Garshin red flower main idea. “Philosophical motives in the story of V.M. Garshin “The Red Flower

Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin - Russian writer late XIX century. His work is very original and unusual. He started as a realist writer, but very soon symbolic features appeared in his work. Garshin was a master of symbolism. Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin was an unusual person: he was distinguished by an impressionable and vulnerable soul, rich imagination and amazing humanism. He could not look at other people's suffering, not only people, but also animals.

Garshin faced pain, injustice, cruelty early on, and this hurt him so much that he could not forget the suffering he experienced. Garshin devoted all his works to the theme of violence and suffering, so they leave a gloomy impression.

V. Garshin wrote stories and novels. His heroes are sick or crippled people. The writer was interested in their psychology, he was interested in how the consciousness of a sick person changes in contrast to a healthy one. The story "Red Flower" is written about this. This story made a deep impression on me. The action takes place in a mental hospital, where they bring a new patient. The writer describes in detail, accurately, realistically the situation of the hospital. But gradually this description turns into a symbol of the whole world, in which all people suffer. True, this is given through the perception of the main character - a madman. Garshin conveys the psyche of a sick person very accurately and correctly.

The red flower that grows in the hospital garden shakes the sick mind of the patient. His madness intensifies: he decides that this flower contains all the evil of the world, everything that does not allow a person to live joyfully and happily. “In this bright red flower, all the evil of the world has gathered. He knew that opium was made from the poppy; perhaps this thought, growing and taking on monstrous forms, forced him to create a terrible fantastic ghost. The flower in his eyes carried out all evil; he absorbed all the innocently shed blood (that's why he was so red), all the tears, all the bile of mankind, ”this is how the hero of the story perceives ordinary flower. He understands that his calling in life is to destroy this flower, and then evil will be destroyed. The patient gives to this struggle last strength and feel like a hero. But the flower mocks him: at first he does not allow himself to be plucked, then he does not fade for a long time and sucks the life out of him.

But there is not one flower, there are three of them. The madman decided to pluck them all, even though it is forbidden. At the risk to his health and life, he picks flowers: “His evil will go into his chest, his soul, and there he will be defeated or won - then he himself will die, die, but die as an honest fighter and as the first fighter of mankind, because that until now no one has dared to fight at once with all the evil of the world. It seems to me that in many ways Garshin wrote these lines about himself. He also wanted to defeat the evil of the world and fought it in his works. The tragedy of the hero of the story, and the writer himself, is that his desires and efforts were in vain. He did not defeat evil, but died himself. He only plucked beautiful flowers.

I think the writer understood that one person cannot defeat all evil. Therefore, he made the hero crazy, and transferred the action to a psychiatric hospital. I also think that this is how Garshin tried to cure his pain for all of humanity.

V.M. Garshin lived short life, but left us works that are very powerful in terms of impact. They leave no one indifferent, because they are written, one might say, with the blood of the heart. In them, he expressed everything that disturbed him.

3 Problem lesson on the story of V.M. Garshin "Red Flower"

Lesson topic: "Hero or madman" ( problematic lesson based on the story of V.M. Garshin "Red Flower")

in 10th grade

The purpose of the lesson:to introduce students to the biography of the writer V.M. Garshin, to identify the main idea of ​​the story "Red Flower".

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

Raise the level of perception artistic text, the ability to "see" the author's position

Introduce the concept of "image-symbol"

Developing:

Develop the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, prove, draw conclusions

Develop the skills of analyzing a work of art

Educational:

Contribute to the formation of a personal position, education moral qualities: compassion, humanity.

Raise interest in literature as an art of the word.

Epigraph of the lesson

The person in the "Red Flower" is greater than the world's evil, which he challenges. V.I.Prudominsky . ("A sad soldier, or the Life of Vsevolod Garshin" - this is how V.I. called his book about him. Prudominsky).

The main activities of students: message about the biography of the writer, oral answers to questions, work with text, work with literary concept, staging an excerpt, working with portraits of the writer, compiling an associative dictionary.

During the classes :

Organization of the class, setting for vigorous activity

Introduction by the teacher.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the biography of the writer V.M. Garshin, analyze it best work- the story "Red Flower", we will introduce a new concept of "symbol", and answer problematic issue, which is the topic of our lesson "Hero or madman?".

Let's write down the date and the topic of the lesson in notebooks and read the epigraph. The children were given an advanced task: to prepare a message and a presentation on the biography of the writer.

Exploring a new topic.

Student performance, presentation.

The word of the teacher. So, you have read the best work of the writer V.M. Garshin "Red Flower". If you put it in one or two words, what feelings, emotions, sensations did you have after reading the story?(The hero is sympathetic ). Why?

Let's try to figure it out and proceed to the analysis of the story.

Questions session. Story analysis. Work with text.

When do we meet the hero of the story?

What is the main character's first line? What does the word revision mean? inspection, verification, control, inspection, revision, inspection; upheaval, turnaround, turnaround, change, update. Can we say that this phrase of the hero is symbolic? What does she mean?(The world needs to be updated.

What is the hero going to revise?

Does he know where he is?

Why does the hero, knowing where he is, not resist, but go to the department himself?

(The hero is an intelligent, freedom-loving, proud person)

Why doesn't the hero have a name?

What colors prevail in the description of the hospital?

How does the hospital affect the patient?

So, in the first chapter, two opposing forces are identified. Which?

(A hero endowed with spiritual aspirations and yet common sense, and the hospital suppressing them. The hospital, as a special closed world, has its own ideologist.)

Who is it?

What is the doctor's name?

Can we say that the image of the doctor is symbolic?

What is the symbol of the doctor? A symbol of power. Hospital? Unfreedom.

4. Dramatization of the main character's conversation with the doctor.

- What key word does the character say in this scene?

(It is in a conversation with the doctor that the hero utters the word evil.)

Are they able to understand each other?

Which one is sympathetic?

(The patient does not think about his well-being, but about saving the unfortunate patients, he is not smug, like a doctor, he suffers. The conditions in which the patient is placed do not give him any chance for a struggle. And yet he fights.)

What is the next story in the story? (With the fight of the hero with three red flowers)

Why did the hero, despite “an extraordinary appetite, lose weight catastrophically?

(The thought of a flower took possession of him)

What were these flowers?

What do they look like to the hero?

Describe the character's face when he looks at the flower. (You can read an excerpt)

What does the flower become a symbol for the hero? (a symbol of world evil)

5. Slide. "Symbol" Give examples of symbols from life.

Why does the hero see flowers differently than everyone else?

What feelings does the character evoke?

How the character's face changed at the end of the story. Find the last paragraph in the text, read it. (Work with text)

Why did it become calm, peaceful? (He saved humanity from evil, taking it with him, albeit at the cost of his own life).

Why was he clutching the flowers on his chest?

6. Group work: (1-2 minutes for discussion)

1 group. Exercise. Fill in the table "Characteristics of the image of the main character"

2 group. Exercise. Fill in the table "Characteristics of the image the doctors"

3rd group. Exercise. Why V. Garshin dedicated his story to I.S. Turgenev? your assumptions.

After the answer of group 3, the student's message about the correspondence between Garshin and Turgenev.

7. Student's message

4 group. Exercise. Determine the relationship between the author and the character. Prove your point.

Answers of the speakers of the groups.

Group 4 answer.Student responses (1 minute for each group)

Work comparing two portraits of V.M. Garshin.

What mood does the first portrait evoke in you?

Which image did you like best and why?

What states of Garshin did the artist convey in these portraits?

Teacher after student answers : In the first portrait, the writer is depicted in his best moments, when an exalted spiritual life took place in him, there was a state of inner harmony. In the second portrait, he appears in moments of inner pain, terrible tension. Garshin's acquaintance with Repin dates back to 1882-1884. At this time, the artist worked on the paintings "They Did Not Wait" and "Ivan the Terrible", and the writer worked on "The Red Flower". Repin immediately had a burning desire to make a portrait of Garshin. "In the character of Garshin main feature there was - "not of this world" - something angelic ... When Garshin came to me, I always felt it even before his call. And he entered silently and always brought with him a quiet delight, like an incorporeal angel. Garshin's eyes, of special beauty, full of serious bashfulness, were often clouded over with a mysterious tear, ”recalled Repin. He chose the writer as a model for the image of Tsarevich Ivan: “In the face of Garshin, I was struck by doom: he had the face of one doomed to die. It was just what I needed for my prince." A year later, Repin creates a large portrait of the writer.

Generalization:

Is it possible to connect the idea of ​​the story "Red Flower" with the personality of Garshin, his fate? Recall the facts about the writer's biography that you learned about at the beginning of the lesson. (Student answers)

Work on the epigraph. Slide

Let's turn to the epigraph of our lesson. How do you understand the meaning of this phrase?

So, let's answer the question: a hero or a madman?

Summing up the lesson.

Teacher: Garshin was burdened by injustice modern life. With his work, he protested against social structure based on heartlessness and violence. But life in its essence did not lose its charm for him.

Mine literary path Garshin finished funny fairy tale for children.

Reflection.

What did you learn new in the lesson?

What is the relevance of the story in our time?

What kind of work is this - social, ridiculing the strange impulses of people, or philosophical, forcing us into Once again think about the meaning of life?

Homework: write an essay on the topic "Death - victory or defeat of the protagonist?"

Lesson grades.

Additional information:

In October 1881, V. Garshin, on the advice of his mother, wrote a letter to Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. "... I wrote him a short letter. Ivan Sergeevich considered it necessary to answer the following: “My dearest Garshin, how pleased I was to receive a letter from you (albeit a long time ago) and how ashamed I am that I did not answer you for so long. I am now sending you a few lines through your brother Yevgeny.

Ivan Sergeevich, in a response letter, reassures Garshin, says that his illness will pass, and he will leave a "noticeable mark" in Russian literature. Turgenev tells Garshin: Last year, too, I counted on the fact that perhaps you would stay with me; and already in the present you probably will not refuse me. Of all our young writers, you are the one that excites big hopes. You have all the hallmarks of a real, major talent…”.

"Reassurance" by I.S. Turgenev of young writers speaks of the generosity of his soul and heart, talent not only literary, but also human.

1 group.

Exercise. Fill in the table "Characteristics of the image of the main character"

2 group.

Exercise. Fill in the table "Characteristics of the image of the doctor"

________________________________________________

3rd group.

Exercise. Why V. Garshin dedicated his story to I.S. Turgenev? your assumptions.

______________________________________________________

4 group.

APPENDIX No. 1.

Characteristic literary hero(the image of the main character of the story "Red Flower"

Education ___________________.

APPENDIX No. 1.

Characteristics of a literary hero (the image of a doctor in the story "Red Flower")

The place occupied by the hero in the work

Education, occupation ___________________.

Public and Family status hero; environment in which he lives ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Behavior, appearance, costume features ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,

Actions, features of behavior, activities, influence on others

The hero's understanding of the goals of life, his main interests _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Feelings of a literary hero, his attitude towards other characters ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Attitude of others actors to this hero _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The attitude of the author to the hero and the significance of the hero in revealing the idea of ​​the work

Subject: " Philosophical motives in "The Red Flower"

Completed by: Alekseeva K., 9Gkl., MOU SOSH №8

“They didn't see him. I saw. Can I let him live? Better than death... These were the words of the hero Garshin, the hero of the Red Flower, the crazy hero.

Immediately after the release of the first collection of stories by Garshin, contemporaries felt and understood that Garshin was creating different variants a single typical image. This is the image of a person who is not able to put up with "the injustice and evil of the decrepit and corrupted world." Drawing the spiritual insight of the hero, Garshin sharpens the tragedy life situations. Any incident outgrows the everyday framework and becomes in the mind of the hero Garshin a tragedy of universal significance. Striking a single "flower of evil", Garshin's hero, as it were, enters the fight against all the evil of the world, in each specific manifestation of evil, he tries to expose all "innocently shed blood, all tears, all the bile of mankind." Therefore, the story takes on the character of an allegory, romantic symbols. And next to the psychological short story, Garshin has an allegorical fairy tale as another favorite genre. "Red Flower" is undoubtedly a masterpiece, representing, as it were, a synthesis of these two genres.

"In his name imperial majesty, Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, I announce the revision of this lunatic asylum! - with these words of the heroic madman, the "Red Flower" opens. There is something symbolic about this beginning. "This lunatic asylum" announced a revision (revision of something in order to introduce fundamental changes). The hero identifies himself with Peter, the great reformer of the established order. Image crazy house closely associated with Russia in the 70s of the nineteenth century. He wrote about this period of Russian life in this way: “The new was received badly, the old lost all its strength ... the whole shaken life goes shaking like a swamp quagmire ...”. The hero of the "Red Flower" intends to fight, like many revolutionary-minded people of the 70s, he is in the grip of great expectations and imagines the coming renewal almost like a cosmic upheaval. “Soon, soon the iron bars will disintegrate, all these imprisoned ones will come out of here and rush to all ends of the earth, and the whole world will tremble, throw off its decrepit shell and appear in a new, wonderful beauty.” The world needs to be updated - this is the idea of ​​a crazy hero. He behaves like a person who is aware of his moral rightness, but who is in the hands of enemies. He walks "with a quick, heavy and resolute gait, raising his crazy head high."

The garden is a separate world, in the center of which a large large dahlia blooms, which seemed to the patient like a palladium of the entire building (Palladium is a statue Greek goddess Pallas Athens, guarding, according to the ancient Greeks, the security of the city). But even in this ideal world, where everything blooms and smells sweet, there is a place for evil. The red flower grows separately from the others, in an unweeded place, so that thick quinoa and some weeds surrounded it. They seemed to be hiding from others, and only a person who is at the highest level spiritual development able to see this hidden evil. Such a person is crazy hero. In his mind, the red flower is the embodiment of evil. When the sick went out into the garden they were given caps with a red cross on their foreheads, these caps had been in the war. The patient gave special meaning cross. “He took off his cap and looked at the cross, then at the poppy flowers. The flowers were brighter." This shows that such a terrible event as war is not comparable to the evil of this flower. Why did the hero hide red flowers on his chest? There is a opposition of all the sins, all the evil of mankind (the first flower is associated as the past, the second flower as the present, and the third, respectively, the future) and the innocent, pure soul, sincerely fighting for the sake of others with world evil. The hero calls the flower - Ahriman, (Ahriman is the personification of the forces of evil, the deity of darkness and the underworld, often identified in Christianity with Satan) who took on a "modest and innocent look." And in order to defeat such a force one must be not only common man, therefore, the hero compares himself with the opposite of Ahriman, he is the god of light and goodness, he is the god Ormuzd, who "lives in all ages, lives without space, everywhere or nowhere." In the last fight with the third flower, the hero talks to the stars on an equal footing. He becomes even higher, comparing himself with the first fighter of mankind, that is, with Jesus, there are no longer earthly barriers for him, such as a straitjacket or a brick fence. In the end, he dies, but his face expresses some kind of proud happiness. He took his trophy to the grave. His mission is over and it no longer makes sense to live on this earth without a purpose.

By 1880, Garshin was seriously ill mental disorder and was placed in a mental hospital. (professor of zoology, friend of Garshin) visited the writer in Kharkov: “He was thin and exhausted, terribly excited and agitated. His general structure, the tone of his conversation, the greetings that he exchanged with the sick - everything seemed to me wild, strange, not like the former Vsevolod Mikhailovich. I vividly recalled this later, when I read The Red Flower.

Fiedler (the translator of Garshin's stories into German) recalled that when he asked if anyone was the prototype of The Red Flower, Garshin replied: “I myself was the object of my psychiatric observations. When I was 18 and 25 years old, I suffered from a disorder nervous system but I was cured both times. One day there was a terrible thunderstorm. It seemed to me that the storm would blow away the whole house in which I then lived. And so, in order to prevent this, I opened the window - my room was on the top floor, took a stick and put one end of it on the roof, and the other on my chest, so that my body would form a lightning rod and thus save the whole building from all its inhabitants from death.

A feature of the disease was that Garshin remembered everything that happened to him during the clouding of his mind: all the words that he uttered, all the actions that he performed. Then it was as if two people lived in it at the same time - the one who committed crazy deeds, and normal person who observed the actions of the patient. In this sick state, he retained all the noble aspirations of the soul. Thus, the thoughts of the writer were reflected in the ideas of the protagonist. Everything that is described in The Red Flower grew out of the torment and morbid state of the author himself.

The writer perceived the existing evil so sharply that everyday realities became symbols in his works. Garshin put all the passion of his soul into his works, wrote "with his unfortunate nerves alone", and "each letter was worth ... a drop of blood."

All stories have something fantastic, but at the same time they contain a deep philosophical meaning. If we draw an analogy between the stories "Red Flower" and " Attalea princeps”then we find the similarity of situations, both works have a certain hidden political character. The huge greenhouse made of iron and glass in the story "Attalea princeps" is the place where "prisoner" plants live. They are stuffy and cramped in the greenhouse, they are deprived of their freedom. And yet the bold impulse of the palm tree is universally condemned. On the way to freedom, she overcomes enormous difficulties: "The cold rods of the frame dug into the tender young leaves, cut and mutilated them." But the palm tree is ready to die in the name of achieving the cherished goal - freedom. In the "Red Flower" we again have a dungeon, this time - crazy house. The patient brought here does not find support in anyone. He is obsessed with one thought that haunts him relentlessly, the thought of evil reigning in the world. For the sake of his goal, he overcomes all obstacles alone, endures pain and deprivation. But the end of the stories is the same - the death of the protagonist. This reflects the situation of the 70s, when the revolutionaries were ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of illusory happiness. They met with strong resistance from the authorities. When, say, in "Attalea princeps" the author reported about the servants of the greenhouse as people "with knives and axes" who watched the growth of plants, then the reader - a contemporary in his memory had images of other "servants" who zealously followed the thought and the actions of people. And the palm tree, as a threat to the entire greenhouse, is cut down, that is, it was dealt with as politically untrustworthy. The Red Flower is more pessimistic, the tragedy lies in the fact that the story is, first of all, an expression of selfless sacrifice in the fight against social evil, and the source of the disease is seen in the conditions of Russian life in the Garshin era.

A feat is a heroic, selfless deed. The madman has accomplished the feat. He overcame evil at the cost of his life, he gave himself to others. Garshin expressed his admiration for the beauty of "selflessness and heroism", for the romance of heroism. "Red Flower" is Garshin's hymn to "the madness of the brave". This is its deep philosophical meaning.

The poet and critic N. Minsky praised Garshin as a person who expressed the spirit of the generation of the 80s of the nineteenth century: “It seems to me that among the writers of each generation there is such a central personality, such a hero of his time, and he differs from his other brethren, in addition to talent , also mainly because literary activity and the personal life of such a writer amazingly coincide with each other, like two sides of one and the same phenomenon.<…>The life of such a writer seems to be one of the poems created, and each of his poems seems to be a repetition of his life. Not only suffering and struggle, but also the death of such a writer seems not accidental, but necessary, as last scene a well-conceived tragedy... On March 19, 1888, anticipating the approach of madness, the writer threw himself into the flight of stairs of his house. Vsevolod Mikhailovich died in the hospital on March 24 . In a nutshell, Chekhov expressed the reason for the death of Garshin: "Unbearable life!".

Bibliography:

1. . Vsevolod Garshin. - M .: "Enlightenment", 1969.

2. . Death. - M., USSR Academy of Sciences, v. 11, 1952 .

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Private Vsevolod Repin

1877 Portrait of Garshin 1884

"Where I am? What happened with me?" - came to his mind.

Chapter 2

Oh, shob toby! .. - shouted the guard who entered.

What a toby bis help! Gritsko! Ivan!

Go shvidche, bo wine untied.

Chapter 6

“He was found dead in the morning. His face was calm and light; emaciated features with thin lips and deeply sunken eyes closed expressed some kind of proud happiness. When they put him on a stretcher,they tried to open their hand and take out a red flower. But his hand became stiff, and he took his trophy to the grave. So the hero died famous story Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888).

Plot elements. The story has 6 chapters. In chapter 1 (tie pervaya) a new mental patient is taken to the hospital, he resists terrible force. He perceives all medical manipulations as torture, he sees in himself a Christian martyr for the faith, for example, St. George. In chapter 2 (development of the action), at night the patient woke up for a short while as a healthy person and fell asleep again. No wonder this chapter is the shortest. Chapter 3 (the second plot) contains a conversation between the patient and the doctor about freedom, then the madman sees poppy flowers in the hospital garden. Chapter 4 (development of the action) is filled with events: the fantasies of the hero, the first daytime attempt to pick a poppy, the second eveningearly attempt turned out to beL successful, frantic appetite, destruction of the flower. In chapter 5 (the first climax), we learn why the poppy needs to be destroyed: “All the evil of the world gathered in this bright red flower ... It was a mysterious, terrible creature, the opposite of God, Ahriman, who took on a modest and innocent look. You should have plucked it and killed it." Three days later the patient plucked the second Red flower. She is losing weight, sedatives (morphine) do not work. In chapter 6 (the second climax and denouement), a patient in a straitjacket is tied to a bed, torn, screaming about terrible danger, a watchman is assigned to him, at night the madman is freed, picks the third flower, in the morning he was found dead.

Chronotope (time and place of the text).The action takes place in a hospital and a hospital garden, that is, in a closed horizontal space. Vertical space is open, because the madman connects himself with the sky: "I'm coming to you," he whispered, looking at the sky. It is no coincidence that the same-root words “moon, lunar” are repeated: “Behind the bushes, directly opposite the window, a high fence darkened, the high treetops of a large garden, drenched and imbued with moonlight, looked out from behind it. To the right rose the white building of the hospital, its iron-barred windows illuminated from within; on the left - a white, bright from the moon, deaf wall of the dead. Moonlight fell through the bars of the window into the room, onto the floor, and illuminated part of the bed and the exhausted, pale face of the patient with his eyes closed; there was nothing crazy about him now.”

Day and night are in opposition. During the day the hero is insane (chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6), at night in the first half of the story he feels healthy (chapters 2, 4). The images of the poppy (daily cheerfulness) and morphine ( night sleep). As you know, morphine is obtained from the juice of poppy heads - what an evil irony! The insane seeks to destroy the poppy (the source of the world's evil in his eyes), and the doctor injects him with a dose of morphine as a remedy.

The main theme of the story is death.Just for the thought of death suggest strong positions of the text (beginning and end, repetitions, keywords). The name is "Red (symbol of blood) flower." Dedicated to the memory of the recently deceased Turgenev. The beginning of Chapter 1: “In the name of His Imperial Majesty, Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, I announce an audit of this lunatic asylum!” End: "He was carried to his bed in unconsciousness, which passed into a deep, dead and long sleep." The beginning of chapter 2 (the shortest): "He woke up at night." End: "For a few moments he woke up in full memory, as if healthy, then to get out of bed in the morning the same madman." Beginning of chapter 3: “How do you feel? the doctor asked him the next day. End: "The patient hardly slept and spent whole days in continuous motion." Chapter 4 (the longest). Start: “He was aware that he was in a lunatic asylum; he even realized that he was ill. End: “He was trembling as if in a fever and convulsively clutching his chest, all saturated, as it seemed to him, with an unheard-of deadly poison.” Chapter 5 Start: "He didn't sleep all night." End: "However, I doubt that he survived." Chapter 6 Beginning: "They tied up the sick man." End: "But his hand went numb, and he took his trophy to the grave."

Death motive keywordsscattered throughout the text: “A place of secret execution, hell, why kill me, in mortal horror, cut off my head, a dead dream, a blank wall of the dead, grew thin every day, dead, killed, dead, poisonous, deadly breath, I will die, turned pale like death, suffocate, deadly poison, die, die, better death, a little alive, die, kill, died, death, stiffened, grave. If it goes on like this, he won't survive. If it goes on like this, he will die in two days. However, I doubt that he survived. I'm coming to you, he whispered, looking at the sky.

The hero of Garshin is proud,and pride, as you know, is a mortal sin and a spiritual disease. “He saw himself in some kind of magical, enchanted circle, which gathered all the power of the earth into itself, and in a proud frenzy considered himself to be the center of this circle.” “He hoped that by morning the flower would lose all its strength. His evil will pass into his chest, his soul, and there he will be defeated or won - then he himself will perish, die, but he will die as an honest fighter and as the first fighter of mankind, because until now no one has dared to fight all the evil of the world at once. . “What a toby bis help!” “His face was calm and light; emaciated features with thin lips and deeply sunken closed eyes expressed some kind of proud happiness. I also recall the thematic repetition associated with Russian emperor: "Peter the Great, Peter the Great, the Battle of Poltava." The madman perceives himself as the Christian savior of the world, almost a martyr, Saint George. He attaches a mystical meaning to the red cross on the hospital cap.

Symbols. Number 3. Three red flowers. “One of the most positive number-emblems in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Can be seen as the interaction (sum) of duality and unity. Participates together with the four (the symbol of the corporeal) in the formation of the sacred seven (addition) and twelve (multiplication), in both cases representing the heavenly or the Spirit (soul).

Poppy. “The ancient Greeks considered the poppy an attribute not only of the god of sleep (Hypnos), but also of the god of death (Thanatos). It is known that the ancient Egyptians already had a sleeping potion prepared from poppies, who used it as a medicine and for this they cultivated even near the city of Thebes the same kind of poppy (Paraver somniferum), which we also cultivate. In our time, the healing properties of the poppy have receded, unable to withstand the competition with synthetic analgesics. And the deadly juice of this flower, opium, a source of heroin, morphine and others, came to the fore. the most dangerous drugs. But the flower is not to blame for anything. The people who have lost their sense of proportion, who do not feel the line between life and death, and sometimes just necrophiles, fans of Thanatos, are to blame.

Red color. “Among the experiences that red reflects, one can single out, on the one hand, love, passion, erotic beginning, inspiration, and, on the other hand, aggression, hatred and danger. It is believed that the choice of red is also associated with a tendency to self-realization. Most often, the red color evokes such associations as fiery, fire, fiery, hell, heat, blood, irritation. Red color has a variety of mental effects on a person. Often it causes excitement, anxiety, increases nervous tension. Raising the level of anxiety, it makes you pay more attention to the world around you. Being surrounded by red, a person intuitively tries to get out of it as quickly as possible.

Cross. "Cross - main symbol Christianity, which is an instrument of execution of the God-man Jesus Christ, on which he was crucified to atone for the sins of the world. The cross is a symbol sacrificial love the all-good God to fallen people, the all-conquering spiritual weapon of Christians, the foundation and focus of church life.

Dictionary. Ahriman (spirit of calamity) is the god of evil in the religion of ancient Iran founded by Zoroaster. A. - the source of evil, injustice, all in the red forces of nature; in every good undertaking, he can sow the seed of evil. All other evil spirits are subject to him.”

"Morphine - a colorless crystalline powder obtained from opium, bitter and poisonous; in small doses, it is an analgesic and sedative. Narcotic, analgesic, extracted from the milky juice of poppy heads. [From Morpheios, Greek god of sleep. mythology.]"

"George the Victorious- Christian saint, great martyr, the most revered saint of this name. He suffered during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, after eight days of severe torment in 303 (304) he was beheaded.

"Palladium, palladium(ancient Greek παλλάδιον) - a sacred statue-amulet depicting Pallas Athena. It was a shrine and a talisman of the city in which it was kept. IN figuratively- a talisman, a sacred object that brings good luck to the owner (often the country).

"Dahlia. Dahlia - Russian name this flower. Its botanical name is Dahlia, it belongs to the aster family. Dahlias are a perennial tuberous plant with stems that die off by winter and powerful perennial tubers that have a supply of nutrients. Dahlia's homeland North America. These plants were well known to the Aztecs and Mayans."

Gleb Uspensky about the "Red Flower": “But after all, Garshin in his “Red Flower” managed to remember and keep in his attention the transitional moments not only of a painful state.

When we read such a thing as "The Red Flower", we, in addition to subtle observations of the symptoms mental illness, we see that the source of the suffering of a sick person is hidden in the conditions of the life around him, and that from there, from life, suffering entered his soul. We see that life has offended his sense of justice, grieved him, that the thought of life's unrighteousness is the main root of mental suffering, and that nervous breakdown, physical pain, physical suffering only complicate the intense work of a completely definite thought inspired by the impressions of living life. Thought grieved by life beats as it beats migrant with the wind, with the fog, it struggles with the symptoms of a physical illness, but it, this thought, like a bird knowing the purpose of its flight, is not distorted by these obstacles encountered on the path of its flight, but tries to break through them, rushing towards known target, in this case, to the abduction of a flower, to its destruction as a source of all evil. The mere circumstance that the mentally ill person focuses his attention not just on the flower, but on the red one, and that it is this color that reveals inseparable bond simply physical suffering with moral suffering, aroused by life, the impressions of the experienced, painted in this particular red, bloody color - this alone proves that living impressions of real life, of a certain tone, quality, meaning and quality - have in a mental disorder such a person as Garshin, which takes precedence over a physical disorder.

Extra-plot elements (portrait, landscape, interior, digressions)
Hero portrait. “He was terrible. Over the gray dress torn to shreds during a fit, a coarse canvas jacket with wide neckline fitted his camp; the long sleeves held his arms crosswise across his chest and were tied at the back. His inflamed, wide-open eyes (he had not slept for ten days) burned with a motionless, hot gleam; a nervous spasm twitched the edge of the lower lip; matted curly hair fell in a mane on the forehead.

Interior. “It was a large stone building of an old government building. Two large halls, one - a dining room, the other - a common room for calm patients, a wide corridor with a glass door overlooking a garden with a flower garden, and a dozen private rooms where the sick lived, occupied the lower floor; two dark rooms were immediately arranged, one upholstered with mattresses, the other with boards in which violent people were put, and a huge gloomy room with vaults - a bathroom. The top floor was occupied by women. Discordant noise, interrupted by howls and screams, rushed from there. The hospital was arranged for eighty people, but since she alone served in several surrounding provinces, up to three hundred were placed in it. There were four and five beds in the little closets; in winter, when the sick were not allowed into the garden and all the windows behind iron bars were tightly locked, the hospital became unbearably stuffy.

The new patient was taken to the room where the baths were placed. And on healthy person it could make a painful impression, and it acted all the more heavily on a disturbed, excited imagination. It was a large vaulted room with a sticky stone floor, lit by a single window in the corner; the walls and vaults were painted dark red oil paint; in the floor, blackened with dirt, two stone bathtubs were built into it, like two oval pits filled with water. A huge copper stove with a cylindrical boiler for heating water and a whole system of copper pipes and taps occupied the corner opposite the window; everything had an unusually gloomy and fantastic character for a frustrated head, and the caretaker in charge of the bathrooms, a fat, eternally silent crest, increased the impression with his gloomy physiognomy.

Scenery. “The corner of the garden is overgrown with dense cherry trees; alleys of elms stretched along it; in the middle, on a small artificial hill, was the most beautiful flower garden in the whole garden; bright flowers grew along the edges of the upper platform, and in its center flaunted a large, large and rare, yellow dahlia with red specks. It formed the center of the entire garden, rising above it, and it could be seen that many patients attached some mysterious significance to it. To the new patient, she also seemed something not quite ordinary, some kind of palladium of a garden and a building. All paths were also lined with the hands of the sick. There were all kinds of flowers found in Little Russian gardens: tall roses, bright petunias, tall tobacco bushes with small pink flowers, mint, marigold, nasturtium and poppy. Immediately, not far from the porch, three poppy bushes of some special breed grew; it was much smaller than usual and differed from it in the unusual brightness of the scarlet color. This flower struck the patient when, on the first day after admission to the hospital, he looked into the garden through the glass door.

Alekseeva Ksenia

“They didn't see him. I saw. Can I let him live? Better than death... These were the words of the hero Garshin, the hero of the Red Flower, the crazy hero.

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Topic: “Philosophical motives in the story of V.M. Garshin “The Red Flower”

Completed by: Alekseeva K., 9Gkl., MOU SOSH №8

Checked by: Burtseva E.V., teacher of Russian language and literature

“They didn't see him. I saw. Can I let him live? Better than death... These were the words of the hero Garshin, the hero of the Red Flower, the crazy hero.

Immediately after the release of the first collection of stories by Garshin, contemporaries felt and understood that Garshin was creating different versions of a single typical image. This is the image of a person who is not able to put up with "the injustice and evil of the decrepit and corrupted world." Drawing the spiritual insight of the hero, Garshin sharpens the tragedy of life situations. Any incident outgrows the everyday framework and becomes in the mind of the hero Garshin a tragedy of universal significance. Striking a single "flower of evil", Garshin's hero, as it were, enters the fight against all the evil of the world, in each specific manifestation of evil, he tries to expose all "innocently shed blood, all tears, all the bile of mankind." Therefore, the story takes on the character of an allegory, romantic symbols. And next to the psychological short story, Garshin has an allegorical fairy tale as another favorite genre. "Red Flower" is undoubtedly a masterpiece, representing, as it were, a synthesis of these two genres.

“In the name of His Imperial Majesty, Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, I announce an audit of this lunatic asylum!” - with these words of the heroic madman, the "Red Flower" opens. There is something symbolic about this beginning. "This lunatic asylum" announced a revision (revision of something in order to introduce fundamental changes). The hero identifies himself with Peter, the great reformer of the established order. The image of the lunatic asylum is closely associated with Russia in the 70s of the nineteenth century. I.S. Turgenev wrote about this period of Russian life in the following way: “The new was received badly, the old lost all its strength ... the whole shaken life is shaking like a swamp quagmire ...”. The hero of the "Red Flower" intends to fight, like many revolutionary-minded people of the 70s, he is in the grip of great expectations and imagines the coming renewal almost like a cosmic upheaval. “Soon, soon the iron bars will disintegrate, all these imprisoned ones will come out of here and rush to all ends of the earth, and the whole world will tremble, throw off its decrepit shell and appear in a new, wonderful beauty.” The world needs to be updated - this is the idea of ​​a crazy hero. He behaves like a person who is aware of his moral rightness, but who is in the hands of enemies. He walks "with a quick, heavy and resolute gait, raising his crazy head high."

The garden is a separate world, in the center of which a large large dalia blooms, which seemed to the patient like a palladium of the entire building (Palladium is a statue of the Greek goddess Athena Pallas, who, according to the ancient Greeks, guarded the safety of the city). But even in this ideal world, where everything blooms and smells sweet, there is a place for evil. The red flower grows separately from the others, in an unweeded place, so that thick quinoa and some weeds surrounded it. They seemed to be hiding from others, and only a person who is at the highest stage of spiritual development is able to discern this hidden evil. Such a person is a crazy hero. In his mind, the red flower is the embodiment of evil. When the sick went out into the garden they were given caps with a red cross on their foreheads, these caps had been in the war. The patient attached particular importance to the cross. “He took off his cap and looked at the cross, then at the poppy flowers. The flowers were brighter." This shows that such a terrible event as war is not comparable to the evil of this flower. Why did the hero hide red flowers on his chest? There is a contrast between all the sins, all the evil of mankind (the first flower is associated as the past, the second flower as the present, and the third, respectively, the future) and an innocent, pure soul, sincerely fighting for the sake of others with world evil. The hero calls the flower - Ahriman, (Ahriman is the personification of the forces of evil, the deity of darkness and the underworld, often identified in Christianity with Satan) who took on a "modest and innocent look." And in order to defeat such a force, one must be not only a simple person, therefore the hero compares himself with the opposite of Ahriman, he is the god of light and goodness, he is the god Ormuzd, who “lives in all ages, lives without space, everywhere or nowhere.” In the last fight with the third flower, the hero talks to the stars on an equal footing. He becomes even higher, comparing himself with the first fighter of mankind, i.e. with Jesus, there are no more earthly barriers for him, such as a straitjacket or a brick fence. In the end, he dies, but his face expresses some kind of proud happiness. He took his trophy to the grave. His mission is over and it no longer makes sense to live on this earth without a purpose.

By 1880, Garshin became seriously ill with a mental disorder and was placed in a mental hospital. V. A. Fausek (professor of zoology, friend of Garshin) visited the writer in Kharkov: “He was thin and exhausted, terribly excited and agitated. His general structure, the tone of his conversation, the greetings that he exchanged with the sick - everything seemed to me wild, strange, not like the former Vsevolod Mikhailovich. I vividly recalled this later, when I read The Red Flower.

Fidler (translator of Garshin's stories into German) recalled that when he asked if anyone was the prototype of the Red Flower, Garshin replied: “I myself was the object of my psychiatric observations. When I was 18 and 25 years old, I suffered from a disorder of the nervous system, but I was cured both times. One day there was a terrible thunderstorm. It seemed to me that the storm would blow away the whole house in which I then lived. And so, in order to prevent this, I opened the window - my room was on the top floor, took a stick and put one end of it on the roof, and the other on my chest, so that my body would form a lightning rod and thus save the whole building from all its inhabitants from death.

A feature of the disease was that Garshin remembered everything that happened to him during the clouding of his mind: all the words that he uttered, all the actions that he performed. Then it was as if two people lived in it at the same time - the one who committed insane acts, and a normal person who watched the actions of the patient. In this sick state, he retained all the noble aspirations of the soul. Thus, the thoughts of the writer were reflected in the ideas of the protagonist. Everything that is described in The Red Flower grew out of the torment and morbid state of the author himself.

The writer perceived the existing evil so sharply that everyday realities became symbols in his works. Garshin put all the passion of his soul into his works, wrote "with his unfortunate nerves alone", and "each letter was worth ... a drop of blood."

All stories are something fantastic, but at the same time they contain a deep philosophical meaning. If we draw an analogy between the stories "Red Flower" and "Attalea princeps", then we find the similarity of situations, both works have a certain hidden political character. The huge greenhouse made of iron and glass in the story "Attalea princeps" is the place where "prisoner" plants live. They are stuffy and cramped in the greenhouse, they are deprived of their freedom. And yet the bold impulse of the palm tree is universally condemned. On the way to freedom, she overcomes enormous difficulties: "The cold rods of the frame dug into the tender young leaves, cut and mutilated them." But the palm tree is ready to die in the name of achieving the cherished goal - freedom. In the "Red Flower" we again have a dungeon, this time - a madhouse. The patient brought here does not find support in anyone. He is obsessed with one thought that haunts him relentlessly, the thought of evil reigning in the world. For the sake of his goal, he overcomes all obstacles alone, endures pain and deprivation. But the end of the stories is the same - the death of the protagonist. This reflects the situation of the 70s, when the revolutionaries were ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of illusory happiness. They met with strong resistance from the authorities. When, say, in "Attalea princeps" the author reported about the servants of the greenhouse as people "with knives and axes" who watched the growth of plants, then the reader - a contemporary in his memory had images of other "servants" who zealously followed the thought and the actions of people. And the palm tree, as a threat to the entire greenhouse, is cut down, i.e. she was dealt with as politically untrustworthy. The Red Flower is more pessimistic, the tragedy lies in the fact that the story is, first of all, an expression of selfless sacrifice in the fight against social evil, and the source of the disease is seen in the conditions of Russian life in the Garshin era.

A feat is a heroic, selfless deed. The madman has accomplished the feat. He overcame evil at the cost of his life, he gave himself to others. Garshin expressed his admiration for the beauty of "selflessness and heroism", for the romance of heroism. "Red Flower" is Garshin's hymn to "the madness of the brave". This is its deep philosophical meaning.

The poet and critic N.Minsky assessed Garshin as a person who expressed the spirit of the generation of the 80s of the nineteenth century: “It seems to me that among the writers of each generation there is such a central personality, such a hero of his time, and he differs from his other brethren, in addition to talent , mainly by the fact that the literary activity and personal life of such a writer surprisingly coincide with each other, like two sides of one and the same phenomenon. The life of such a writer seems to be one of the poems created, and each of his poems seems to be a repetition of his life. Not only the suffering and struggle, but also the death of such a writer seems not accidental, but necessary, like the last scene of a well-conceived tragedy…”. On March 19, 1888, anticipating the approach of madness, the writer threw himself into the flight of stairs of his house. Vsevolod Mikhailovich died in the hospital on March 24. In a nutshell, Chekhov expressed the reason for the death of Garshin: "Unbearable life!".

Bibliography:

1. G.A. Byaly. Vsevolod Garshin. - M .: "Enlightenment", 1969.

2. G.I. Uspensky. Death of V.M. Garshin. - M., USSR Academy of Sciences, v. 11, 1952.

Private Vsevolod Mikhailovich I.E. Repin

1877 Portrait of Garshin 1884