One of the best works Bulgakov became the story " dog's heart", written in 1925. Representatives of the authorities immediately assessed it as a sharp pamphlet on the present and banned its publication. The theme of the story is the image of man and the world in a difficult transitional era.
On May 7, 1926, a search was carried out in Bulgakov's apartment, the diary and the manuscript of the story "Heart of a Dog" were confiscated. Attempts to return them to nothing led. Later, the diary and the story were returned, but the diary was burned and never again made such entries. V. Veresaev said about Bulgakov: “Censorship cuts him mercilessly. Recently stabbed the wonderful thing "Dog's Heart", and he loses heart. Yes, and lives almost beggarly.
The story "Heart of a Dog" was first published in Russia only in 1987.
Bulgakov first called his work “Dog's Happiness. An amazing story." But it was not the dog and not Sharikov who made her main character, but the professor of the old school, Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky.
The story "Heart of a Dog" vividly reflects the reality of the 1920s. The reader is presented with pictures of the New Economic Policy, the triumph of petty-bourgeois psychology, devastation and famine in the country, and the housing crisis.
The experience and knowledge of the doctor helped Bulgakov create a work that described an unprecedented medical experiment by Professor Preobrazhensky to turn a dog into a man. It reflected the stormy scientific research at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, disputes around the problem of rejuvenation by the method of the Austrian physiologist E. Steinach, Professor N.K. Koltsov, discussions around the rapidly developing science of eugenics. Scientists around the world in those years turned to the theory of heredity and ways to improve it. Bulgakov, as a doctor, was interested in discoveries in the field of physiology, surgery, and organ transplantation.
In Bulgakov's story "The Heart of a Dog", doctors transplant the pituitary gland taken from the proletarian Klim Chugunkin to the homeless dog Sharik. In a satirical vein, the writer depicts spiritual and moral values past life. The story clearly revealed the originality of the literary manner of Bulgakov the satirist. His humor often took on a revealing character, growing to philosophical sarcasm. The writer had a deep understanding of people and historical events. He was sure that the talent of a scientist, combined with a lack of understanding of the ultimate goals, could lead to tragic and unexpected consequences.
The work intertwines the fantastic and the real, the comic and the tragic, slight irony and caustic sarcasm. All this creates art world story. Reading dramatic story about Sharik and the experiments of Professor Preobrazhensky, we often cannot help laughing. The author skillfully creates a tragicomic narration, as it most fully reflects life.
The Bolsheviks were not able to create a normally functioning state. Their laws were beyond common sense. This prompted the author to translate the narrative into a fantastic plan, but not to break away from reality. Bulgakov's prose is born of time. E. called his prose "fantasy, rooted in everyday life." "Heart of a Dog" is a masterpiece of Bulgakov's satire, which is helped by science fiction, showing life and people from an unexpected side. Elements of the fantastic were a way to express the secret thoughts of the writer. Fantasy is so close to reality that readers believe every word. The story is filled sad thoughts O human failings, on the responsibility of the scientist and science, and on terrible force smug ignorance. These topics have not lost their significance today.
One of the best works of Bulgakov was the story "Heart of a Dog", written in 1925. Representatives of the authorities immediately assessed it as a sharp pamphlet on the present and banned its publication. The theme of the story "Heart of a Dog" is the image of man and the world in a difficult transitional era.
On May 7, 1926, a search was carried out in Bulgakov's apartment, the diary and the manuscript of the story "Heart of a Dog" were confiscated. Attempts to return them to nothing led. Later, the diary and the story were returned, but Bulgakov burned the diary and never made such entries again. V. Veresaev said about Bulgakov: “Censorship cuts him mercilessly. Recently stabbed the wonderful thing "Dog's Heart", and he loses heart. Yes, and lives almost beggarly.
Bulgakov first called his work “Dog's Happiness. An amazing story." But it was not the dog and not Sharikov who made her main character, but the professor of the old school, Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky.
The story "Heart of a Dog" vividly reflects the reality of the 1920s. The reader is presented with pictures of the New Economic Policy, the triumph of petty-bourgeois psychology, devastation and famine in the country, and the housing crisis.
The experience and knowledge of the doctor helped Bulgakov create a work that described an unprecedented medical experiment by Professor Preobrazhensky to turn a dog into a man. It reflected the stormy scientific research at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, disputes around the problem of rejuvenation by the method of the Austrian physiologist E. Steinach, Professor N.K. Koltsov, discussions around the rapidly developing science of eugenics. Scientists around the world in those years turned to the theory of heredity and ways to improve it. Bulgakov, as a doctor, was interested in discoveries in the field of physiology, surgery, and organ transplantation.
In Bulgakov's story "The Heart of a Dog", doctors transplant the pituitary gland taken from the proletarian Klim Chugunkin to the homeless dog Sharik. In a satirical vein, the writer depicts the spiritual and moral values of a past life. The story clearly revealed the originality of the literary manner of Bulgakov the satirist. His humor often took on a revealing character, growing to philosophical sarcasm. The writer was characterized by a deep understanding of people and historical events. He was sure that the talent of a scientist, combined with a lack of understanding of the ultimate goals, could lead to tragic and unexpected consequences.
The work intertwines fantastic and real, comic and tragic, light irony and caustic sarcasm. All this creates the artistic world of the story. Reading the dramatic story about Sharik and the experiments of Professor Preobrazhensky, we often cannot help laughing. The author skillfully creates a tragicomic narration, as it most fully reflects life.
The Bolsheviks were not able to create a normally functioning state. Their laws were beyond common sense. This prompted the author to translate the narrative into a fantastic plan, but not to break away from reality. Bulgakov's prose is born of time. E. Zamyatin called his prose "fantasy, rooted in everyday life." "Heart of a Dog" is a masterpiece of Bulgakov's satire, which is helped by science fiction, showing life and people from an unexpected side. Elements of the fantastic were a way to express the secret thoughts of the writer. Fantasy is so close to reality that readers believe every word. The story is filled with sad thoughts about human shortcomings, about the responsibility of a scientist and science, and about the terrible power of self-satisfied ignorance. These topics have not lost their significance today.
- I believe that Bulgakov received the label of "politically harmful author" from his high-ranking contemporaries quite "fairly". He was too candid negative side modern world. Not a single work of Bulgakov, in my opinion, has had such popularity in our time as “Heart of a Dog”. Apparently, this work aroused the interest of readers of the widest sections of our society. This story, like everything that Bulgakov wrote, fell into the category of banned. I will try to reason […]
- “... the whole horror is that he no longer has a canine, but a human heart. And the lousiest of all that exist in nature. M. Bulgakov When the story "Fatal Eggs" was published in 1925, one of the critics said: "Bulgakov wants to become a satirist of our era." Now, on the threshold of the new millennium, we can say that he became one, although he did not intend to. After all, by the nature of his talent, he is a lyricist. And the epoch made him a satirist. M. Bulgakov was disgusting bureaucratic forms of government […]
- The system of images in M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" is a debatable issue. In my opinion, two opposing camps are clearly visible here: Professor Preobrazhensky, Dr. Bormental and Shvonder, Sharikov. Professor Preobrazhensky, no longer a young man, lives alone in a beautiful well-appointed apartment. A brilliant surgeon is engaged in profitable rejuvenation operations. But the professor plans to improve nature itself, he decides to compete with life itself and create a new person by […]
- Plan 1. Introduction 2. “There is only one counter-revolution...” (the difficult fate of Bulgakov’s story) 3. “It still does not mean to be a man” (Sharikov’s transformation into a “new” proletarian) 4. What is the danger of Sharikovism? Often referred to in criticism social phenomena or types according to the works depicting them. This is how the "Manilovshchina", "Oblomovshchina", "Belikovshchina" and "Sharikovshchina" appeared. The latter is taken from the work of M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog", which served as a source of aphorisms and quotations and remains one of the […]
- The assessment of the representatives of the intelligentsia in Bulgakov's story is far from unambiguous. Professor Preobrazhensky is a famous scientist in Europe. He is looking for means to rejuvenate the human body and has already achieved significant results. The professor is a representative of the old intelligentsia and professes the principles of morality and morality. Everyone, according to Philipp Philippovich, in this world should do their own thing: in the theater - to sing, in the hospital - to operate. Then there will be no destruction. And to achieve the material [...]
- Bulgakov was able to skillfully combine the contradictions of the era into one whole, to emphasize their interrelationships. The writer in his story "The Heart of a Dog" showed the phenomena and heroes in all their inconsistency and complexity. The theme of the story is a man as a social being, on whom a totalitarian society and the state are carrying out a grandiose inhuman experiment, embodying the brilliant ideas of their theoretic leaders with cold cruelty. The personality is destroyed, crushed, all its centuries-old achievements - spiritual culture, […]
- When people are completely robbed, like you and me, they seek salvation from otherworldly forces. M. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita The novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" is unusual in that it closely intertwines reality and fantasy. Mystical heroes are immersed in the whirlpool of the turbulent Moscow life of the 1930s, and this erases the boundaries between the real world and the metaphysical world. In the guise of Woland, we see in all its glory none other than the ruler of darkness himself, Satan. The purpose of his visit to […]
- With the advent of Margarita, the novel, hitherto reminiscent of a ship in the abyss of a storm, cut a transverse wave, straightened the masts, set sails for the oncoming wind and rushed forward to the goal - fortunately, it was outlined, or rather, opened - like a star in a break in the clouds. A guiding landmark, on which you can lean, as on the hand of a reliable guide. Probably, no one doubts that one of the main themes of the novel is the theme of "love and mercy", "love between a man and a woman", "true […]
- The novel "The Master and Margarita" is not in vain called the "sunset novel" by M. Bulgakov. For many years he rebuilt, supplemented and polished his final work. Everything that M. Bulgakov experienced in his lifetime - both happy and difficult - he gave all his most important thoughts, all his soul and all his talent to this novel. And a truly extraordinary creation was born. The work is unusual, first of all, in terms of genre. Researchers still cannot determine it. Many consider The Master and Margarita to be a mystical novel, […]
- “I love this novel more than all my things,” M. Bulgakov wrote about the novel “ white guard". True, the pinnacle novel The Master and Margarita had not yet been written. But, of course, the "White Guard" takes a very important place V literary heritage M. Bulgakov. This is a historical novel, a strict and sad story about the great turning point of the revolution and the tragedy of the civil war, about the fate of people in these difficult times. As if from a height of time, the writer looks at this tragedy, although Civil War just ended. "Great […]
- The ancient Yershalaim is described by Bulgakov with such skill that it is remembered forever. Psychologically deep realistic images diverse heroes, each of which is a vivid portrait. The historical part of the novel makes an indelible impression. individual characters and crowd scenes, architecture of the city and landscapes are equally talented written by the author. Bulgakov makes readers participants tragic events in the ancient city. The theme of power and violence is universal in the novel. The words of Yeshua Ha-Nozri about […]
- The life of M. Gorky was unusually bright and seems truly legendary. Made her like this in the first place inseparable bond writer with the people. The talent of the writer was combined with the talent of a revolutionary fighter. Contemporaries rightly considered the writer the head of the advanced forces democratic literature. IN Soviet years Gorky acted as a publicist, playwright and prose writer. In his stories, he reflected a new direction in Russian life. The legends about Larra and Danko show two concepts of life, two ideas about it. One […]
- Personally, I read the novel "The Master and Margarita" 3 times. The debut reading, like most readers, probably caused bewilderment and questions, not too impressed. It was not clear: what is it that many generations of inhabitants of the entire planet find in this little book? In places religious, somewhere fantastic, some pages are complete nonsense ... After some time, I was again drawn to M. A. Bulgakov, his fantasies and insinuations, controversial historical descriptions and the vague conclusions he provided […]
- In a letter to Stalin, Bulgakov called himself " mystical writer". He was interested in the unknowable that makes up the soul and destiny of man. The writer acknowledged the existence of the mystical in real life. The mysterious surrounds us, it is next to us, but not everyone is able to see its manifestations. The world of nature, the birth of man cannot be explained by reason alone, this mystery has not yet been solved. The image of Woland is another original interpretation by the writer of the essence of the devil in the understanding of people. Woland Bulgakova […]
- Depicting the Moscow reality of the 20-30s in the novel "The Master and Margarita", M. Bulgakov uses the technique of satire. The author shows crooks and scoundrels of all stripes. After the revolution, Soviet society found itself in spiritual and cultural self-isolation. According to the leaders of the state, lofty ideas they had to quickly re-educate people, make them honest, truthful builders of the "new society". Facilities mass media extolled labor feats Soviet people, their devotion to the party and the people. But […]
- In the early 900s. dramaturgy became the leading one in Gorky's work: one after another the plays “Petty Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Bottom” (1902), “Summer Residents” (1904), “Children of the Sun” (1905), “Barbarians” (1905) were created, "Enemies" (1906). The socio-philosophical drama "At the Bottom" was conceived by Gorky back in 1900, first published in Munich in 1902, and on January 10, 1903, the premiere of the play took place in Berlin. The performance was played 300 times in a row, and in the spring of 1905 the 500th performance of the play was celebrated. In Russia, “At the Bottom” was published by […]
- After the peasant reform of 1861, when unrest began in Russian villages caused by the predatory nature of the reform, the proclamation “To the lordly peasants” became circulated. The authorities decided to attribute its authorship to Chernyshevsky. However, it was not so easy to deal with the famous literary critic, whose articles were skipped by the tsarist censorship and widely published in Sovremennik and Domestic notes". Everyone knew about his revolutionary sympathies, about his closeness with Herzen and other big […]
- In many works of classical and modern Russian and foreign literature writers act as completely different images. This is absolutely fair, because a writer is, first of all, a person. Creating their works, working through every detail of each character, the authors begin to perceive them as living people, think of them as real-life characters, and therefore they can be imbued with sympathy or hatred, depending on what kind of character the character has. Almost all writers […]
- The work of the talented Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky began immediately after the revolution. He is usually studied as a poet Soviet period development of Russian literature. However, there is no doubt that due to his bright talent, passion for poetic experimentation, brightness of perception of the world, subtlety of taste and depth philosophical thought Zabolotsky is closer to the brilliant galaxy of poets Silver Age. Despite his arrest and eight years in prison, he managed to keep living soul, a clear conscience and never learned […]
- Vladimir Nabokov, an outstanding Russian writer, received recognition in exile in the 1920s and only in the second half of the 80s did he return to his homeland, Russia, with his works. His creative activity began at the end of the Silver Age of Russian poetry and continued until the 70s. It so happened that Nabokov's work is inscribed in the history of two national literatures- Russian and American, and all his novels, written in Russian and English, are genuine literary masterpieces. Nabokov […]
The story "The Nose" is one of the most fun, original, fantastic and unexpected works of Nikolai Gogol. The author did not agree to the publication of this joke for a long time, but his friends persuaded him. The story was first published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1836, with a note by A.S. Pushkin. Since then, heated debates have not subsided around this work. The real and the fantastic in Gogol's story "The Nose" are combined in the most bizarre and unusual forms. Here the author reached the pinnacle of his satirical skill and drew the real picture mores of his time.
Brilliant grotesque
This is one of the most loved literary devices N.V. Gogol. But if in early works it was used to create an atmosphere of mystery and mystery in the narrative, then in a more late period turned into a way of satirical reflection of the surrounding reality. The story "The Nose" is a clear confirmation of this. The inexplicable and strange disappearance of the nose from the physiognomy of Major Kovalev and the incredible independent existence of it separately from the owner suggest the unnatural order in which high status in society means much more than the person himself. In this state of affairs, any inanimate object can suddenly acquire significance and weight if he acquires the proper rank. This is the main problem of the story "The Nose".
Features of realistic grotesque
IN later work N.V. Gogol, the realistic grotesque prevails. It aims to reveal the unnaturalness and absurdity of reality. Incredible things happen to the heroes of the work, but they help to reveal typical features the world around, to reveal the dependence of people on generally accepted conventions and norms.
Gogol's contemporaries did not immediately appreciate the satirical talent of the writer. Only having done a lot for a correct understanding of the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich, he once noticed that the "ugly grotesque" that he uses in his work contains an "abyss of poetry" and "an abyss of philosophy", in its depth and authenticity worthy of "Shakespeare's brush".
The "nose" begins with the fact that on March 25 an "extraordinarily strange incident" happened in St. Petersburg. Ivan Yakovlevich, a barber, discovers his nose in freshly baked bread in the morning. He throws him off the St. Isaac's Bridge into the river. The owner of the nose, collegiate assessor, or major, Kovalev, waking up in the morning, does not find an important part of the body on his face. In search of the loss, he goes to the police. On the way, he meets his own nose in the garb of a state councilor. Pursuing the fugitive, Kovalev follows him to the Kazan Cathedral. He tries to return his nose to its place, but he only prays with "the greatest zeal" and points out to the owner that there can be nothing in common between them: Kovalev serves in a different department.
Distracted by the graceful lady, the major loses sight of the rebellious part of the body. Having made several unsuccessful attempts to find the nose, the owner returns home. There he is returned the loss. The police chief grabbed his nose while trying to escape to Riga on someone else's documents. Joy Kovalev does not last long. He cannot put the body part back in its original place. Summary The story "The Nose" does not end there. How did the hero manage to get out of this situation? The doctor can do nothing to help the major. In the meantime, curious rumors are creeping around the capital. Someone saw the nose on Nevsky Prospekt, someone - in As a result, he himself returned to his original place on April 7, which brought considerable joy to the owner.
Theme of the work
So what is the point of such an incredible plot? The main theme of Gogol's story "The Nose" is the loss by the character of a piece of his "I". Probably, this happens under the influence of evil spirits. An organizing role in the plot is assigned to the motive of persecution, although Gogol does not indicate the specific embodiment of supernatural power. The mystery captures readers literally from the first phrase of the work, it is constantly reminded of, it reaches its climax ... but there is no clue even in the finale. Covered in obscurity is not only the mysterious separation of the nose from the body, but also how it could exist independently, and even in the status of a high-ranking official. Thus, the real and the fantastic in Gogol's story "The Nose" are intertwined in the most unthinkable way.
Real Plan
It is embodied in the work in the form of rumors, which the author mentions all the time. This is gossip that the nose regularly makes a promenade along Nevsky Prospekt and other crowded places; about how he seemed to be looking into the store and so on. Why did Gogol need such a form of communication? Maintaining an atmosphere of mystery, he satirically ridicules the authors of stupid rumors and naive belief in incredible miracles.
Characteristics of the main character
Why did Major Kovalev deserve such attention supernatural powers? The answer lies in the content of the story "The Nose". The fact is that main character works - a desperate careerist, ready to do anything for a promotion. He managed to get the rank of collegiate assessor without an exam, thanks to his service in the Caucasus. The cherished goal of Kovalev is to marry profitably and become a high-ranking official. In the meantime, in order to give himself more weight and significance, he everywhere calls himself not a collegiate assessor, but a major, knowing about the advantage of military ranks over civilian ones. “He could forgive everything that was said about himself, but did not apologize in any way if it related to rank or rank,” the author writes about his hero.
Here devilry and laughed at Kovalev, not only taking away an important part of his body (you can’t make a career without it!), but also endowing the latter with the rank of general, that is, giving her more weight than the owner himself. That's right, there is nothing real and fantastic in Gogol's story "The Nose" makes you think about the question "what is more important - a person or his status?". And the answer is disappointing...
Hints of a brilliant author
There are many satirical subtleties in Gogol's story, transparent allusions to the realities of his contemporary time. For example, in the first half of the 19th century, glasses were considered an anomaly, giving the appearance of an officer or official some kind of inferiority. In order to wear this accessory, a special permit was required. If the heroes of the work exactly followed the instructions and corresponded to the form, then the Nose in uniform acquired for them the importance of a significant person. But as soon as the police chief "left" the system, violated the severity of his uniform and put on glasses, he immediately noticed that in front of him was just a nose - a part of the body, useless without its owner. This is how the real and the fantastic are intertwined in Gogol's story "The Nose". No wonder the author's contemporaries read this extraordinary work.
Many writers noted that "The Nose" is a magnificent example of fantasy, Gogol's parody of various prejudices and people's naive faith in the power of supernatural forces. fantasy elements in the works of Nikolai Vasilievich - these are ways of satirically displaying the vices of society, as well as the statement realistic start in life.
But just before Christmas, Preobrazhensky decides to carry out his fantastic experiment. He is trying to create a new person by transplanting a part of the dog human brain. Preobrazhensky decides to compete with nature itself. His experiment is fantastic: to create a new person by transplanting part of the human brain into a dog. As a good doctor, Bulgakov understands that this is not possible, but he decides to introduce such a technique for a more colorful comparison of the changes that shake Russia at that time. And fantasy begins, which in Bulgakov is not without satire. By using the principles fantastic realism"And the grotesque, interfering with the reality of NEP Russia with the original fiction, the writer creates a fascinating and sinister story. Its plot is unusual: Professor Preobrazhensky, who lives in an old Kalabukhovsky house on Prechistenka, picks up a mongrel on the street and performs a medical experiment on implanting a human pituitary gland into the brain of a dog. A rejuvenation professor and his assistant, Dr. Bormenthal, get an unexpected result: the dog turns into a man. This gives a reason young doctor dream of creating a new man, "high mental personality". However, the experiment takes a very different turn.
The donor for poor Sharik was Klim Petrovich Chugunkin, twenty-eight years old, he was sued three times. “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab in the heart in a pub. “After the operation, the dog has a complete humanization. As a result, a peculiar creature appears. “Height is small, head is small, he started smoking”, “man vertically challenged and unsympathetic appearance. The hair on his head grew stiff... His forehead struck with its small height. Almost and directly above the black threads of the eyebrows, a thick, thick head brush began. By these signs, we see that the creature has completely inherited the physical appearance of its progenitor.
Is it only physical?
Unfortunately no. The first words he uttered are swearing, the first distinct word is bourgeois. And then the street expressions “do not push”, “get off the bandwagon” he chases the cat Mikrusha all in his path, plays street songs on the balalaika, sticks to the maids.
The life of the inhabitants of the apartment, so quiet and calm before, turns into a living hell. “The man at the door looked at the professor with dull eyes and smoked a cigarette, sprinkling ashes on his shirt-front ...” “Do not throw cigarette butts on the floor - in the very last time I beg. so that I don't hear any more swear word. Don't give a damn about the apartment! Stop all conversations with Zina. She complains that you are watching her in the dark. Look! It is in such conditions that the residents of apartment No. 5 on Obukhovsky Lane now have to live. But the worst thing is that Sharikov does not understand that he is doing something wrong. “Something you me, daddy, painfully oppress, - he suddenly uttered whiningly ... - Why don’t you let me live?”. From his point of view, he just lives, and swearing, rudeness and arrogance is just a normal part of life. Sharikov even has his own guardian angel. This is Shvonder, so hated by Preobrazhensky. He gives him books to read (like the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky). But is it a guardian angel?
Here is what Preobrazhensky says about this. “Well, now he (Shvonder) is trying in every possible way to set him (Sharikov) on me, not understanding that if someone, in turn, sets Sharikov on Shvonder himself, then only horns and legs will remain of him.” Meanwhile, Sharikov gets a job and (with the help of Shvonder) he is immediately promoted to the position of head of the subdepartment for cleaning the city from stray animals. The author, of course, exaggerates the possibilities of Sharikov, introducing hyperbole, but it is in this hyperbole that he shows us all the imperfection of that society as clearly as possible. One would think that now Sharikov would come to his senses, but this is not so. Having received power, he uses it as he wants. He brings a typist into the house and says: “I sign with her, this is our typist. Bormental will have to be evicted ... ”As it turned out later, he deceived her, composing many stories to himself. And even when Sharikov was exposed, he threatens her "... you will remember me again ... I will arrange a reduction in staff for you." Having received power, our Sharik, already not burdened with humanity, simply turns into a despot. And if you remember the very beginning of the story, you can compare it with a lover. After all, if you remember common dog with a scalded side and remember how he sympathized with the same typist, there was not a drop of cruelty in him, which cannot be said about the human Ball.
The apogee of his impudence and rudeness Sharikov reaches when he writes a denunciation of his creator. For that time, it was a common technique for overthrowing competitors or enemies. They simply wrote a denunciation, and two or three days later a car drove up to the entrance and the person was taken away to no one knows where and no one saw him again. The next denunciation should have been a denunciation of Shvonder, and Sharikov would already be the chairman of the house committee. Who would live in seven rooms. But to Sharik's great chagrin, the denunciation did not go through. And then he decides to take matters into his own hands by getting a gun. I think that only Shvonder could give it. And going into the observation room, where he was "asked" to leave the apartment. But Sharikov was not so stupid as to leave. And, with a cry “... that I won’t find justice for you, or something,” he tries to kill Bormental. But after a few seconds he was on the operating table under general anesthesia. And a few days later, he was the same dog that was picked up on the street. Now fantasy is giving way to reality.
The story "The Heart of a Dog", written by M. A. Bulgakov in 1925, is the writer's response to the reality surrounding him, to the result of those fundamental changes that took place in Russia in 1917.
Recreated in the work modern to the author life - Soviet reality early 1920s However, it is conveyed by Bulgakov in a "bizarre" form - in a mixture of the real and the fantastic. So, on the one hand, in “Heart of a Dog” the Soviet realities of the 20s of the 20th century are reproduced to the smallest detail, up to the exact indication of the salary of the “typist of the IX category” (four and a half chervonets) and the mention that firefighters, “how do you it is known that they have porridge for dinner. On the other hand, the plot collision of the story is purely fantastic - Professor Preobrazhensky, the world luminary of science, performs an unprecedented operation - the transformation of a dog into a man by transplanting human glands into it. But that's not all - the genius of Preobrazhensky allows him to perform the reverse operation: from a man at the end of the work, he again "creates" a dog, having understood and experienced the threat to Sharikov's existence.
Reality and fantasy are intertwined in the "Heart of a Dog" in the most intimate way, creating the new kind reality is grotesque. It would seem that the plot with the transformations of the dog Sharik is incredible and implausible. However, Bulgakov so skillfully “weaves” it with the details of reality, everyday life that we read the work as a story about what really happened.
Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky, an intellectual in many generations, a brilliant scientist and doctor, conceives the unprecedented - he wants to give humanity eternal youth and be famous for centuries. To do this, the hero conducts an experiment on a stray dog, which he picks up on the street.
Preobrazhensky brings Sharik to his house and takes care of him. And now the long-awaited moment comes: the necessary “human material” appears - the corpse of an alcoholic Klim Chugunkin, who was stabbed to death in a drunken brawl. It is his pituitary gland and seminal glands that Sharik “receives”.
It soon becomes clear that the results of this experiment could not be foreseen by anyone, even the brilliant Philip Philipovich. Sharik not only survived and began to recover quickly. Gradually, strange transformations began to occur to him - the dog began to turn into a man. The diary of Preobrazhensky's assistant, Dr. Bormental, records the main moments of Sharik's "evolution", as a result of which he turned into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, a representative of the proletariat.
The image of Sharikov, like the images of other representatives of the "ruling class" headed by the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, is purely satirical. Of course, the basis in them is real - Bulgakov described the real features of people who came to power after 1917. However, these features are often enhanced or exaggerated - this is how the author expressed his attitude towards these people and their behavior, their “politics”. So, for example, one of the members of the house committee - "a peach youth in a leather jacket" - bears the surname Vyazemskaya and turns out to be a woman (the writer's allusion to the asexuality of Soviet society). And Sharikov himself periodically forgets that he is no longer a dog, and catches fleas under his jacket or chases cats.
But the members of the house committee are not as harmless as it might seem at first glance, and they are not so easy to deal with, as Preobrazhensky did on the issue of "compacting." This fact is proved by the metamorphoses that happened to Sharikov under the influence of Shvonder. cost to the cutest dog to turn into Polygraph Poligrafovich and become involved in the powers that be - “to enter the position” of the head of the subdepartment for cleaning Moscow from stray animals, as he transformed into a real monster. The genes of Klim Chugunkin, a man "from the people", uneducated, ignorant, uncultured, under the influence of favorable factors, immediately made themselves felt. Sharikov turned into an unprincipled boor and a scoundrel, "having seized upon power." It seems as if on his benefactor Preobrazhensky, and on all the people around him, this hero takes out his anger, hurt pride, a sense of inferiority.
And here the satirical and quite good-natured tone of the story begins to acquire ominous tones - we understand that Professor Preobrazhensky and his entire “family” are threatened real danger. How can you not remember fantasy story from classic novel Stephenson" Strange story Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” or the plot of M. Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein”.
However, everything ends happily in Bulgakov's story. When Preobrazhensky realized that his "brainchild" carries a danger to everything around him, he again turns Sharikov into a dog. Everything became “in full circle” - Preobrazhensky, having proved his innocence in the murder of Sharikov, for some time freed himself from Shvonder's claims. Sharik, having regained his original appearance, idolizes his benefactor.
But the ending of "Heart of a Dog" does not bring calm or appeasement. There is a vague feeling of anxiety, danger. At any moment the life of Filipp Filippovich can change, at any moment the Kalabukhov house with its traditions and foundations can finally “sink into eternity”, like the culture that it personifies. I think Bulgakov himself had the same sense of instability during the creation of the story.
The writer believed that any form of violence against a person - physical (Preobrazhensky) or ideological (Shvonder) - cannot lead to success. A person is a unique individuality, and from Klim Chugunkin, who served as “material” for Sharikov, only the likeness of Klim Chugunkin can turn out.
But in the context of the work, another important thought was hidden: the revolution is also a kind of violent operation carried out on society. It was she who declared the “working” proletarian the master of life, snatching him overnight from semi-feudal life, from spiritual and political slavery. This experiment on whole country was supposed to remind the reader of the unsuccessful experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, which almost turned into a tragedy for many people.
In order to more accurately and clearly convey his idea to people, Bulgakov uses in his story such artistic technique like a mixture of real and fantastic. Often this is done so masterfully that it is very difficult to know where one ends and the other begins. As a result of the combination of these two realities, a third one is created - grotesque, which allows the writer not only to convey the atmosphere of the 20s of the 20th century into Soviet Russia, but also to express their attitude to everything that happens.
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