Sonya marmeladova mercy and compassion. The image of the "eternal Sonechka" in the novel F

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" Sonya and Raskolnikov are the main actors. Through the images of these heroes, Fyodor Mikhailovich is trying to convey to us main idea works, find answers to vital important questions being.

At first glance, there is nothing in common between Sonya Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov. Their life paths intertwine unexpectedly and merge into one.

Raskolnikov is a poor student who abandoned his studies at law faculty who created the terrible theory of law strong personality and conceived brutal murder. An educated person, proud and conceited, he is closed and unsociable. His dream is to become Napoleon.

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova - a timid "downtrodden" creature, by the will of fate finds herself at the very bottom. An eighteen-year-old girl is uneducated, poor and unhappy. Having no other way to earn money, she sells her body. She was forced to lead a similar lifestyle by pity and love for close and dear people.

Heroes different tempers, different circle communication, the level of education, but the equally unfortunate fate of the "humiliated and insulted." They are united by the committed crime. Both crossed the moral line and were rejected. Raskolnikov kills people for the sake of ideas and fame, Sonya violates the laws of morality, saving her family from starvation. Sonya suffers under the weight of sin, and Raskolnikov does not feel guilty. But they are irresistibly drawn to each other ...

Relationship stages

Acquaintance

A strange coincidence, a chance meeting pushes the heroes of the novel together. Their relationship develops in stages.

Rodion Raskolnikov learns about the existence of Sonya from the confused story of a drunken Marmeladov. The fate of the girl interested the hero. Their acquaintance happened much later and with enough tragic circumstances. Young people meet in the room of the Marmeladov family. A tight corner, a dying official, the unfortunate Katerina Ivanovna, frightened children - this is the setting for the first meeting of the heroes. Rodion Raskolnikov unceremoniously looks at the girl who entered, "looking around timidly." She is ready to die of shame for her obscene and inappropriate outfit.

Goodbye

The roads of Sonya and Raskolnikov in the novel "Crime and Punishment" often intersect as if by accident. First, Rodion Raskolnikov helps the girl. He gives her the last money for her father's funeral, exposes the vile plan of Luzhin, who tried to accuse Sonya of theft. In heart young man still no place for Great love, but he wants to communicate more and more with Sonya Marmeladova. His behavior seems strange. Avoiding communication with people, having parted with his relatives, he goes to Sonya and only she confesses his terrible crime. Raskolnikov feels inner strength, which the heroine herself did not suspect.

Pity for the criminal

Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova in "Crime and Punishment" are two outcast people. Their salvation is in each other. Perhaps that is why the soul of the hero, tormented by doubts, is drawn to the destitute Sonya. He goes to her to regret, although he himself needs compassion no less. “We are cursed together, we will go together,” Raskolnikov thinks. Unexpectedly, Sonya opens up for Rodion from the other side. She is not afraid of his confession, does not fall into hysterics. The girl reads aloud the Bible “The Story of the Resurrection of Lazarus” and cries out of pity for her loved one: “What are you doing to yourself!

There is no one more unhappy than you now in the whole world! The power of Sony's persuasion is such that it makes her submit. Rodion Raskolnikov, on the advice of a friend, goes to the station and makes frank confession. Throughout the journey, he feels the presence of Sonya, her invisible support and love.

Love and devotion

Sonya is a deep and strong nature. Having fallen in love with a person, she is ready for him for anything. Without hesitation, the girl goes for the convicted Raskolnikov to Siberia, deciding to be nearby for a long eight years of hard labor. Her sacrifice amazes the reader, but leaves the protagonist indifferent. Sonya's kindness resonates with the most violent criminals. They rejoice at her appearance, turning to her, they say: "You are our mother, tender, sick." Rodion Raskolnikov is still cold and rude on dates. His feelings woke up only after Sonya became seriously ill and took to her bed. Raskolnikov suddenly realizes that she has become necessary and desirable for him. The love and devotion of a weak girl managed to melt the frozen heart of the criminal and awaken in him the good sides of his soul. F. M. Dostoevsky shows us how, having survived the crime and punishment, they were resurrected by love.

victory for good

The book of the great writer makes you think about eternal questions being, believe in the power true love. She teaches us goodness, faith and mercy. The kindness of weak Sonya turned out to be much stronger than that evil that settled in the soul of Raskolnikov. She is omnipotent. “Soft and weak conquers hard and strong,” said Lao Tzu.

Artwork test

The impoverished and degraded student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov - central character landmark novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The image of Sonya Marmeladova is necessary for the author to create a moral counterweight to Raskolnikov's theory. Young heroes are in critical life situation when you need to make a decision about how to live.

From the very beginning of the story, Raskolnikov behaves strangely: he is suspicious and anxious. The reader penetrates into the sinister plan of Rodion Romanovich gradually. It turns out that Raskolnikov is a "monoman", that is, a man obsessed with a single idea. His thoughts boil down to one thing: by all means, he must test in practice his theory of dividing people into two "categories" - into "higher" and "trembling creatures." Raskolnikov describes this theory in a newspaper article "On Crime". According to the article, the "higher" are given the right to step over moral laws and in the name of a great goal to sacrifice any number of "trembling creatures." Raskolnikov considers the latter only material for reproducing his own kind. It is these "ordinary" people who, according to Rodion Romanovich, need biblical commandments and morality. The "higher ones" are the "new legislators" for the gray masses. For Raskolnikov, the main example of such a "legislator" is Napoleon Bonaparte. Rodion Romanovich himself is forced to begin his path of the "higher" with deeds of a completely different scale.

We first learn about Sonya and her life circumstances from the story addressed to Raskolnikov by the former titular adviser Marmeladov - her father. The alcoholic Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov vegetates with his wife Katerina Ivanovna and three small children - his wife and children are starving, Marmeladov drinks. Sonya - his daughter from his first marriage - lives in a rented apartment "on a yellow ticket." Marmeladov explains to Raskolnikov that she decided to make such an income, unable to withstand the constant reproaches of her consumptive stepmother, who called Sonya a parasite who "eats and drinks and uses heat." In fact, this is a meek and unrequited girl. With all her might, she tries to help the seriously ill Katerina Ivanovna, the starving half-sisters and brother, and even her unlucky father. Marmeladov tells how he found and lost a job, drank away a new uniform bought with his daughter's money, after which he went to ask her "for a hangover." Sonya didn’t reproach him for anything: “I took out thirty kopecks, with my own hands, the last, I saw everything that happened ... She didn’t say anything, she just looked at me silently.”

Raskolnikov and Sonya are on the same disastrous standard of living. The “future Napoleon” lives in the attic in a miserable closet, which the author describes in the following words: “It was a tiny cell, about six paces long, which had the most miserable appearance with its yellowish, dusty wallpaper everywhere lagging behind the walls, and so low that a little tall man it became terrifying in it, and it seemed that you were about to hit your head on the ceiling. Rodion Romanovich has reached the extreme line of poverty, but in this position he seems to have a strange grandeur: “It was difficult to lower yourself and get sloppy; but Raskolnikov was even pleased in his present state of mind.

A simple way out of a difficult financial position Rodion Romanovich counts the murder. However, in this decision to turn into a bloody criminal leading role it is not money that plays, but Raskolnikov's crazy idea. First of all, he seeks to test his theory and make sure that he is not a "trembling creature." To do this, you need to "step over" the corpse and reject universal moral laws.

The evil old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna was chosen as the victim of this moral experiment. Raskolnikov considers her a “louse”, which, according to his theory, he can crush without any pity. But, having cut down Alena Ivanovna and her stepsister Lizaveta, Rodion Romanovich suddenly discovers that he can no longer communicate normally with people. It begins to seem to him that everyone around knows about his act and subtly mock him. In the novel, with subtle psychologism, it is shown how, under the influence of this erroneous belief, Raskolnikov begins to play along with his "accusers". For example, he deliberately starts a conversation about the murder of an old pawnbroker with Zametov, the clerk of the police office.

At the same time, Raskolnikov is still able from time to time to be distracted from his rich inner life and pay attention to what is happening around him. So, he becomes a witness to an accident with Semyon Marmeladov - a drunken official falls under a horse. In the scene of the confession of Marmeladov, crushed and living out his last minutes, the author gives the first description of Sofya Semyonovna: “Sonya was small in stature, eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes". Upon learning of the incident, she resorts to her father in her “work clothes”: “her outfit was cheap, but decorated in a street style, according to the taste and rules that have developed in her special world, with a bright and shamefully outstanding goal.” Marmeladov dies in her arms. But even after that Sonya sends younger sister Polenka to catch up with Raskolnikov, who donated his last money for the funeral, in order to find out his name and address. Later, she visits the "benefactor" and invites him to her father's wake.

This peaceful event is not complete without a scandal: Sonya is unfairly accused of stealing. Despite happy outcome business, Katerina Ivanovna and her children are deprived of their homes - they are expelled from a rented apartment. Now all four are doomed to an early death. Realizing this, Raskolnikov invites Sonya to say what she would do if she had the power to take the life of Luzhin, who slandered her, in advance. But Sofya Semyonovna does not want to answer this question - she chooses obedience to fate: “But I can’t know God’s providence ... And why do you ask, what you can’t ask? Why such empty questions? How can it happen that it depends on my decision? And who put me here as a judge: who will live, who will not live? material from the site

Despite his alien beliefs, Raskolnikov feels a kindred spirit in Sonya, because they are both outcasts. He seeks her sympathy, because he understands that his theory was untenable. Now Rodion Romanovich indulges in the perverted pleasure of self-abasement. However, unlike the ideological killer, Sonya is “a daughter, like an evil and consumptive stepmother, betrayed herself to strangers and minors.” She has a clear moral guide- biblical wisdom of purifying suffering. When Raskolnikov tells Marmeladova about his crime, she pities him and, pointing to the biblical parable of the resurrection of Lazarus, convinces him to repent of his deed. Sonya intends to share with Raskolnikov the vicissitudes of hard labor: she considers herself guilty of violating the biblical commandments and agrees to “suffer” in order to be cleansed.

An important feature for characterizing both characters: the convicts who served their sentences with Raskolnikov feel a burning hatred for him and at the same time love Sonya visiting him very much. Rodion Romanovich is told that "walking with an ax" is not a master's business; they call him an atheist and they even want to kill him. Sonya, following her once and for all established concepts, does not look down on anyone, she treats all people with respect - and the convicts reciprocate her.

A logical conclusion from the relationship of this couple central characters novel: without life ideals Sonya Raskolnikov's path could only end in suicide. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky offers the reader not only the crime and punishment embodied in the protagonist. Sonya's life leads to repentance and purification. Thanks to this “continuation of the path”, the writer managed to create a coherent, logically complete system of images. Looking at what is happening from two significantly different points of view gives the action additional volume and persuasiveness. The great Russian writer managed not only to breathe life into his heroes, but also to lead them to the successful resolution of the most difficult conflicts. This artistic completeness puts the novel "Crime and Punishment" on a par with greatest novels world literature.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• under what circumstances did Raskolnikov meet Sonya Marmeladova? What role did she play in his life?
• how Raskolnikov tells Sophia his theory
• Sonya Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov
• How are the images of Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova similar and different?
• relationship between schismatics and Sonya Marmeladova

Many Russian writers, creating their works, considered in them the pressing problems of our time, exposing the vices of their time. Each epoch was marked by a new pleiad of questions, the os-thinking of which was devoted to the work of more than one generation of poets and writers. With the development of society, the development of literature also took place, topical topics changed, before creative people new tasks arose, but one theme remained unchanged, perhaps in all ages and times - denunciation social injustice, protection of dignity " little man". This question was raised in the works of Gogol, Pushkin, Nekrasov. One of the leading places is occupied by this theme in the works of Dostoevsky. A prime example this is the novel "Crime and Punishment", where the protest against the social and moral humiliation of the individual is associated with the search for a force that could lead a person out of a spiritual and social crisis, from a prudent world of profit into a world of kindness that opposes him. and truth.

Human suffering, injustice reigning in the world prompted the writer to search for various ways to save mankind, but Dostoevsky unequivocally rejects violent and revolutionary methods of influence, he does not accept the right of one person to interfere in the fate of other people, to decide them at his own discretion, for a good purpose justify illegal means. Universal Happiness Based on Sacrifice individual people, according to the great writer, the same evil, ennobled by lofty words. The idea of ​​the inadmissibility of this "good" is fully disclosed by the great writer in the novel about the "poor" student Raskolnikov. After all, the main character of the novel justifies his crime - murder, with compassion for all the "humiliated and insulted", allowing him "blood according to his conscience." But is it? What is compassion? Co-suffering means to suffer together. And Raskolnikov's suffering is directed exclusively deep into himself. What he experiences can be called rather sympathy. The thought of murder gradually matured in his mind. Half a year before the events described in the novel, Raskolnikov wrote an article “On Crime”, where he “considered psychological condition the offender in the course of the entire course of the crime, ”and at the same time raised the question of such a crime, which is resolved according to conscience, and therefore is not a crime as such. In the future, he creates a theory about two categories of people: "trembling creatures" and "having the right." And, of course, he asks himself the question of his own belonging to one or another category. That's the motive for the murder. But no one recognizes himself as a criminal. Everyone is a fighter and sufferer for the truth. Raskolnikov follows the same path. At first, he hides from himself the wrongness of his goals, convincing himself that he kills only in order to “later dedicate himself to the service of all mankind and common cause". But from the very beginning he foresees his self-deception. “We invent our own casuistry, we will learn from the Jesuits ... we will convince ourselves that it is necessary, really necessary for a good purpose,” he says about his sister’s decision to marry Luzhin, but these words can also be attributed to his own internal state. The words heard in the tavern that "dozens of families saved from poverty, from decay, from death" are worth killing and robbing "an insignificant, evil old woman", are perceived by him as salvation, as an excuse for his terrible intent. “I didn’t want to lie about this even to myself ...”, but still he “lies”. He tries to replace one goal - "self-affirmation" with another - "universal happiness". “I myself wanted good things for people,” Raskolnikov says to Dunya. “I killed for myself, for myself one,” he admits to Sonya. And this self-deception only increases the subsequent suffering of the hero. “Suffer together,” but Raskolnikov “cut himself off from everything and everyone, as if with scissors,” opposing everyone else. And his suffering is greater because he could not overcome himself, that "he is a trembling creature." Although he convinces himself that the suffering of a criminal is an indispensable sign of his rightness and greatness.

The complete opposite of Raskolnikov is Sonya Marmeladova. it is she who, according to the author's intention, is the embodiment of true mercy and compassion. Trying to save her family from starvation, she goes out into the street to sell her own body. Brought up according to Christian commandments, she realizes that by committing such a sin, she dooms her soul to eternal torment. But compassion for hungry children, a sick stepmother, an unfortunate father turns out to be stronger than the desire to save one's soul. At the same time, Sonechka remains true to her convictions, preserving her infinite philanthropy, faith in herself and in people. “You also stepped over ... You laid hands on yourself, you ruined your life ... yours (it doesn’t matter!) ...”, Raskolnikov tells her. But he himself feels that it is not "all the same." She is for others, and he is for himself. Her "crime" did not touch her soul. In essence, Sonino's "crime" is a feat, while Raskolnikov wants to pass off his crime as a "feat". Sonya is having a hard time with her fall, and thoughts of suicide also visit her, which could save her from shame. But the images of hungry, helpless children make you forget about your suffering.

Just as selflessly, Sonechka rushes to save Raskolnikov's soul. There is no condemnation of his evil deed in it, boundless mercy is manifested in it in relation to his moral suffering. And here it is just appropriate to recall that compassion means “to suffer together.” Sonya sincerely suffers with Raskolnikov, trying to find a way to save his soul. And only thanks to her efforts Raskolnikov comes to the idea of ​​the inconsistency of his theory. It is Sonya who awakens him to life, leads him to the salvation of his soul. In the epilogue, Raskolnikov kneels before the girl: "... he was resurrected, and he knew it, he felt it with his whole renewed being, and she - she, after all, lived only his life!". No theory in the world is capable of winning true mercy and human compassion. This is what life is all about.

The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" presents the reader with a gallery of characters who not only push Rodion Raskolnikov to commit a crime, but also directly or indirectly contribute to the recognition of the protagonist in his deed, Raskolnikov's awareness of the inconsistency of his theory, which was the main cause of the crime.
One of the central places in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky is occupied by the image of Sonya Marmeladova, a heroine whose fate arouses our sympathy and respect. The more we learn about it, the more we are convinced of its purity and nobility, the more we begin to think about the true human values. The image, Sonya's judgments make you look deep into yourself, help you evaluate what is happening around us.

This girl has a hard life. Sonya's mother passed away early, her father married another woman who has her own children. Need forced Sonya to earn money in a low way: she is forced to go to the panel. It would seem that after such an act, Sonya should have been angry with her stepmother, because she almost forced Sonya to earn money in this way. But Sonya forgave her, Furthermore, she brings money every month to a house in which she no longer lives. Sonya has changed outwardly, but her soul has remained the same: crystal clear. Sonya is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, and not everyone can do this. She could live "in spirit and mind", but she must feed her family. She went to sin, dared to sell herself. But at the same time, she does not demand and does not expect any gratitude. She does not blame Katerina Ivanovna for anything, she simply resigns herself to her fate. “... And she only took our big green dreaded shawl (we have such a common shawl, dreaded dam), completely covered her head and face with it and lay down on the bed, facing the wall, only her shoulders and body were trembling ...” Sonya closes face, because she is ashamed, ashamed before herself and God. Therefore, she rarely comes home, only to give money away, she is embarrassed when meeting with Raskolnikov’s sister and mother, she feels awkward even at the wake own father where she was so shamelessly insulted. Sonya is lost under the pressure of Luzhin, her meekness and quiet disposition make it difficult to stand up for herself.
All the actions of the heroine surprise with their sincerity and openness. She does nothing for herself, everything for the sake of someone: her stepmother, stepbrothers and sisters, Raskolnikov. The image of Sonya is the image of a true Christian and righteous woman. It is most fully revealed in the scene of Raskolnikov's confession. Here we see So-nechkin's theory - "the theory of God." The girl cannot understand and accept the ideas of Raskolnikov, she denies his rise above everyone, his disdain for people. The very concept of "an extraordinary person" is alien to her, just as the possibility of transgressing the "law of God" is unacceptable. For her, everyone is equal, everyone will appear before the court of the Almighty. In her opinion, there is no person on Earth who would have the right to condemn his own kind, to decide their fate. "Kill? Do you have the right to kill?" exclaims an indignant Sonya. Despite her reverence for Raskolnikov, she will never accept his theory.
The girl never makes an attempt to justify her position. She considers herself a sinner. In strength) "of circumstances, Sonya, like Raskolnikov, transgressed the moral law:" We are damned together, we will go together, "Raskolnikov tells her. However, the difference between them is that he transgressed through the life of another person , and she - through her. Sonya calls Raskolnikov to repentance, she agrees to carry his cross with him, to help come to the truth through suffering. We have no doubts about her words, the reader is sure that Sonya will follow Raskolnikov everywhere, everywhere and always will be with him. And why does she need it? To go to Siberia, live in poverty, suffer for the sake of a person who is dry, cold, rejects you with you. Only she, the "eternal Sonechka", with good heart And selfless love to people. Dostoevsky managed to create a unique image: a prostitute, commanding respect, the love of all those around - the idea of ​​humanism and Christianity permeates this image. Everyone loves and honors her: Katerina Ivanovna, and her children, and neighbors, and convicts, whom Sonya helps free of charge. Reading the Raskolnikov Gospel, the legend of the resurrection of Lazarus, Sonya awakens faith, love and repentance in his soul. "They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other." Rodion came to what Sonya urged him to, he overestimated life and its essence, as evidenced by his words: “Can her convictions now not be my convictions? Her feelings, her aspirations at least...”

In my opinion, the fate of Sonechka finally convinced Raskolnikov of the fallacy of his theory. He saw in front of him not a “trembling creature”, not a humble victim of circumstances, but a man whose self-sacrifice is far from humility and is aimed at saving the perishing, at effective care for others. Sonya, selfless in her devotion to her family and love, is ready to share the fate of Raskolnikov. She sincerely believes that Raskolnikov will be able to resurrect for a new life.

The basis of the personality of Sonya Marmeladova is her belief in a person, in the indestructibility of goodness in his soul, in the fact that sympathy, self-sacrifice, forgiveness and universal love will save the world. Having created the image of Sonya Marmeladova, Dostoevsky outlined the antipode of Raskolnikov and his theory (goodness, mercy, opposed to evil). Life position the girl reflects the views of the writer himself, his faith in goodness, justice, forgiveness and humility, but, above all, love for a person, whatever he may be.

Lecture, abstract. Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky Crime and punishment - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.