Closely connected with the theme of the people in the novel is theme of family and nobility. The author divides the nobles into "haves" (these include Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov), local patriots (old man Bolkonsky, Rostov), secular nobility (Anna Pavlovna Scherer's salon, Helen).
According to Tolstoy, the family is the soil for the formation of the human soul. And at the same time, every family is the whole world, special, unlike anything, full of complex relationships. In the novel "War and Peace", the theme of the family, according to the author's intention, serves as the most important means of organizing the text. Atmosphere family nest determines the characters, fates and views of the heroes of the work. In the system of all the main images of the novel, the author identifies several families, on the example of which he expresses his attitude to the ideal hearth, are Rostovs, Bolkonskys, Kuragins.
The Rostovs and Bolkonskys are not just families, they are lifestyles based on national traditions. These traditions were most fully manifested in the life of the representatives of the Rostovs - a noble-naive family, living with feelings, combining serious attitude to family honor (Nikolai Rostov does not refuse his father's debts), warmth and cordiality of family relations, hospitality and hospitality, which distinguishes Russian people. Talking about Petya, Natasha, Nikolai and the elder Rostovs, Tolstoy sought to artistically recreate the history of the middle noble family early XIX century.
In the course of the story, Tolstoy introduces the reader to all the representatives of the Rostov family, talking about them with deep interest and sympathy. The Rostov House in Moscow was considered one of the most hospitable, and therefore one of the most beloved. A kind, carefree and all-forgiving spirit of benevolent love reigned here. This evoked good-natured mockery from some, but no one stopped them from using the cordial generosity of Count Rostov: kindness and love are always attractive.
Most prominent representative The Rostov family is Natasha - charming, natural, cheerful and naive. All these features are dear to Tolstoy, and for them he loves his heroine. Starting from the first meeting, the writer emphasizes that Natasha is not like other characters in the novel. We see her as a daring child, when at the name day she fearlessly, despite the presence of Countess Akhrosimova (whom the whole world was afraid of), asks what kind of cake will be served for dessert; then matured, but still the same lively, spontaneous and charming, when she has to accept the first important decision- refuse Denisov, who made her an offer. She says: “Vasily Dmitritch, I feel so sorry for you! .. No, but you are so nice ... but don’t ... this ... but I will always love you like that ... ”There is no direct logic in Natasha’s words yet they are touchingly pure and truthful. Later we see Natasha with Nikolai and Petya in Mikhailovsk, visiting her uncle, when she performs a Russian dance, arousing admiration from those around her; Natasha in love with Prince Andrei, and then carried away by Anatole Kuragin. As she grows older, Natasha's character traits also develop: love of life, optimism, amorousness. Tolstoy shows her both in joy, and in grief, and in despair, and shows in such a way that the reader cannot doubt: all her feelings are sincere and genuine.
In the course of the story, we also learn a lot of important things about Count Rostov: about Ilya Nikolayevich's money worries; about his hospitality and good nature; about how inimitably and provocatively he dances to Danila Kupor; about how much effort he makes to arrange a reception in honor of Bagration; about how, in a fit of patriotic enthusiasm, returning from the palace, where he heard and saw the emperor, he lets his youngest minor son go to war. Tolstoy almost always shows Countess Rostov through Natasha's eyes. Her main feature is her love for children. For Natasha, she is the first friend and adviser. The Countess understands her children perfectly, she is always ready to warn them against mistakes and give the necessary advice.
With especially touching sympathy, Tolstoy treats Petya, the youngest son of the Rostovs. This is a wonderful, kind, loving and beloved boy, so similar to Natasha, a faithful companion of her games, her page, unquestioningly fulfilling all the desires and whims of her sister. He, like Natasha, loves life in all its manifestations. He knows how to feel sorry for the captured French drummer, calls him to dinner and treats fried meat, just as he called everyone to his house to feed and caress, his father, Count Rostov. The death of Petya is a clear evidence of the senselessness and ruthlessness of the war.
For the Rostovs, love is the basis of family life. Here they are not afraid to express their feelings either to each other or to friends and acquaintances. The love, kindness and cordiality of the Rostovs extend not only to its members, but also to people who, by the will of fate, have become close to them. So, Andrei Bolkonsky, being in Otradnoye, struck by Natasha's cheerfulness, decides to change his life. In the Rostov family, they never condemn or reproach each other even when an act committed by any of its members deserves condemnation, whether it be Nikolai, who lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov and put the family at risk of ruin, or Natasha, who tried to run away with Anatoly Kuragin. Here they are always ready to help each other and at any moment to stand up for a loved one.
Such purity of relations, high morality make the Rostovs related to the Bolkonskys. But the Bolkonskys, in contrast to the Rostovs, give great importance his generosity and wealth. They don't accept everyone indiscriminately. A special order reigns here, understandable only to family members, everything is subordinated to honor, reason and duty. All members of this family have a pronounced sense of family superiority and dignity. But at the same time, in the relations of the Bolkonskys there is natural and sincere love, hidden under the mask of arrogance. The proud Bolkonskys are noticeably different in character from the comfortably homely Rostovs, and that is why the unity of these two clans, in the author's view, is possible only between uncharacteristic representatives of these families (Nikolai Rostov and Princess Marya).
The Bolkonsky family in the novel is opposed to the Kuragin family. Both the Bolkonskys and the Kuragins figure prominently in secular life Moscow and Petersburg. But if, describing the members of the Bolkonsky family, the author draws attention to issues of pride and honor, then the Kuragins are portrayed as active participants in intrigues and behind-the-scenes games (the story with the portfolio of Count Bezukhov), regulars at balls and social events. The lifestyle of the Bolkonsky family is based on love and solidarity. All representatives of the Kuragin family are united by immorality (secret connections between Anatole and Helen), unscrupulousness (an attempt to arrange Natasha's escape), prudence (the marriage of Pierre and Helen), false patriotism.
It is no coincidence that the representatives of the Kuragin family belong to the high society. From the first pages of the novel, the reader is transported to the St. Petersburg living rooms big light and gets acquainted with the “cream” of this society: nobles, dignitaries, diplomats, ladies-in-waiting. In the course of the story, Tolstoy rips off the veils of external brilliance and refined manners from these people, and the reader discovers their spiritual poverty, moral baseness. There is neither simplicity, nor kindness, nor truth in their behavior, relationships. Everything is unnatural, hypocritical in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. Everything alive, whether it be thought and feeling, a sincere impulse or a topical witticism, goes out in a soulless atmosphere. That is why the naturalness and openness in Pierre's behavior scared Scherer so much. Here they are accustomed to the "decency of tight masks", to a masquerade. Prince Vasily speaks lazily, like an actor in the words of an old play, the hostess herself carries herself with artificial enthusiasm.
Tolstoy compares an evening reception at Scherer's with a spinning shop in which "spindles with different parties evenly and without ceasing noise. But in these workshops important matters are resolved, state intrigues are woven, personal problems are resolved, mercenary plans are outlined: places are sought for unsettled sons, like Ippolit Kuragin, profitable parties are discussed for marriage or marriage. In this light, "eternal inhuman enmity boils, the struggle for mortal blessings." Suffice it to recall the distorted faces of the “mournful” Drubetskaya and the “benevolent” Prince Vasily, when the two of them clutched at the briefcase with the will at the bedside of the dying Count Bezukhov.
Prince Vasily Kuragin - the head of the Kuragin family - is a bright type of enterprising careerist, money-grubber and egoist. Entrepreneurship and acquisitiveness became, as it were, "involuntary" traits of his character. As Tolstoy emphasizes, Prince Vasily knew how to use people and hide this skill, covering it with subtle observance of the rules of secular behavior. Thanks to this skill, Prince Vasily achieves a lot in life, because in the society in which he lives, the search for various kinds of benefits is the main thing in relations between people. For the sake of his selfish goals, Prince Vasily deploys a very vigorous activity. Suffice it to recall the campaign launched to marry Pierre to his daughter Helene. And without waiting for Pierre's explanation with Helen, the matchmaking, Prince Vasily bursts into the room with an icon in his hands and blesses the young - the mousetrap slammed shut. The siege of Maria Bolkonskaya, Anatole's rich bride, began, and only chance prevented the successful completion of this "operation". What kind of love and family well-being can we talk about when marriages are made according to frank calculation? Tolstoy tells with irony about Prince Vasily, when he fools and robs Pierre, embezzling income from his estates and keeping several thousand rents from the Ryazan estate, hiding his actions under the guise of kindness and care for the young man, whom he cannot leave to the mercy of fate .
Helen is the only one of all the children of Prince Vasily who does not burden him, but brings joy with her successes. This is due to the fact that she was real daughter her father and learned early on what rules to play in the world in order to succeed and take a strong position. Beauty is Helen's only virtue. She understands this very well and uses it as a means to achieve personal gain. When Helen passes through the hall, the dazzling whiteness of her shoulders attracts the eyes of all the men present. Having married Pierre, she began to shine even brighter, did not miss a single ball and was always a welcome guest. Having openly cheated on her husband, she cynically declares that she does not want to have children from him. Pierre rightly defined its essence: "Where you are, there is debauchery."
Prince Vasily is openly burdened by his sons. Younger son Prince Vasily - Anatole Kuragin - disgusts already at the first moment of acquaintance. Compiling a characterization of this hero, Tolstoy remarked: "He is like a beautiful doll, there is nothing in his eyes." Anatole is sure that the world was created for his pleasures. According to the author, "he was instinctively convinced that it was impossible for him to live otherwise than he lived," that he "must live on thirty thousand incomes and always borrow highest position in society". Tolstoy repeatedly emphasizes that Anatole is handsome. But his outer beauty contrasts with his empty inner appearance. Anatole's immorality is especially evident during his courtship of Natasha Rostova, when she was the bride of Andrei Bolkonsky. Anatole Kuragin became for Natasha Rostova a symbol of freedom, and she could not understand, with her purity, naivety and faith in people, that this is freedom from the boundaries of what is permitted, from the moral framework of what is permissible. The second son of Prince Vasily - Ippolit - is characterized by the author as a rake and a fat man. But unlike Anatole, he is also mentally limited, which makes his actions especially ridiculous. Tolstoy devotes quite a bit of space to Ippolit in the novel, not honoring him with his attention. The beauty and youth of the Kuragins takes on a repulsive character, for this beauty is insincere, not warmed by the soul.
Tolstoy portrayed the declaration of love of Boris Drubetskoy and Julie Karagina with irony and sarcasm. Julie knows that this brilliant but impoverished handsome man does not love her, but demands for his wealth a declaration of love in accordance with all the rules. And Boris, uttering the right words, thinks that it is always possible to arrange so that he rarely sees his wife. For the Kuragins and Drubetskys, all means are good to achieve success and fame and strengthen their position in society. You can join the Masonic lodge, pretending that you are close to the ideas of love, equality, brotherhood, although in fact the only purpose of this is the desire to make profitable acquaintances. Pierre, a sincere and trusting person, soon saw that these people were not interested in questions of truth, the welfare of mankind, but in uniforms and crosses, which they achieved in life.
In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy describes the life of several families: the Rostovs, Bolkonskys, Kuragins, Bergs, and in the epilogue also the families of the Bezukhovs (Pierre and Natasha) and the Rostovs (Nikolai Rostov and Marya Bolkonskaya). These families are very different, each is unique, but without the common, most necessary basis of family life - love unity between people - a true family, according to Tolstoy, is impossible. Comparing different types of family relationships, the author shows what a family should be like, what true relationships are. family values and how they influence personality development. It is no coincidence that all the heroes who are spiritually close to the author were brought up in "real" families, and, on the contrary, egoists and opportunists grew up in "false" families in which people are only formally related to each other.
The Rostov and Bolkonsky families are especially close to the writer. He describes in detail the everyday life of the Rostovs in the Moscow house, in Otradnoye, and the Bolkonskys - in the estates of Bald Mountains and Bogucharovo. The Rostovs and Bolkonskys have a Home, a great universal value.
The Rostov family is an ideal harmonious whole. Love binds all family members. Only Vera is cold and alien. It is no coincidence that she soon “drops out” of the Rostov family, marries the prudent Berg.
The Rostovs are tied up sincere relationship. The scene of the name day in the Moscow house of the Rostovs, the Christmas fun with the mummers in Otradnoye are filled with true fun, cordiality, and hospitality. Parents raise their children by giving them all their love. They strive for mutual understanding and mutual assistance. So, when Nikolai lost forty thousand to Dolokhov, he did not hear a word of reproach from his father and was able to pay the debt, although this amount threatened Rostov ruin. Children are grateful to their parents: Rostov is trying to quickly pay off the debt; Natasha selflessly takes care of her mother, saves her from death after the tragic news of Petya's death. Nikolay in the epilogue devotes his life to his family and mother.
The Rostovs are simple, cordial people. It is no coincidence that Tolstoy gave them the surname Prostov in drafts. The life of the heart, wisdom, honesty and decency determine their relationships and behavior.
The family structure of the Bolkonskys is completely different. Their life is subject to a strict routine, strict discipline. At first glance, relations in this family are devoid of cordiality and mutual understanding. old prince- the despot who torments his daughter with endless nit-picking, geometry lessons, yells at her. Princess Mary is afraid of her father. Prince Andrei is forced to postpone his marriage to Natasha for a whole year at the request of his father. However, internally these people are very close to each other. Their love is shown in difficult times. When news came of the death of Prince Andrei, Mary, hugging her father, said: "Let's cry together." Before his death, the old prince wants to see only his daughter, he shows love and pity for her, which he had previously hidden so as not to spoil her with affection.
Both the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys are patriots. By their behavior during World War II, they express folk spirit. Prince Nikolai Andreevich dies because his heart could not bear the surrender of Smolensk. Marya rejects the French general's offer of patronage. The Rostovs donate property, give carts to the wounded, and make a difficult decision: they agree to let young Petya go to the army. Nikolai and Andrei defend the Fatherland on the battlefield. They live in the interests of the nation. The year 1812 brings out the best features of every family.
The Kuragin family in peaceful life appears in all the insignificance of its selfishness, soullessness, immorality. Kuragins sought to use people as a means to achieve their goals. Prince Vasily wanted to profitably marry Anatole to the richest bride - Marya Bolkonskaya. He did not succeed in this intrigue, but he attached Helen, breaking Pierre's life. All the base qualities of the Kuragins manifested themselves during the war of 1812. They led the same idle life in the salons. Prince Vasily speculated on patriotism, and Helen was engaged in organizing her personal life. However, a misfortune happened in this "false" family - Anatole's leg was amputated, he later died. However, Tolstoy deliberately does not tell how the Kuragins perceived this. This family is not capable of true human feelings.
The family of Pierre and Natasha in the image of Tolstoy is almost idyllic. The purpose of their marriage is not only the continuation of the family and the upbringing of children, but also spiritual unity. Pierre "after seven years of marriage ... felt a joyful, firm consciousness that he did not bad man and he felt this because he saw himself reflected in his wife. Natasha is the “mirror” of her husband, reflecting “only what was truly good.” They are so close that they are able to guess the desires and thoughts of each other. Natasha's whole world is children, her husband. Tolstoy believed that this was the vocation of a woman.
Maria is also absorbed by the family. Countess Rostova brings kindness, tenderness, and high spirituality into family relationships. Nikolai is a good host, the support of the family. They complement each other, feeling like a single whole. Nikolai compares his wife to a finger that cannot be cut off. Nikolai's love for his wife, Tolstoy emphasizes, is "solid, tender, proud", "the feeling of surprise at her soulfulness" does not fade away in him.
The new families that the reader observes in the epilogue are the "genuine" families. The author shows that by creating a family, a person takes a step towards "living" life, approaches "organic", natural being. It is in the creation of a family that Tolstoy's "beloved" heroes acquire the meaning of existence. The family completes the stage of their youthful "disorder" and becomes a kind of result of spiritual searches.
"War and Peace" is a Russian national epic that reflects the character of a great nation at the moment when its historical destinies were being decided. Tolstoy, trying to cover everything that he knew and felt at that time, gave in the novel a set of everyday life, morals, ...
Tolstoy portrays the Rostov and Bolkonsky families with great sympathy, because: they are participants historical events, patriots; they are not attracted by careerism and profit; they are close to the Russian people. Characteristic features of Rostov Bolkonsky 1. The older generation....
Why do people become friends? If parents, children, relatives are not chosen, then everyone is free to choose friends. Therefore, a friend is a person whom we fully trust, whom we respect, whose opinion we take into account. But that doesn't mean friends...
1867 L. M. Tolstoy finished work on the landmark novel of his work "War and Peace". The author noted that in "War and Peace" he "loved the thought of the people", poeticizing the simplicity, kindness and morality of the Russian people. This "folk thought" by L. Tolstoy...
Tolstoy considered the family the basis of everything. It contains love, and the future, and peace, and goodness. Families make up society, the moral laws of which are laid down and preserved in the family. The writer's family is a society in miniature. In Tolstoy, almost all the heroes - family people, and he characterizes them through families.
In the novel, the life of three families unfolds before us: the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, and the Kuragins. In the epilogue of the novel, the author shows the happy "new" families of Nikolai and Marya, Pierre and Natasha. Every family is endowed characteristic features, and also embodies some kind of view of the world and its values. In all the events described in the work, one way or another, members of these families participate. The novel covers fifteen years of life, families are traced in three generations: fathers, children and grandchildren.
The Rostov family is an example ideal relationship loving and respectful family members. The father of the family, Count Ilya Rostov, is depicted as a typical Russian gentleman. Manager Mitenka constantly deceives the count. Only Nikolai Rostov exposes and fires him. In the family, no one accuses anyone, does not suspect, does not deceive. They are one, always sincerely ready to help each other. Joys and sorrows are experienced together, together they are looking for answers to difficult questions. They quickly experience troubles, they are dominated by an emotional and intuitive beginning. All Rostovs are addicted people, but the mistakes and mistakes of family members do not cause rejection and enmity towards each other. The family is upset and grieves when Nikolai Rostov plays cards, experiences the story of Natasha's love for Anatole Kuragin and an attempt to escape with him, although the whole secular society is discussing this shameful event.
In the Rostov family, the "Russian spirit", everyone loves national culture and art. They live in harmony with national traditions: welcome guests, generous, like to live in the countryside, take part in folk holidays. All Rostovs are talented, possess musical ability. The yard people serving in the house are deeply devoted to the masters, they live with them as one family.
During the war, the Rostov family remained in Moscow until last moment while you can still evacuate. The wounded are placed in their house, who need to be taken out of the city so that they are not killed by the French. The Rostovs decide to give up the acquired property and give the wagons for the soldiers. This is how it manifests true patriotism this family.
Other orders reign in the Bolkonsky family. All living feelings are driven to the very bottom of the soul. In the relationship between them - only cold rationality. Prince Andrei and Princess Marya do not have a mother, and the father replaces parental love over-demanding, which makes his children unhappy. Princess Marya is a girl with a strong, courageous character. She didn't break cruel attitude father, she did not become embittered, did not lose her pure and tender soul.
The old man Bolkonsky is sure that in the world "there are only two virtues - activity and mind." He himself has been working all his life: he writes a charter, works in a workshop, studies with his daughter. Bolkonsky is a nobleman of the old school. He is a patriot of his homeland, he wants to benefit her. Upon learning that the French were advancing, he took the lead militia, ready to defend his land with weapons in his hands, not to let the enemy step on it.
Prince Andrei is like his father. He also strives for power, works in the Speransky committee, wants to become a great person, to serve for the good of the country. Although he promised himself never to take part in battles again, in 1812 he goes to fight again. Saving the motherland for him is a holy cause. Prince Andrei is dying for his homeland like a hero.
The Kuragin family brings evil and destruction to the world. Using the members of this family as an example, Tolstoy showed how deceptive external beauty can be. Helen and Anatole beautiful people but this beauty is imaginary. External brilliance hides the emptiness of their low souls. Anatole leaves a bad memory of himself everywhere. Because of the money, he wooed Princess Marya, destroying the relationship between Prince Andrei and Natasha. Helen loves only herself, destroys Pierre's life, dishonors him.
Lies and hypocrisy, contempt for others reign in the Kuragin family. The father of the family, Prince Vasily, is a court intriguer, he is only interested in gossip and vile deeds. For the sake of money, he is ready for anything, even for a crime. His behavior in the scene of the death of Count Bezukhov is the height of blasphemy and contempt for the laws of human morality.
There is no spiritual kinship in the Kuragin family. Tolstoy does not show us their house. They are primitive, undeveloped people, whom the author portrays in satirical tones. They cannot achieve happiness in life.
According to Tolstoy, good family is the reward for a righteous life. In the finale, he rewards his heroes with happiness in family life.
- This is not an easy question. Painful and long is the path that must be passed in order to find the answer to it. And can you find it? Sometimes it seems that this is impossible. Truth is not only a good thing, but also a stubborn thing. The further you go in search of an answer, the more questions arise in front of you. And it's not too late, but who will turn halfway? And there is still time, but who knows, maybe the answer is two steps away from you? Truth is tempting and many-sided, but its essence is always the same. Sometimes it seems to a person that he has already found the answer, but it turns out that this is a mirage. […]
- In War and Peace, Tolstoy traces the life of three generations of several Russian families. The writer rightly considered the family the basis of society, saw in it love, the future, peace and goodness. In addition, Tolstoy believed that moral laws are laid down and preserved only in the family. The family for the writer is a society in miniature. Almost all the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy are family people, so the characterization of these characters is impossible without analyzing their relationships in the family. After all, a good family, the writer believed, is […]
- L. N. Tolstoy worked on the novel "War and Peace" from 1863 to 1869. The creation of a large-scale historical and artistic canvas required enormous efforts from the writer. So, in 1869, in the drafts of the Epilogue, Lev Nikolayevich recalled the "painful and joyful perseverance and excitement" experienced by him in the process of work. The manuscripts of "War and Peace" testify to how one of the world's largest creations was created: over 5,200 finely written sheets have been preserved in the writer's archive. They trace the whole history of […]
- Leo Tolstoy in his works tirelessly proved that public role women are exceptionally great and beneficent. Its natural expression is the preservation of the family, motherhood, the care of children and the duties of a wife. In the novel "War and Peace" in the images of Natasha Rostova and Princess Marya, the writer showed rare for the then secular society women, the best representatives of the nobility of the early XIX century. Both of them devoted their lives to the family, felt a strong connection with it during the war of 1812, […]
- The very title of Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" speaks of the scale of the topic under study. Writer created historical novel in which major events in world history are comprehended, and their participants are real historical figures. These are Russian Emperor Alexander I, Napoleon Bonaparte, Field Marshal Kutuzov, Generals Davout and Bagration, Ministers Arakcheev, Speransky and others. Tolstoy had his own specific view of the development of history and the role individual in her. He believed that only then can a person influence […]
- "War and Peace" is one of the brightest works of world literature, revealing the extraordinary wealth human destinies, characters, an unprecedented breadth of coverage of the phenomena of life, the deepest image major events in the history of the Russian people. The basis of the novel, as L. N. Tolstoy admitted, is “the thought of the people”. “I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy. The people in the novel are not only peasants and peasant soldiers in disguise, but also the Rostovs’ courtyard people, the merchant Ferapontov, and army officers […]
- In the epic novel War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy skillfully depicted several female images. The writer tried to get into mysterious world female soul, to determine the moral laws of the life of a noblewoman in Russian society. One of the complex images was the sister of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Princess Marya. The prototypes of the images of the old man Bolkonsky and his daughter were real people. This is Tolstoy's grandfather, N. S. Volkonsky, and his daughter, Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, who was no longer young and lived in […]
- Tolstoy in his novel widely uses the technique of antithesis, or opposition. The most obvious antitheses: good and evil, war and peace, which organize the whole novel. Other antitheses: “right - wrong”, “false - true”, etc. According to the principle of antithesis, he describes L. N. Tolstoy and the Bolkonsky and Kuragin families. The main feature of the Bolkonsky family can be called the desire to follow the laws of reason. None of them, except, perhaps, Princess Marya, is not characterized by an open manifestation of their feelings. In the image of the head of the family, the old […]
- After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse began French army. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army. In War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and […]
- The central event of the novel "War and Peace" is the Patriotic War of 1812, which stirred up the entire Russian people, showed the whole world its power and strength, put forward simple Russian heroes and a brilliant commander, and at the same time revealed the true essence of each specific person. Tolstoy in his work depicts the war as a realist writer: in hard work, blood, suffering, death. Here is a picture of the campaign before the battle: “Prince Andrey looked with disdain at these endless, interfering teams, wagons, […]
- "War and Peace" is a Russian national epic, which reflected national character of the Russian people at the moment when its historical fate was being decided. L. N. Tolstoy worked on the novel for almost six years: from 1863 to 1869. From the very beginning of work on the work, the writer's attention was attracted not only by historical events, but also by private family life. For Leo Tolstoy himself, one of his main values was the family. The family in which he grew up, without which we would not know Tolstoy the writer, the […]
- The novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" is, according to famous writers and critics, greatest novel in the world". "War and Peace" is an epic novel of events from the history of the country, namely the war of 1805-1807. and the Patriotic War of 1812. Central characters wars were commanders - Kutuzov and Napoleon. Their images in the novel "War and Peace" are built on the principle of antithesis. Tolstoy, glorifying Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov in the novel as the inspirer and organizer of the victories of the Russian people, emphasizes that Kutuzov is […]
- L. N. Tolstoy is a writer of enormous, worldwide scale, since the subject of his research was man, his soul. For Tolstoy, man is part of the universe. He is interested in what path the human soul goes in striving for the high, ideal, in striving to know oneself. Pierre Bezukhov is an honest, highly educated nobleman. This is a spontaneous nature, capable of keenly feeling, easily excited. Pierre is characterized by deep thoughts and doubts, the search for the meaning of life. His life path is complex and tortuous. […]
- The meaning of life ... We often think about what can be the meaning of life. The path of searching for each of us is not easy. Some people understand what is the meaning of life and how and what to live, only on their deathbed. The same thing happened with Andrei Bolkonsky, the most, in my opinion, the brightest hero of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. For the first time we meet Prince Andrei at an evening in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. Prince Andrei differed sharply from all those present here. There is no insincerity, hypocrisy, so inherent in the highest […]
- Epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is a work grandiose not only in terms of the monumentality of the historical events described in it, deeply researched by the author and artistically processed into a single logical whole, but also in the variety of created images, both historical and fictional. In the depiction of historical characters, Tolstoy was more of a historian than a writer, he said: “Where they speak and act historical figures, did not invent and used materials. Fictional images are described […]
- Leo Tolstoy is a recognized master of creating psychological images. In each case, the writer is guided by the principle: “Who is more human?” Does his hero live real life or devoid of moral principles and spiritually dead. In the works of Tolstoy, all the characters are shown in the evolution of characters. Women's images somewhat sketchy, but this manifested the attitude towards women that has developed over the centuries. AT noble society the woman had the only task - to give birth to children, to multiply the class of nobles. The girl was beautiful at first […]
- In the novel "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy showed Russian society during the period of military, political and moral trials. It is known that the nature of time is made up of the way of thinking and behavior not only of statesmen, but also of ordinary people, sometimes the life of one person or family in contact with others can be indicative of the era as a whole. relatives, friends, love relationship connect the characters of the novel. Often they are divided by mutual hostility, enmity. For Leo Tolstoy, the family is the environment […]
- Character Ilya Rostov Nikolai Rostov Natalya Rostova Nikolai Bolkonsky Andrey Bolkonsky Marya Bolkonskaya Appearance The curly-haired young man is not tall, with a simple, open face Does not differ in external beauty, has a large mouth, but black-eyed Short stature with dry outlines of the figure. Very handsome. She has a weak, not very beautiful body, thin-faced, attracts attention with large, sadly veiled, radiant eyes. Character Good-natured, loving [...]
- In the life of every person there are cases that are never forgotten and that determine his behavior for a long time. In the life of Andrei Bolkonsky, one of Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the Battle of Austerlitz was such a case. Tired of fuss, pettiness and hypocrisy high society, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war. He expects a lot from the war: glory, universal love. In his ambitious dreams, Prince Andrei sees himself as the savior of the Russian land. He wants to become as great as Napoleon, and for this Andrei needs his […]
- The main character in the novel - the epic of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" is the people. Tolstoy shows his simplicity and kindness. The people are not only the peasants and soldiers who act in the novel, but also the nobles, who have a people's view of the world and spiritual values. Thus, the people are people united by one history, language, culture, living in the same territory. But there are interesting characters among them. One of them is Prince Bolkonsky. At the beginning of the novel, he despises people of high society, is unhappy in marriage […]
Family Thought in Russian Literature (Based on Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago)
The family is an ideal that is an integral part of any culture. This is what confirms its eternity. In Christian culture, this ideal occupies almost a central place, since the image of the family is an image of love, human unity, and a bundle of faith is faith in life.
In Russian literature, the image of the family was reflected in many works of writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the twentieth century, with the advent of the new time, this image is born in the great works of M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak and others. In the novel by B. L. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago”, the image of the family was a continuation of the image created by L. N. Tolstoy in various works, but above all in the novel "War and Peace".
"Family Thought" can be called one of the main ones in Pasternak's novel. Main character novel Doctor Zhivago goes through a time that can be called the most terrible time new era. Family is the most valuable thing a person has in life. In the novel, this is expressed in quiet poetic images that convey the fullness of this amazing thought and this amazing feeling. This thought and feeling are very close to both Doctor Zhivago and Pasternak himself, since Pasternak, creating the image of the doctor, breathed his soul into him.
Heading into the unknown, parting with the past, Doctor Zhivago woke up from a feeling of happiness that overwhelmed him. The feeling of happiness was the feeling that the family - the only and most valuable thing he has - next to him. Have a family true world, to which a person aspires, in which he lives, and this world lives in his soul, revealing the beauty and goodness of human existence.
Zhivago, realizing the value and beauty of this world, together with Lara, whose image expresses his ideal in his own way, leaves for Varykino, sheltering this holy world from the evil of the era. There is no peace in Varykino, which, it would seem, does not correspond to reality, but this is precisely the great strength of the family, which overcomes confusion and the evil whirlwind of time, affirming love and kindness. Love is the beginning of a family. The love of a mother and father, love in a family kindles a fire in a person’s soul that burns in him all his life, which must burn in him, despite the cold,
that can surround a person. This family start, doctor Zhivago carried love in his soul.
The desire for the ideal in the confrontation over time, first with Tonya, then with Lara and Marina, was the desire for love, for the human warmth of the family, for the embodiment of the ideal. The images of Yuri Andreevich's mother, Tony, Lara symbolize maternal love in the novel. It is noteworthy that the novel begins with the scene of the death of Yuri Andreevich's mother. This death meant both a break with the past and the beginning of a new era for Yuri Andreevich. This death left him alone with time, but the love of his mother, the memory of her, kept the holy image of the family in his soul. divine image family nevertheless has human sense. It is in everything. This is the joy that everyone has in their hearts on the Christmas tree at the Sventitskys; is the warmth that is native home, and the very feeling of warmth is already associated with the family; it was a quiet, soft light that Zhivago saw in the window - it was a candle - a symbol of the soul. Alive soul a person who keeps love is also a family. It is no coincidence that Pasternak calls the main character Zhivago.
In the simple life of the soul, in the life of the family, the author of the novel sees the meaning of life. This is a simple human
the meaning that carries the idea of creation. Striving for the ideal is also creation. Doctor Zhivago, having come to an idea, does not stop, but continues to create, and his strength is lae: love. In Moscow, he is one of those few who, for truly patriotic, but above all humanistic reasons, remains to work in a hospital. In the war, serving for a month, he does good. Having left Moscow for Yuryatin, Dr. Zhivago works in a hospital. But the beginning of this goodness was still a family. The desire for the warmth of the family, for love and peace is the way to overcome the era, time, but also the way to overcome the evil in oneself. The fate of Strelnikov can serve as a tragic example. Strelnikov, striving for goodness and beauty, walked the path of evil, he went along with the time, without understanding its essence.
Love and family are a great gift to a person, but a person must see it and be able to accept it. Returning to Moscow, Doctor Zhivago lives alone, the era destroyed his life, but Marina becomes his new one, sad life, because sad that the wounds of the soul will never heal. The family is faith in life, which is faith in happiness and in the person himself. Faith gives strength to a person struggling with the world of war, cold and the evil power of people. In the novel, the family is opposed to time. This confrontation between the two beginnings is also in the person himself, since time breaks into human soul. Time is destruction; it destroys Doctor Zhivago's house in Moscow, forcing him to move to Yuriatin.
The destruction of time is opposed by creation, love, hidden in the family. The manifestation of such a creation was the poems of Doctor Zhivago, written by him in moments of rest. This confirms that the harmony of the family carries the source of creativity. One amazing scene conveys the atmosphere of the world of the family. This scene is in the house in Varykino, when, after a quiet, family evening, Yuri Andreevich sits down at the table and writes poetry.
“At such moments, Yuri Andreevich felt that it was not he himself who was doing the main work, but what
above it, what is above it and controls it, namely: the state of world thought and poetry, and what is destined for it in the future, the next step in order that it has to take in its historical development". These words reveal the idea of the unity of the divine and the family, which illuminates the human soul with light, the power of creation. Poetry turns out to be a change in the light that exists in the family and in the person who keeps this ideal in his soul.
"Family Thought" in the novel "War and Peace"
In the epic novel “War and Peace”, family thought occupies a very important place. Tolstoy saw in the family the beginning of all beginnings. As you know, a person is not born good or bad, but the family and the atmosphere that dominates inside it make him such. On the example of his heroes, Lev Nikolayevich vividly showed the diversity of family relations, their positive and negative sides.
All families in the novel are so natural, as if they existed in real life. Even now, two centuries later, we can meet the friendly Rostov family or the selfish “flock” of the Kuragins. Members of the same family have a common feature that unites all.
So, main feature The Bolkonsky family can be called the desire to follow the laws of reason. None of the Bolkonskys, except, perhaps, Princess Marya, is characterized by an open manifestation of his feelings. The Bolkonsky family belongs to the old Russian aristocracy. The old Prince Bolkonsky embodies the best features of the service nobility, devoted to that to whom he swore. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky most of all valued in people "two virtues: activity and mind." Raising his children, he developed these qualities in them. Both Prince Andrei and Princess Marya differ in their spiritual upbringing from other noble children.
In many ways, the world outlook of this family is reflected by the words of the old prince sending his son to war: “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt the old man ... but if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will. .. ashamed!" (clear moral criteria, the concept of the honor of the family, clan). The behavior of Princess Marya, who feels a deep sense of responsibility for her family, infinitely respects her father, arouses respect (“Everything done by her father aroused in her reverence, which was not subject to discussion”)
Different in character, all members of the Bolkonsky family are one due to their spiritual connection. Their relationship is not as warm as that of the Rostovs, but they are as strong as links in a chain.
Another family depicted in the novel is in some way opposed to the Bolkonsky family. This is the Rostov family. If the Bolkonskys strive to follow the arguments of reason, then the Rostovs obey the voice of feelings, their family is filled with love, tenderness, care. Everyone is frank with each other, they have no secrets and secrets. Maybe these people are not distinguished by special talents or intelligence, but they glow from the inside with family happiness. Unfortunately, terrible troubles and trials will fall to the lot of the Rostovs. Maybe this is how they will have to pay for the happiness that has been in the house for many years? .. But, having lost everything, the Rostov family will come to life again, only in another generation, preserving the tradition of love and comfort.
The third family is the Kuragin family. Tolstoy, showing all its members, whether Helen or Prince Vasily, pays great attention portrait, appearance. Outer beauty Kuraginyh replaces the spiritual. This family contains many human vices: hypocrisy, greed, depravity, stupidity. Every person in this family has sinfulness. Their attachment is not spiritual or loving. She is more animal than human. They are similar to each other, and therefore stick together. Tolstoy shows us that families like the Kuragins are doomed in the end. None of its members is able to "reborn" from dirt and vice. The Kuragin family dies, leaving no descendants.
In the epilogue of the novel, two more families are shown. These are the Bezukhov family (Pierre and Natasha), which embodied the author's ideal of a family based on mutual understanding and trust, and the Rostov family - Marya and Nikolai. Marya brought high spirituality into the Rostov family, and Nikolai continued to honor the value of family comfort and cordiality.
Showing in your novel different families, Tolstoy wanted to say that the future belongs to such families as the Rostovs, Bezukhovs, Bolkonskys. Such families will never die.
The Rostov family in the novel "War and Peace"
In "War and Peace" they mean a lot family associations, the hero’s belonging to the “breed”. Actually, the Bolkonskys or Rostovs are more than families, they are whole lifestyles, families of the old type, with a patriarchal basis, old clans with their own special tradition for each kind, ”wrote (“War and Peace ". - In the book: Three masterpieces of Russian classics. M., 1971. p. 65).
Let's try to consider in this aspect the Rostov family, the features of the "Rostov breed". The basic concepts that characterize all members of this family are simplicity, breadth of soul, life by feeling. The Rostovs are not intellectual, not pedantic, not rational, but for Tolstoy the absence of these traits is not a disadvantage, but only "one of the aspects of life."
The Rostovs are emotional, generous, sympathetic, open, hospitable in Russian, friendly. In their family, in addition to their own children, Sonya, the niece of the old count, is brought up, Boris Drubetskoy, the son of Anna Mikhailovna, who is a distant relative of them, has been living here since childhood. In a large house on Povarskaya, everyone has enough space, warmth, love, that special atmosphere reigns here that attracts others.
And people create it themselves. The head of the family is the old count, Ilya Andreevich. This is a good-natured, eccentric gentleman, careless and simple-hearted, the foreman of the English club, a passionate hunter, a lover of home holidays. He adores his family, the count has a close, trusting relationship with the children: he does not interfere with Petya's desire to join the army, he worries about the fate and health of Natasha after her break with Bolkonsky. Ilya Andreevich literally saves Nikolai, who got into an unpleasant story with Dolokhov.
At the same time, the Rostovs' economy is left to chance, the manager deceives them, the family is gradually ruined. But the old count is not able to correct the situation - Ilya Andreevich is too trusting, weak-willed and wasteful. However, as V. Yermilov notes, it is precisely these qualities of the hero that appear in a “completely different, new sense and meaning” in a large, heroic era (Yermilov V. Tolstoy-artist and the novel War and Peace. M., 1961. p. 92).
In difficult war time Ilya Andreevich abandons his property and gives away wagons in order to carry the wounded. Here in the novel there sounds a special internal motive, the motive of "transformation of the world": liberation from the world of material things is the liberation "from all the chiffonieres of the old, evil, stupid world, sick of Tolstoy's world with its deathly and deadening egoism, - that happiness of liberation, which he dreamed of for himself" and the writer himself. Therefore, Tolstoy sympathizes with this character, in many ways justifying him. “... The most beautiful person was. You won’t meet such people today,” friends say after the death of the old count.
Remarkable in the novel is the image of Countess Rostova, who has a real gift for an educator. She also has a very close, trusting relationship with her children: the Countess is the first adviser to her daughters. “Keep her strictly, forbid her ... God knows what they would do on the sly (the countess understood, they would kiss), and now I know her every word. She herself will come running in the evening and tell me everything, ”says the countess about Natasha, who is in love with Boris. The Countess is generous, like all Rostovs. Despite the heavy financial situation her family, she helps her longtime friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya, by getting money for the uniforms of her son, Boris.
The same warmth, love, mutual understanding reign in relations between children. Long intimate conversations in the sofa are an integral part of these relationships. Natasha and Sonya are frank for a long time, left alone. Spiritually close and tenderly attached to each other, Natasha and Nikolai. Rejoicing at the arrival of her brother, Natasha, a lively, impulsive girl, does not remember herself with delight: she has fun from the bottom of her heart, kisses Denisov, tells Nikolai her secrets and discusses Sonya's feelings with him.
When the girls grow up, that special elusive atmosphere is established in the house, "as it happens in a house where there are very nice and very young girls." “Every young man who came to the Rostovs’ house, looking at these young, receptive, smiling girlish faces for something (probably to their own happiness), at this lively bustle, listening to this inconsistent, but affectionate to everyone, ready for anything, full of hope the babble of female youth ... experienced the same feeling of readiness for love and expectation of happiness that the youth of the Rostov house itself experienced.
Sonya and Natasha standing at the clavichord, “pretty and happy”, Vera playing chess with Shinshin, the old countess playing solitaire - this is the poetic atmosphere that reigns in the house on Povarskaya.
It is this family world so dear to Nikolai Rostov, it is he who gives him one of the "best pleasures of life." Tolstoy remarks about this hero: "gifted and limited." Rostov is unsophisticated, simple, noble, honest and direct, sympathetic and generous. Remembering his former friendship with the Drubetskys, Nikolai, without hesitation, forgives them an old debt. Like Natasha, he is receptive to music, to a romantic situation, to goodness. However, the hero is deprived creativity in life, Rostov's interests are limited to the world of his family and the landowner's economy. Pierre's thoughts about a new direction for the whole world are not only incomprehensible to Nikolai, but also seem to him seditious.
The soul of the Rostov family is Natasha. This image serves in the novel as that “code”, “without which the work could not exist as a whole. Natasha is a living embodiment of the very essence of human unity.
At the same time, Natasha embodies selfishness as a natural principle human life, as a property necessary for happiness, for real activity, for fruitful human communication. Natasha's "natural egoism" in the novel is contrasted with the "cold egoism" of Vera and Helen, the sublime altruism and self-denial of Princess Marya, and Sonya's "selfish self-sacrifice". None of these properties, according to Tolstoy, is suitable for living, genuine life.
Natasha intuitively feels the very essence of people and events, she is simple and open, close to nature and music. Like other Rostovs, she is not very intellectual, she is not characterized by deep reflections on the meaning of life, the sober introspection of the Bolkonskys. According to Pierre, she "does not deign to be smart." main role feelings play for her, “life with the heart”, and not with the mind. At the end of the novel, Natasha finds her happiness in her marriage to Pierre.
The Rostov family is unusually artistic, musical, all members of this family (with the exception of Vera) love singing and dancing. During a dinner party, the old count famously dances “Danila Kupora” with Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, captivating the audience with “the surprise of his clever tricks and easy jumps of his soft feet". “Our father! Eagle!" - exclaims the nanny, delighted with this wonderful dance. Unusual is Natasha's dance at her uncle's in Mikhailovka, her singing. Natasha has a beautiful unprocessed voice, charming precisely with her virginity, innocence, velvety. Nikolai is deeply touched by Natasha's singing: “All this, and misfortune, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor - all this is nonsense ... but here it is real ... My God! how good! ... how happy! ... Oh, how this third trembled and how something better that was in Rostov's soul was touched. And this something was independent of everything in the world and above everything in the world.
Only the cold, calm, “beautiful” Vera differs from all the Rostovs, from whose correct remarks everyone becomes “embarrassed”. She is deprived of the simplicity and cordiality of the "Rostov breed", she can easily offend Sonya, read endless moralizing to children.
Thus, in the life of the Rostov family, feelings and emotions prevail over will and reason. Heroes are not very practical and businesslike, but their life values- generosity, nobility, admiration for beauty, aesthetic feelings, patriotism - worthy of respect.
