Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, play and dance - all these are works of various kinds of art.
Art is classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-graphic arts express inner world.Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres according to the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk about with you today.
Kinds of art
fine arts
Painting
Perhaps this is one of the most common types of art. The very first works of painting belong to ancient times, they were found on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).
St Nicholas. Fresco by Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
easel painting- these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.
Genres of painting
In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. the main task portrait genre - the transfer of external similarity and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person's character.
I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sophia Ivanovna Kramskoy"
historical genre(image of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are very often intertwined, because. when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
mythological genre- an illustration of myths and traditions of different peoples.
S. Botticelli "The Birth of Venus"
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.
V. Vasnetsov "After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy"
household genre- the image of scenes of everyday, personal life of a person.
A. Venetsianov "On arable land"
Scenery- picture of nature environment, species countryside, cities, historical monuments, etc.
And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - "dead nature") - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment.
Animal genre- image of animals.
Graphic arts
The name of this type of fine art comes from Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include, first of all, drawing and engraving, in which the drawing is created mainly with the help of a line on a sheet of paper or with a cutter on a hard material, from which the image is imprinted onto a paper sheet.
Types of graphics
Engraving- a pattern is applied to a flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and imprinted on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main engraving materials are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The processing of the engraving board is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
print- an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The engraving is printed from a board engraved by the artist himself, often he also makes prints. Such works are usually signed, author's copies, considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
book graphics- the design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics - the creation of product labels, brand names, publisher's marks, packaging, advertising publications, letterheads and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising, is included in the design system.
ex libris- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The ex-libris is attached to the inside of the book binding or cover. Bookmarks are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.
Bookplate of Greta Garbo
Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography- type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and an impression from it.
Woodcut- woodcut.
Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching- type of engraving on metal, engraving method and print obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer, displayed in dynamics or in statics. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages, and to carry out unlimited adjustments.
Sculpture
This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately conveying their appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved, which embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them "Venuses".
Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which volumetric images are located on the plane.
As in painting, there are easel and monumental forms in sculpture. monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. easel sculpture- these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.
Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod
Arts and Crafts
The creators of works of arts and crafts set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but at the same time this thing must have certain artistic qualities. Items of everyday life should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, please the eye with the perfection of forms and colors.
Of course, now many works of arts and crafts are mainly aesthetic value, But it was not always so.
The main types of arts and crafts
Batik– hand-painted on fabric
Work in the technique of hot batik (using wax)
beading
Embroidery
Knitting
Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
quilling- the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature
Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Art painting on metal
Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic leather processing
Art painting on ceramics
Artistic metal processing
pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Glass work
Upper half window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami
Photo art
Art artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.
Graffiti
Pictures on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to exquisite drawings.
Graffiti
Comic
Drawn stories, stories in pictures. The comic combines the features of such art forms as literature and fine arts.
Artist Winsor McKay "Little Sammy Sneezes"
Non-Visual Arts
Architecture
Architecture- the art of designing and building buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of separate buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: from buildings built in different time, form a whole. An example is Red Square in Moscow.
Architecture makes it possible to judge technical achievements and artistic styles various eras. Until our time, the Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, temples Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.
Palace Square in Saint Petersburg
Literature
In the broad sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.
Genres of literature
A literary work can be attributed to a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epic, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville). , interlude, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by birth.
epic genus: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
lyric gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyro-epic genus: ballad, poem.
dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.
Music
Music- this is art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, in a special way organized in time. But in general, give one exhaustively precise definition the concept of "music" is impossible. It's a special kind creative activity, including craft, profession.
Great visual and stylistic diversity of music.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions, born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular- predominantly song and dance music genres.
Non-European (non-European)- the music of those peoples (of the East), whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)- folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of the ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (light)- music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz- performing traditions of American blacks rethought by Europeans, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock- music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- a direction in professional composer creativity in the 20th century.
Alternative- new musical compositions or performances (sound performances, "performances"), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function that it performs: military, church, religious, theatrical, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.
Each type of music has its own genres. Consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music is music played on instruments without the participation of human voice. Instrumental music is symphonic and chamber.
Chamber music- compositions intended for performance in small rooms, for home, "room" music-making. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata- one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude- a piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French "night") - a genre of a small one-part melodic lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(lat. "introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be a standalone work.
Quartet- a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each of the types of music can arise and develop own styles and trends that are distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialization, avant-garde, etc.
Choreography
Choreography is the art of dance.
Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) art forms
Theater
Spectacular art form, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others.
Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. The art of the theater has long been known: the theater was born from ancient ritual festivals that reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes in allegorical form.
Opera
A type of art in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dances, painting, scenery and costumes are merged into a single whole.
La Scala Theater (Milan)
Stage
A type of art of small forms, mainly of a popular and entertaining direction. Variety includes directions: singing, dance, circus on stage, illusionism, colloquial genre, clowning.
Circus
A type of spectacular art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of the performances of the modern circus is a demonstration of tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk ( physical strength, acrobatics, tightrope walking,), trained animals.
Cinematography
A type of spectacular art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (decoration), etc.
Ballet
View performing arts; performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. A classical ballet performance is based on a certain plot, a dramatic idea. In the XX century. a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which is based on the development inherent in music.
Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited by its range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the world around (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.
easel painting
most popular and known species painting - easel painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on a machine - an easel. The basis is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. easel painting is an independent work, made in a certain genre. She has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often easel painting is executed with oil paints. Oil paints can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.
Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. They are used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.
V. Perov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created with the help of tempera, gouache, pastels, watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique using special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, due to this, the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions is created.
J. Turner "Fierwaldstadt Lake" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)
Gouache
Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.
gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives gouache a matte velvety, but when it dries, the colors are somewhat bleached (lightened), which the artist must take into account in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can cover dark tones with light ones.
Vincent van Gogh "Corridor in Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [e]
Pastel (from lat. pasta - dough) - art materials used in graphics and painting. Most often produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, having the form of bars with a round or square section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.
I. Levitan "River Valley" (pastel)
Tempera
Tempera (Italian tempera, from Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-borne paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and distribution of oil paints until the XV-XVII centuries. tempera paints were the main material easel painting. They have been used for over 3,000 years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made with tempera paints. Tempera was mainly easel painting by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera writing was predominant until the end of the 17th century.
R. Streltsov "Daisies and violets" (tempera)
Encaustic
Encaustic (from other Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning out) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique. Originated in ancient Greece.
"Angel". Encaustic technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can also find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (the richness of tone, the construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in the construction of the image, the absence of a specific relief stroke characteristic of the pictorial surface).
monumental painting
Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other grounds. This ancient species painting, known from the Paleolithic. Due to stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remained from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and secco, mosaic, stained glass.
Fresco
Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water-based paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, which makes the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the top and south side of the Arc de Triomphe
A secco
And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) - wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows more surface area to be painted in a working day than fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The asecco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially common in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper(1498). A secco technique
Mosaic
Mosaic (fr. mosaïque, ital. mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work dedicated to the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
Mosaic panel "Cat"
stained glass
Stained glass window (fr. vitre - window glass, from lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass.
Stained-glass window of the Palace of Culture "Mezhsoyuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting.
Diorama
The building of the diorama "Assault on the Sapun Mountains on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
Diorama - ribbon-like, curved in a semicircle picturesque picture with a front subject plan. The illusion of the presence of the viewer in the natural space is created, which is achieved by the synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most of the dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas are: "Assault on the Sapun Mountains" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad" (Petersburg), "Storm of Berlin" (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are mainly used to depict events covering a large area and a large number of participants.
Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino", "Battle of Volochaev", "The defeat of the Nazi troops near Stalingrad" in the museum-panorama " Battle of Stalingrad”, “Defense of Sevastopol”, a panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Franz Rubo. Canvas panorama "Battle of Borodino"
Theatrical and decorative painting
Scenery, costumes, make-up, props help to reveal the content of the performance (film) more deeply. The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, activates the viewer's perception of what is happening on the stage. theater artist in sketches of costumes and make-up, he strives to sharply express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more.
In Russia, the heyday of theatrical and decorative art falls on the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel "City Lollipop". Sketch of the scenery for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was the portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his own decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.
Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Yusupov's jewels)
Man has always strived for beauty, harmony and self-expression. This desire from ancient times is manifested in painting- a form of fine art, the first works of which we can meet in primitive man.
Painting conveys visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base (canvas, wood, paper, cardboard). Depending on the paints and materials used, the bases are distinguished by various technology And types of painting. Among them:
- oil;
- tempera;
- enamel;
- gouache;
- pastel;
- ink;
- painting on plaster: fresco and a secco;
- watercolor;
- dry brush;
- acrylic;
- mixed media
- and many others.
There are many painting techniques. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: painting is created by nature, time and man.
Color in painting is one of the most important means of expression. He himself can be the bearer of a certain idea, in addition, he can repeatedly reinforce the thought embedded in the plot of the picture.
Painting can awaken in us a wide variety of feelings and emotions. Contemplating, you can fill with a sense of harmony and peace, relieve stress And plunge into contemplation, Can i recharge your batteries and the will to make your dreams come true. A picture that is close emotionally is able to hold attention for hours, and the owner of such a picture will find in it new meanings, ideas and messages of the artist every time. Contemplation is a form of meditation where you dive into your inner world and spend much-needed time by yourself.
Besides, painting like any other art form, helps you express yourself, your emotions and mood, relieve stress and inner tension, and sometimes find answers to important questions.
For many people, painting becomes not just a pleasant pastime, but also a useful pastime that has a beneficial effect on the internal state. By creating something new, a person reveals his potential, realizes his creative abilities, cognizes himself and the world around him.
Painting classes activate the right(creative, emotional) cerebral hemisphere. This is very important in our reasonable and rational age. Unlocking your creative abilities helps you achieve success in completely different areas of life.(career, relationships, personal growth) as creativity and flexibility become part of your personality.
Perhaps, as a child, you loved to draw, but your parents did not want to send you to art school? Or have you always dreamed of being able to beautifully express your thoughts with the help of visual images? "It's never too late to learn painting!", - They say modern teachers. With the current variety of techniques, genres and materials, everyone can find something suitable for themselves. And you can learn the basics of composition and orient yourself in modern styles and trends at special painting courses for adults.
Painting is a whole world of beauty, images and colors. If you want to become a direct participant in its creation, then painting classes are for you!
Painting - view of the depiction of the island, depiction on the plane; pr-e art-va, made with paints applied to any surface. Advantage: the image of a person in his diverse connections with the environment. Zh-s is able to convey volume and space on the plane, it is difficult to reveal. the world of human chuv-in and har-ditch. The pictorial approach is the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in the finest gradation of tonal transitions.
Types of painting destination: monumental (the oldest type) and monumental-decorative, easel, miniature, icon painting, theatrical-decorative, decorative-applied. Icon painting and miniature (illustration of a handwritten book) - medieval art. Easel painting - the Renaissance.
Views by technique. Monumental painting techniques: fresco(the technique of painting with water-based paints on wet plaster; wall painting); panel(image for decorating a wall or ceiling); mosaic(an image or a pattern of particles that are homogeneous or different in material: from stone - pebbles, from smalt - an alloy of glass, from ceramic tiles); stained glass windows(colored glass compositions); grisaille(creating the illusion of relief). Easel painting techniques: other equipment encaustics (wax painting, performed in a hot way, with molten paints); tempera(basic icon painting - paints on egg yolk); oily well (material tangibility of the image - the Renaissance); pastel(with dry, soft colored pencils without rims); watercolor(well, water-based paints that require fast, accurate work); gouache(Well, with water-based paints with the addition of glue and white, the tones lighten when dried).
Well, according to topics: religious-mythological and secular. The system of genres in secular journalism in the 17th century: portrait- individual, pair and group, ceremonial and intimate, psychological and genre, outside the environment and in the environment. environment, self-portrait. The art of the portrait goes back to an ancient ritual n-tu (Fayum n-t). Scenery- as an independent genre appeared in Egyptian paintings. Heyday - art of the 19th century: romantic and realistic - national landscape (lyric and epic), plein air, ms mood, philosophical. Rural and urban (Veduta - Venetian urban m-f 18th century - Canaletto, Guardi) ms, marine. Still life- depicting inanimate objects and natural forms - fruits, flowers, dishes. The heyday of the genre: Flemish (genre of shops), Dutch (genre of breakfasts or vanita- "vanity of vanities", depicted with a skull) and the Spanish well of the 17th century. → in avant-garde art. animalistic genre - depiction of living things, birds, fish (historical, allegorical, battle, household genre s). nude- depiction of a naked body: goes back to the mythological f-si. Impressionism is a mixture of genres.
Express. Wed w-si: drawing (line), color (color), chiaroscuro, composition. coloring- color system pr-i, character of the relationship of color elements. There are warm-cold, light-dark, calm-tense colors. Painting- easel pr-e w-si, which has an independent value. The oriental type of painting is the traditional form of a freely hanging unfolded silk scroll (horizontal or vertical). The picture consists of a base (linen canvas, wooden board, cardboard), a primer is applied to the cat - it will prepare. special layer. composition (adhesive, oil, emulsion) and paint layer. W-s m / b single-layer and multi-layered. By texture (har-ru on top of the colorful layer is distinguished valeric And pasty well. Valer is a tonal nuance, a subtle difference of the 1st color in lightness, conveys the relationship of figures, objects with light and air (D. Velasquez, Jan Vermeer Delftsky, J. B. Chardin, C. Corot, V. Surikov). Pastose oil - work with dense layers, texture, relief, volume of oil (Titian, Rembrandt, W. van Gogh). Composition of the painting: division into near, medium and distant plans, pyramidal composition (classicism); diagonal (baroque, romanticism, realism); division into major and minor elements or the absence of this division (impressionism). Staffage- secondary elements of the pictorial composition - depicting small figures of people or animals that do not play a plot role.
Painting- a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paint to a solid or flexible surface. There are two types of painting: easel and monumental. Easel painting includes works that exist regardless of the place of creation. Basically, these are paintings created on an easel (that is, a machine tool) of an artist. In easel painting, works made with oil paints predominate, but other dyes (tempera, acrylic paints, etc.) can also be used. Pictures are painted mainly on canvas stretched over a frame or pasted on cardboard, on cardboard, in the past wooden boards were widely used, any flat materials can be used. Monumental painting is carried out directly on the walls and ceilings of buildings and other structures. In the past, painting with water-based paints on damp plaster (fresco) prevailed. In Italy, until the beginning of the 16th century, tempera was used to paint details on a dried “clean fresco”. The technique of “pure fresco” requires special skill from the artist, so other technologies were also used, for example, not so stable painting on dry plaster - secco, later paintings were made with oil paints that were not very suitable for monumental painting. Colored images on paper (watercolour, gouache, pastel, etc.) are formally (for example, according to their place in the collection) referred to graphics, but these works are often considered as picturesque as well. All other color imaging methods are graphics, including images created using computer technology. The most common paintings are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as stretched canvas, wood, canvas, treated wall surfaces, etc. There is also a narrow interpretation of the term painting as works made with oil paints on canvas, cardboard, hardboard and other similar materials. Russian word painting indicates the realism of this art in the Baroque era, when Western-style paintings began to be painted in Russia, mainly with oil paints. In iconography, the verb “to write” is used, just as in Greek. At the same time, “painting” can be understood as an energetic, original manner of writing, that is, as a kind of writing. In connection with painting and writing, semioticians also see a certain manner of creating signs. History of painting develops and wanders precisely in these two senses: in figurativeness, realism and - symbolism: from the icon (image) to abstraction. Techniques and directions of painting: oil; tempera; enamel; gouache (since the artist uses paper as the main material, which is typical for graphic types of fine art - it is also classified as graphics; this is also evidenced by the use of the latter to create monochrome works); pastel (to this technique, a remark similar to that made regarding the previous one is valid); ink (and in this case, as in the previous two, it cannot be unequivocally attributed to graphics; in the East, for example, calligraphy, which mostly uses this material, is traditionally considered painting, as , however, and academic Chinese painting mainly used ink - an achromatic scale); painting on plaster: fresco and a secco; sfumato glue painting; wax painting: encaustic, wax tempera and cold method (wax paints on turpentine); painting with ceramic paints; painting with silicate paints; watercolor painting (the technique of watercolor is different, some techniques are closer to painting, some to graphics; therefore, it is no coincidence that such a phrase is present in the thesaurus: “draw with watercolor”) dry brush; acrylic; mixed media;Painting techniques are almost inexhaustible. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: painting is created by nature, time and man. This was already noted by Leonardo da Vinci. Traditional techniques paintings: encaustic, tempera (with egg), wall (lime), glue and other types. Since the 15th century, oil painting has become popular; in the 20th century, synthetic paints appeared with a binder made of polymers (acrylic, vinyl, etc.). Paints can be prepared from natural and artificial pigments. Gouache, watercolor, Chinese ink and semi-drawing technique - pastel - are also referred to as painting. Painting can be done on any basis: on stone, plaster, canvas, silk, paper, skin (including the body of an animal or human - tattoos), metal, asphalt, concrete, glass, ceramics, etc. etc., etc. Painting meets and coexists with the plastic arts, including architecture and sculpture; it can participate in the formation of artificial and natural environment. Painting, like other visual arts, is illusory: it is an imitation of three-dimensional space in a plane, achieved through linear and color perspective. But its visual and, moreover, color aspect (the eye perceives almost infinite information in an instant) determines the exclusive place of painting among all the visual arts. At the same time, the development of art, visual methods and means of expression, has long gone beyond the understanding of its main tasks - "reproduction of reality". More Plotinus says: "Do not copy nature, but learn from it"; and this principle has guided many artists over the centuries. Therefore, the tasks of painting imply not only such an organization of space on a plane, which is guided and limited by the reconstruction of a three-dimensional environment on it, moreover, individual methods have long been perceived as “dead ends” on the path of art development (in the context of understanding and rethinking the adequacy of perception). The plane, like color, has an independent integrity and value, together they dictate their conditions in the synthesis of forms and on the plane as such, and in interaction with three-dimensional-temporal space. The artist can no longer be satisfied with a set of illusory techniques (“illusionism”), he follows the needs of a new understanding of beauty, abandoning irrelevant methods of self-expression and influencing the viewer, looking for new forms of such, dialectically returns to the best of the rejected, and thus comes to an understanding and realization of new values. Such an understanding of the methods and technical, expressive tasks of art was cultivated among other theorists and masters by V. A. Favorsky and Fr. Pavel Florensky, and later independently developed by V. A. Favorsky himself. Of course, this is not the only "correct" way of development. contemporary art and painting, however, many provisions of such a vision are very convincing and productive. Regarding the fallacy of the strict exclusion of painting from the plastic arts, even the theory of "orthodox" art history has also long since reassessed. Here is what is said not in some intricate conceptual study, but in the Popular Art Encyclopedia: “Plastic arts are divided, in turn, into pictorial and non-pictorial. The former include painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art… The non-pictorial ones include architecture, arts and crafts, and artistic design… The boundaries between fine and non-fine arts are not absolute…” The functions of painting. Like other art forms, painting can perform cognitive, aesthetic, religious, ideological, philosophical, socio-educational or documentary functions. However, the main and primary expressive and meaningful value in painting is color, which in itself is the bearer of the idea (including due to psychological factors of influence and perception). This is very convincingly explained and shown, for example, by the theory of I. Itten. It is no coincidence that there is such a thing as "literary" when painting, for one reason or another, not having sufficient plastic and expressive qualities, draws a purely narrative, "literary" component into its arsenal. Nevertheless, evolving together with man and with the whole world, painting has acquired both a new interpretation and a new understanding of tasks. So, initially having clear signs independent plastic characteristics (it is no coincidence that one of the main parameters separating painting technique from graphic, is a stroke that provides a wide range of precisely plastic possibilities - to the greatest extent, of course, the most common type - oil painting, but, of course, its many new types and techniques, implying the synthesis of forms). The idea of the ways and tasks of painting, like all means and methods of self-expression, art history and creative environment- experienced a clear influence of the development of the general cognitive process, but naturally they themselves influenced him, touching on many aspects of the worldview and human activity. The rethinking of the functions of painting, as, indeed, of all creativity, went through the denial of its expediency as such (“Only realizing that it is completely meaningless, you can start creating,” says R.-M. Rilke); - through the realization that "this is a deep irrational process" - not only the same R.-M. Rilke and correctly perceived, well understood by him, P. Klee, but also many artists and philosophers; moreover, their very development prepared a new understanding of art and its tasks: it was impossible to fit the fullness of the fleeting life, technical and technological, and finally - social and moral transformations - into Procrustean bed ideological and academic dogmas and clichés that priestly isolate art from the very development of life, reducing this deep creative process itself to “well-understood and long-known” functions. Paintings created by people who, to varying degrees, inadequately perceive the surrounding reality, in whose works there are no attempts to get closer to its realistic display, stand apart. In some cases, such canvases are created by persons with mental deviations from the generally accepted norm, and even by patients of medical institutions. genres of painting. Portrait. A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people who exist or have existed in reality. "The portrait depicts the external appearance (and through it the inner world) of a specific, real person who existed in the past or exists in the present." [The boundaries of the portrait genre are very mobile, and often the portrait itself can be combined in one work with elements of other genres. historical portrait - depicts some figure of the past and created according to the memories or imagination of the master. Posthumous (retrospective) portrait- made after the death of the depicted people according to their lifetime images or even completely composed. portrait-painting- the person portrayed is presented in a semantic and plot relationship with the world of things surrounding him, nature, architectural motifs and other people. Portrait walk- the image of a walking person against the backdrop of nature originated in England in the 18th century and became popular in the era of sentimentalism Portrait-type- a collective image, structurally close to the portrait Costumed portrait- a person is presented as an allegorical, mythological, historical, theatrical or literary character. self-portrait- It is customary to single out a separate subgenre. religious portrait (donor's or ktitor's)- an ancient form of portraiture, when the person who made the donation was depicted in the picture (for example, next to the Madonna) or on one of the wings of the altar (often kneeling). By the nature of the image: Ceremonial portrait- as a rule, involves showing a person in full growth. semi-front- has the same concept as the formal portrait, but usually has a waist or generational cut and fairly developed accessories. chamber portrait- waist, chest, shoulder image is used. The figure is often given on a neutral background. Intimate portrait - is a rare variety of chamber music with a neutral background. Expresses a trusting relationship between the artist and the person being portrayed. small-format and miniature portraits, done in watercolor and ink. Scenery- a genre of painting in which the main subject of the image is the primordial, or to one degree or another, nature transformed by man. It existed since antiquity, but lost its importance in the Middle Ages and reappeared in the Renaissance, gradually becoming one of the most important painting genres. Marina- a genre of fine art depicting a sea view, as well as a scene of a sea battle or other events taking place at sea. It is a kind of landscape. As an independent species landscape painting the marina stood out at the beginning of the 17th century in Holland. Historical painting - a genre of painting that originates in the Renaissance and includes works not only on subjects real events, but also mythological, biblical and gospel paintings. Depicts the events of the past that are important for an individual nation or all of humanity. Battle painting - a genre of fine art devoted to the themes of war and military life. Main place in battle genre occupy the scenes of land, naval battles and military campaigns. The artist seeks to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to show the heroism of the war, and often to reveal the historical meaning of military events. still life - image inanimate objects in the visual arts. Originated in the 15th - 16th centuries, but how independent genre took shape only in the 17th century in the work of Dutch and Flemish artists. Since then, it has been an important genre in painting, including in the work of Russian artists. Genre painting is part of the everyday genre in the visual arts. Everyday scenes have been the subject of painting since antiquity, but how separate genre genre painting It took shape only in the Middle Ages, having received a particularly strong development in the era of social changes in the New Age. Architectural painting. Painting, main theme which was not a natural, but an architectural landscape. Includes more than just an image architectural structures, but also the image of the interiors. Animal painting This is a painting, the main plot for which is the image of animals. Furry art is an image of anthropomorphic animals. Decorative painting. Monumental painting is part of monumental art, painting on buildings and structures. Theatrical and decorative painting is scenery and costume designs for theatrical performances and films; sketches of individual mise-en-scenes. Decorative painting - ornamental and plot compositions, created by means of painting on various parts of architectural structures, as well as on products of decorative and applied art.
The essence of art
The oldest rock carvings, according to scientists, were made about 40 thousand years ago. Art galleries of prehistoric times are caves with walls painted with natural dyes - clay, charcoal, chalk, etc. Such "museums" are found in Europe, Asia, America, Australia.
The drawings of ancient artists have all the features of real works of fine art. They feel the sharp look of the observer, the firm hand of the draftsman, the expressiveness of color combinations. The genres of painting, created an unthinkable number of years ago, will be relevant throughout human history, they are significant now: images of humans and animals, scenes of peace and war...
The essence of fine art has also remained unchanged for many centuries: the creation of visual images that reflect the impression of a human creator from objective world and phenomena of a spiritual order, an artistic chronicle of historical events of various scales, a game of fantasy and imagination based on labor and talent. For a long time, artists have developed various styles and genres of painting to solve such problems. Their number is large, and the signs are determined by the creativity of specific masters.
Monumental and easel painting
The strength of the artistic impact of a painting depends on factors that very often do not find a clear definition. The size of a painting is one of the most conditional criteria in assessing the scale of a work of fine art. A postcard-sized watercolor can tell more about the world than multi-meter panels with thousands of characters.
The division of painting into monumental and easel does not speak of the greatness of the creative tasks solved by the artist, it more determines the method of exposure. Frescoes on the walls of palaces and cathedrals, paintings of huge halls occupy important place in the work of the titans of the Renaissance - the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is monumental in every sense. But who will say that the portrait of a Florentine named Mona Lisa, painted on a poplar board measuring 70 x 53 cm, is less significant for world art?
Pictures created on separate canvases, sheets, boards, which have "mobility", are commonly called works of easel painting. Monumental painting is always associated with architecture, with interior design, therefore, in order to see Leonardo's "Last Supper" fresco live on the wall of the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, you will have to go to Milan.
The main genres of painting
Each new historical era gives rise to typical visible images, masters appear with a unique way of displaying them, so the number of “isms” in the history of art is huge.
A slightly smaller number defines the genres of painting - the division of works of fine art, depending on the topic that interested the artist-painter. Landscape, still life, portrait, narrative or figurative painting, abstraction are the most important genres of fine art.
Life of genres
Everything is in a clear connection with the period of history, and genres too - they are born, mixed, changed or disappear. For example, only specialists know such genres of 18th-century painting as veduta, rossica, or earlier vanitas. In fact, these are just varieties of landscape, portrait and still life.
Veduta (Italian veduta - "view") - a view of the urban landscape born in Venice with detailed details; the brightest master vedutist - Canaletto (1697-1768). Portraits created by Western European painters who came to St. Petersburg are called Rossika.
Vanitas is an allegorical still life (French nature morte - "dead nature"), in the center of which there is always an image of a human skull. This name comes from the Latin word vanitas, meaning vanity, vanity.
Often the themes of paintings have a separate national character. For example, hua-niao (“images of flowers and birds”) and its stylistic directions: mo-zhu (“bamboo, painted in ink”) and mo-mei (“blossoming plum, painted in ink”) - all these are genres of Chinese painting that have global importance. Their best examples can delight any viewer with the virtuoso accuracy of the drawing and special spirituality, but they could only be born in the atmosphere ancient culture Celestial.
Scenery
Translated from French, pays is a country, a locality. Hence the name of one of the most popular pictorial genres - landscape. Although the first attempts to convey the surrounding nature are found among the rock paintings, and the masters of Japan and China reached unthinkable heights in depicting the sky, water, plants long before our era, classical landscape can be considered a relatively young genre.
This is due to technological subtleties. The opportunity to go out with a sketchbook and paints in tubes to the open air - to paint nature in natural light - had an impact on all genres of painting. Examples of the unprecedented flourishing of the landscape can be encountered when studying the work of the Impressionists. It was the picture of the sunrise on the river near Le Havre, painted by Claude Monet (1840-1926), - “Impression” (“Impression”) - that gave the name to the current in painting, which radically changed the view of the goals and means of art.
But even later history keeps the names of great landscape painters. If in the icons and paintings of the Middle Ages nature is a schematic and flat background for the main image, then starting from early renaissance landscape is an active means of conversation with the viewer. Giorgione (“Thunderstorm”), Titian (“Flight into Egypt”), El Greco (“View of Toledo”) - in the paintings of these masters, nature views become the main content of the canvas, and in the landscapes of Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1525-1569) understanding of the place man in the world around reaches a cosmic scale.
In Russian painting, the masterpieces of landscape masters are well known. "Morning in pine forest» I. I. Shishkin, «Above Eternal Peace» by I. I. Levitan, « Moonlight night on the Dnieper" by A. I. Kuindzhi, "The Rooks Have Arrived" by A. K. Savrasov and many other paintings are not just beautiful views or various weather conditions. Like music, they can evoke new thoughts in the viewer, strong emotions and feelings, lead to high generalizations and truths.
Varieties of landscape: urban, seascape
Urban landscape (veduta, later - industrial) - these are genres of painting with examples of active adherents both among artists and among lovers of this trend in art. How can one not admire the "View of the City of Delft" by Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)?!
The water element has always fascinated a person, especially an artist. Marinas, that is, varieties of paintings where the main theme is the sea, began to stand apart from ordinary landscapes from the beginning of the 17th century in Holland. At first they were just “portraits of ships”, but then the sea itself became the main object that captivated both realists and romantics. It began to complement other genres of painting. Examples of the use of the marine theme can be found looking at the religious and mythological paintings of Rembrandt, Dutch battle painters, Delacroix and the Impressionists. The great master marine painter was the Englishman William Turner (1775-1851).
Never changed maritime theme I. K. Aivazovsky (1817-1900), who became the greatest artist-poet of the sea. "The Ninth Wave", "The Black Sea" and more than 6 thousand paintings are still unsurpassed examples of marinas.
Portrait
The image of the external appearance of a particular, existing or existing person, and through appearance - an expression of his inner content - this is how you can determine the essence of one of the most important pictorial genres. This essence remained, although fashion changed, new styles of painting appeared and obsolete ones went into the past, because the main thing was individuality, the uniqueness of the individual. Wherein portrait genre does not have iron frames, can be an element of plot and figurative paintings and has many genre subspecies.
The portrait of a great man is a historical genre in painting. "How is it?" the reader will ask. The hero, having an external and internal resemblance to a specific personality, is endowed with an environment corresponding to the "high" genre. Other subspecies portrait direction called a costumed (mythological, allegorical), typical, family, group portrait.
One of the greatest masterpieces, which for three and a half centuries has not fully revealed its mysteries, is Rembrandt's Night Watch. This picture is a group portrait of a military police detachment, where each character has a specific name and character. They enter into an interaction that creates a story that excites anyone who begins to peer into the faces. people XVII century.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1608-1669) is also known as the author of numerous self-portraits, through which one can trace the artist's fate, full of tragic blows and short happy periods. In many of them, one can see the everyday genre in painting, if one attaches importance to deliberately simple surroundings and clothes. But the genius of the master fills self-portraits with cosmic content. This genre variety is full of examples of the greatest ups and downs of skill and talent, because who better than the author knows the person being portrayed in this case?
Still life
Another of the most popular genres is the expression of individual and public understanding of the world through the image of its subject content. For a real artist, the choice of still life components is important to the smallest detail - this is where a fascinating story begins, complemented by pure artistic means: composition, pattern, color, etc. Style originality expressed in the genre of still life especially clearly: it assumes a carefully thought-out work on a motionless nature with selected lighting, etc.
Starting its history as an integral part of religious and genre compositions, still life quickly became a genre of its own. Dutch still life (steel-life - « quiet life”) is a special page in the history of art. Luxurious compositions of flowers and food or ascetic allegories of an intellectual nature, “tricks” ... Yes, in the Dutch still life XVII century there are well-established subspecies.
Masterpieces of this genre can be found in the work of artists of all significant styles and trends. Among them are academic decorative paintings by I. F. Khrutsky (1810-1885), deep and ambiguous productions by Cezanne (1839-1906) and the Impressionists, Van Gogh’s Sunflowers and the abundant Moscow Food by I. I. Mashkov (1881-1944). ) from " Jack of Diamonds”, figurative searches for the Cubists and a can of Andy Warhol’s canned soup.
High and low genera painting
During the period of classicism, the division into high and low genre in painting was fixed by the French Academy of Fine Arts. In the hierarchy, which all the leading art academies gradually began to adhere to, the historical genre - the Grand genre - was declared the main one. It included not only images of battles and other events of the past, but also paintings on allegorical and literary subjects, as well as the mythological genre of painting. It was these themes that were considered worthy for true masters of fine art.
The petit genre - “low genre” - included (in descending order): portrait, everyday genre in painting, landscape, marinas, images of animals (animalistics) and still life.
Old and new genres
Canvases on a historical theme, mainly depicting military battles, multi-figured compositions on religious and mythological subjects were the result of training in many art academies until the end of the 19th century. Such paintings as "The Last Day of Pompeii" by K. P. Bryullov (1799-1852) were a world-class event, they amazed with the scope of the idea and the mastery of the embodiment.
Those who opened up new horizons, the Impressionists, opposed the academic division into genres. It was they who created canvases on which plots from ordinary life, scenes of work and leisure of people of ordinary townspeople and peasants acquired the value of an object of high art.
Later, masters appeared who did not need plots or even objects of the real world to express their ideas, and paintings by abstract artists that do not contain material objects or even references to them can be attributed to a separate genre type.
Style and genre diversity
A real artist is always looking for his style, his face, his palette. Often, in order to define styles of painting, art historians have to invent new terms. But the correct application of these concepts and the correct genre classification cannot outweigh the novelty and originality of artistic talent, the significance of the unique contribution of each artist to world culture, to the development of understanding the world with the help of visual images.
