanskrit arya - noble).

Common name for Indian and Iranian groups of Indo-Europeans.

Same as the Indo-Europeans.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

Aryans

Ev, units Aryan, -yan, m.

The name of the peoples belonging to the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages.

In the terminology of racism, a representative of the “higher racial type” of white people. K. Aryan, -i.

adj. Aryan, -aya, -oe.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Aryans

pl.

Representatives, from the point of view of racists, of the Aryan - Nordic - race.

Aryans

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

an obsolete name for the Indo-Iranian peoples; see Arias.

Wikipedia

Aryans Aryans (National Socialism) or Aryan race

(the term comes from the word “Aryans” (Old Indian ā́rya-, Avest. airya-, Old Persian ariya-), which meant “worthy, respected, noble” in ancient Sanskrit) - a pseudoscientific term put forward in mid-19th century authors of racial theories and widely used by German National Socialists. Initially, the Aryan race was understood as a subtype, better known as the "Nordic race". The term was introduced by Joseph Gobineau in his Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (1855).

In scientific literature, the term fell out of use in the first half of the 20th century and is no longer used. The pseudoscientific nature of the term is derived from the confusion of linguistic and anthropological characteristics, since in linguistics Indo-Iranian languages are now called Aryan, and at the time the term arose - Indo-European languages in general; but the carriers of both do not have common physical properties and do not form any race. Thus, the speakers of Aryan languages are such anthropologically different peoples as Iranians and Indians. Anthropological diversity among speakers of all Indo-European languages is much higher.

According to the theories fashionable at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which later formed the basis of Nazi ideology, the ancestral home of the “Aryans”. Thus, Adolf Hitler wrote:

The “Aryan race” was opposed to the “Semitic race” represented primarily by the Jews, hence the term anti-Semitism. At the same time, purely negative qualities were attributed to the “Semitic race,” which made it, in the minds of racists, the direct opposite of the “Aryan race.”

Aryans (disambiguation)

Aryans- ambiguous concept:

Aryans or Aryan race- a pseudoscientific term put forward in the mid-19th century by the authors of racial theories and widely used by German National Socialists.
Aryans or Aryans - the name of the peoples speaking the languages of the Aryan group of the Indo-European family, derived from the self-name historical peoples Ancient Iran and Ancient India
"Aryans" is the colloquial name for members and fans of the rock group "Aria"

Examples of the use of the word Aryans in literature.

At the beginning Aryans appeared in the European zone of Scandinavia and the Balticum, that is, mainly in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland.

Some Indians believed that Aryans came with White Island, Sveta-dvipas, which, according to their ideas, was located in the Far North.

However, the brilliant poetry, wonderful imagery of thought and sublime philosophy of the later epic, which was inherited Aryans who conquered this country go back to concepts inherent in cosmic wisdom acquired over countless centuries of human exploration of space.

While race Mediterranean Sea, Semites and Aryans are recognized as standing at almost the same level, the Celto-Slavs turn out to be much lower than all the others.

He is even ready to agree with I-sa-a-com de la Pereira that Aryans were created one day earlier than the Semites.