What is the meaning of the name of the story "fire" - an essay. "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu"

Now let one of us
Of the young people, there is an enemy of quests, ...
They immediately: robbery! fire!
And they will be known as a dreamer! dangerous!!
A. S. Griboyedov

The title in a work of art is very important: it, the epigraph, the first and last phrases are stressful in terms of meaning, as they play a primary role in expressing the idea of ​​the work. Hence the special attention of any author to the title of the work: from options he chooses, as a rule, a polysemantic title, because it forces the reader to look for a deeper meaning in the work. The title of Rasputin's story "Fire" can be interpreted at least in three ways.

First, a fire is a disaster that threatens human life and property. The only event that is described in the story is a fire in warehouses at a store in the taiga village of Sosnovka. The fire continues all night, and the author details how the residents are trying to save food and goods from warehouses and what they finally succeeded in. We managed, admittedly, not much: a disorderly heap of salvaged goods was dumped in the middle of a warehouse yard; two people died in the fire (uncle Misha Khampo and Sonya from Arkharov). True, the fire did not spread to residential buildings, and therefore Sosnovka survived.

The author describes Sosnovka - a settlement "uncomfortable and untidy, and not of an urban or rural, but of a bivouac type" (3): gloomy inhabitants, waves of petrified mud on the streets, bare front gardens in front of the houses. The fire was, as it were, programmed in a stupidly, hastily built village, where no one thinks about the future, since this village and its inhabitants have no future: soon the entire forest in the district will be cut down and it will be necessary to move to a new place.

Secondly, Rasputin expands the meaning of the title and uses the word "fire" in figuratively, as a "terrible ruin" in the soul of the protagonist - the driver of the timber industry Ivan Petrovich Egorov. No wonder the writer uses unexpected metaphors - "burnt thought" (7), "burnt voice" (10) - and expressively conveys state of mind hero: “Before my eyes, everything was mixed up - a fire from the inside and a real fire, both fires swam and swam at the same time” (15). Outwardly, Ivan Petrovich is a completely prosperous person: during the Great Patriotic War was a tanker and survived, raised three children, the house is full of prosperity, everything is earned by honest labor, rare love and mutual understanding with his wife Alena. But Ivan Petrovich has little personal well-being, he is really worried about the unrest in the life around him - in the village, in the timber industry, in human souls. The writer compares his hero with a spring: the more you squeeze it, the more it tends to unclench. Ivan Petrovich is indignant and speaks at various meetings about the outrageous outrages in Sosnovka, while the rest of the inhabitants prefer to stay on the sidelines, not to spoil their lives and nerves. Probably, they do not believe that anything can be changed around, and Ivan Petrovich believes that people themselves should arrange their lives and not rely on high authorities: until when to ask for a mess from someone, and not from themselves?

The fire in the warehouses convinced the protagonist that his life position correct: you can not humble yourself, despair and be silent. This is evidenced by the conversation between Ivan Petrovich and his friend Afonya Bronnikov the morning after the fire: “It’s hard to live in the world, but still ... you still have to live” (18). So a fire - a great misfortune - strengthens the soul of the protagonist and in this sense turns out to be good for him.

Finally, thirdly, Rasputin depicts a dangerous state modern society which manifests itself in the indifference and lack of spirituality of citizens. The word "fire" can be used as an interjection with the meaning "guard!", "dangerous!", "be careful and attentive!". In his realistic story, the author creates pictures that acquire the meaning of symbols. The fire highlighted the disorder in the souls of the Sosnovka residents and was a natural retribution for them. Shocked by what they saw at the fire (confusion, theft, the murder of a cripple - Uncle Hampo), the next morning people “left all their work, it was quiet in the garage and on the streets, and not a sound came from the lower warehouse. Waited" (18). Maybe now the inhabitants of a small taiga village will understand that they need to put things in order in their home (country), otherwise they won’t survive: “We stood and stood against someone else’s enemy, our enemy, like our thief, is more terrible” (13).

So, Ivan Petrovich lived on the banks of the man-made reservoir for twenty years after the flood native village Yegorovka. The fire outlined the results-questions of living in a new place: what happened to the hero himself and his fellow countrymen, how did the life of the village of Sosnovka, assembled from the inhabitants of six flooded villages, why did the timber industry cut down the entire forest around? It seems that the author hopes that the sad results are only intermediate, that the fire showed the residents of Sosnovka the dangerous state of affairs and that they will find the strength to change the order in the village (!). No wonder the story ends with a description spring nature, which is just waking up, comes to life after a winter sleep.

Rasputin chose an alarming title for his work: the fire has become a "sign of trouble" and at the same time can become a sign of the end of general trouble if people hear this warning.

In the first quarter of the 13th century, the Russian land was invaded by the Mongols. About the destruction of cities, about the death and captivity of people, about cities lying in ruins, Russian chronicles, stories, and lives tell. Rati Batu devastated a huge territory: during his campaign of 1237-1241, Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Chernigov and others were taken, destroyed and burned.

In 1240, Batu's troops approached the walls of Kyiv and surrounded the city. The townspeople courageously resisted, but Kyiv was taken. The years have come Tatar-Mongol yoke, which gravitated over Russia for more than two centuries. The Russian people waged a courageous struggle against innumerable forces of enemies. “Russia,” wrote A.S. Pushkin, “had a high destiny... Its boundless plains swallowed up the forces of the Mongols and stopped their invasion at the very edge of Europe; the barbarians did not dare to leave enslaved Rus' in their rear and returned to the steppes of their east The emerging enlightenment was saved by a torn and dying Russia" 1 .

Tatar yoke threw Rus' back several centuries. It is difficult to imagine the general scale of the disaster, to calculate the human casualties - the number of dead or taken prisoner. For a long time, the central theme of Russian literature was the patriotic glorification of the exploits of Russian soldiers and Russian princes during the years of the invasion.

In 1237, the main forces of the Golden Horde approached the borders of northeastern Rus' and approached the first of the Russian cities lying on their way - Ryazan.

That's how D.S. Likhachev writes about ancient Ryazan: “This city was a majestic sight. Old Ryazan was located on the high right bank of the Oka. Earthen ramparts were poured around the city. log cabins filled with earth. There was a deep ditch in front of the rampart with a wall. From the side of the Oka, the city had natural protection - the steepness of a high steep bank. Behind these powerful defensive structures, two high white stone temples were visible. Outside, their walls were decorated with white stone carvings and sculptures. Inside they were painted with frescoes, the floors of the temples were lined with slabs. In addition to these stone temples, there were quite a few wooden ones in Ryazan. High temples were closely surrounded by numerous wooden huts of the inhabitants "2.

The invasion of Ryazan by invaders is described in "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu". The author of the story writes that in the summer of 6475 (in 1237), Khan Batu came with many Tatar soldiers to the Russian land and stood on the Voronezh River near the land of Ryazan. And he sent ambassadors to the Ryazan prince Yuri Ingorevich demanding tribute. The Russian princes refused them, and a great slaughter began. Many strong regiments of the Batyevs fell ... "One Ryazan fought with a thousand, and two with ten thousand." "And they moved from horse to horse, and began to fight stubbornly; through many strong regiments, the Batyevs rode through bravely and courageously fighting ... and fought so hard and mercilessly that the earth itself groaned, and the Batyev regiments all mixed up" 3.

But Batu took the city and "in the city of many people, and wives, and children, they cut down with swords, and drowned others in the river ... and they burned the whole city, and all the famous beauty. And they destroyed the temples of God and shed a lot of blood in the holy altars. And there was not a single living thing left in the city: they still died and drank the single cup of death. but they all lay dead together." This is how the ancient Russian writer paints a picture of the ruin of Ryazan.

Against the backdrop of terrible disasters, the author shows the feat of the Ryazan governor Yevpaty Kolovrat, who returned from the Chernigov lands, where he collected tribute. Seeing the city in ruins, Yevpaty cried out "in the sorrow of his soul, inflamed in his heart." He gathered a small squad and overtook Batu in the land of Suzdal. A new slaughter ensued. The author focuses on the heroic deed of Kolovrat. He shows how Yevpaty fought: he beat the enemies "mercilessly", the swords were blunted, and "he took the Tatar swords and cut them with the Tatar ones, passing through the strong Tatar regiments, and rode among the regiments bravely and courageously."

Evpatiy enters the battle with Tavrul, brother-in-law of Batu, sent by the khan to single combat. Tavrul boasts that he will bring Evpaty alive to Batu, but the Russian warrior, drawing his sword, cuts the enemy "on the floor to the saddle." The hero possessed such extraordinary power. And he "began to flog the Tatar force, and defeated many of the famous warriors of the Batyevs here, cut some to the floor, and chopped others to the saddle."

The image of the hero is close to the heroes of Russian epics, for example, Ilya Muromets. In the description of the heroic deeds of Russian soldiers and Kolovrat, artistic technique exaggeration (hyperbole). Kolovrat personifies heroic deed Russian people. The author, showing his courage, strength, pays attention to the image of Evpaty in battle. The feat of Kolovrat, according to the scribe, is the feat of the entire squad. The author creates the image of a mighty giant, as in folk art, which can only be killed by special tools for throwing stones. "They began to hit him with countless stone-throwers, and barely killed him" 5 .

Batu himself was surprised at the courage and courage of Kolovrat and said: “O Kolovrat Evpaty! You treated me well with your small retinue, and beat many heroes of my strong horde, and defeated many regiments. If such a one served with me, I would keep him at your very heart." And his close associates were surprised at the bravery and courage of the Russian warrior and said to Batu: “We have been with many kings, in many lands, in many battles, but we have not seen such daring and frisky people, and our fathers did not tell us. These are winged people, they don’t know death and so hard and courageously fight on horseback - one with a thousand, and two with ten thousand. Not one of them will leave the battle alive "6.

The final part of the monument ends with the weeping of Prince Ingvar Ingorevich. He sadly mourns the dead. “His tears flowed from his eyes like a stream, and he said pitifully: “O my dear brethren and army! How did you fall asleep, my precious lives, and they left me alone in such a death? Why didn’t I die before you? .. On whom "Have you left me, your brother? My dear, setting early sun! My red month! Soon you perished, eastern stars: why did you set so early?" Weeping includes traditional imagery folk poetry moon, stars, sun.

The story ends with a story about the revival and renewal of the Russian land. This testifies to the resilience of the Russian people, to their faith in the possibility of liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. "And the (prince) renewed the land of Ryazan, and built churches, and built monasteries, and consoled the aliens, and gathered people. And there was joy for the Christians, whom God delivered with his strong hand from the godless and evil-minded king Batu" 8.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Lead historical background about the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
2. In what works and how were the events of the Mongol-Tatar yoke reflected?
3. What is the central theme of the literature of this period.
4. Reread the story of Batu's invasion of Ryazan. Give a short summary of the story.
5. Retell close to the text the description of Ryazan given in the article by D.S. Likhachev.
6. How does the chronicler describe the ruin of Ryazan?
7. Tell us about the feat of Evpatiy Kolovrat. Describe his appearance, heroism in battle. What features testify to him as a mighty giant?
8. How is the image of Kolovrat connected with the images of the heroes of folk epics?
9. What features of the Russian people does Kolovrat represent?
10. How and why was his feat appreciated by the enemies? Bring text.
11. What is the patriotic sound and heroic pathos of the story?
12. How does the story end?
13. Tell us what the author writes about the renewal and revival of the Russian land, what ideological meaning final part of the story?

The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" is one of the most famous works of Russian literature. It tells about the life of a single person, Andrei Sokolov, whose fate fell on the most terrible epoch-making events: revolution, war, which crippled a person’s life, which, in my opinion, prompted the author of the name of the story.

Only destiny is true worthy person could be described in the work. hard life Sokolov, who managed to go through severe trials, retained his humanity and kindness, faith and hope, steadfastness and dignity, love for life and people, was suitable for this.

Three times Sokolov, a native of the Voronezh province, experiences losses. And what! In the hungry 22nd year, he loses his parents, but finds the strength to live, work, love. Andrei meets his only Irinka. He will know happiness at that time: his home, his beloved children. Happiness that will be destroyed by war.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, Sokolov was at the front. He fights heroically, but is captured. But even in captivity, he remains a Man, does not lose his dignity, the pride of a Russian soldier. How much nobility sounds in his words "... they did not turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried." And how Andrey experiences a meeting with his native land after a successful escape from German captivity. Here he recalls: "... fell to the ground and kissed her, and I have nothing to breathe ...". Freedom! Your people around! And suddenly a terrible blow of fate: a bomb hit his house in Voronezh. The wife and daughter died. It was as if Andrei's heart would harden, and only faith in his son Anatoly and living together with him gave the soldier strength.

The last days of the war... Victory! What a joy! And Sokolov has grief: the damned fascists will kill him in the days of the triumph of his heroic son. Here it is, destiny!

But don't give up soviet man: not everything is still petrified in his heart! He decides to adopt a boy, a child of war. “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength” find each other by irony evil fate and become the closest people.

Thus, M.A. Sholokhov, forming new views and depicting in all certainty the fate of a single person of the era, depicts the fate of the whole country. Having lost the opportunity to be happy due to the evil fate of close people, the Russian person did not lose the most important thing, human dignity and the desire to live. I think that's why the story of M.A. Sholokhov is named like that.

Comments on essays

C17.1. Why is the theme of the author's farewell to youth, poetry and romanticism heard in the finale of the sixth chapter of A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin"?

The romantic and poet Lensky seems to be the spiritual and social antipode of Onegin, completely cut off from everyday life, from Russian life. With Lensky, the novel includes the themes of youth, friendship, youthful courage and nobility.

Having introduced the hero in the second chapter of the novel, Pushkin gives him an eloquent description. Lensky, "a handsome man in full bloom of years, an admirer of Kant and a poet", returned to his village from "Foggy Germany". The themes and images of his work are reminiscent of common places romantic elegies, in his poems Lensky sings of "the faded color of life at almost eighteen years old." Similar sentiments are a tribute romantic tradition. And, like a romantic, Lensky thinks in romantic terms. And of course how romantic hero he dies in a duel.

The death of a romantic hero is symbolic - a young life was ruined, poetry and romance ended with her departure. That is why the theme of parting with romanticism, poetry, and youth sounds at the end of the sixth chapter.

C17.2. What does the fate of the gentleman from San Francisco symbolize, and which other writers of the 20th century addressed the theme of “well-fed”?

The gentleman from San Francisco is a man who has long chosen a model for himself, which, in his opinion, was worth being equal to. Long years"hard work" allowed him to achieve what he wanted. He is rich. He knows that people of his circle often go to rest in the Old World - he also goes there. The hero surrounds himself with bright scenery and shields himself from everything that he does not want to see. However, the truth is that life - real, sincere - remains just behind these scenery of his artificial world, saturated through and through with falsehood. Ironically, the hero returns to his native place on the same Atlantis. However, his death does not change anything in the whole world - people continue to portray happiness, to indulge their momentary impulses. The gentleman from San Francisco will never be able to see and appreciate the beauty of the sea, mountains, endless plains. And the whole drama lies in the fact that he could not have done this even during his lifetime - the passion for wealth atrophied his sense of beauty.

Just like I.A. Bunin, M. Bulgakov and A. Kuprin addressed the topic of “well-fed”. In the story " Garnet bracelet"A. Kuprin" draws a line between the world of the rich and the real world. The “well-fed” people include Vera, her husband, and, in general, their entire environment. Simple employee Zheltkov (G.S.Zh., representative real world) is alien to them. Vasily Lvovich turns love G.S.Zh. to Faith in funny story"Princess Vera and the telegraph operator in love". And Vera's entourage also finds this story funny. Spiritual values ​​fade into the background, material in this society is above all.

M. Bulgakov portrayed a similar situation in the novel The Master and Margarita. For most of his characters material values: money, an apartment - were the most important in life, this author shows through the image of the bribe-taker Bosoy, the director of the variety show Stepan Likhodeev, even Margarita herself before her meeting with the Master.

All "full" in the works are punished. The bourgeois from The Gentleman from San Francisco dies before he has had time to taste the joy of travel, of the luxury that he has long striven for. Vera is punished - she understands that her life is empty real love walked past her. In the novel by M. Bulgakov, Woland puts everything in its place: everyone gets what he deserves.

C17.3. Why did Sophia prefer the inconspicuous Molchalin to the brilliant Chatsky?

Comedy "Woe from Wit" A.S. Griboyedov is one of the most bright works in the work of the author. The play is based on love conflict, associated with the Sofya-Molchalin-Chatsky storyline. Chatsky returns to his beloved Sophia, whom he has not seen for 3 years. However, during his absence, the girl has changed. She is offended by Chatsky because he left her, left and “did not write three words”, and is in love with Father Molchalin's secretary.

So why did Sophia prefer the inconspicuous Molchalin to the brilliant Chatsky? There are a number of objective and subjective reasons for this. The first include the long absence of Chatsky, while Molchalin was constantly nearby. In one of the remarks, the heroine expressed her opinion on this matter: “He thought about himself highly ... The desire to wander attacked him, ah! If someone loves whom, why travel so far? The objective reasons also include the fact that it was easier to love Molchalin in such a society than Chatsky. Compliance, modesty, silence, the ability to serve could help to survive in such an environment. And the mind, freethinking, any word spoken against the foundations, inevitably doomed Chatsky to failure in the Famus society.

One of the subjective reasons is Sophia's passion for novels. "She has no sleep French books"(Famusov). Servant Lover - " perfect romance”, as if from French books. Sophia preferred the inconspicuous Molchalin to the brilliant Chatsky and was mistaken, because her lover turned out to be a scoundrel.

The finale of the play is dramatic: having learned the truth, the characters realize their mistakes, but very late.

C17.4. Why in the work of V. Shukshin the dispute between the city and the countryside was always resolved in favor of the village?

The relationship between the city and the countryside in Shukshin's stories has always been complex and contradictory. In Shukshin's stories, the man of the village often responds to the city's "boast" of civilization with rudeness, defending himself with harshness. Such is Gleb Kapustin from the story "Cut off".

The relationship between the city and the village can be traced in the story "I choose a village for residence." In the life of the hero Nikolai Kuzovnikov, a city dweller, everything was calm and prosperous, but in his old age he had a strange whim. On Saturdays, when it would be possible to spend the day with his wife, in the evening Kuzovnikov went to the station. There he found a "smoking room" - a place of communication for village peasants who came to the city on their own business. And among them the hero began strange conversations. Allegedly, he chooses a village for his residence - he wants to return to his roots and consults with the peasants where it is better to go. A discussion of everyday issues of “life and being” in the village began: how much a house costs, what kind of nature is where, how things are with work, and so on. Gradually, the conversations flowed in a different direction - a discussion of people, urban and rural, began. And it always turned out that the townspeople lost: they were more dishonorable, evil, ill-mannered, boorish. And we understand that true reason Nikolai Grigorievich's Saturday trips lay precisely in the fact that he simply needed to pour out his soul, to feel another communication, warmer and more sincere, coming from the village peasants. The author tells us that Kuzovnikov himself behaved wickedly and boorishly at work. But his soul demanded something else: warmth, participation, kindness, good-naturedness. What is so lacking in the city, where in pursuit of beautiful life people forget about their soul.

All of Shukshin's work is based on the image of the facets of not only the human character, but also the contrast of rural and urban life. Based on the name this story, we understand that the writer is on the side of the village. “I choose a village to live in” is not only a process, but also a result. Between the city and the countryside, between the urban and rural worldview, philosophy, man, the author and his hero choose the village as the stronghold of life, the basis, the roots. human existence at all.

Example 1

"Eugene Onegin" ... This "collection of motley chapters" to this day has retained that unique artistic appeal that the brilliant poet endowed him with. The novel was rightfully called an "encyclopedia of Russian life", because in it the author captured not only the life, but also the customs of the noble society of the early nineteenth century. The characters of the people who lived at that time were not left without attention. And in order to fully understand the motives of the characters' behavior, the significance of their actions, we need to plunge into the atmosphere of that era at least for a while. The novel "Eugene Onegin" presents such a unique opportunity.

Onegin "was born on the banks of the Neva", he was brought up by a French tutor. Then Eugene began to lead a secular life: go to balls, to theaters ... But soon he got bored with such a pastime, and he went to the village. At first, Onegin admired the local nature, but the pictures of rural life subsequently bored him. Imagine being bored young man who has become accustomed to everything in the world, and he no longer wants anything in life. This was Eugene Onegin.

At this time, eighteen-year-old Lensky, an aspiring romantic poet, returned from abroad. This is a dreamy cheerful person, full of hopes and aspirations, expecting a lot from life. Onegin and Lensky became friends. “They got along; wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and stone are not so different from each other,” the author writes about them. Obviously, their friendship was based on the complementarity of characters.

But what led to the fact that Onegin killed his best friend? The fact is that Lensky invited Yevgeny to go to Tatyana's name day. Onegin did not want to go, because he knew what such celebrations were like. But Lensky nevertheless persuaded him to be present at the Larins' house. Naturally, there was nothing new for Yevgeny at the ball, and he decided to take revenge on Lensky: he began to invite Olga, the chosen one of the young poet, to every dance. Such behavior of a friend could not help but anger Lensky, and he demanded that Onegin appear for a duel. It so happened that Lensky died. This means that youth, dreaminess, and love of life, which Lensky personified, perished. That is why A. S. Pushkin at the beginning of the sixth chapter says goodbye to youth, poetry and romanticism. A person has died, and you can’t bring him back, just as it’s impossible to return what the great poet said goodbye to forever.

Task number 725

To complete the task, select only ONE of the four proposed essay topics (17.1-17.4). Write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the volume is less than 150 words, the essay is rated 0 points).

Expand the topic of the essay fully and multidimensionally.

Argument your theses by analyzing the elements of the text of the work (in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least three poems).

Reveal the role artistic means important for the disclosure of the theme of the essay.

Consider the composition of the essay.

Avoid factual, logical, verbal errors.

Write your essay clearly and legibly, following the rules of writing.

C17.1. Why was it Sonya Marmeladova who was able to lead Raskolnikov to a confession of a committed crime?

C17.2. In what works of Russian literature do natural phenomena appear as signs of future events?

C17.3. What works of Russian literature reflected the fate of ordinary soldiers, and how can the heroes of A. T. Tvardovsky be compared with them?

Comments on essays

C17.1. Why was it Sonya Marmeladova who was able to lead Raskolnikov to a confession of a committed crime?

F. M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment" with great artistic power showed that the main and, perhaps, the only place the struggle of God with the devil is the soul of man. Dostoevsky wrote a novel about the suffering of a soul that had “split”, lost the integrity given to it by God, and about how this soul was healed by uniting with Sophia – Divine wisdom.

Raskolnikov's mistake was that, having created his theory, testing it, he did not understand the main thing: it is not power and not the mind that make a person a Man, but love, feeling, compassion. And if you want to change the world, then you have to sacrifice yourself, not another. Sonia understands this well. She had already had to sacrifice herself for the sake of the children of Katerina Ivanovna. That is why it was Sonya who saved Raskolnikov from a monstrous delusion. Sonya fell in love with Rodion for who he is, and for Raskolnikov, to love meant precisely to believe, to believe that the only way for a person to be a Human is to love. "They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other."

The image of Sonya, who healed the soul of the hero from the "pestilence" with her love, - great merit writer. It contains the hope of the author and every reader that God does not leave anyone without love, especially those who, due to their “splitness”, are in dire need of it.

C17.2. In what works of Russian literature do natural phenomena appear as signs of future events?

Russian writers often resorted to symbolism natural phenomena as a sign of future events in the work. This tradition originates in folklore, is preserved in ancient Russian literature, continues in the classics.

In the poem "The Twelve" A.A. Blok's blizzard is an uncontrollable element that personifies revolution: “Wind, wind! All over the world the wind ... ".

In M. Bulgakov's novel " white guard”, the image of “red, trembling Mars” is also symbolic. It acts as a sign of war and the bloodshed, death and suffering associated with it.

Natural phenomena in these works have a great meaning, the authors turn them into symbols of the future.

C17.3. What works of Russian literature reflected the fate of ordinary soldiers and how can the heroes of A.T. Tvardovsky?

fate ordinary soldiers reflected in the works of M. Sholokhov and L.N. Tolstoy, A.T. Tvardovsky.

In the epic novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy, through the image of Captain Tushin, shows the courage and patriotism of Russian soldiers. Captain Tushin shows real heroism in battle: he feels like "a huge, powerful man who throws cannonballs at the French with both hands", thanks to which the soldiers from his battery survive.

In M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", Andrey Sokolov showed true patriotism and courage in the conditions of German captivity. In a duel with the commandant of a concentration camp, a Russian soldier, despite the inhuman trials he has experienced, is ready to face death with such courage that even his enemies admire it.

In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", in the image of the protagonist of the poem, best qualities a Russian soldier-defender, ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his land, his country, without thinking for a minute about the correctness of this act.

Terkin, Sokolov, Tushin - simple people, but each of them, according to the authors, is a significant figure in history.

C17.4. How is the theme of the artist and the era revealed in the poetry of the 20th century? (On the example of 2-3 works of one of the poets.)

Our contemporary E. Yevtushenko said: "A poet in Russia is more than a poet," - these lines define the essence of poetic creativity. For a real poet, life and creative credo are synonymous. The motive of the unity of life and creativity is one of the leading ones in Pasternak's lyrics. The theme is also relevant for the work of Akhmatova, for whom writing was as natural as breathing. In the cycle "Secrets of the Craft", the poetess tried to reveal her understanding of creativity, which continues the tradition of perceiving the process of writing poems as an implementation of an intermediary connection between the Creator and the world of people (the poem "Creativity"). It is impossible to explain this sacrament, in it "everything should be out of place." Both naturalness and simplicity, with which poetry is sometimes born, makes it related to a living being capable of “growing”:

When would you know from what rubbish

Poems grow, not knowing shame,

How yellow dandelion at the fence.

Like burdock and quinoa.

Continuing the theme, traditional for Russian poetry, about the purpose of the poet, about the purpose of his work, A. A. Akhmatova develops it in a new way, introduces new motives into it. First of all, the poetess manages to reveal the originality of the female inner world. The tragedy of the fate of the poetess, according to A. A. Akhmatova, lies in the fact that women's happiness cannot be combined with full dedication to creativity. The tragic rivalry between Love and the Muse was reflected in many works, starting from the early 1911 poem “Muse”, where the Muse-sister takes away “ Golden ring"- a symbol of earthly joys - and dooms the lyrical heroine to "love torture". However, Akhmatova foresees that poetic glory cannot replace earthly love and happiness.

Example 1

The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” presents the reader with many different characters who not only push Rodion Raskolnikov to commit a crime, but also directly or indirectly contribute to the recognition of the protagonist in his deed, Raskolnikov’s awareness of the failure of his theory, which is the main reason for his crime . I think that the person who pushed the protagonist to confession, helped him to rise spiritually, is Sonya Marmeladova. After all, the main idea of ​​the novel is that only compassion and faith can open the way for a person to spiritual rebirth.

Fate treated Sonya and her family cruelly and unfairly. First, apparently, Sonya lost her mother, and then her father; secondly, poverty forced her to go out into the streets to earn money. But the cruelty of fate did not break Sonin's morale. In conditions that seem to exclude goodness and humanity, the heroine finds a way out worthy of a real person. Her path is self-sacrifice and religion. Sonya is able to understand and alleviate the suffering of any person, to direct on the path of truth, to forgive everything, to absorb someone else's suffering. It is not surprising that it is Sofya Semyonovna who is destined to share the depth of Raskolnikov's mental anguish. To her, and not to Porfiry Petrovich, Rodion decided to tell his secret, because he felt that only Sonya could judge him according to his conscience, and her court would be different from Porfiry's. He longed for love, compassion, human sensitivity. Raskolnikov's hopes for sympathy and understanding from Sony came true. This extraordinary girl, whom he called "the holy fool", having learned about the terrible crime of Rodion, kisses and hugs him, saying that "there is no one more unhappy now in the whole world" than Raskolnikov.

By the power of her love, the ability to selflessly endure any torment for the sake of others, the girl helps the main character to overcome himself and resurrect. After Raskolnikov's confession, she goes after him to hard labor, helps him to be reborn.

The fate of Sonechka convinced Raskolnikov of the fallacy of his theory. He saw in front of him not a “trembling creature”, not a humble victim of circumstances, but a man whose self-sacrifice is far from humility and is aimed at saving the perishing, at effective care for others.

Sonya's truth is in her belief in man, in the indestructibility of goodness, in the fact that sympathy, forgiveness and universal love will save the world.

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Task number 743

To complete the task, select only ONE of the four proposed essay topics (17.1-17.4). Write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the volume is less than 150 words, the essay is rated 0 points).

Expand the topic of the essay fully and multidimensionally.

Argument your theses by analyzing the elements of the text of the work (in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least three poems).

Identify the role of artistic means, which is important for revealing the theme of the essay.

Consider the composition of the essay.

Avoid factual, logical, verbal errors.

Write your essay clearly and legibly, following the rules of writing.

C17.1. Why is it the story "The Fatalist" that completes the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"?

C17.2. How is the theme “Man and War” revealed in the work (the work is chosen by the student)?

C17.3. How do you understand the words of A.P. Chekhov: “What a pleasure it is to respect people”? (According to 1-2 stories by A.P. Chekhov.)

C17.4. The problem of the relationship between man and nature in modern domestic literature. (On the example of one of the works.)

Can one small work revolutionize literature? Yes, Russian literature knows such a precedent. This is the story of N.V. Gogol's "Overcoat". The work was very popular with contemporaries, caused a lot of controversy, and the Gogol trend developed among Russian writers until the middle of the 20th century. What is this great book? About this in our article.

The book is part of a cycle of works written in the 1830s-1840s. and united common name- "Petersburg Tales". The story of Gogol's "Overcoat" goes back to an anecdote about a poor official who had a great passion for hunting. Despite the small salary, the ardent fan set a goal for himself: by all means buy a Lepage gun, one of the best at that time. The official denied himself everything in order to save money, and finally, he bought the coveted trophy and went to the Gulf of Finland to shoot birds.

The hunter sailed away in a boat, was about to take aim - but did not find a gun. It probably fell out of the boat, but how remains a mystery. The hero of the story himself admitted that he was a kind of oblivion when he was looking forward to the treasured prey. Returning home, he fell ill with a fever. Fortunately, everything ended well. The ill official was saved by his colleagues by buying him a new gun of the same kind. This story inspired the author to create the story "The Overcoat".

Genre and direction

N.V. Gogol is one of the most prominent representatives critical realism in Russian literature. With his prose, the writer sets a special direction, sarcastically called by the critic F. Bulgarin "Natural School". This literary vector is characterized by an appeal to sharp social topics relating to poverty, morality, class relationships. Here, the image of the “little man”, which has become traditional for writers of the 19th century, is being actively developed.

A narrower direction, characteristic of " Petersburg stories» — fantastic realism. This technique allows the author to influence the reader in the most effective and original way. It is expressed in a mixture of fiction and reality: the real in the story "The Overcoat" is the social problems of tsarist Russia (poverty, crime, inequality), and the fantastic is the ghost of Akaky Akakievich, who robs passers-by. Dostoevsky, Bulgakov and many other followers of this direction turned to the mystical principle.

The genre of the story allows Gogol to succinctly, but brightly enough, highlight several storylines, identify many relevant social topics and even include the motive of the supernatural in his work.

Composition

The composition of "The Overcoat" is linear, you can designate an introduction and an epilogue.

1. The story begins with a kind of writer's discourse about the city, which is an integral part of all "Petersburg Tales". This is followed by a biography of the protagonist, which is typical for the authors " natural school". It was believed that these data help to better reveal the image and explain the motivation for certain actions.
2. Exposition - a description of the situation and position of the hero.
3. The plot takes place at the moment when Akaki Akakievich decides to get a new overcoat, this intention continues to move the plot until the climax - a happy acquisition.
4. The second part is devoted to the search for the overcoat and the exposure of senior officials.
5. The epilogue, where the ghost appears, loops this part: first, the thieves go after Bashmachkin, then the policeman goes after the ghost. Or perhaps a thief?

About what?

One poor official Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin, in view of severe frosts finally dares to acquire new overcoat. The hero denies himself everything, saves on food, tries to walk more carefully on the pavement so as not to change the soles once again. By the right time, he manages to accumulate the required amount, soon the desired overcoat is ready.

But the joy of possession does not last long: on the same evening, when Bashmachkin was returning home after a gala dinner, the robbers took away the object of his happiness from the poor official. The hero is trying to fight for his overcoat, he goes through several instances: from a private person to a significant person, but no one cares about his loss, no one is going to look for robbers. After a visit to the general, who turned out to be a rude and arrogant person, Akaky Akakievich fell ill with a fever and soon died.

But the story "accepts a fantastic ending." The spirit of Akaky Akakievich wanders around St. Petersburg, who wants to take revenge on his offenders, and, mainly, he is looking for a significant person. One evening, the ghost catches the arrogant general and takes his overcoat from him, on which he calms down.

Main characters and their characteristics

• The protagonist of the story - Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin. From the moment of birth, it was clear that a difficult, unhappy life awaited him. This was predicted by the midwife, and the baby himself, when he was born, “cried and made such a grimace, as if he had a presentiment that there would be a titular adviser.” This is the so-called small man”, but its character is contradictory and goes through certain stages of development.
• The image of the overcoat works to reveal the potential of this, at first glance, a modest character. A new thing dear to the heart makes the hero obsessed, like an idol, she controls him. The little official shows such perseverance and activity that he never showed during his lifetime, and after his death he decides on revenge and keeps Petersburg in fear.
• The role of the overcoat in Gogol's story is difficult to overestimate. Her image develops in parallel with the main character: a holey overcoat - humble person, a new one - an enterprising and happy Bashmachkin, a general's - an omnipotent spirit, terrifying.
• Petersburg image presented in a completely different way. This is not a magnificent capital with elegant carriages and flowering front doors, but cruel city, with its severe winter, unhealthy climate, dirty stairs and dark alleys.

Themes

• The life of a little man is the main theme of the story "The Overcoat", so it is presented quite vividly. Bashmachkin does not have a strong character or special talents; higher-ranking officials allow themselves to be manipulated, ignored, or scolded. And the poor hero only wants to regain what is his by right, but to important persons and big world not up to the problems of a small person.
• The opposition of the real and the fantastic makes it possible to show the versatility of Bashmachkin's image. In harsh reality, he will never reach out to the selfish and cruel hearts of those in power, but becoming a powerful spirit, he can at least avenge his offense.
• The theme of the story is immorality. People are valued not for their skill, but for their rank, a significant person is by no means an exemplary family man, he is cold towards his children and is looking for entertainment on the side. He allows himself to be an arrogant tyrant, forcing those who are lower in rank to grovel.
• The satirical nature of the story and the absurdity of the situations allow Gogol to most expressively point out social vices. For example, no one is going to look for the missing overcoat, but there is a decree to catch the ghost. This is how the author denounces the inactivity of the St. Petersburg police.

Issues

The problematics of the story "The Overcoat" is very wide. Here Gogol raises questions concerning both society and the inner world of man.

• The main problem of the story is humanism, or rather, its absence. All the characters in the story are cowardly and selfish, they are not capable of empathy. Even Akaky Akakievich has no spiritual purpose in life, does not seek to read or be interested in art. They are driven only by the material component of being. Bashmachkin does not recognize himself as a victim in the Christian sense. He has completely adapted to his miserable existence, the character does not know forgiveness and is only capable of revenge. The hero cannot even find peace after death until he fulfills his base plan.
• Indifference. Colleagues are indifferent to Bashmachkin's grief, and a significant person is trying by all means known to him to drown out all manifestations of humanity in himself.
• The problem of poverty is touched upon by Gogol. A man who performs his duties exemplarily and diligently does not have the opportunity to update his wardrobe as needed, while careless flatterers and dandies are successfully promoted, have luxurious dinners and arrange evenings.
• The problem of social inequality is covered in the story. The general treats the titular councilor like a flea that he can crush. Bashmachkin becomes shy in front of him, loses the power of speech, and a significant person, not wanting to lose his appearance in the eyes of his colleagues, humiliates the poor petitioner in every possible way. Thus, he shows his power and superiority.

What is the meaning of the story?

The idea of ​​Gogol's "Overcoat" is to point out sharp social problems, relevant in Imperial Russia. With the help of a fantastic component, the author shows the hopelessness of the situation: a small person is weak in front of the mighty of the world of this, they will never respond to his request, and even kick him out of his office. Gogol, of course, does not approve of revenge, but in the story "The Overcoat" is the only way to reach the stone hearts of high-ranking officials. It seems to them that only the spirit is above them, and they will agree to listen only to those who surpass them. Having become a ghost, Bashmachkin occupies just this necessary position, so he manages to influence the arrogant tyrants. This is the main idea of ​​the work.

The meaning of Gogol's "Overcoat" is in the search for justice, but the situation seems hopeless, because justice is possible only when referring to the supernatural.

What does it teach?

Gogol's "Overcoat" was written almost two centuries ago, but remains relevant to this day. The author makes you think not only about social inequality, the problem of poverty, but also about your own spiritual qualities. The story "The Overcoat" teaches empathy, the writer urges not to turn away from a person who is in a difficult situation and asks for help.

To achieve his authorial goals, Gogol changes the ending of the original anecdote, which became the basis for the work. If in that story the colleagues collected the amount sufficient to buy a new gun, then Bashmachkin's colleagues practically did nothing to help a comrade in trouble. He himself died fighting for his rights.

Criticism

In Russian literature, the story "The Overcoat" played a huge role: thanks to this work, a whole trend arose - the "natural school". This work became a symbol of the new art, and this was confirmed by the journal "Physiology of Petersburg", where many young writers came up with their own versions of the image of a poor official.

Critics recognized Gogol's skill, and "The Overcoat" was considered a worthy work, but the controversy was mainly conducted around Gogol direction opened by this story. For example, V.G. Belinsky called the book "one of Gogol's deepest creations", but he considered the "natural school" to be a hopeless direction, and K. Aksakov refused Dostoevsky (who also started with the "natural school"), the author of "Poor People", the title of artist.

Not only Russian critics were aware of the role of the "Overcoat" in literature. The French reviewer E. Vogüe belongs famous saying"We all came out of Gogol's greatcoat." In 1885, he wrote an article about Dostoevsky, where he spoke about the origins of the writer's work.

Later, Chernyshevsky accused Gogol of excessive sentimentality, deliberate pity for Bashmachkin. Apollon Grigoriev in his criticism opposed the Gogol method to true art. satirical image reality.

The story made a great impression not only on the writer's contemporaries. V. Nabokov in his article "The Apotheosis of the Mask" analyzes creative method Gogol, its features, advantages and disadvantages. Nabokov believes that "The Overcoat" was created for "a reader with creative imagination”, and for the most complete understanding of the work, it is necessary to get acquainted with it in the original language, because Gogol’s work is “a phenomenon of language, not ideas.”

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