Poor treatment m bitter. The mysterious life and death of Maxim Gorky

At the end of September 1935, Alexei Maksimovich Gorky arrived from Moscow in the Crimea, in Tesseli. Next to him was only one person close to him - Olimpiada Dmitrievna Chertkova (Lipa).

Mysteries of the history of Russia / Nikolay Nepomniachtchi. — M.: Veche, 2012.

At the bedside of the sick A. M. Gorky. Artist V. P. Efanov. 1944

Alexei Maksimovich has long been "under the hood" in power. In Crimea, he was practically in complete isolation. Even Kryuchkov, his secretary for many years and permanent informer of the Lubyanka, remained in Moscow. Stalin and the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, stopped responding to the writer's letters.

It would seem that now he has become uninteresting to the authorities. However, only six months ago, he was not allowed to go to Paris for the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Culture. And in Tesseli, he was still surrounded by NKVD officers in uniform and in civilian clothes. Almost no one was allowed to see Gorky, all his correspondence was looked through.

But at the end of May 1936, Marfa and Daria, two of his beloved granddaughters, who remained in Moscow, fell ill with the flu. Alexei Maksimovich had an excuse to break out of the Crimean prison. He immediately left for Moscow. On May 27, he was already in the capital, visited his granddaughters, visited the grave of his son on Novodevichy cemetery, hosted the leaders of the Komsomol on Malaya Nikitskaya, and then his old friend Nikolai Burenin, who arrived from Leningrad. And on June 1, he became seriously ill. Diagnosis - influenza, and then - lobar pneumonia and heart failure ...

The disease developed in exactly the same way as two years ago with his son Maxim. And his son, he was almost sure of this, was killed by the NKVD. Now Aleksei Maksimovich is in Gorki, where Lenin died twelve years ago. The writer was treated and consulted by 17 (!) most famous doctors from Moscow and Leningrad. But the patient got worse. On June 6, 1936, Pravda began publishing bulletins about Gorky's health.

On June 8, doctors declared his condition critical. And then there was a call from the Kremlin. It was reported that Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov were going to Gorki. Chertkova (she was a midwife) administered a very large dose of camphor to Alexei Maksimovich at her own peril and risk. “The result was stunning,” writes Arkady Vaksberg in his recently published book “The Death of the Petrel,” “Stalin expected to see, if not a corpse, then already dying, but he saw a writer who had clearly regained life.” Gorky did not want to talk about his illness - he turned the conversation to "current affairs": about the publication of "The History of the Civil War", "The History of Two Five-Year Plans" ... Stalin demanded wine, and the three "leaders", having drunk the health of the "great proletarian writer", departed to Moscow.

By June 16, there was such an obvious improvement that the doctors decided: the crisis was over. But on the night of the 17th, suddenly, without any apparent reason, the situation changed dramatically. Gorky began to suffocate, his pulse made incredible leaps, his temperature rose sharply, then suddenly fell, his lips turned blue ...

At 11:10 am on June 18, death occurred. Gorky's body had not yet been taken out of Gorki, when Genrikh Yagoda personally sealed all the rooms, briefly reviewing the writer's papers. Two days later, Gorky's funeral took place on Red Square, and the urn with the ashes was immured in the Kremlin wall.

Medical documents - a medical history, a death certificate, a forensic "examination" at the trial of "killer doctors" in 1938, a retrospective examination in 1990, and others - are full of contradictions and do not answer the main question, from what, in fact, Gorky died . All his life he was treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, but this disease was not noted at all in the conclusion of the pathologist IV Davydovsky.

The medical report speaks of some kind of “severe infection”, from which death allegedly occurred, and in the autopsy report - of an “acute infection”, although the doctors knew perfectly well that infections “in general” - neither severe, nor acute, nor mild - does not exist, but there are specific, moreover, various infections that give rise to a particular disease.

Recently it became known that during those two-plus tragic weeks in Gorki, one after another, people from service personnel: the commandant, his wife, the cook - only seven people, and everyone was given the same diagnosis - tonsillitis. All had symptoms similar to those noted by Gorky. These people did not have any contact with him, they could not get infected from him, and his relatives, who constantly communicated with the writer, did not get sick with anything. It remains to be assumed that the source of infection was the food that was prepared for Gorky and that the sick could also eat. A similar picture of the disease could be caused by serum from a mixture of pneumococci and staphylococci.

Back in 1933-1934, Genrikh Yagoda, a former pharmacist, organized a secret laboratory for the production of poisons in the bowels of the OGPU-NKVD to eliminate "enemies of the people" first abroad and then inside the country. Special poisons were created at Lubyanka, leading to instant or quick death with imitation of symptoms of other diseases. As it became known from partially accessible archival documents of this laboratory, experiments were carried out there on a combination of various pathogens to enhance the "effect". In the experiments on living people and in their killing involved prominent medical specialists who were awarded awards and the highest scientific titles for their experiments.

One gets the impression that, having given impetus to Gorky's illness, the initiators relied on its natural course, since the writer's body, exhausted by a variety of ailments, was indeed very weakened. But the body's reserve forces, Gorky's will to live, began to overcome the disease. When this became obvious (most likely on June 16), the illnesses decided to “help” ...

Let us note some more, almost mystical oddities of those dramatic days. Alexey Maksimovich fell ill, as already mentioned, on June 1, and the "philosopher professor" Yudin, who is also the secretary of the Writers' Union and an unspoken employee of the NKVD, told his friends on May 31 that Gorky was mortally ill and there was no hope that he would survive no.

In June, in the first days of Alexei Maksimovich's illness, unknown people called to the house on Malaya Nikitskaya, and then to Gorki (via the Kremlin "turntable"), asking where to deliver wreaths and send telegrams of condolences.

Several such telegrams were even received! People came to Malaya Nikitskaya with a warrant from the district architect to occupy the “vacated” house. It was some kind of terrible, someone coordinated psychological pressure!

It is unlikely that the illness and death of the writer were "organized" by Heinrich Yagoda on his own initiative. Such self-activity in relation to big figures Stalin did not tolerate. This means that the order to kill Gorky was given by Stalin himself. But why? What danger did Gorky pose for him in 1936?

“What he could give to Stalin, he already gave,” Vaksberg writes. - The dead Gorky automatically turned into an ally, no one could vouch for the living. His friendship with Bukharin was obvious, his friendship with Stalin was imaginary. Gorky should have been canonized as soon as possible, declared Stalin’s best friend, a Soviet saint, and do this before he could do anything, casting doubt on such a possibility.”

Arkady Vaksberg sets out another, more specific motive for the crime. In 1935-1936, a new, "Stalinist" constitution was being prepared. Part of the opposition-minded Soviet scientific and creative intelligentsia, and above all Maxim Gorky, put forward the idea of ​​​​creating the so-called “non-party party”, or the “Union of Intellectuals”, which could act in the elections to the Soviet parliament as a separate list, and in the future “constructively help” the ruling party - the CPSU (b).

It was assumed that the list of candidates for deputies from this party would be headed by A. M. Gorky, academicians I. P. Pavlov, A. P. Karpinsky (president of the USSR Academy of Sciences) and V. I. Vernadsky. Pavlov and Karpinsky were known for their rejection of the Soviet partocratic regime. Pavlov openly said that if what the Bolsheviks are doing with Russia is an experiment, then for such an experiment he would regret even providing a frog ...

Maxim Gorky sought to humanize power, tried to "re-educate" first Lenin and then Stalin. Of course, he couldn't do anything. But Gorky thought otherwise. For the sake of this illusory goal, he made many sacrifices, compromises, stepped over his own moral principles, and as a result lost his freedom, and then his life.

“In the niche of the Kremlin wall,” writes Arkady Vaksberg, “not only the secret of his life is immured, but also the secret of death - one of the most terrible in an endless series of bloody Soviet mysteries.”

DEATH OF MAXIM GORKY

Nikolai Nepomniachtchi - 100 great mysteries of the 20th century...

“Medicine is innocent here…”. This is exactly what the doctors Levin and Pletnev, who treated the writer in recent months of his life, and later brought in as defendants in the process of the "Right-Trotsky bloc". Soon, however, they "recognized" the deliberately wrong treatment and even "showed" that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in fact, there is no consensus. The historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: "The fact of Gorky's murder can be considered irrevocably established." V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of a proletarian writer.

As you know, Gorky's adopted son, Zinovy ​​Peshkov, made a brilliant military and diplomatic career in France, which could have an extremely unfavorable effect on his closest relatives in the country of the Soviets. Aleksey Maksimovich warned about this in his letters to Zinovy, resorting to the "Aesopian language". The writer did not trust the mail, but handed them over with an opportunity - through the journalist Mikhail Koltsov or through close friends whom he completely trusted. “The fear of death” was felt in these letters of Gorky, we read in the memoirs of Louis Aragon, now stored in the Triol-Aragon archival fund in Paris. However, there are no original letters and telegrams from Gorky in this archive! No traces of their presence have been found in other writers' archives either. Some researchers believe that Gorky wanted to send his friends in France and his Personal diary. However, this diary disappeared without a trace, repeating the fate of many of his letters.

In his letters to Aragon and Triola, the writer repeatedly urged them to come to Moscow, persistently called them to the USSR for a necessary and urgent conversation. What? This could not be trusted in a letter, and, realizing this, in May 1936, Elsa and Louis went to the USSR. Their path ran through London and Leningrad. In the northern capital, they stayed for a while at Lily Brik. The delay of the guests in Leningrad looked strange, since at that time Alexei Maksimovich fell seriously ill. And yet Aragon hesitated. One gets the impression that he deliberately delayed the day of his arrival in Moscow and appeared in the capital, as previously known documents testify, only on June 18 - the day Gorky died! However, in an interview with the Pravda newspaper published on June 16 (!) 1936, Aragon said that he had arrived in Moscow the day before, that is, on June 15!

It was officially reported that on June 1, Gorky caught an elementary flu, which caused serious complications. Bulletins about the writer's state of health were published on the front pages of Pravda and Izvestia - a fact unprecedented even for the famous writer. The impression was that readers were being "prepared" for the worst, although there seemed to be no reason for this.

There were two periods of improvement in the patient's condition. The first refers to the time after the June 8 visit to Gorky by Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov. As the Kolkhoznik magazine wrote in those days, "Gorky literally got up from the grave ...".

The second time the patient suddenly felt better from 14 to 16 June. Gorky then got out of bed and, according to eyewitnesses, said: “Enough lying around! I have to work, answer letters! He shaved, cleaned himself up, sat down at his desk...

Little is known about what happened in the next two days, but the fact remains: Gorky's health deteriorated sharply, and on June 18 at 11.10 in the morning he died ...

In 1938, the process of the "right-wing Trotskyist bloc" already mentioned above took place, in which doctor Pletnev appeared among other "enemies of the people". For the "deliberately incorrect treatment" of the great proletarian writer, Pletnev received a solid sentence and was sent to the Vorkuta camps. There, in 1948, he met with the German communist B. Hermand, who was serving a term. They often had conversations in which they touched on the circumstances of Gorky's death. B. Hermand, after her release, spoke about these conversations in her memoirs. It followed from them that sharp deterioration Gorky's state of health on June 17 was due to the fact that he tried ... sweets given to him by Stalin! As you know, Yagoda had a special laboratory that produced various poisons ... By the way, the report on the autopsy of Gorky's body does not mention "testing for poisoning." The testimony of a certain A. Novikov has been preserved, former captain The NKVD, with whom M. Brown, a member of the French Resistance, spoke, who left a note about this conversation in his diary: “When I said that an autopsy was supposed to detect poisoning if poisons were used, Novikov just waved his hand: “You don’t understand anything! The autopsy protocol was drawn up before Gorky's death!

A story about the last days of the writer's life would be incomplete without mentioning the woman who was the last to see Gorky alive. Her name is Mura Zakrevskaya-Budberg. She lived with Alexei Maksimovich for 12 whole years, 7 of them abroad, and he loved her passionately and selflessly. It is not surprising that the writer dedicated his largest novel, The Life of Klim Samgin, to her. Moura was admitted to all business and financial papers and to the most intimate archives of the writer. The tragedy lies in the fact that Mura was closely associated with the Cheka, and every step of Gorky instantly became known to the authorities. This woman lived a long life and died in 1974, leaving behind hundreds of notes, drawings, notes and stories about herself. But none of these pieces of paper brought researchers closer to unraveling the mystery of Gorky's death, because Mura destroyed her entire personal archive in advance ...

If we accept the version of the deliberate murder of Gorky by order of Stalin, then the question arises: why was it necessary to hasten the death of a writer who supported the policy of the "leader of the peoples", approved the process of the "Industrial Party" in 1930, spoke very positively about " forced labor in the name of reforging"? But, on the other hand, it was Gorky who never wrote a biography of Stalin, although he was given such a "party order" and provided all the necessary materials for this. The writer disobeyed the leader, and this was never forgiven to anyone! In addition, Gorky was fussing about the publication of "Demons" by F. M. Dostoevsky and defended the repressed writers and scientists.

The consequences of such disobedience were the denial of a passport for a trip to Italy for treatment, the establishment of censorship for correspondence with Romain Rolland, the perusal of correspondence addressed to the writer ... “Surrounded ... Surrounded ... Neither back nor forward! This is unusual! - such a desperate confession escaped Gorky in one of his letters. The assassination of Kirov was an event that put an end to hopes for reconciliation between the authorities and the intelligentsia and the Bolshevik opposition. Mass executions, exile, the liquidation of the Society of Old Bolsheviks and the Society of Political Prisoners, the trials of Zinoviev and Kamenev, apparently, could not help but lay a heavy burden on the writer's heart ...

Romain Rolland noted in his diary that the cause of Gorky's untimely and not entirely natural death was his high prestige in the West. This opinion was shared by many of the writer's contemporaries. Even the "accuser" A. Ya. Vyshinsky admitted this in his speech: "The enemies of the people could not deprive Gorky of the opportunity to conduct an active political activity otherwise than to stop his life!"

After the death of M. Gorky, persecution and repression began against his employees and closest associates. And a certain G. Stetsky, who kept under personal control the correspondence between Gorky and Romain Rolland, was appointed chairman of the commission on literary heritage writer. Literary critics to this day sometimes call this fact the “second death” of the great writer ...

M. Ershov's material

“Medicine is innocent here…” This is exactly what the doctors Levin and Pletnev, who treated the writer in the last months of his life, and later brought in as defendants in the process of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc” at first stated. Soon, however, they "recognized" the deliberately wrong treatment...

... and even "showed" that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in fact, there is no consensus.

The historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: "The fact of Gorky's murder can be considered irrevocably established." V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of a proletarian writer.

On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the government dacha in Gorki-10.

The autopsy was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov recalled, “the attitude of the doctors towards him changed. He became just a corpse for them ... They treated him terribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. An autopsy began. .. Then they began to wash the insides. They sewed up the incision somehow with a simple twine. They put the brain in a bucket ... "

This bucket, intended for the Institute of the Brain, Kryuchkov personally carried to the car. In Kryuchkov's memoirs there is a strange entry: "Alexey Maksimovich died on the 8th." But Gorky died on June 18...

Ekaterina Peshkova, the writer's widow, recalls:

"June 8, 6 p.m. eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning now on one, then on the other hand, pressed to his temple and resting his elbow on the arm of the chair.

The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing weakened, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, as we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be pushing something away or filming something ... "

"We" are the closest family members: Ekaterina Peshkova, Maria Budberg, Nadezhda Peshkova (Gorky's daughter-in-law), nurse Chertkova, Pyotr Kryuchkov, Ivan Rakitsky, an artist who lived in Gorky's house. It is certain to all assembled that the head of the family is dying.

When Ekaterina Pavlovna approached the dying man and asked: "Do you need anything?" Everyone looked at her with disapproval. It seemed to everyone that this silence could not be broken. After a pause, Gorky opened his eyes, looked around at those around him: "I was so far away, it's so difficult to return from there."

And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They were waiting in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter with a cheerful gait to the resurrected Gorky. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes - the head of the NKVD Heinrich Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.

"Why is this one hanging around here? So that he wouldn't be here."

Stalin behaves in the house in a businesslike way. Shuganul Genrikh, scared Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?" The "owner" has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only a corps de ballet.

When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone needs to be supported ... Stalin jokingly besieged Gorky: “We’ll talk about business when you get better. there is wine, we would drink a glass to your health."

They brought wine... They all drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they left, Gorky seemed to say: "What good guys! How much strength they have ..."

But how much can one trust these memoirs of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by the American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky's death, she replied: "Don't ask me about it! I won't be able to sleep for three days..."

The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the terminally ill Gorky on June 10 at two in the morning. But why? Gorky was asleep. No matter how afraid the doctors were, they did not let Stalin in. Stalin's third visit took place on 12 June. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the position of the French peasantry.

It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, were writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became. All this is somehow very strange.

The visits of the leader seemed to magically enliven Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin's permission. This is unbelievable, but Budberg will directly say this: "He died, in fact, on the 8th, and if it were not for the visit to Stalin, he would hardly have returned to life."

Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. So the nighttime intrusion attempt was driven by necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed or straight Talk with Gorky, or steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon, who was traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?

After Gorky's death, Kryuchkov was accused of having "killed" Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov with "wrecking methods of treatment" on instructions from Yagoda. But why?

If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the "customers" - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev - had a political calculation. In this way, they allegedly wanted to hasten the death of Gorky himself, fulfilling the task of their "leader" Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial, there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) Doctors.

One of the first to talk about the poisoning of Gorky was the revolutionary émigré B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere with poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.

Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, anyone around Gorky could be poisoned with sweets, except for himself. Only an idiot would think of such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.

There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to hang on him one more - unproven.

The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.

At the request of the widow E.P. Peshkova was refused to give her part of the ashes for burial in her son's grave by a collective decision of the Politburo ...

A day is a small life, and you have to live it as if you have to die now, and you were suddenly given another day.

The most active ally of the disease is the despondency of the patient.

How can you not trust a person? Even if you see - he is lying, believe him, that is, listen and try to understand why he is lying?

A. M. Gorky with his son
Maksim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born on March 29, 1868. His father was a cabinet maker (according to another version, I. S. Kolchin, manager of the Astrakhan shipping company), and his mother was the daughter of the owner of the dye house. At the age of nine, he was orphaned, and his grandmother had a decisive influence on him,

“Due to the exceptionally difficult living conditions, disagreements and complex contradictions in the views on reality with the populists who took over Derenkov’s bakery, the death of his grandmother, the arrest and death of people close to him, Gorky becomes mentally depressed, which he later described in the story “A case from the life of Makar ". On December 12, 1887, Gorky tried to commit suicide in Kazan.

Having bought an old revolver at the market, Maksim Gorky at eight o'clock in the evening on the banks of the Kazanka near the Fedorovsky monastery he shot himself in the chest. “The bullet went past the heart, only slightly touching the lung. The wounded man was brought first to the police station, and then to the zemstvo hospital.”
From December 12 to 21, Gorky was in this hospital. In March 1888, at the suggestion of Romas, he left Kazan ... ". January 2 1888 years after the failed assassination attempt suicide discharged from the local hospital.

In a short essay "On the Harm of Philosophy," Gorky artistically, colorfully, but apparently quite truthfully describes mental illness which he suffered in 1889—1890 years. However, it is unlikely that Gorky himself believed that philosophy made him mentally ill, although cosmogonic crazy ideas or ideas play big role in Gorky's delirium.

Gorky's friend, who lectured him on philosophy, loved bread sprinkled with a thick layer of quinine, he repeatedly poisoned himself until, in 1901, he finally poisoned himself with an indigoid. After two lectures, Gorky fell ill. And maybe even earlier! Already at the second lecture of Vasilyev Gorky „

In this chaos of gloomy disunity, in a silent whirlwind of torn bodies, hate and love majestically move, opposing each other, indistinguishably similar to one another, a ghostly, bluish radiance pours from them, reminiscent of the winter sky on a sunny day, and illuminates everything moving with a deathly monotonous light. ".

„Felt after a few days my brain melts and boils, giving birth to strange thoughts, fantastic visions and pictures. A feeling of melancholy, sucking out life, seized me, and I began to fear madness. But I was brave, I decided to go to the end of fear, and that is probably what saved me.".

A whole series of fantasies follows, which Gorky experienced partly as a hallucinatory, and of which the most interesting, since it contains a "description" of eternity, is the following:

„

“A naked woman came up to me on bird-like paws instead of feet, golden rays emanated from her breasts. So she poured handfuls of burning oil on my head, and flaring up like tufts of cotton, I disappeared.

In addition to hallucinations of vision, Gorky at that time had clearly expressed hallucinations of hearing, which were so intense that they called him to noisy performances:

„

I am inexpressibly ashamed, I despise myself."

A very important symptom that completes the picture of Gorky's illness, which we are trying to reproduce here from excerpts from On the Harm of Philosophy, is sharp dream stupor, leading to the fact that Gorky, while working, suddenly forgets himself and his surroundings and unconsciously introduces into his work elements that are completely alien to it, which are not in direct or indirect connection with it, as happens in a dream, where the most impossible contradictory facts are connected in one unit. Here is what Gorky says:

„

And fantasies and visions take possession of Gorky more and more:

To these extravagant antics of unbridled fantasy, to dream stupor, hallucinations, obsessive ideas, actions and deeds are sometimes added:

Reality, the world of real phenomena, ceases at times to exist completely for Gorky:

My soul hurt a lot. And if two years ago I had not made sure personal experience how humiliating the stupidity of suicide, I probably would use this method of curing a sick soul" .

(Delirium fever ). This diagnosis is supported by the characteristic combination of symptoms (fantasies, illusions, hallucinations, the affect of fear), which we have already pointed out, illustrating them with excerpts from Gorky's description of his illness, dream stupor and fever. Kraepelin briefly characterizes febrile delirium as delirium, "accompanied by a more or less sharp dream-like stupor, an obscure often perverted assimilation of the surroundings and fantastic experiences, sometimes also quite strong anxiety with a timid or cheerful mood."

Gorky undoubtedly suffered from feverish delirium, which, thanks to Gorky's fascination with cosmogonic fantasies, received especially rich food and flourished magnificently, perhaps longer than it would have been under other, less favorable conditions.

Gorky turned to a psychiatrist for advice and reports how his psychiatrist treated him, thus giving us the opportunity to judge the psychiatric science of that time in its application in practice.

„.

“And the butterfly is very useful for you.” .

I deliberately quote the entire passage where Gorky draws a picture of a psychiatrist, because historical value this passage. Oddly enough, but long before the emergence and spread of Freudian psychoanalysis (The book "Studien uber Hystherie", which Freud wrote together with Joseph Breuer and served as the basis and starting point for psychoanalysis, was published only in 1895), attributing to the sexual sphere, in fact psychosexual disorders, the main role in the development of mental illness, there was a view among Russian psychiatrists that sexual life takes the most active part in the formation of a healthy and sick psyche of a person, and the psychiatrist who gave Gorky advice insists (!) "a woman who is greedier for a love game", assuring him that it will be useful to him!

Gorky mentions many times that his sexual desire in his youth was poorly developed, explaining this partly by hard physical labor, partly by a passion for literature and science. Dr. I. B. Galant (Moscow)psychiatry. en › book _ show . php...

In 1918, Maxim Gorky published in the newspaper " New life"an article denouncing the consequences Bolshevik coup in the country: “No, the proletariat is not generous and not just, and yet the revolution was supposed to establish possible justice in the country ... If the internecine war consisted in Lenin clinging to Milyukov’s petty-bourgeois hair, and Milyukov ruffled Lenin’s magnificent curls. ... But it's not the pans who fight, but the serfs. And you won't rejoice when you see how the healthy forces of the country perish, mutually destroying each other. And thousands of people walk the streets and, as if mocking themselves, shout: "Long live the world!"

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Maksim Gorky - pseudonym Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, the incorrect use of the writer's real name in combination with a pseudonym is also well-established - Alexei Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian empire- June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. On turn of XIX and XX centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.

Gorky was initially skeptical October revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the publishing house " world literature”, petitioned the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and living abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where in the last years of his life he received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.

Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from officers. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for cruel treatment with the lower ranks, ”after which he enrolled in the tradesmen. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.

In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka Gryaz-Tsaritsynskaya station. railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went on a wandering and soon reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:

And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a train of the railway appears on the screen. He rushes with an arrow straight at you - beware! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you sit, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building, where there is so much wine. , women, music and vice.

1897 - "Former People", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.

In 1902 Gorky was elected an honorary member Imperial Academy Sciences ... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician "was under police surveillance." In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy

1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists G. Hauptman, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer J. Puccini, philosopher B. Croce and other representatives of creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva set off through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.

1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.

1914 - founded the Chronicle magazine and the Parus publishing house.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the Parus publishing house published autobiographical story"In people" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of public and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from the repressions of the Bolsheviks and hunger.

Emigration

1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. official reason departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays "On the Soviet Union."
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.

Return to the USSR

(From November 1935 to June 1936)

1932 - Gorky returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress Soviet writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History of the Civil War", "Poet's Library", "History young man XIX century”, the journal “Literary Studies”, he writes the plays “Egor Bulychev and Others” (1932), “Dostigaev and Others” (1933).

1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, speaks at it with the main report.
1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel".
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.

“Medicine is innocent here…” This is exactly what the doctors Levin and Pletnev initially stated, who treated the writer in the last months of his life, and later were involved as defendants in the process of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc”. Soon, however, they "recognized" the deliberately wrong treatment...
and even "showed" that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in fact, there is no consensus.
The historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: "The fact of Gorky's murder can be considered irrevocably established." V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of a proletarian writer.

On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the government dacha in Gorki-10.

The autopsy was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov recalled, “the attitude of the doctors towards him changed. He became just a corpse for them ...

They treated him horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began ... Then they began to wash the insides. The incision was sewn up somehow with a simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket ... "

This bucket, intended for the Institute of the Brain, Kryuchkov personally carried to the car.

In Kryuchkov's memoirs there is a strange entry: "Alexey Maksimovich died on the 8th."

Ekaterina Peshkova, the writer's widow, recalls: "June 8, 6 pm. Alexei Maksimovich's condition worsened so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that the near end was inevitable ... Alexei Maksimovich - in an armchair with his eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning on something on one, then on the other hand, pressed to the temple and leaning with the elbow on the arm of the chair.

The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing weakened, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, as we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be pushing something away or filming something ... "

And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They were waiting in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter with a cheerful gait to the resurrected Gorky. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes - the head of the NKVD Heinrich Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.

"Why is this one hanging around here? So that he wouldn't be here."

Stalin behaves in the house in a businesslike way. Shuganul Genrikh, scared Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"

The "owner" has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only a corps de ballet.

When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone should be supported ... Stalin jokingly besieged Gorky: "We'll talk about business when you get better.
Thinking of getting sick, get better soon. Or maybe there is wine in the house, we would drink a glass to your health.

They brought wine... They all drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they left, Gorky seemed to say: "What good guys! How much strength they have ..."

But how much can one trust these memoirs of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by the American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky's death, she replied: "Don't ask me about it! I won't be able to sleep for three days..."

The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the terminally ill Gorky on June 10 at two in the morning. But why? Gorky was asleep. No matter how afraid the doctors were, they did not let Stalin in. Stalin's third visit took place on 12 June. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the position of the French peasantry.

It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, were writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became. All this is somehow very strange.

The visits of the leader seemed to magically enliven Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin's permission. It's unbelievable, but Budberg will be blunt about it:
"He died, in fact, on the 8th, and if not for a visit to Stalin, he would hardly have returned to life."

Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. So the nighttime intrusion attempt was driven by necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed either a frank conversation with Gorky, or a steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon, who was traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?

After Gorky's death, Kryuchkov was accused of having "killed" Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov, along with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on the instructions of Yagoda, by "wrecking methods of treatment". But why?

If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the "customers" - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev - had a political calculation. In this way, they allegedly wanted to hasten the death of Gorky himself, fulfilling the task of their "leader" Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial, there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) Doctors.

One of the first to talk about the poisoning of Gorky was the revolutionary émigré B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere with poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.

Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, anyone around Gorky could be poisoned with sweets, except for himself. Only an idiot would think of such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.

There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to hang on him one more - unproven.

The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.

Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the true reason for the death of the Russian writer ALEKSEY MAKSIMOVICH PESHKOV by his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P ESH K OVA A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24

1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
ALEKSEY M A K S I M O V I CH P E SH K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3

PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH \u003d 258 \u003d NATURAL DEATH.

258 \u003d 77-LACK OF \ Oxygen \ + 181- LACK OF OXYGEN.

258 = OXYGEN STARVATION MYO \ karda \.

258 \u003d 165-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\ + 93-INFARCTION.

258 \u003d 58-FROM IN \\ infarction ... \ + 200-FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \.

258 = HYPOXIA OF THE MYOCARDIAL HEART \ a \.

258 \u003d 228-LIDING TO DEATH HEART + 30- ... CT (the end of the word coming towards the HEART).

Let's check this statement:

10 24 45 46 63 74 93
I N F A R C T
93 83 69 48 47 30 19

We see the numbers 19, 30, 48, 93

Let's decrypt individual columns:

89 = DEATH
_____
181 = 77-SHORT + 104-OXYGEN

198 = SUDDEN DEATH
_____________________________
76 = LACK OF Oxygen \

145 = DEAD
___________________________________________________
128 \u003d FROM HYPOXIA \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT CIS / LORD \ \u003d FROM INFARCTION

140 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT ACID / OROD \
__________________________________
128 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT KIS\ loroda \

193 = MYOCARDIA WITHOUT OXYGEN
__________________________________
75 = HEART

73 = MYOCARDIA
___________________________________
200 = FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \

154 = MYOCARDIAL FASTING \ a \
________________________________
105 = FASTING MI\okarda\

165 = NOT ENOUGH
_______________________
104 = OXYGEN

Reference:

Myocardial hypoxia is a condition in which the heart muscle, and the myocardium - this is the muscle of the heart, does not receive the right amount of oxygen.
ddhealth.ru›bolezni-i-lechenie/1190…miocarda

DATE OF DEATH code: 06/18/1936. This is \u003d 18 + 06 + 19 + 36 \u003d 79 \u003d FROM HYPO \ xii \ = FROM INF \ arcta \.

258 = 79 + 179- THE END HAS COME.

Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = JUNE 226-EIGHTEENTH + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-\ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \-DIES = 281.

281 = 75-HEART + 206-OXYGEN HUNGER = HEART ENDED.

281 - 258-\ FULL NAME code \ \u003d 23 \u003d MI \ ocard \.

Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261 = SUDDEN MYOCAR INFARCTION \ yes \.

Let's look at the column:

89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = SIXTY B \ eight \

180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.

Reviews

Are you sure that he is a great Russian??? Very doubtful...
Maxim Gorky (real name and surname - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov; 1868-1936) thanks to his pre-revolutionary writings, enjoyed a reputation as a friend of the poor, a fighter for social justice. Meanwhile, sympathy for the people of the social “bottom” merged in these works with arguments that all Russian life is a solid “lead abomination” (“Okurov Town”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”, etc.). Gorky argued that the Russian soul is by its very nature "cowardly" and "morbidly evil" (he considered the disgusting old voluptuous Fyodor Karamazov from Dostoevsky's novel to be the most successful portrait of it). He wrote about "the sadistic cruelty inherent in the Russian people" (an afterword to the book by S. Gusev-Orenburgsky on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine, 1923). Perhaps not a single publicist wrote with such hostility about any nation - except perhaps Hitler's ideologists about the Jews. Such accusations as expressed by Gorky in the work "On the Russian Peasantry" are brought only to those whom it is decided to destroy.
And Gorky accepted in this destruction direct participation. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP. In 1917, having parted with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of their coup, he formally remained outside the party. He was rich, could afford from 1906 to 1914 to live in a villa on about. Capri and donate large sums to the party fund. He financed the Leninist newspapers Iskra and Vperyod. During the December rebellion of 1905, his Moscow apartment, guarded by the Caucasian squad, became a workshop where bombs were made; where they brought weapons for the militants. In 1906, Gorky went on a tour of America, collected about 10 thousand dollars for the Bolsheviks. After the newspapers printed his proclamation "Don't give money to the Russian government," the US refused to give Russia a loan of half a billion dollars. Gorky thanked America by describing it as a gloomy "country of the yellow devil."
After 1917, Gorky continued to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. In words, often criticizing their policies (with their full permission), he actually took part in their actions. For example, in 1919, on behalf of the Bolsheviks, he formed an expert Commission, the conclusions of which served as the basis for the export of many works of art abroad. This ruined the largest art repositories in Russia.
Although Gorky understood that “the commissars treat Russia as material for experiment” and that “Bolshevism is a national misfortune,” he continued to be on friendly terms with the new government and with its leader, in the essay “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1920; not to be confused with the later “V. I. Lenin”) equated them with saints (I. A. Bunin called this article a “shameless akathist”).
From 1921 to 1931 Gorky lived abroad, mainly in Italy. Even from abroad, the proletarian writer consecrated with his authority death sentences handed down on absurd charges. Returning to the USSR, he energetically joined in the all-out hunt for imaginary "enemies" and "spies." In 1929–1931 Gorky regularly published articles in Pravda, which later compiled the collection Let's Be on Guard! They urge readers to look around them for wreckers who have secretly betrayed the cause of communism. The most famous of these articles is "If the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed" (1930); its title became a kind of motto for all Soviet politics. At the same time, Gorky, like the punitive organs that admired him, did not need any evidence to attach the label “enemy”. The worst enemies, in his opinion, are those against whom there is no evidence. "Gorky not only sings in the choir of accusers - he writes music for this choir," states the Swiss researcher J. Niva.
The language of these articles by the "humanist writer" is striking: people here are constantly referred to as flies, tapeworms, parasites, semi-human beings, degenerates. “There are traitors, traitors, spies among the masses of the workers of the Union of Soviets… It is only natural that the workers’ and peasants’ power beats its enemies like a louse.” At the same time, Gorky praised the "historically and scientifically substantiated, truly universal, proletarian humanism of Marx - Lenin - Stalin" (article "Proletarian Humanism"); admired “how simple and accessible the wise comrade Stalin” (“Letter to delegates All-Union Congress collective farmers-drummers). Preserving his long-standing hatred of the peasantry, Gorky reminded that “peasant strength is a socially unhealthy force and that the cultural-political, consistent work of Lenin-Stalin is aimed precisely at eradicating this ‘strength’ from the consciousness of the peasant, for this strength is ... the instinct of a small owner, expressed, as we know, in the forms of zoological brutality ”(“ An open letter to A. S. Serafimovich ”, 1934). Recall that this was published in the years when the most industrious and economic peasants ("kulaks") were shot or evicted to the permafrost zone.
In support of the “case of the Industrial Party” fabricated by the OGPU, Gorky wrote the play “Somov and Others” (1930). In accordance with this absurd process, wrecking engineers are bred in it, who, in spite of the people, slow down production. In the finale, “just retribution” comes in the person of OGPU agents, who arrest not only engineers, but also a former singing teacher (his crime is that he “poisoned” Soviet youth with talk about the soul and early music). In the articles "To the Workers and Peasants" and "Humanists" Gorky supports an equally ridiculous accusation against Professor Ryazanov and his "accomplices" who were shot for "organizing a food famine."
Gorky did not necessarily approve of all repressions. The arrests of the old Bolsheviks, fighters against "damned tsarism," worried him. In 1932, he even expressed his bewilderment at the arrest of L. Kamenev to the head of the Chekists, G. Yagoda. But the fate of millions condemned to death ordinary people he was not so perplexed. In 1929 Gorky visited the Solovetsky camp. One of the juvenile prisoners, seeing in him a defender of the oppressed, ventured to tell him about the monstrous conditions of life in this camp. Gorky shed a tear, but after talking with the boy (almost immediately shot) in the Book of Reviews of the Solovetsky camp, he left enthusiastic praises for the jailers.
In 1934, under the editorship of Gorky, the collection "The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin" was published. The book supports all the delusional accusations of those years: that engineers, for example, poison workers with arsenic in factory canteens, and secretly break machine tools. The concentration camp is depicted as a beacon of progress; it is claimed that no one dies in it (in reality, at least 100,000 prisoners died during the construction of the White Sea Canal). Speaking to the builders of the canal on August 25, 1933, Gorky admired “how the OGPU re-educates people,” and spoke with tears of emotion about the excessive modesty of the Chekists. According to A. I. Solzhenitsyn, given by him in The Gulag Archipelago, in the book The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin, Gorky for the first time in Russian literature glorified slave labor.
Regardless of whether Gorky's talent is considered top-notch or overblown by the press; whether to believe in his sincerity or in the fact that in his heart he did not approve of Stalin's policy; Regardless of whether to trust the version that the 68-year-old writer, who had been treated for a long time for consumption, died not from the disease, but from poison given by order from the Kremlin, the fact remains: Gorky contributed to the organized murder of millions of innocent people.

Not every writer receives honor and glory during his lifetime the way they came to Maxim Gorky. The date of birth and death of this extraordinary person is of interest to many compatriots. After all, he himself was a witness to the renaming of his hometown, Nizhny Novgorod, in his honor. Then a street in Moscow was named after him, two largest theater, plane, cruiser, ship. IN Soviet years the popularity of Gorky's work was at its peak. Today, not even small streets of his name remain.

Many do not know at all the date of death of Maxim Gorky and its causes. Well, let's go through the main pages of the writer's biography. Let's try to understand the causes of Gorky's death. His death was very mysterious, and creativity causes mixed feelings in readers. And now about everything in order.

Childhood and youth

Dates of life and death of Gorky: March 16, 1868 - June 18, 1936 to the Russian and Soviet writer, public figure, the founder of the style of socialist realism, Maxim Gorky happened to be born in glorious Nizhny Novgorod. Real surname and the name of Maxim Alekseevich is Alexey Peshkov. His family was poor, his father died when the boy was three years old, and after another 8 years his mother died. The fate of the boy was "bitter", perhaps that is why he later took such a pseudonym for himself. Little Alyosha was raised by his maternal grandfather, Kashirin, who owns a dyeing workshop.

In the family of a stingy grandfather, the boy's life was not easy, very early he "went into the people", began to get a job various works. He had to master the profession of a dishwasher, a baker, an assistant to a salesman in a store. He was later able to display all his childhood ordeals in the first part of the autobiographical work "Childhood". Alexei's grandmother, unlike his grandfather, showed kindness, care, told him interesting stories. When she died, the young man even tried to commit suicide. He shot himself and the bullet damaged his lung, causing further health problems.

In 1884 Alexei had unsuccessful attempt enroll in Kazan University. The young man began to visit the Marxist circle of N. Fedoseev, for which he was arrested for a short period. The favorite pastime of the young man was wandering around Russia. Working as a loader, a night watchman, Alexei was engaged in self-education. At the age of 24, he tried himself as a journalist in some small publications. Then he took the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida, but then changed it to Maxim Gorky, hinting at the difficult Russian life.

Literary beginnings and first political steps

The year 1892 was marked by the appearance of Gorky's first story, Makar Chudra. Then "Chelkash" and "Old Woman Izergil" appeared. They were followed by "The Song of the Falcon" and "Former People". They noted not so much artistic features, how much exaggerated-pompous pathos, inspired by new political trends in the country. Marxism was gaining more and more popularity in radical circles. In Gorky's stories, the tramp-lumpen became the main characters, which was very welcomed by society.

In 1898, Alexei Maksimovich published his first collection, Essays and Stories. This served to take off his public and creative career. The writer greatly exaggerated the life of the poor, their difficulties, defended the interests of the working class. His works were endowed with a simulated pathos of "humanity", which was praised by intellectuals and "conscious workers". Despite the ambiguous attitude towards his work, Tolstoy and Chekhov made friends with him. After that, he wrote the novel "Three".

Gorky defended the interests of the Marxist social democracy, hostile to tsarism. Soon his famous revolutionary "Song of the Petrel" came out. The writer was suspected of calling for the overthrow of the autocracy, arrested and forced to leave his native city.

Soon he became friends with many revolutionaries, including Lenin. In 1902, the government annulled Gorky's election as a member of the Imperial Academy in the category of fine literature. Chekhov and Korolenko also resigned in solidarity with the writer.

Starting in 1905, his works become more optimistic. Gorky wrote several plays on social topics. The play "At the Bottom" was very popular not only in Russia, but also in the USA and Europe. The writer was close Political Views opposition. For the publication of the play "Children of the Sun" and participation in the revolution of 1905, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Beloved of Gorky in those years was former actress

Having been released, Alexei Maksimovich continued his writing business, became rich, and began to financially support the Russian Social Democratic Party. "Bloody Sunday" in 1905 made the writer even more radical. On most issues, he shared the opinion of the Bolsheviks and Lenin.

Fleeing from arrest, Gorky hid in Finland and then in the United States. There he raised funds to support the Bolsheviks. This trip prompted him to write the novel "Mother". It was first printed in London on English language. Among the acquaintances of Alexei Maksimovich were Theodore Roosevelt himself and Mark Twain. The "bourgeois spirit" of America, the writer also did not quite like it, he condemned it.

Gorky's stay in Capri

Fearing arrest for participation in the Moscow uprising, Maxim Gorky after America went to the Italian island of Capri. He continued to support the Russian Bolsheviks with his novels and essays. With two more emigrants, Lunacharsky and Bogdanov, he formed philosophical system with the name "god-building".

It was intended to develop new moral values ​​for humanity to get rid of evil, suffering and poverty. Lenin rejected these philosophical searches of the writer. But Gorky believed that spiritual values ​​were still very important for revolutionary success. He put them above political and economic measures. The novel "Confession", written in 1907, is devoted to spiritual values.

Return to Russia

In 1913, Gorky returned to Russia under an amnesty and became an active public and literary figure. He was engaged in the training of young writers from the people. In 1915, the writer became a participant in the publication of the journalistic collection "Shield". His goal was to protect the oppressed Jews in Russia. The Bolsheviks often gathered in Gorky's apartment, but just before the 1917 revolution, the writer changed his attitude towards them. He foresaw that Lenin would conduct a cruel experiment on the Russian people, doomed to failure. The Bolsheviks then began to censor Gorky's newspaper Novaya Zhizn. Now he saw in the Bolsheviks talkers and loafers.

In 1918, a series of critical notes to the Leninist government, Untimely Thoughts, was published. These notes became known to Russia only after the collapse of the Soviet Union. There he criticized Lenin for repressing freedom of thought.

Over the years, the Bolshevik regime grew stronger, and Gorky criticized less. Alexey Maksimovich was very worried when he learned about it in 1918. When he recovered, Gorky even visited him and realized his mistakes. He joined the Society of Bolshevik Writers at the World Literature Publishing House. The best published classical works, but only on a small scale. Here Alexei Maksimovich met and became friends with Maria Benckendorff.

Emigration to Italy

In 1921, a friend of the writer, poet Nikolai Gumilyov (husband of Anna Akhmatova), was shot by Chekists. Gorky personally asked Lenin in writing not to do this. This event prompted Alexei Maksimovich to leave Bolshevik Russia. Living in German resorts, M. Gorky finished writing his autobiography "My Universities". In 1924, the writer moved to Italy for the treatment of tuberculosis. He lived for nine years in the Italian city of Sorrento, visited the Soviet Union several times. In 1932, Stalin personally invited Alexei Maksimovich to move to his homeland. The writer still had sympathy for the Bolsheviks, and he decided to return.

Mature views of the writer

Communist propaganda made extensive use of the writer's departure from fascist Italy. Now more like eulogies Soviet system. In the style of Leninist-Stalinist propaganda, he wrote an article "Who are you with, masters of culture?". In it, he called on artists, actors, writers to serve the communist movement with their creativity. Alexei Maksimovich was awarded the Order of Lenin for this and was allowed to dominate the Union of Soviet Writers.

Maxim Gorky was given a luxurious mansion in Moscow and a dacha nearby. All festive demonstrations were not complete without going to the podium of Gorky's mausoleum together with Stalin. The writer's work fully supported Stalin's propaganda. In his writings there were convictions that the Soviet correctional camps were successfully "reforging" the enemies of the proletariat. Only for this lie Alexei Maksimovich paid with considerable mental anguish. Stalin knew about the writer's hesitation. In 1934, after the murder of Alexei Maksimovich Kirov, he was placed under house arrest. Stalin's "Great Terror" began. In 1934, in an incomprehensible situation, the 36-year-old, Gorky's son, dies. The writer then had to live another 2 years.

Gorky's disease is the subject of speculation and controversy

Maxim Gorky's death was unexpected. It all started in May 1936, when he fell ill. He had a high fever, shortness of breath, uneven pulse. Doctors recognized pneumonia, but did not tell the writer about it. The condition was aggravated by hiccups, restless hand movements. One after another, doctors and relatives and friends came into his bedroom. He almost didn't recognize anyone. The doctors announced that they were powerless.

One day, Stalin called and said that he, Molotov and Voroshilov would come to visit Alexei Maksimovich. This simply revived the writer, for a meeting with the leader he was injected with a large dose of camphor. The encouraged writer was even able to keep the conversation going during the meeting. That day, he even sipped some wine and talked about the fact that he still had a lot to do.

After the improvement, new seizures began. He was given oxygen bags. The death of M. Gorky overtook in the spring, as he wrote to one of his friends. On his last day, he barely audibly whispered: "Let me go."

Suspicions in the murder of the writer

The year of Gorky's death is 1936. Last days the writer could not even lie down, they lifted him up. Coming to his senses, he said that in delirium he argued with God. Soon pulmonary edema began. Oxygen bags did not have time to be brought to the writer's house by truck. Soon, Alexei Maksimovich began to suffer agony. The date of Gorky's death is June 18, 1936 at 11 am.

Doctors immediately began to do an autopsy. It showed that the lungs were in a terrible state. Thus, suspicion was removed from them. But still they were accused of incompetence, and then of malicious murder. Most of the witnesses were of the opinion that pneumonia was the cause of Gorky's death. This could have been prevented. Therefore, there were suspicions about his poisoning.

Here are some facts about the possibility of poisoning:

• GPU G. G. Yagoda often appeared in the writer's house.
• Physically, Gorky was a hardy man and could cope with pneumonia.
• After the death of the writer, doctors and Yagoda were shot, possibly getting rid of unnecessary witnesses.
• Immediately after his death, the doctors "gutted" Gorky's body. The relatives remained convinced that if the writer had not been treated, he would have survived.
• The government decided to cremate Gorky. Yagoda did not allow even a particle of ashes to be given to his relatives for burial.
• During the trial, it was revealed that Yagoda, who was arrested in 1937, had a whole cabinet of poisons, which were developed by a special laboratory.

Conclusions on the causes of death of Maxim Gorky

So, Yagoda, two Soviet ministers and four Kremlin doctors ended up in the dock. Trotsky led the investigation process. It was he who put forward the version of the murder. Trotsky accused Yagoda of poisoning Gorky on his orders. Why did Stalin need to get rid of the "petrel of the proletariat"?

Trotsky saw in Gorky an intercessor for the offended, a sentimental Protestant. Almost everyone protested against the famine of the first and second five-year plans. And Alexei Maksimovich had connections with European writers, he formed public opinion in Russia. It was impossible to force him to remain silent, just as it was impossible to shoot him. The writer tried to escape abroad, Stalin refused to issue him a passport. Therefore, Gorky was eliminated without the shedding of blood. But this is just speculation.

Stalin, along with Molotov, carried the coffin of the writer at the funeral. Then Stalin himself announced that Gorky had been poisoned by "enemies of the people." The former head of the OGPU and NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, was convicted and accused of conspiring with Trotsky.

Evaluation of the creative searches of the writer

Maxim Gorky had different relations with the Bolshevik leaders in different years his life. It was beneficial for the Kremlin to see in him a major Russian writer of his time, a native of the people, true friend Communist Party and the father of "socialist realism". Portraits, statues and monuments to Gorky spread throughout the country.

In Europe, there were fluctuations in the writer's views on the Soviet system and his criticism of the Bolshevik regime. Maxim Gorky in his works not only expressed himself artistically and aesthetically, but also had the goal of morally changing the world. From the literary side, his works are not strong enough, but they give a very realistic picture of Russian life. late XIX century. Such, in brief, is the life and death of Gorky.