Information sheet:
Wonderful cute tales of Leo Tolstoy make an indelible impression on children. Little readers and listeners make unusual discoveries about wildlife, which are given to them in a fabulous form. At the same time, they are interesting to read and easy to understand. For a better perception, some previously written author's fairy tales were later released in processing.
Who is Leo Tolstoy?
It was famous writer of its time and remains so today. Had excellent education, knew foreign languages, was fond of classical music. He traveled a lot in Europe, served in the Caucasus.
His author's books have always been published in large editions. Great novels and short stories, short stories and fables - the list of publications amazes with the richness of the author's literary talent. He wrote about love, war, heroism and patriotism. Personally participated in military battles. I saw a lot of grief and complete self-denial of soldiers and officers. He often spoke with bitterness not only of the material, but also of the spiritual poverty of the peasantry. And quite unexpected against the background of his epic and social works have become wonderful creations for children.
Why did you start writing for children?
Count Tolstoy did a lot of charity work. On his estate, he opened a school for peasants free of charge. The desire to write for children arose when the first few poor children came to study. To open them the world, plain language to teach what is now called natural history, Tolstoy began to write fairy tales.
Why is a writer loved these days?
It turned out so well that even now, children of a completely different generation, with pleasure perceive the works of the count of the 19th century, learn love and kindness for the world around them and animals. As in all literature, Leo Tolstoy was also talented in fairy tales, and loved by his readers.
The great Russian writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828–1910) was very fond of children, and he loved talking to them even more.
He knew many fables, fairy tales, stories and stories that he enthusiastically told to children. Both his own grandchildren and peasant children listened to him with interest.
Having opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, Lev Nikolayevich himself taught there.
He wrote a textbook for the smallest and called it "ABC". The work of the author, consisting of four volumes, was "beautiful, short, simple and, most importantly, clear" for children to understand.
Lion and mouse
The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; She said:
If you let me go, and I will do you good.
The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.
Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, ran, gnawed through the rope and said:
Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do you good, but now you see, sometimes good comes from a mouse.
How a thunderstorm caught me in the forest
When I was little, they sent me to the forest to pick mushrooms.
I reached the forest, picked mushrooms and wanted to go home. Suddenly it became dark, it began to rain and thundered.
I got scared and sat down under a big oak tree. Lightning flashed so bright that it hurt my eyes, and I closed my eyes.
Above my head something crackled and thundered; then something hit me in the head.
I fell down and lay there until the rain stopped.
When I woke up, trees were dripping all over the forest, birds were singing and the sun was playing. The large oak tree was broken and smoke was coming out of the stump. All around me lay secrets from the oak.
My dress was all wet and stuck to my body; There was a bump on my head and it hurt a little.
I found my hat, took the mushrooms and ran home.
There was no one at home, I took out bread from the table and climbed onto the stove.
When I woke up, I saw from the stove that my mushrooms had been fried, put on the table, and they were already hungry.
I shouted: "What are you eating without me?" They say: "Why are you sleeping? Come quickly, eat."
sparrow and swallows
Once I stood in the yard and looked at the nest of swallows under the roof. Both swallows flew away in my presence, and the nest was left empty.
While they were away, a sparrow flew off the roof, jumped onto the nest, looked back, flapped its wings and darted into the nest; then he stuck his head out and chirped.
Soon after, a swallow flew to the nest. She poked herself into the nest, but as soon as she saw the guest, she squeaked, beat her wings on the spot and flew away.
The sparrow sat and chirped.
Suddenly a herd of swallows flew in: all the swallows flew up to the nest - as if in order to look at the sparrow, and flew away again.
Sparrow was not shy, turned his head and chirped.
The swallows again flew up to the nest, did something and flew away again.
It was not for nothing that the swallows flew up: they each brought dirt in their beaks and gradually covered up the hole in the nest.
Again the swallows flew away and again flew in, and more and more covered up the nest, and the hole became tighter and tighter.
At first the sparrow's neck was visible, then one head, then the spout, and then nothing was visible; the swallows completely covered it in the nest, flew away and whistled around the house.
Two comrades
Two comrades were walking through the forest, and a bear jumped out at them.
One rushed to run, climbed a tree and hid, while the other remained on the road. He had nothing to do - he fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.
The bear came up to him and began to sniff: he stopped breathing.
The bear sniffed his face, thought it was dead, and walked away.
When the bear left, he got down from the tree and laughs.
Well, - he says, - did the bear say in your ear?
And he told me that bad people those who run away from their comrades in danger.
Liar
The boy guarded the sheep and, as if he saw a wolf, began to call:
Help wolf! Wolf!
The men come running and see: it's not true. As he did so two and three times, it happened - and a wolf really came running. The boy began to scream:
Come here, come quick, wolf!
The peasants thought that he was deceiving again, as always, - they did not listen to him. The wolf sees, there is nothing to be afraid of: in the open he cut the whole herd.
The hunter and the quail
A quail got caught in a hunter's net and began to ask the hunter to let him go.
You just let me go, - he says, - I will serve you. I'll lure other quails into the net for you.
Well, the quail, - said the hunter, - would not let you in anyway, and now even more so. I'll turn my head for what you want to give out your own.
girl and mushrooms
Two girls were walking home with mushrooms.
They had to cross the railroad.
They thought that the car was far away, so they climbed the embankment and went across the rails.
Suddenly a car roared. older girl ran back, and the smaller one ran across the road.
The older girl shouted to her sister: "Don't go back!"
But the car was so close and made such a loud noise that the smaller girl did not hear; she thought she was being told to run back. She ran back across the rails, stumbled, dropped the mushrooms and began to pick them up.
The car was already close, and the driver whistled with all his might.
The older girl shouted: “Throw mushrooms!”, And the little girl thought that she was being told to pick mushrooms, and crawled along the road.
The driver could not keep the car. She whistled with all her might and ran over the girl.
The older girl was screaming and crying. All the passers-by looked out of the windows of the carriages, and the conductor ran to the end of the train to see what had become of the girl.
When the train passed, everyone saw that the girl was lying head down between the rails and was not moving.
Then, when the train had already gone far, the girl raised her head, jumped to her knees, picked mushrooms and ran to her sister.
Old grandfather and granddaughter
(Fable)
The grandfather became very old. His legs could not walk, his eyes could not see, his ears could not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed back from his mouth.
The son and daughter-in-law stopped putting him at the table, and let him dine at the stove. They took him down once to dine in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it.
The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for spoiling everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in the pelvis.
The old man just sighed and said nothing.
Once a husband and wife sit at home and look - their little son plays planks on the floor - something works out.
The father asked: “What are you doing, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, I’m doing the pelvis. When you and your mother are old, to feed you from this pelvis.
Husband and wife looked at each other and wept.
They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to put him at the table and look after him.
Little mouse
The mouse went for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.
Mother asked:
Tell me, what kind of animals are these?
The mouse said:
One is terrible - his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are bulging, and his nose is hooked. When I walked past, he opened his mouth, raised his leg and began to scream so loudly that I didn’t know where to go from fear.
This is a rooster, said the old mouse, he does no harm to anyone, do not be afraid of him. Well, what about the other animal?
Another lay in the sun and warmed himself. His neck is white, his legs are gray and smooth. He licks his white breast and moves his tail a little, looks at me.
The old mouse said:
Fool, you are a fool. After all, it's a cat.
two men
Two men were driving: one to the city, the other out of the city.
They hit each other with sleds. One shouts:
Give me the way, I need to get to the city as soon as possible.
And the other one screams:
You give way. I need to get home soon.
And the third man saw and said:
Who needs it as soon as possible - he siege back.
The poor and the rich
They lived in the same house: upstairs, a rich gentleman, and downstairs, a poor tailor.
The tailor sang songs at work and prevented the master from sleeping.
The master gave the tailor a bag of money so that he would not sing.
The tailor became rich and guarded all his money, but he no longer began to sing.
And he got bored. He took the money and took it back to the master and said:
Take your money back, and let me sing songs. And then melancholy came upon me.
Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa. It was a fine day, with a fresh breeze blowing from the sea; but towards evening the weather changed: it became stuffy and, as if from a melted stove, hot air from the Sahara desert was blowing at us. Read...
When I was six years old, I asked my mother to let me sew. She said: “You are still small, you will only prick your fingers”; and I kept coming. Mother took a red piece of paper from the chest and gave it to me; then she threaded a red thread into the needle and showed me how to hold it. Read...
The father was going to the city, and I told him: “Dad, take me with you.” And he says: “You will freeze there; where you are." I turned around, cried and went into the closet. I cried and cried and fell asleep. Read...
My grandfather lived in a bee garden in the summer. When I visited him, he gave me honey. Read...
I love my brother anyway, but more because he joined the soldiers for me. Here's how it happened: they began to throw lots. The lot fell on me, I had to go to the soldiers, and then I got married a week ago. I did not want to leave my young wife. Read...
I had an uncle Ivan Andreevich. He taught me to shoot when I was 13 years old. He took out a small gun and let me shoot it when we went for a walk. And I killed a jackdaw once and a magpie another time. Read...
I was walking down the road when I heard a scream behind me. The shepherd boy screamed. He ran across the field and pointed at someone. Read...
In our house, behind a window shutter, a sparrow built a nest and laid five testicles. My sisters and I watched as a sparrow carried a straw and a feather to the shutter and made a nest there. And then, when he put eggs there, we were very happy. Read...
We had old man, Pimen Timofeevich. He was 90 years old. He lived with his grandson idle. His back was bent, he walked with a stick and quietly moved his legs. He had no teeth at all, his face was wrinkled. His lower lip trembled; when he walked and when he spoke, he slapped his lips, and it was impossible to understand what he was saying. Read...
Once I stood in the yard and looked at the nest of swallows under the roof. Both swallows flew away in my presence, and the nest was left empty. Read...
I planted two hundred young apple trees and for three years in spring and autumn I dug them in, and wrapped them in straw for the winter. In the fourth year, when the snow melted, I went to look at my apple trees. Read...
When we lived in the city, we studied every day, only on Sundays and holidays we went for a walk and played with our brothers. Once the priest said: “The older children should learn to ride. Send them to the arena." Read...
We lived poorly on the edge of the village. I had a mother, a nanny (older sister) and a grandmother. Grandmother went about in an old chuprun and a thin paneva, and tied her head with some kind of rag, and a bag hung under her throat. Read...
I got myself a setter for the pheasants. This dog was called Milton: it was tall, thin, speckled in grey, with long beaks and ears, and very strong and intelligent. Read...
When I left the Caucasus, there was still a war there, and it was dangerous to travel at night without an escort. Read...
From the village I did not go straight to Russia, but first to Pyatigorsk, and stayed there for two months. I gave Milton to a Cossack hunter, and I took Bulka with me to Pyatigorsk. Read...
Bulka and Milton ended at the same time. Old Cossack did not know how to deal with Milton. Instead of taking him with him only on a bird, he began to lead him after wild boars. And in the same autumn, the boar billhook speared it. No one knew how to sew it up, and Milton died. Read...
I had a muzzle. Her name was Bulka. She was all black, only the tips of her front paws were white. Read...
Once in the Caucasus we went hunting for wild boars, and Bulka came running with me. As soon as the hounds drove off, Bulka rushed to their voice and disappeared into the forest. It was in the month of November; wild boars and pigs then are very fat. Read...
Once I went hunting with Milton. Near the forest, he began to search, stretched out his tail, raised his ears and began to sniff. I prepared my gun and followed him. I thought he was looking for a partridge, a pheasant, or a hare. Read...
Despite the fact that Tolstoy was of the nobility, he always found time to communicate with peasant children, and even opened a school for them on his estate.
The great Russian writer, a man of progressive views, Leo Tolstoy died on a train at the Astapovo station. According to his will, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on a hill where, as a child, little lion was looking for a "green stick" that would help make all people happy.
Galimova E.
The attitude of the great writer to children
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"Novo-Aryshskaya secondary school" of the Rybno-Slobodsky municipal district
Republic of Tatarstan
ABSTRACT
Tolstoy and children
Completed by: 8th grade student
Galimova E.I.
Teacher Valeeva R.G.
S. Novy-Arysh
2016
Introduction
Main part
1. "Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood!" The story "Childhood".
2. Yasnaya Polyana. School for peasant children.
3. Stories about children and for children.
4. Stories about animals, fables, epics
5. "ABC" and "New alphabet"
Conclusion, conclusion
The literary world of L.N. Tolstoy opened up to us from the very early childhood. In his works, each person can find something of their own, see their problems, their pain. And in his opinion, the value of a writer was measured not by what he did for literature, but by what he did for life. L. Tolstoy left a truly huge legacy not only for adults, but also for children.
1. “Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood!” The story "CHILDHOOD".
“Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood! How not to love, not to cherish the memories of him? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of the best pleasures for me.
In spiritual purity, in freshness of feelings, in gullibility baby heart, sincere love for loved ones sees Tolstoy the happiness of childhood.
Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family lore, first impressions of life noble estate served as rich material for his works.
Autobiographical story "Childhood" - the brightest example realistic story about childhood
Childhood, fatherhood, home, family is the most sacred thing in the life of every person. This is a spiritual cell, where a deviation from the norms of morality will certainly affect, first of all, children: their development, upbringing, and knowledge. It is very important to instill morality and responsibility in children. The main thing is the development of the child through self-education and self-improvement.
In the implementation of this task, the role of the story “Childhood” by the great Russian writer-humanist L.N.
In it, Lev Nikolaevich spoke about the life of his family. The story begins with an acquaintance with the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, who is 10 years old. The boy was vaccinated from childhood good manners. And now, waking up, he washed, dressed, and the teacher Karl Ivanovich led him and younger brother say hello to mom. She poured tea in the living room, then the family had breakfast. This is how Leo Tolstoy described the morning scene. The author describes what feelings Nikolenka had for his parents - pure and sincere love. Nikolenka Irteniev, an impressionable and sensitive boy, in many ways resembles Leo Tolstoy himself. In thoughts, feelings and actions of Nikolenka, the writer always separated the truly human from everything imaginary, inhuman.
In "Childhood" received artistic expression Tolstoy's views on the upbringing of children. The writer categorically rejects violence as a means of education. The best is homemade, maternal.
Having lived to a ripe old age, Tolstoy did not stop loving his first work. “When I wrote Childhood,” he said in 1908, “it seemed to me that before me no one had ever felt and depicted all the charm and poetry of childhood.”
2. Yasnaya Polyana. School for peasant children.
Yasnaya Polyana peasants once asked the writer:
Lev Nikolaevich, you have been abroad. Is it better there?
No, - he answered, - there is nowhere better than your homeland. For me the best is Yasnaya Polyana
Here, in Yasnaya Polyana, he was visited by “the purest joy – the joy of nature. Here, in Yasnaya Polyana, in the early autumn of 1859, he opened a school for peasant children and taught history in it himself, taught reading, drawing and singing lessons, ordered to make abacus for arithmetic classes. He completely plunged into the life of the school and got carried away so much that he even thinks of leaving literary activity.. In small pink, in blue rooms, he quietly, pleasantly and simply told the children how the Russian people defended Sevastopol from the French.
Wait a minute, - a certain Petka interrupted the teacher's story, shaking his fists, - let me grow up, I'll ask them!
Leo Tolstoy emphasized that children from the people should receive the same knowledge as children from the upper class. In his opinion, peasant children should be introduced into the world of art and nobility. He helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. These schools existed on funds contributed by parents, who paid from 50 to 80 silver kopecks per month for the education of each child. Lev Nikolaevich invited teachers, helped them in compiling curricula tried to improve their material conditions. And this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London, was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium. Tolstoy outlined his ideas in articles, arguing that the basis of education should be the freedom of the student and the rejection of violence in teaching. “I could write whole books about the ignorance that I saw in the schools of France, Switzerland and Germany,” he makes unflattering comments after his trips, condemning, above all, bureaucratic and formalism.
From February 4, 1862 to March 1863, Lev Nikolayevich published the monthly pedagogical magazine Yasnaya Polyana with books for reading as an appendix and essays by children. Conclusions from your pedagogical experience the writer formed in an essay with a defiant title: “Who should learn to write from whom: peasant children from us or us from peasant children?”. According to Tolstoy, peasant children keep the spiritual purity and naturalness lost in the educated estates. Their teaching of values high culture hardly necessary. On the contrary, the writer himself, while studying with them, found himself in the role not of a teacher, but of a student.
3. Stories about children and for children.
"The great writer of the Russian land" is rightly called Leo Tolstoy. Undoubtedly, worldwide fame the writer was brought adult works, but there was also Leo Tolstoy for children.
In his work, two main directions of the children's theme stand out. The first direction is Tolstoy's works about children. These include, first of all, the stories “Childhood”, “Boyhood”, “Youth”, the second direction is a cycle of works for children, which include “ABC”, “New ABC”, “Books for Reading”, the story “ Prisoner of the Caucasus».
Dedicating works to children, the writer tested almost every one of them by their perception, often making his little readers co-authors. This fact is instructive in all respects: both the manifestation of the deepest trust in children, and the decision to awaken their creative powers, and the desire not only to teach, but also to learn from them the language and attitude to the world around them.
Counting childhood important period in life, L. Tolstoy pays much attention to the images of children, especially peasant ones. He notes their impressionability, curiosity, responsiveness. The stories of Leo Tolstoy are imbued with love for children, they are ingenuous and simple, their morality is on the surface, but at the same time they are devoid of deep moralizing.
In one of his articles, L. Tolstoy wrote that children love morality, but only smart, not "stupid".
I make great demands on children's literature,” said Tolstoy. - Oh, how difficult it is! It's so easy to get sentimental here. Robinson is an exemplary book.
Stories for children can be divided into two types: stories for toddlers andstories for older children
Stories and fairy tales for little ones are dedicated to children from three to five years old.
The fairy tale "Three Bears" tells about the girl Masha, who got lost in the forest. She came across the house and entered it. The table was laid, on it stood three bowls of different sizes. Masha tasted the stew, first from two large ones, and then ate all the soup, which was poured into a small plate. Then she sat on a chair and slept on the bed, which, like the chair and plate, belonged to Mishutka. When he, together with his parent bears, returned home and saw all this, he wanted to catch girl, but jumped out the window and ran away.
In the stories for older children, peasant children are shown in their native environment, against the background of village life, peasant life. Peasant children are smart, quick-witted, hardworking. The writer reveals these qualities of children in their actions, in actions, in relations with others..
One of the attractive images is the inquisitive, persistent boy Filipok (the story "Filipok"). This tiny boy really wanted to study, but his mother would not let him go. The boy Philip, having put on his father's hat and a long coat, once nevertheless went to school without asking when he stayed at home alone with his grandmother. Entering the classroom, he was frightened at first, but then pulled himself together and answered the teacher's questions. The teacher promised the child that he would ask his mother to let Filippka go to school. The kid overcomes all difficulties and reaches the goal - he is accepted to school.
Works for children include the story "Foundling". From it we learn about the girl Masha, who found on the threshold of her house baby. The girl was kind, gave the foundling milk to drink. Her mother wanted to give the baby to the boss, since their family was poor, but Masha said that the foundling eats little, and she herself will take care of him. The girl kept her word, she swaddled, fed, put the baby to bed.
The following story, like the previous one, is based on real events. It's called "The Cow". The work tells about the widow Marya, her six children and a cow. Once Misha threw fragments of a broken glass into the cow's slop. Misha understands that he needs to confess to adults, but fear binds him, and he is silent
Tolstoy does not forgive a person such shortcomings as laziness, deceit. In the story "The Liar" he punishes the liar who destroyed the whole flock of sheep with his lies. In the story Sparrow and the Swallows, the sparrow that has captured the swallow's nest remains punished. A flock of swallows, supporting their native bird, wall up the sparrow in the nest
In the story “Bone”, the painful hesitation of little Vanya, who saw plums for the first time, is psychologically convincingly shown: he “never ate plums and kept smelling them. And he really liked them. I really wanted to eat. He kept walking past them. The temptation was so strong that the boy ate the plum. The father learned the truth in a simple way: “Vanya turned pale and said: “No, I threw the bone out the window.” And everyone laughed, and Vanya began to cry.
The works of L.N. Tolstoy, dedicated to children, aptly denounce the evil and vividly show every good movement of the child's soul.
4. Stories about animals, fables, epics
L. Tolstoy's stories about animals are especially poetic. They are full of drama, emotionality, imagery.
One of the first were stories about the dog Bulka, about her devotion to her master. In the cycle of stories about Bulka and Milton: "Bulka", "Bulka and the Boar", "Turtle", "What happened to Bulka in Pyatigorsk" - the author not only reports a lot interesting information about the habits and properties of dogs, pheasants, wolves, wild boar, but also draws the attention of children to the devotion of the animal to man, seeks to inspire them with love for all living things.
Very touching story"Lion and Dog". A small dog was thrown to be eaten by a lion, but he did not tear it to pieces, but also fell in love. When the owner threw him a piece of meat, the lion gave a piece to the dog. And when the dog fell ill and died, he hugged her with his paws and lay next to her for five days, and died on the sixth.
In his stories, Tolstoy introduces children to the habits of animals and birds, humanizes them, endows individual traits character: The jackdaw wanted to drink. There was a jug of water in the yard, and the jug only had water at the bottom. Jackdaw could not be reached. She began to throw pebbles into the jug and threw so many that the water became higher and it was possible to drink.
The intelligence and resourcefulness of the jackdaw are easily remembered by young children.
Not everyone knows that the works of Leo Tolstoy for children are not only fairy tales, stories, but also fables that are written in prose. For example, The Ant and the Dove. The ant fell into the water and began to sink, the dove threw a twig to it, along which the poor fellow could get out. Once a hunter set a net on a dove, he wanted to close the trap, but then an ant came to the aid of the bird. He bit the hunter on the leg, he groaned. At this time, the dove got out of the net and flew away.
Other instructive fables invented by Leo Tolstoy also deserve attention. In fables for children: "The Turtle and the Eagle", "The Lion and the Mouse"; "Lion, wolf and fox"; "The Frog and the Lion"; "The ox and the old woman" - morality is offered in a more open form. For example: -So something brother; masters should not be directed at evil, but at good" ("The Lion, the Wolf and the Fox"); “There is also goodness from a mouse” (“The Lion and the Mouse”). In many fables, the moral conclusion is based on the living experience of peasant life ("The Horse and the Mare", "The Deer and the Horse"). Tolstoy sought to fix in the mind of the child the centuries-old experience of the people, prompting him to make the right decision in different situations of life. Therefore, neither side folk life does not go unnoticed. Tolstoy's fables deserve a definition like: "encyclopedia folk morality, wisdom."
Tolstoy often turned to the Russian epic epic. Keeping the epic rhythm, he retold for children several epics of heroic content, reflecting the power, strength, patriotic feelings of a man from the people: "Sukhman", "Svyatogor the hero", "Volga the hero", Mikulushka Selyaninovich.
5. "ABC" and "New alphabet"
Tolstoy began writing educational books for children at the Yasnaya Polyana school, which he himself created. In 1872, the ABC was published in 4 books - the result of 14 years of work - a kind of set of educational books for the initial teaching of children to read, write, grammar, Slavic language and arithmetic. However, the first reviewers noted the outstanding merits of stories for children, but condemned the method of teaching literacy proposed by Leo Tolstoy, and noted that the arithmetic section was written unsatisfactorily.
Soon, Leo Tolstoy rewrote the ABC, calling it the New ABC, and singled out the materials included in the reading sections into Russian Books for Reading. He pinned his brightest hopes on the ABC, believing that several generations of Russian children, from peasants and royals, would learn from it and get their first poetic impressions from it. “Having written this “ABC”, I can die in peace,” he shared his thoughts with A.A. Tolstoy. The work was completed in 1875.
The composition of the "New ABC" was carefully thought out by Tolstoy. Miniature stories, simple in content, a few lines, gave the child a real picture. Such stories as “Var had a Chizh”, “Spring came”, “A grandmother had a granddaughter”, the author intended for the kids. Therefore, in the stories only the most necessary details are given, designed for children's perception.
The action at the beginning of the fairy tale "Three Bears" takes place as in real life: “One girl left home for the forest ...” But soon the author introduces the reader to completely fabulous circumstances and introduces characters close to a folk tale. Fairy-tale talking bears: father Mikhail Ivanovich, bear Nastasya Petrovna and bear cub Mishutka. Who sipped from a cup? sitting on a chair? Who lay down in my bed and crushed it? - the bears growled.
But the girl turned out to be smart and avoids retribution: opening her eyes and seeing the bears, she jumps out the window. It was important for Tolstoy to show that peasant child V extreme situation bold, agile, determined.
6. The attitude of the great writer to children
LN Tolstoy treated children humanely and trustingly. Humanity, empathy, love for children is rooted in general properties his personality and outlook. Tolstoy communicated with children on "equal rights" and immediately created friendly, comradely relations, loved to joke with children
Here is what the wife of his Georgian friend Ilya Petrovich Nakashidze writes about Tolstoy about the meeting of Lev Nikolayevich in 1903 in Yasnaya Polyana with Nakashidze's little granddaughter, Maka.
“Maka and her mother, having arrived in Yasnaya Polyana, were late for dinner. They were served lunch separately. Admiring the girl, Tolstoy sat down next to her and made her laugh all the time. When the compote was served, he bombarded Maka with questions:
Maka, do you like compote? Fine? Tasty? Or bad, bad compote?
Maka did not have time to answer and only babbled:
Yes... no... yes... no...
No, Sonya, - Lev Nikolaevich turned to his wife who entered, - Maka doesn’t like your compote!
No, no, I like it, - the girl exclaimed vividly.
You see, I like it,” said Sofya Andreyevna, sitting down at the table.
When the guests were leaving, Lev Nikolaevich said:
I will definitely, definitely stay sometime in your sunny Georgia!
He leaned over to Maka, kissed her and asked:
Maka, do you want me to stay with you in Tiflis? A? Yes? Then I'll sit on the bike and - chick, chick, chick - and I'll come!
deep old man brilliant writer treated Maka as an equal. He was just as sweet and direct in communication with other children.
And the author of the memoirs “Children of Tula workers visiting L.N. Tolstoy”, “How L.N. Tolstoy told a tale about cucumbers” P.A. Sergeenko writes that “Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was very fond of children all his life: both the smallest and the older ones, he always spent a lot of time with them: in winter he skated or sledged from the mountains, went skiing, and in summer he walked through the fields, forests, collecting flowers, berries, mushrooms with them. And he always told them something. And what didn’t he say! And about himself, how small he was, and how he lived in the Caucasus in his youth, and about his parents and acquaintances, and all kinds of stories, and fables, and fairy tales. And the children could listen to it as long as they wanted; they would listen and listen, because he was talking about everything in a very interesting, entertaining way.
The children loved one of his special tales - about cucumbers. He told it both when he was young and when he was old. IN last time- when he was in his eighty-second year. The children liked this tale very much, and during the day they talked about it only, and tried to imitate Tolstoy with their voice.
A boy was walking and found a cucumber ... like this ...
Lev Nikolaevich shows, raising index fingers both hands, what size was the cucumber.
He his - boor! - and ate! - adds grandfather.
And Tolstoy showed how the boy destroyed the cucumbers. Children were completely delighted with this uncomplicated fairy tale, complemented by the acting skills of an eighty-year-old grandfather.
Yasnaya Polyana attracted people different ages, views, professions, nationalities. Everyone wanted to see Tolstoy, talk, or rather, listen to him, see with their own eyes where and how he lives and works. great writer Russian land.
In the summer of 1907, 900 children, students of Tula schools, visited Tolstoy. The old park rang with children's voices. The children spent the whole day in Yasnaya Polyana communicating with the writer. Leo Tolstoy asked them about everything, talked to them, took them to the river. By evening, the kids were already his friends. This meeting left an indelible impression on their souls. The guys remembered Lev Nikolaevich for the rest of their lives. Many years have passed, the children have grown up, but everyone remembered "grandfather".The writer P.A. Sergeenko, who was visiting the Tolstoy at that time, tells about this interestingly:
"Girls. .. they treated Lev Nikolaevich somewhat differently than the boys ... and did not take their eyes off him, sparkling with tenderness.
A small, about nine years old, girl with a pretty face followed Lev Nikolaevich for a long time. Finally, she could not stand it and ... asked, drawing out her words:
- Lev Ni-ko-la-e-vich, tell me, please, what year are you?
- Terribly many: seventy-nine!
- And I thought, Lev Nikolaevich, that you were ninety-seven years old.
- It was you who mixed up the numbers, put "nine" instead of "seven", and "seven" instead of "nine".
- I saw you, Lev Nikolaevich, in the picture - you are younger and better there ...
The surrounding girls reproachfully glanced at the interlocutor of Lev Nikolayevich. But he laughed so merrily, as if he had heard the most flattering compliment.
The heat was getting stronger. The boys began to improvise showers and splashed themselves with water from rain tubs. Lev Nikolaevich admired their invention with a smile and suddenly said invitingly:
- Children, do you want to swim? The boys were delighted.
- We want, Lev Nikolaevich! We want!
Then let's go! Who wants to swim? Let's go to the river. And Lev Nikolayevich, immediately rejuvenated, went with a youthful lively gait with the children to the Voronka River ...
Lev Nikolaevich knew the poverty of the village children and the almost complete absence of any kind of toys, entertainment, and therefore, at 82, he tried to please them even with a trifle: he collected letters addressed to him with pictures and distributed them to the children.
Such a trifle! And how he touched! Lev Nikolaevich knew that such a picture was rare for a village boy or girl, and that it would probably amuse them.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy made a huge contribution to the development of mankind, left a huge legacy for children. Leo Tolstoy's legacy is a school of conscience, nobility, fidelity, philanthropy and kindness. The writer's works teach courage, justice, resourcefulness, diligence. And Tolstoy believed that children, having grown up, would continue the work of adults and achieve universal happiness on earth.
Yes, everything starts from childhood, the charm and poetry of which was excellently revealed to us by the great Tolstoy
List of used literature
- LN Tolstoy for children. M., Publishing house of children's literature, 1961
- 2. P.A. Sergeenko. Children of Tula workers visiting Leo Tolstoy. M. Detgiz, 1961
- K.L. Lomunov. Tolstoy and children. Appendix to the book “L.N. Tolstoy. Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". M. "Enlightenment", 1988
- Goretsky V. ABC of L.N. Tolstoy. preschool education. 1978, №10
- L.N. Tolstoy. Fables, fairy tales, stories.M. "Children's Literature", 1987
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was a little over twenty years old when he began teaching peasant children to read and write on his estate. He continued to work at the Yasnaya Polyana school intermittently until the end of his life; he worked long and enthusiastically on compiling educational books. In 1872, the "ABC" was published - a book set containing the alphabet itself, texts for the initial Russian and Church Slavonic reading, arithmetic and a guide for the teacher. Three years later, Tolstoy published The New ABC. When teaching, he used proverbs, sayings, riddles. He composed many "proverb stories": in each proverb unfolded into a short plot with a moral. The “New ABC” was supplemented by “Russian Books for Reading” - several hundred works: there were stories, retellings folk tales and classical fables, natural history descriptions and reasoning.
Tolstoy strove for an extremely simple and precise language. But modern child it is difficult to understand even the simplest texts about the old peasant way of life.
So what? The works of Leo Tolstoy for children are becoming literary monument and leave Russian children's reading, the basis of which they were for a century?
There is no shortage of modern editions. Publishers are trying to make books interesting and understandable to today's children.
1. Tolstoy, L. N. Stories for children / Leo Tolstoy; [foreword V. Tolstoy; comp. Yu. Kublanovskiy]; drawings by Natalia Paren-Chelpanova. - [Yasnaya Polyana]: Museum-Estate of L. N. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana", 2012. - 47 p. : ill.
Illustrated by the Russian artist in exile Natalya Paren-Chelpanova children's stories of Leo Tolstoy translated into French were published in Paris by the Gallimard publishing house in 1936. In the Yasnaya Polyana little book, of course, they are printed in Russian. There are both stories here, usually included in contemporary collections and indisputable children's reading("Fire dogs", "Kitten", "Filipok"), and rare, even amazing. For example, the fable "The Owl and the Hare" - as a presumptuous young owl wanted to catch a huge hare, grabbed one paw into his back, the other into a tree, and he "rushed and tore the owl". Are we reading further?
What is true is true: literary means Tolstoy strong; Impressions after reading will remain deep.
Natalia Parin's illustrations brought the texts closer to the little readers of her time: the characters of the stories are drawn as if they were the artist's contemporaries. There are French inscriptions: for example, “Pinson” on the grave of a sparrow (to the story “How my aunt told about how she had a tame sparrow - Zhivchik”).
2. Tolstoy, L. N. Three bears / Leo Tolstoy; artist Yuri Vasnetsov. - Moscow: Melik-Pashaev, 2013. - 17 p. : ill.
In the same 1936, Yuri Vasnetsov illustrated a story retold into Russian by Leo Tolstoy English fairy tale. The illustrations were originally in black and white, but here is a late colorful version. The fabulous bears of Y. Vasnetsov, although Mikhail Ivanovich and Mishutka are in vests, and Nastasya Petrovna with a lace umbrella, are quite scary. The child understands why “one girl” was so afraid of them; but she managed to escape!
The illustrations have been color corrected for the new edition. You can see the first edition, as well as reissues that differ from one another, in the National Electronic Children's Library (books are copyrighted, registration is required to view).
3. Tolstoy, L. N. Lipunyushka: stories and fairy tales / Leo Tolstoy; illustrations by A.F. Pakhomov. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2011. - 47 p. : ill.- (Library of a junior school student).
Many adults have preserved in the memory of Leo Tolstoy's "ABC" with illustrations by Alexei Fedorovich Pakhomov. The artist knew the peasant way of life very well (he was born in a pre-revolutionary village). He painted peasants with great sympathy, children - sentimentally, but always with a firm, confident hand.
Petersburg "Amphora" has repeatedly published stories from the "ABC" by L. N. Tolstoy with illustrations by A. F. Pakhomov in small collections. This book contains several stories from which peasant children learned to read. Then the tales - “How a man divided geese” (about a cunning man) and “Lipunyushka” (about a resourceful son that "brought out in cotton").
4. Tolstoy, L. N. About animals and birds / L. N. Tolstoy; artist Andrey Brey. - Saint Petersburg; Moscow: Speech, 2015. - 19 p. : ill. - (My mother's favorite book).
The stories "Eagle", "Sparrow and Swallows", "How Wolves Teach Their Children", "What Mice Need", "Elephant", "Ostrich", "Swans". Tolstoy is not sentimental at all. Animals in his stories are predators and prey. But, of course, a moral should be read in an alphabetical story; Not every story is straight forward.
Here is "Swans" - a true poem in prose.
It must be said about the artist that he expressively painted animals; among his teachers was V. A. Vatagin. "Stories about animals" with illustrations by Andrey Andreevich Brey, published by "Detgiz" in 1945, are digitized and available in the National Electronic Children's Library (registration is also required to view).
5. Tolstoy, L. N. Kostochka: stories for children / Leo Tolstoy; drawings by Vladimir Galdyaev. - Saint Petersburg; Moscow: Speech, 2015. - 79 p. : ill.
The book contains mainly the most frequently published and read children's stories by L. N. Tolstoy: "Fire", "Fire Dogs", "Filipok", "Kitten" ...
“Bone” is also a widely known story, but few people are ready to agree with the radical educational method shown in it.
The content of the book and the layout are the same as in the collection "Stories and were", published in 1977. More texts and drawings by Vladimir Galdyaev were in L. N. Tolstoy’s “Book for Children”, published by the Moskovsky Rabochiy publishing house in the same 1977 (publications, of course, were being prepared for the writer’s 150th birthday). The severity of the drawing and the specificity of the characters are well suited to Tolstoy's literary style.
6. Tolstoy, L. N. Children: stories / L. Tolstoy; drawings by P. Repkin. - Moscow: Nigma, 2015. - 16 p. : ill.
Four stories: "Lion and dog", "Elephant", "Eagle", "Kitten". They are illustrated by Peter Repkin, graphic artist and cartoonist. It is interesting that the lion, eagle, elephant and his little master depicted by the artist obviously resemble the heroes of the cartoon "Mowgli", the production designer of which was Repkin (together with A. Vinokurov). Neither Kipling nor Tolstoy can be harmed by this, but it leads one to think about the differences and similarities in the views and talents of the two great writers.
7. Tolstoy, L. N. The lion and the dog: a true story / L. N. Tolstoy; drawings by G. A. V. Traugot. - St. Petersburg: Speech, 2014. - 23 p. : ill.
On the flyleaf there is a drawing depicting Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in London in 1861 and, as it were, confirming that this story is a true story. The story itself is given in the form of captions to the illustrations.
First line: “In London they showed wild animals…” An old multi-colored, almost fabulous Western European city, townspeople and townspeople, curly children - all in a manner that has long been characteristic of the artists "G. A. V. Traugot. Meat thrown into a lion's cage does not look naturalistic (like Repkin's). The lion, yearning for the dead dog (Tolstoy honestly writes that she is "died"), is drawn very expressively.
He told more about the book "Biblioguide".
8. Tolstoy, L. N. Filipok / L. N. Tolstoy; artist Gennady Spirin. - Moscow: RIPOL classic, 2012. -: ill. - (Masterpieces of book illustration).
"Filipok" from the "New ABC" is one of the most famous stories Leo Tolstoy and all Russian children's literature. Figurative meaning the word "textbook" here coincides with the direct one.
The RIPOL Classic publishing house has already republished the book with illustrations by Gennady Spirin several times and included it in the New Year gift collection. Such "Filipok" was previously published on English language(See on the artist's website: http://gennadyspirin.com/books/). In the drawings of Gennady Konstantinovich there is a lot of affection for the old peasant life and winter Russian nature.
It is noteworthy that in the "New ABC" behind this story (at the end of which Filipok “began to speak to the Mother of God; but every word was spoken not so") followed by "Slavic letters", "Slavic words under titles" and prayers.
9. Tolstoy, L. N. My first Russian book for reading / Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. - Moscow: White City, . - 79 p. : ill. - (Russian books for reading).
"White City" undertook the complete publication of "Russian Books for Reading". The second, third and fourth books were published in the same way. There are no abbreviations here. There were stories, fairy tales, fables, descriptions and reasoning given in the order in which Lev Nikolaevich arranged them. There are no comments on the texts. Illustrations are used instead of verbal explanations. Basically, these are reproductions of paintings, well-known and not so well-known. For example, to the description "Sea" - "The Ninth Wave" by Ivan Aivazovsky. To the reasoning "Why is there a wind?" - "Children running from a thunderstorm" by Konstantin Makovsky. To the story "Fire" - "Fire in the Village" by Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky. To the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - landscapes by Lev Lagorio and Mikhail Lermontov.
The range of ages and interests of the readers of this book can be very wide.
10. Tolstoy, L. N. The sea: description / Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy; artist Mikhail Bychkov. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2014. - p. : ill. - (Good and eternal).
Of the books listed, this seems to be the most belonging to our time. Artist Mikhail Bychkov says: “A few lines of L. N. Tolstoy were presented to me great opportunity draw the sea. On large-format spreads, the artist depicted the southern and northern seas, calm and stormy, day and night. TO short text Tolstoy made a cartoon supplement about all kinds of sea vessels.
The work fascinated Mikhail Bychkov, and he illustrated three stories from Tolstoy's ABC, combining them with a fictional world tour on a sailing warship. In the story "The Jump" such a journey is mentioned. The story "Shark" begins with the words: "Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa." The action of the story "Fire Dogs" takes place in London - and the artist painted a Russian corvette under the flag of St. Andrew against the backdrop of the construction of the Tower Bridge (built from 1886 to 1894; "ABC" was compiled earlier, but in the same era, especially if you look from our time) .
The book "Were" was published by the publishing house "Rech" in 2015. In the spring of 2016 in State Museum LN Tolstoy on Prechistenka hosted an exhibition of illustrations by Mikhail Bychkov for these two children's books.
“The sea is wide and deep; the end of the sea is not in sight. The sun rises at sea and sets at sea. No one got the bottom of the sea and does not know. When there is no wind, the sea is blue and smooth; when the wind blows, the sea will stir and become uneven ... "
"Sea. Description"
“...Water from the sea rises in fog; the mist rises higher, and clouds are made from the mist. The clouds are blown by the wind and spread over the earth. From the clouds, water falls to the ground. From the ground flows into swamps and streams. From streams flows into rivers; from rivers to sea. From the sea again the water rises into the clouds, and the clouds spread over the earth ... "
“Where does the water from the sea go? Reasoning"
The stories of Leo Tolstoy from the "ABC" and "Russian Books for Reading" are concise, even lapidary. In many ways, archaic, in today's view. But the essential thing about them is this: the rare is no longer playable, serious attitude by the way, a simple, but not simplified attitude to everything around.
