Moldovan culture is inextricably linked with the peoples inhabiting Moldova (primarily with the Moldovan people), with the Moldovan language and other languages of Moldova, is in interaction with the cultures of Romania, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.
The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with history. It was influenced by Romanesque roots dating back to the 2nd century AD, to the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, the majority of the population of modern Moldova, Moldovans, being the descendants of immigrants to this region because of the Prut (starting from the 14th century), have a common ethnicity with the Romanians. Formation Moldovan culture happened in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian principality. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic (Old Russian) population, and later under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldavia was liberated from Ottoman domination and included in the Bessarabian Governorate of the Russian Empire, which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After the October Revolution in 1918, Bessarabia was ceded to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which, for some time, the development of culture in them evolved differently.
Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, one can single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and the way of life. The formation of the ideological orientation of the medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI centuries), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state. The Ottoman period is characterized by the development of the idea of struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.
The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldavia in the middle of the seventeenth century under the reign of Vasil Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kiev and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were brought.
After the accession of Bessarabia to Russia, communication with the Zaprut Moldavia, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. This was especially evident in fiction. In the 19th century, such writers as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alecu Russo, Mihai Kogalniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into Moldavian.
Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, which enriched the culture and brought it closer to Western European. This process also took place in Zaprut Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it went to a much lesser extent.
During 1812-1917, when Bessarabia was part of the Russian Empire, Moldavian culture drew a lot from Russian culture. If before 1812 secular education was not widespread in Bessarabia, then after 1812 it began to take shape. state system education: elementary schools, county schools and gymnasiums began to open in all county cities. By 1858, there were about 400 schools of all types in Bessarabia, where more than 12 thousand students studied. Despite the wide network educational institutions, literacy in the region remained quite low. By 1897, there were only 15.6% literate (22% men and 8.83% women).
In Bessarabia, the "Russian-Moldovan Primer" (1814), "A Brief Russian Grammar with a Translation into the Moldavian Language" (1819) were developed and published.
In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creangă, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu debuted.
After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. From 1920 to 1940 the number primary schools increased from 1564 to 2188, but the number of secondary schools, on the contrary, almost halved - from 76 in 1917 to 39 in 1940. Until the mid-1930s, there was an increase vocational schools, but their number dropped from 55 in 1932 to 43 in 1940. In 1930, according to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86,300 people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10,800 (0.3%) had higher education.
The development of culture in the left-bank regions of Moldova, where the Moldavian ASSR was formed, was influenced both by the struggle between the directions of Romanizers and originalists, and by class ideology. Significant progress has been made in public education. Literacy increased from less than 20% before the revolution to 36.9% by the year. In 1930, compulsory elementary education, and since the mid-1930s, compulsory seven-year education. A system of vocational education was founded, the foundations of science were laid, higher educational institutions were founded. The Tiraspol Institute of Public Education (), Tiraspol Fruit and Vegetable Institute (), Baltic Teachers' Institute () were opened. Of the negative trends of the interwar period, one should note severe repressions (the persecution of some writers, scientists and other cultural figures who were declared bourgeois), and the closure of churches.
Immediately after the accession of Bessarabia to the USSR in June 1940, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing universal free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural enlightenment, physical culture and sports was created. By 1941, there were 1896 schools in the Moldavian SSR, 70% of which taught in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41. more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received clothes and shoes for free. The number of teachers has almost doubled in a year. In the autumn of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, a state philharmonic society was formed, three new theaters and an opera studio were created. In 1940, 138 books were published with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. 56 newspapers and 3 magazines were published.
The development of culture was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War, however, after the end of the war, rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the broad masses of the population.
Meanwhile Soviet authority was not interested in maintaining the region's close cultural ties with Romania. Representatives of the local Romanian intelligentsia, as well as those that arrived from the regions of the old kingdom after 1918, were forced to emigrate. The rest were expelled or even destroyed, which certainly could not but affect cultural situation in Moldavia. For the development of the sphere of culture, education and science, the Soviet government at the first stage actively attracted qualified specialists from other parts of the USSR. Later, with the help of personnel training in large Soviet scientific and educational centers, a national Moldavian intelligentsia was created.
During the MSSR, the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, releasing several full-length films feature films per year, excluding documentaries and animated films.
In the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz also developed, living compactly in the southern regions of Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: “Legendanyn easy” (Trace of legends, 1974), “Uzun kervan” (Long caravan, 1985), “Zhanavar yortulary” (Wolf Holidays, 1990) and many others .
In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a music and drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included Symphony Orchestra, the choir "Doina", as well as a group of pop artists. The war years saw a fruitful period in the work of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. David Grigorievich Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.
Reopened after the war musical groups, began the rapid development of music. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. G. Zagorsky, S. V. Zlatov, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovei, A. P. Luxemburg, T. V. Kiriyak. D. G. Gershfeld, D. G. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, Z. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work in the instrumental concerto genre. Moldovan composers Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldovan folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.
The operas “Grozovan” by David Gershfeld, “Heart of Domnica” by A. G. Styrcha, “Bug”, “Called by the Revolution”, “Dragon” by E. L. Lazarev gained fame. The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).
During the Soviet period great attention devoted to the development of musical education. In 1963, the State Institute of Arts named after G. V. Muzichesku was established, three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, secondary special musical boarding school.
Enjoyed great popularity academic ensemble folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensembles "Codru", "Leutarii", the groups "Noroc", "Contemporanul", "Orizon", "Play".
all attempts to contact local authorities or central government in the other two languages will be regarded as manifestations of nationalism rejectedAmong contemporary Moldovan artists, Stanislav Semyonovich Babyuk and his son, Stanislav Stanislavovich Babyuk, should be noted. They created many paintings of different themes. Many works are in private collections in Italy, Ireland, USA, Russia, Ukraine.
In Moldova, humor and laughter are organically merged with the national one, and one can speak of fun and gaiety as national line. Moldova, which was adjacent to other Danubian principalities and for some time was part of Romania, even more than Romania itself, could be called a country not so much of laughter and humor as of joy and fun, so here at every step you meet a beautiful joke and healthy humor, but most importantly - cordial fun.
Easter, Parent's Day, Trinity. Since the Soviet period, the tradition of celebrating holidays on February 23, March 8, May 1 and 9 has been preserved. Of the new holidays - National Wine Day, celebrated for the first time in 2002.
Moldovan cuisine - National cuisine Moldova. Moldova is located in a region of rich natural resources, grapes, fruits and various vegetables, as well as sheep and poultry farming, which determines the richness and diversity of the national cuisine.
Moldavian cuisine was formed under the influence of Greek, Turkish, Balkan, Western European, and later Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, and yet it is distinguished by its originality.
Among the numerous Moldovan fairy tales, the Nameless Warrior found distribution in 2006 due to the suspicion that Moldovan wines contain harmful pesticides, the import of wines was banned in Russia. Currently, negotiations are underway to resume the export of wine products to Russia.
Natives of Moldova in world culture
In the 20-30s, the ambassador of Moldovan culture in Europe was a brilliant opera performer, a famous soprano originally from -. Another opera celebrity, prima donna national opera Republic of Moldova, having become the best Cio-Cio-san at the International Competition in Japan (1967), for several decades has been giving the world singing national culture. Another representative of Moldova () - Lidia Amarfey became one of the best opera singers Russian speaking on stage Bolshoi Theater in Moscow.
The mutual influence of world cultures is due to the efforts of cultural and art figures. On the initiative of many of them, artistic events were organized in Moldova, which have become a tradition in our country and gained international popularity. Thus, since 1967, the Republic has been hosting the International Festival of Folk Music "Martisor", the festival "Days new music», international competitions sports dance "Chisinau OPEN", 
where the multiple world and European champion performs with invariable success -. Prominent groups and soloists of contemporary musical art and choreography from around the world take part in these large-scale cultural celebrations. They acquaint the Moldovan public with the achievements of their talents, and, leaving for their homeland, they take away impressions from the art of our region.
The beauty of the folk song was carried far beyond the borders of Moldova by the favorites of the Moldavian people,. Pop music - from the beginning of the 70s - was widely promoted by the pop ensemble (later "Contemporanul") under the direction of Mihai Dolgan.
This is how our art, by receiving guests and going beyond its native borders, acquaints the world with the values of national culture.
After graduating from the Chisinau Institute of Arts, she actively entered pop music. Most hits popular singer, which she talentedly performs on the stages of Ukraine, Russia and other CIS republics, are based on Moldovan folklore. On World Festival youth and students in Moscow (1985), his anthem "Avante, avante", performed by a Moldovan pop singer, became a hit of the festival, sounding on different languages peoples of the world.
Modern musical culture of peoples former USSR enriched with masterpieces of neo-folklore orientation of various composers: R. Shchedrin, E. Stankevich, Y. Yuzelyunas, A. Terteryan, M. Gadzhiev. In Moldova, it manifested itself in the work of composers,. This orientation naturally coincided with the peak in the evolution of the New Folklore Wall, expressed in the work of composers from the post-Soviet space.
The State Radio and Television National Symphony Orchestra under the direction of conductor and composer G. Musti did a lot to promote the musical culture and image of our country. Thanks to many years of creative search and tireless touring work, he became known to the whole world, long years permanently led. Choreographer M. Kaftanat created three ballet companies in Vietnam.
International festivals "Maria Biesu Invites", "Days of New Music", Biennale and One Actor Theater 
"One man show" successfully acquaints the world with the modern musical and theatrical art of our country. The Moldavian cinema became known to the world thanks to creativity. Successfully working at the Mosfilm studio, he helped to gain wide popularity and invariably starred in his films,. The theater director, working for many years in Moscow theaters, contributed to the promotion of the Moldovan theater culture and dramaturgy, staging plays. The unique creativity of this truly folk writer Moldova, living in Moscow, bypassing all of Russia and the world, in millions of people's hearts left a unique image of our land and its peasant heroes, endowed with spiritual wisdom and beauty.
The contribution of immigrants from Moldova to world science
Our wonderful compatriots, talented in various fields of science, left a deep mark on the history of world science in the 20th century. One of them is a native of Bender Lev Berg (1876-1950). A well-known Soviet physical geographer and biologist, professor of ichthyology and geography, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the Geographical Institute and chairman of the Geographical Society of the USSR, this versatile scientist made a huge contribution to many areas of physical geography, zoogeography, and ichthyology. Developing the teachings of V. Dokuchaev about the natural zones of the earth, he, a passionate explorer and traveler, studied the landscapes of Siberia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region and Ukraine, explored the Aral and Bering Seas, lakes Ilmen, Balkhash, Baikal, Issyk-Kul and the Pamir glaciers , creating as a result a theory about the landscapes of the earth. Berg wrote many books, among which there are works dedicated to our region: “Bessarabia. Territory, population, economy”, “Population of Bessarabia. Population and ethnographic composition.
A volcano in Kamchatka, a peak in the Pamirs, glaciers in the Pamirs and Dzungarian Alatau, a cape in the archipelago are named after Berg Severnaya Zemlya, Zoo museum Moscow State University, as well as more than 60 animals and plants.
Another outstanding countryman of ours - a world-class organic chemist - is Nikolai Zelinsky from Tiraspol (1861-1953). One of the founders of the theory of organic catalysis, he created classical works in organic catalysis, petrochemistry, developed methods for the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons, which serve as raw materials for the synthesis of rubber, dyes, plastics, medicines, etc. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor of Moscow State University, Doctor of Science, founder of a large scientific school that made a fundamental contribution to the development of organic chemistry, he did a lot for people's lives, responding to the most pain points time. For example, during the First World War, Zelinsky created a coal gas mask that saved the lives of millions of soldiers in warring armies. Streets in Chisinau and Tiraspol are named after him. Commemorative plaques were installed on the facade of the house where N. Zelinsky lived and the school where he studied.
Our national pride is Academician Nikolai Dimo, born in Orhei (1873-1959). 
A prominent Soviet soil scientist, academician of VASKhNIL, one of the organizers of the Central Asian and Kishinev Institutes of Soil Science, which since 1959 bears the name of a scientist, Nikolai Aleksandrovich devoted his whole life to the earth. The object of his scientific work was the geography of soils, salinization, biology, physics and soil reclamation in the central regions of the European part of the USSR, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Moldova. Having studied saline soils, the great scientist proposed a series of measures to improve solonetzes and solonchaks, created the first soil map of Central Asia and other regions, and established the relationship between humus content and its structure in Moldavian black soils. A street in Chisinau is named after him.
One of the prominent architects of the twentieth century was our compatriot, Chisinau native, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexei Shchusev (1873-1949). Organizer and director of the Museum of Architecture in Moscow, lecturer at the famous Stroganov School of Industrial Art, author of more than 200 scientific papers, he, keenly peering into the traditions of the national architecture of the past, developed original solutions for modern buildings in Moscow (Moskvoretsky Bridge, the Moskva Hotel, the metro station "Komsomolskaya-ring" and others), Tashkent (Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre), Baku, Batumi, Sochi. Peak creative achievement The architect was the Mausoleum of V. Lenin, the noble forms of which organically fit into the ensemble of the ancient Red Square. After Patriotic War A. Shchusev devoted a lot of energy to the reconstruction of the destroyed cities - Novgorod, Istra, Kyiv. In 1947-1949, the architect developed a plan for the general reconstruction of the capital of Moldova. A street in the center of Chisinau is named after him.
Our compatriots left a deep imprint on Romanian science as well. So academician Nikita Smokine (1894-1980) - a native of the village of Dubossary district - was a prominent Romanian Slavist and historian of the Transnistrian Moldavians. And Mihail Guboglu (1911-1990), who was born in, became a well-known Romanian historian and orientalist. As a professor at the universities of Bucharest, Paris and Ankara, he published Turkish sources that shed light on the history of Romania. It is also interesting that his nephew - bearing the same surname - became one of the largest Russian ethnographers.
One cannot ignore Grigory Obrezhan (1911-1991), who was born in the village of Tiginsky district. An agronomist by profession, he entered science as one of the remarkable researchers in the field of soil reclamation, was elected an academician of the Romanian, Czechoslovak and Soviet Academies of Sciences. Significant scientific discoveries were made under his leadership. For example, the Polizesti-28 rice variety, known throughout the world for its rich harvests, has been created.
Moldavian science at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries
Science has made progress in various fields. Our country has given civilization outstanding scientists, among whom are more than 30 members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, including academicians: geographer L. Berg, chemists N. Zelinsky, L. Pisarzhevsky, A. Frumkin, architect A. Shchusev, soil scientist N. Dimo, doctors - surgeons A. Sklifosofsky and N. Georgiou, etc.; 79 members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences - archaeologist I. Suruceanu, astrophysicist N. Donich, historian Sh. Ciobanu, Slavist A. Kochubinsky (academician of the Czech Academy of Sciences), geologist K. Parfengolts (academician of the Armenian Academy of Sciences), etc. These eminent scientists, bright rich personalities not only made fundamental scientific discoveries, but also founded scientific institutes, laboratories, societies, schools, organized difficult and unexpected research expeditions, developed the latest methods to bring the most daring discoveries to life.
The start for the development of science in our country was given when the research base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created in Chisinau (March 11, 1946), which in 1949 became the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. These transformations ended significant event August 2, 1961, when the Moldavian Academy of Sciences was founded - a beneficent source national science and culture. Academician-historian J. Grosul (1961-1976) was elected its first president, later the main scientific center of the country was headed by geneticist A. Zhuchenko (1977-1989), physicist A. Andriesh (1989-2004), and nowadays - chemist G Duka (since 2004). Year by year, new forces mature within the walls of the Academy, major scientific names appear, the competitiveness of research grows, new scientific schools are formed: in the field of chemistry - academician A. Blov and G. Lazurevsky; agrochemistry and genetics - academicians I. Dikusar and A. Kovarsky; algebra and physics of crystals - academicians V. Andrunakievich and T. Malinovsky; biology - academician B. Matienko; linguistics - academician N. Korlatyanu; technicians - S. Radautan. Well-known academicians, the Moskalenko brothers, had their say in theoretical physics. New scientific areas were opened by academicians T. Furdui in biomedicine and academician I. Bostan - in the field of planetary transmissions. Academic biologist A. Cibotaru founded.
Today, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova is the country's leading scientific center, uniting 31 research institutions with a staff of 5,600 employees. The conditions created in recent years have contributed to the achievement of new scientific discoveries the highest level in the field of stress physiology, ecological genetics, geographic information systems, ecophysiology, etc. Doctors V. Anestiadi and I. Ababiy, mathematician M. Ciobanu, biologist A. Ursu, political scientists V. Benyuk and G. Rusnak, philosophers A. Rosca and V. Tsapok, sociologist A. Timush, historians A. Lazarev, N. Tudoryan, E. Chertan, A. Yeshan; lawyer A. Smokine and others. The Code of Science and Innovations in the Republic of Moldova (2004) became the fundamental legislative basis for the development of national science. Having proclaimed the scientific and innovative process a strategic priority in the socio-economic life of the country, this document confirmed in all seriousness the interest of the state in scientific progress. For stimulation scientific activity- for the brightest achievements - 10 State Prizes of the Republic of Moldova were established, each worth a million lei.
For the first time in the history of national science, the supreme governing body of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic was created - the Assembly, consisting of full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and 78 doctors of sciences elected on a democratic basis by the scientific community of the country. The Assembly, in turn, created an executive body - Supreme Council for Science and Technological Development.
Culture of Moldova in the late XX - early XXI century
The active development of the culture of Moldova, which began after the creation of the MSSR, continues successfully to this day. Today, there are 14 professional theaters in the republic, three large concert institutions - the National Philharmonic with two concert halls, the Organ Hall and National Palace, where numerous art ensembles of pop and folk music are engaged in creative work. Over the years, theatrical and musical groups have achieved high performance skills, each time replenished with young artists, conductors, directors, musicians - graduates of the most prestigious higher educational institutions in Moscow, Leningrad, Tbilisi, Kiev, Odessa, where they were taught by world-famous master teachers. Competitions, national and union festivals, decades of Moldovan art and literature in Moscow and the capitals of the republics of the former USSR, tours of different countries in joint multinational groups - all this, stimulating creative exchange and promotion of our figures in the big world of art, enriched the palette national art. Today - after achieving independence - cultural and artistic ties with the countries of the world have expanded significantly. Tours, competitions, festivals, in which both entire groups and individual performers participate, have become more frequent and varied.
Carrying out all kinds of cultural and artistic events of republican significance, Moldova does a lot to improve international artistic contacts. Among them, the most striking are the International Festival of Opera and Ballet Stars "Maria Biesu Invites", inspired by the soloist Maria Bieshu for many years; music Festival"Martisor", festival "Days of New Music", initiated by the composer G. Ciobanu; the brainchild of the director - the biennale of the theater. Eugene Ionesco. These festivals, gathering talents from all over the world, have become for Chisinau residents folk holidays, a real celebration of high art.
It should be noted the role of other artistic talents that contributed to the glory of national art. Among them is director E. Loteanu, whose films, having received awards at international festivals, not only affirmed Moldovan cinematography, but also shaped the beautiful and poetic image of our Moldova in the souls of people. The wide popularity of the prose and plays of the national writer Ion Druta, staged in hundreds of theaters of the former USSR and attracting the attention of leading actors and directors of the world, glorified the wise image of the Moldavian peasant, the hero of Drutsev's works. Expanded creative connections Moldovan artists participating in numerous foreign exhibitions and creative meetings. A separate line in their row are unique works that do not know an analogue in contemporary art. folk artist Moldova
The main type of Moldovan literature was oral artistic creativity. Age-old slavery did not break vitality of the Moldavian people, did not kill in him the will to fight and win, did not stifle his creative gift. Heroic folk songs from the cycle of struggle against Turkish feudal lords are imbued with the idea of defending the homeland from invaders. The difficult historical past of the Moldavian people left its mark on its songs (doins), which are often characterized by a sad, drawn-out tune. Widely known national dance Moldavian zhok or chora.
From the folklore of other peoples of Moldova, the folklore of the Bulgarian colonists attracts attention. Bulgarian singers-improvisers in the 19th century. kept in their memory a large, varied and interesting repertoire of heroic songs from the era of the Turkish yoke and the Bulgarian wars of independence.
Of the cities of Moldova, the most important cultural significance in the first half of the 19th century. received Chisinau - the center of the Bessarabian region. The bulk of the population of the city were Moldovans and Bulgarians. But Greeks, Turks, Ukrainians, Serbs, Karaites, Germans, French, Italians, and others lived right there.
General cultural level the beginning of the Moldavian boyars 19th century was low. But the day before national movement in the Danubian Moldavia and Wallachia (in the early 1920s) in Chisinau, there was a noticeable awakening of cultural and social life. In the house of M. Katsik, a Masonic lodge was arranged, associated with secret society Decembrists; The main master of the lodge at one time was the Russian major general, the Decembrist P. S. Pushchin. He also established a divisional Lancaster school in Chisinau. The most educated and advanced part of the Chisinau society of the 20s of the XIX century. gathered in the houses of princes Alexander and Georgy Matveyevich Kantakouzenos, members of the Greek heteria and participants in the national liberation movement of 1821. The future leaders of the Greek uprising, both Ypsilanti brothers, belonged to the regular visitors of the Kantakouzenos.
Great value for cultural life Chisinau in the 20s years XIX V. the headquarters of the 16th infantry division, which belonged to the 6th corps of the second Russian army, had a stay there. In July 1820, the Decembrist M.F. Orlov was appointed commander of the 16th division. Together with the Decembrist V.F. Raevsky, he paid great attention to the organization of the Lancaster schools. The Chisinau House of Orlov became the center of cultural life and the center of advanced political thought in Chisinau. A. S. Pushkin, who was exiled in Chisinau, was his regular visitor. P. I. Pestel also visited Chisinau.
A significant event in the cultural life of Bessarabia was the three-year (1820-1-823) stay of A. S. Pushkin there. In a number of his works, the great Russian poet used the motifs of Moldovan folklore. The song of the young Moldavian Mariula formed the basis of Pushkin's poem "The Black Shawl". In the Kishinev boyar houses, the choirs of serf gypsies boyar Bartholomew were very popular and were invited to all balls. The poet observed the life of gypsies, listened to gypsy songs and reproduced them in his poem "Gypsies". Researchers believe that the poem "The Robber Brothers" to some extent reflected Pushkin's impressions of Moldovan reality and the personality of the famous Ursul; at the request of the poet, the court case about Ursula was completely rewritten for him.
Acquaintance with advanced Russian literature was beneficial for the activities of Moldavian writers K. Negrutsi, A. Donich, K. Stamati.
The cultural and ideological life of the Bulgarian colonies in Moldova was seriously influenced by the awakening national identity among the Bulgarian intelligentsia. One of the major and earliest figures of the Bulgarian revival was Yu. I. Venelin, a well-known scholar who was close in his outlook to the Slavophiles. The son of a Ukrainian priest from Galicia, he studied at Lviv University, and in the 20s of the XIX century. moved to Chisinau, where he became closely acquainted with the life of the Bulgarian colonists. The result of this acquaintance was the book “Ancient and Present Bulgarians in Political and Religious Relations” published by him in 1829, which aroused strong interest in the Bulgarian question in Russia.
The first thing that comes to mind at the mention of Moldova is great wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at the map of the country, you can see the outlines of a bunch of grapes. Here the Wine Festival in early October is a national celebration.
On this day, which is held under the patronage of the President himself, festivities. People sing, dance, watch performances folk groups, have fun and, of course, drink wine with amazing taste.
With grapes and storks (another of the symbols of Moldova) there is a beautiful ancient legend. When the Turkish Janissaries tried to conquer the fortress of Gorodeshty, the defenders of the homeland fought to the death. Forces were running out, provisions and water ran out, but the proud Moldavians fought to the last. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were visible and invisible, and each carried a bunch of grapes in its beak.
The surprised conquerors froze, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - were fed up with grapes and continued the battle with a vengeance. The fortress was defended, and the white-winged stork with a bunch of grapes in its beak turned into a symbol of freedom and happiness.
Moldova is an agrarian country, here each farmstead has its own vineyard and cellar for storing wine. The cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine is both a source of income and a tradition that has been preserved for many centuries. Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regala, Rare Neagre- the most famous varieties of wine that the country produces for export.
Song and dance traditions of Moldova
Doins and Kolindas are the folk songs of the Moldavians, unusually beautiful and melodic, still used in folk ceremonies - weddings, Epiphany, Christmas and many others. The lyricism and smoothness of the doins are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were the tunes of shepherds, later they were reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.
Incendiary Moldavian folk dances - zhok, moldovenyaska, chora- known to all. IN Soviet times shone on the world stages of the dance group "Zhok". Now folk dances you can admire national holidays and art festivals.
The name is inextricably linked with Moldova Evgeniya Dogi — Soviet composer, the author of the beautiful "Waltz" from the film "My Sweet and Tender Beast" and many other works. Moldavian singer Nadezhda Chepraga, a popular performer of pop and national songs, was brought up on folk tunes and unique traditions of song culture.
Song and dance rituals of Moldovans are carefully and lovingly preserved as the greatest value. Until now, they can be seen - for example, at the celebration of a wedding. Folk music creates a joyful, uplifting mood. And the newlyweds, and parents, and guests are happy to participate in singing, dancing to the music performed on folk instruments(fluer, nai, cymbals, kobza).
One of beautiful traditions Moldova is considered spring holiday Martisor. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with a folk legend. Spring, coming into its own, cleared the ground of snow to help the first flower, the snowdrop, break through. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and sent a blizzard on the beautiful Spring. She, protecting the snowdrop from the wind, scratched herself on the thorns of the blackthorn. Drops of blood fell on the snow.
The symbol of the holiday is considered to be woven from threads of red and white color decorations - martisors. They are given to each other by the inhabitants of Moldova in honor of the onset of spring. These delicate ornaments are worn whole month, and at the end of March they hang them on trees in the forest, while making cherished wishes. It is believed that they always come true.
Folk crafts
The oldest craft of Moldova - pottery - has earned recognition in many parts of Europe. Ceramics self made decorated national ornament and drawings depicting animals and plants. Pots and other earthenware are widely used in Moldavian cuisine; baked vegetables and meat are especially delicious.
Moldovan wood carving masters create delightful patterned souvenirs and interior items. It is also common to decorate wooden buildings with carvings. The houses in Calarasi, Rezina and Straseni regions of Moldova are especially beautiful.
Carpets and national embroidery are another type of needlework that the people of the country are proud of. Carpets decorated with flowers are completely smooth to the touch. This speaks of the high skill of Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products are real works of art. You can admire them in the Chisinau Museum of Local Lore.
Each nation has its own unique traditions and customs. Moldova is a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is different bright colors and sunny mood.
with countries European West Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova directly border.
State Belarus rich in potassium salts and peat, well provided with labor resources. Mechanical engineering includes labor-intensive industries (high-precision machine tools, automatic lines, electronic computers) and metal-intensive industries (automobile and tractor construction, agricultural engineering). The electric power industry has 8 thermal power plants running on gas and fuel oil, which, like metal, come from Russia and Ukraine. The main direction of the chemical-forestry complex is the production of polymers, plastics and synthetic resins. Dairy and beef cattle breeding predominates in animal husbandry. In agriculture, 50% of the sown area is occupied by grain crops, and the third part is forage. Flax crops are most common in the north, and potato plantations are most common in the south. Difficult problems arose in the country in connection with the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant, since a significant part of Belarus was exposed to radioactive contamination. The basis of the territorial structure of the economy is the largest cities. A quarter of the urban population is concentrated in Minsk, half of the engineering products and 20% of light industry are produced.
Ukraine - Russia's largest neighbor in terms of population and output from neighboring countries, located to the south of the Russian Federation. This state has reserves of various minerals. The Donetsk coal basin and iron ore deposits near Krivoy Rog stand out. Kerch iron ores are being developed in the east of the Crimean peninsula, and manganese deposits near the city of Nikopol. Ukraine is rich in mercury, nickel, aluminum and titanium ores. There is table salt in the Donbass, Sivash salts and potash salts in the Carpathians are of industrial importance.
The lack of water resources makes construction difficult. There are many rivers, but they are shallow, with little water resources. The population mainly lives in cities (68%). Labor resources in Ukraine are sufficient.
The basis of the economy is the fuel and energy and machine-building complexes, metallurgy and chemical industry. Previously, Donbass coal was the basis of the fuel and energy complex. At present, the fuel and energy complex of the state depends on oil and gas supplies from Russia. Electricity is supplied by a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Dnieper. Most thermal power plants run on coal. In connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of many nuclear power plants (South-Ukrainian, Crimean) was stopped, although the shortage of electricity is currently being experienced very acutely.
Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in Donetsk, Mariupol, Krivoy Rog and Zaporizhia on a combination of coking coals of Donbass and ores of Krivoy Rog. The machine-building complex is the leading national economy Ukraine, specializes in the production of ships and diesel locomotives, trucks and tractors, metallurgical, mining and other equipment. A diverse chemical industry uses local raw materials: waste from metallurgy and coke chemistry, gas, coal, salts.
The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is very significant in terms of its scale. In the north, in Polissya, flax, fodder and rye are grown. Winter wheat, sugar beet, corn, sunflower are sown in the steppe, pigs, poultry and livestock are bred. There are many orchards, vineyards and essential oil crops in the south. The territory of the state is crossed by a dense network of railways and highways, pipelines, and airlines. Coal, salt, ore, bread are exported through the Black Sea ports, construction timber is in transit. Imported timber, oil, agricultural and tropical farming products are imported, with a significant part of the goods coming from Russia.
Core wealth Moldova— soil and climatic resources: 80% of its territory falls on agricultural land. Unsustainable crops require irrigation and soil erosion control. The state is provided with labor resources. The largest industry is agriculture: the cultivation of grapes, fruits, tobacco, and the production of rose oil. Half of industrial production is the processing of perishable raw materials. Industries that produce equipment for the agro-industrial complex satisfy local needs by only 10%, and the production of packaging is increasing.
