Green's brief biography is the most important thing. Artistic and ideological features of prose

Alexander Green - famous Russian writer. He is the author of the famous story "Scarlet Sails", based on which a wonderful film was made. The writer showed an unshakable faith in the dream and the desire for its implementation.

The writer was born on August 11 (23), 1880 in the Vyatka province. His father Stefan Grinevsky ( real name writer) was a Pole, participated in the January Uprising in 1863. He was exiled to the Tomsk province, and then, by permission, settled in Vyatka. Alexander's mother Anna Lepkova worked as a nurse. Little time was devoted to raising the boy. The passion for reading manifested itself in the future writer early. He liked to read adventure books, especially about seafarers.

In 1889, the boy entered the preparatory class of the school. Where classmates gave him the nickname "Green", which he later used. Teachers often complained about Alexander's behavior, and in the second grade he was expelled from school. But thanks to his father, in 1892 he was admitted to the Vyatka School.

When the writer was 15 years old, grief happened in his family. The mother died of tuberculosis. Soon the boy had a stepmother, but their relationship did not work out and Green lived separately from the family. At this time, he worked hard, and adventure books saved him from such a hard life.

In 1896, after graduating from college, he went to Odessa. His father gave him 25 rubles, but this was not enough, and for some time the writer was a vagabond. Green fulfilled his dream and got on the ship. But his expectations were not met. The heavy sailor's service turned out to be too much for him and, having quarreled with the captain, he left. In 1902 the writer became a soldier. But just as long he could not stand it and ran away. After that, he was caught and sent to Siberia for 10 years.

The writer wrote his first work in 1906. The story "The Merit of Private Panteleev" tells about gross violations in the army. The author did not indicate his name and published the work as a propaganda pamphlet. But the entire circulation was burned by the police right in the printing house. The next work, The Elephant and the Pug, suffered the same fate. And only the story "To Italy" finally reached the readers.

Since 1908, the writer has been publishing collections of short stories, and in 1913 he published a three-volume edition.

The name Alexander Grin is often compared to Greenland. Although the author never mentioned it. This fictional country was invented by the Soviet critic Kornely Zelensky, who described the places where the characters lived in the writer's works. Researchers believe that this island is located not far from China. Since in the works the author often mentioned real places in the Pacific Ocean.

From 1916 to 1920, Green wrote his famous story "Scarlet Sails". And in 1928, she released another significant work, "Running on the Waves."

In 1908, the writer married Vera Abramova, but after 5 years the marriage broke up. And in 1921, Green married a second time to Nina Mironova. He lived with her for the rest of his life.

On July 8, 1932, the writer died. He died of stomach cancer. Grin was buried at the city cemetery of Stary Krym, from where the sea is clearly visible.

Biography 2

An unconditional romantic, a brilliant prose writer, Alexander Stepanovich Green (Alexander Grinevsky) lived a stormy, eventful life.

Childhood

The writer was born in August 1880 in the Vyatka province. At the age of 9, his parents send Alexander to a real school. He studied there for less than two years, and in 1892 he was expelled for bad behavior. In the same year, at the request of his father, he was admitted to a less prestigious institution, where he continued his studies.

Youth

In 1986, shortly after the death of his mother, Grinevsky left for Odessa to try himself as a sailor. By the time he finishes the 4th grade of the school.

Disappointed in the sea craft, in 1902 he joined the army as a soldier, serving in Penza. In 1903 he became a supporter of revolutionary ideas, for which he was subjected to numerous arrests in the period from 1903 to 1906. In 1906 he was exiled to the Tobolsk province, from where he immediately fled to St. Petersburg, having obtained a passport in a false name.

In 1906, the life of Alexander Grinevsky begins with a clean slate, the great writer Alexander Grin appears. From 1906 to 1910 he writes and publishes his first stories for the first time.

Maturity

In 1910, the police discovered a runaway exile under the guise of a writer, again a two-year exile in the Arkhangelsk province. From 1912 to 1918, A. Green's works were published in reputable publications of that time. In 1914, he was accepted to permanent job in the "New Satyricon" - a popular magazine that becomes banned after the revolution in 1918. In the same year, the writer again briefly falls under arrest. In 1919 he received rations and a room on Nevsky Prospekt.

1923 marked the release of one of Green's best novels, Scarlet Sails.

1924 - moving to Feodosia, where, over the next two years, "The Golden Chain" and "Running on the Waves" were written.

Sunset of life

In 1927, there was an attempt to publish a 15-volume collection of the prose writer's works in a private publishing house. The publisher is arrested and the publishing process is interrupted. Alexander Stepanovich falls out of favor with the authorities. Creativity becomes meaningless, because it is not allowed to be published, having selected the only source of income.

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real name - Grinevsky

Russian prose writer and poet, representative of neo-romanticism, author of philosophical and psychological works, with elements of symbolic fantasy; He began to print in 1906, published about 400 works in total.

Alexander Green

short biography

Real surname Alexander Stepanovich Green- Russian Soviet prose writer of Polish origin, who created his works in line with romantic realism, - Grinevsky. His name is associated, first of all, with the story "Scarlet Sails".

He was born in the Vyatka province, the city of Slobodskaya, on August 23 (August 11, O.S.), 1880. A tendency to change places, daydreaming, supported by a love of books about foreign lands and travels, he already had childhood years, he did not once attempted to run away from home. In 1896, his studies at the four-year Vyatka city school ended, and Alexander left for Odessa, where he began a six-year period of vagrancy.

Having settled on a ship, at first he wanted to realize his old dream of becoming a navigator, but he soon lost interest in it. A fisherman, a loader, a digger, a lumberjack, a gold digger and even a sword swallower - Alexander Grinevsky tried on all these professions, but he could not get rid of the most severe need, which in 1902 forced him to enlist in the army as a volunteer.

His service lasted 9 months, of which a third he spent in a punishment cell, and ended in desertion. At this time, his rapprochement with the Socialist-Revolutionaries takes place, who involve him in propaganda work. The agitation of sailors in Sevastopol ended for Grin in 1903 with his arrest, and an unsuccessful attempt to escape turned into two years in a maximum security prison. However, he continued to engage in propaganda work, and in 1905 he was to be exiled to Siberia for 10 years, and only an amnesty helped to avoid such an unenviable fate.

In 1906, Alexander Grin's first story, To Italy, was published, and the Merit of Private Panteleev and Elephant and Pug, which followed it in the same year, were confiscated right at the printing house and burned. Their author, who was at that time in St. Petersburg, was arrested and exiled to the Tobolsk province, but the disgraced novice writer managed to quickly escape from the place of exile with other people's documents. In 1907, the story "The Case" was published, notable for the fact that for the first time in creative biography the author signed with the pseudonym A.S. Green. The following year, the first collection of stories, The Cap of Invisibility, was published, which did not go unnoticed.

In 1910, Grin was sent into exile for the second time - this time for two years in the Arkhangelsk province. Upon returning home, Green actively writes and publishes, his stories, novellas, satirical miniatures, poems, poems are published in 60 editions. Until October 1917, Green published about 350 works. During this period, the romantic orientation of his writings is formed, which is in conflict with the harsh reality.

The February revolution gave rise to hopes for a change for the better, but they were dispelled with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Their actions further disappointed Green in the surrounding reality, he began to create his own world with renewed vigor. Today it is difficult to imagine that the famous story “Scarlet Sails”, beloved by all romantics, was born in Petrograd, engulfed in revolutionary transformations (it was published in 1923). The heroes of the works and fictional cities of Green did not fit well into Soviet literature, filled with the pathos of building socialism - along with their author. His writings were published less and less and were increasingly criticized.

In 1924, A.S. Green "The Shining World", and in the same year he moved to Feodosia. Suffering from tuberculosis and poverty, he continues to write, and new stories come out from under his pen, the novels The Golden Chain (1925), The Wave Runner (1928), Jesse and Morgiana (1929), in 1930 . saw the light of the novel "The Road to Nowhere", permeated with the tragic worldview of the sick and misunderstood artist. The last place of residence in Green's biography was the city of Stary Krym, where he moved in 1930 and died on July 8, 1932.

Biography from Wikipedia

Alexander Green(real name - Grinevsky; August 11, 1880, Sloboda, Vyatka province, Russian Empire - July 8, 1932, Stary Krym, USSR) - Russian prose writer and poet, representative of neo-romanticism, author of philosophical and psychological, with elements of symbolic fiction, works. He began to print in 1906, in total he published about 400 works.

The creator of a fictional country, which, thanks to the critic K. Zelinsky, was called "Greenland". Many of his works take place in this country, including his most famous romantic books - the novel "Running on the Waves" and the extravaganza "Scarlet Sails".

early years

Alexander Grinevsky was born on August 11 (23), 1880 in the city of Sloboda, Vyatka province. Father - Stefan Grinevsky (Polish Stefan Hryniewski, 1843-1914), a Polish gentry from the Disna district of the Vilna province of the Russian Empire. For participation in the January Uprising of 1863, at the age of 20, he was exiled indefinitely to Kolyvan, Tomsk province. Later he was allowed to move to the Vyatka province, where he arrived in 1868. In Russia it was called Stepan Evseevich". In 1873 he married 16-year-old Russian nurse Anna Stepanovna Lepkova (1857-1895). For the first 7 years they had no children, Alexander became the first-born, later he had a brother Boris and two sisters, Antonina and Ekaterina.

Sasha learned to read at the age of 6, and the first book he read was Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. From childhood, Green loved books about sailors and travels. He dreamed of going to sea as a sailor and, driven by this dream, made attempts to run away from home. The upbringing of the boy was inconsistent - he was either spoiled, then severely punished, then left unattended.

In 1889, nine-year-old Sasha was sent to the preparatory class of the local real school. There fellow practitioners first gave him the nickname " Green". The report of the school noted that the behavior of Alexander Grinevsky was worse than all the others, and in case of non-correction, he could be expelled from the school. Nevertheless, Alexander was able to finish the preparatory class and enter the first class, but in the second class he wrote an insulting poem about teachers and was nevertheless expelled from the school. At the request of his father, Alexander in 1892 was admitted to another school, which had a bad reputation in Vyatka.

At the age of 15, Sasha was left without a mother who died of tuberculosis. 4 months later (May 1895), my father married the widow Lidia Avenirovna Boretskaya. Alexander's relationship with his stepmother was tense, and he settled separately from his father's new family. Subsequently, Green described the atmosphere of the provincial Vyatka as “ swamp of prejudices, lies, hypocrisy and falsehood". The boy lived alone, enthusiastically reading books and writing poetry. He worked as a binder of books, correspondence of documents. At the suggestion of his father, he became interested in hunting, but due to his impulsive nature, he rarely returned with prey.

Wanderings and revolutionary activity (1896-1906)

In 1896, after graduating from the four-year Vyatka city school, 16-year-old Alexander left for Odessa, deciding to become a sailor. His father gave him 25 rubles of money and the address of his Odessa friend. for a while" a sixteen-year-old, beardless, puny, narrow-shouldered boy in a straw hat" (so ironically described himself then Green in " Autobiographies”) wandered in an unsuccessful search for work and was desperately hungry. In the end, he turned to a friend of his father, who fed him and got him a job as a sailor on the steamer "Platon", cruising along the route Odessa - Batum - Odessa. However, once Green managed to visit abroad, in Egyptian Alexandria.

The sailor did not come out of Green - he was disgusted with the prosaic sailor's work. Soon he quarreled with the captain and left the ship. In 1897, Greene went back to Vyatka, spent a year there and left again in search of his fortune, this time to Baku. There he tried many professions - he was a fisherman, laborer, worked in railway workshops. In the summer he returned to his father, then again went on a journey. He was a lumberjack, a gold digger in the Urals, a miner in an iron mine, and a theater copyist. " For several years he tried to enter into life as into a stormy sea; and each time he, beaten on stones, was thrown ashore - into the hated, philistine Vyatka; dull, prim, deaf city».

Vyatka zemstvo real school. Of one of the reasons for his expulsion, Greene wrote: Quite a large library of the Vyatka zemstvo real school<…>was the cause of my poor success».

In March 1902, Green interrupted his series of wanderings and became (either under pressure from his father, or tired of starvation ordeals) a soldier in the 213th Orovai reserve infantry battalion stationed in Penza. The morals of military service significantly increased Green's revolutionary moods. Six months later (of which he spent three and a half in a punishment cell), he deserted, was caught in Kamyshin, and fled again. In the army, Green met with the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists, who appreciated the young rebel and helped him hide in Simbirsk.

From that moment on, Green, having received the party nickname " Lanky", sincerely gives all his strength to the fight against the hated him social order, although he refused to participate in the execution of terrorist acts, limiting himself to propaganda among the workers and soldiers of different cities. Subsequently, he did not like to talk about his "Socialist-Revolutionary" activities. The Socialist-Revolutionaries appreciated his bright, enthusiastic performances. Here is an excerpt from the memoirs of N. Ya. Bykhovsky, a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party:

"Lanky" turned out to be an invaluable underground worker. Being himself once a sailor and having once made a long voyage, he perfectly knew how to approach the sailors. He perfectly knew the life and psychology of the sailor masses and knew how to speak with her in her language. In his work among the sailors of the Black Sea squadron, he used all this with great success and immediately gained considerable popularity here. For the sailors, after all, he was quite his own person, and this is extremely important. None of us could compete with him in this respect.

Green said later that Bykhovsky once told him: “ You would make a writer". For this, Green called him " my godfather in literature»:

Already tested: the sea, vagrancy, wanderings showed me that this is still not what my soul longs for. What she wanted, I didn't know. Bykhovsky's words were not only an impetus, they were a light that illuminated my mind and the secret depths of my soul. I realized what I long for, my soul found its way.

In 1903 Green was in Once again arrested in Sevastopol for "speeches of anti-government content" and dissemination of revolutionary ideas, "which led to the undermining of the foundations of autocracy and the overthrow of the foundations of the existing system." For trying to escape, he was transferred to a maximum security prison, where he spent more than a year. It is described in police documents as " nature is closed, embittered, capable of anything, even risking her life". In January 1904, the Minister of the Interior V.K. Plehve, shortly before the SR assassination attempt on him, received a report from the Minister of War A.N. a very important figure from civilians, who called himself first Grigoriev, and then Grinevsky».

The investigation dragged on for more than a year (November 1903 - February 1905) because of two attempts to escape Green and his complete denial. Green was judged in February 1905 by the Sevastopol Naval Court. The prosecutor demanded 20 years of hard labor. Lawyer A. S. Zarudny managed to reduce the sentence to 10 years of exile in Siberia.

In October 1905, Grin was released under a general amnesty, but already in January 1906 he was arrested again in St. Petersburg. In prison, in the absence of acquaintances and relatives, she visited him (under the guise of a bride) Vera Pavlovna Abramova, the daughter of a wealthy official who sympathized with revolutionary ideals.

In May, Grin was exiled for four years to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. There he stayed only 3 days and fled to Vyatka, where, with the help of his father, he got someone else's passport in the name Malginova(later it will be one of the literary pseudonyms of the writer), according to which he left for St. Petersburg.

The beginning of creativity (1906-1917)

Alexander Grin with his first wife Vera in the village of Veliky Bor near Pinega, 1911

The years 1906-1908 became a turning point in Green's life. First of all, he became a writer.

In the summer of 1906, Green wrote 2 stories - “ Merit of Private Panteleev" And " Elephant and Pug". The first story was signed " A.S.G. and published in the autumn of the same year. It was published as a propaganda brochure for punishing soldiers and described the atrocities of the army among the peasants. Green received the fee, but the entire circulation was confiscated at the printing house and destroyed (burned) by the police, only a few copies were accidentally preserved. The second story suffered a similar fate - it was handed over to the printing house, but was not printed.

It was not until December 5 of that year that Green's stories began to reach readers; and the first "legal" work was the story "To Italy", written in the autumn of 1906, signed " A. A. M-v" (that is Malginov). For the first time (titled " in Italy”), it was published in the evening edition of the newspaper “ Exchange statements"dated 5(18).12.1906

Alias ​​" A. S. Green" first appeared under the story "The Case" (the first publication was in the newspaper " Comrade"of March 25 (April 7), 1907).

At the beginning of 1908, in St. Petersburg, Green published the first author's collection " Invisible hat" (subtitled " Tales of revolutionaries"). Most of the stories in it are about the Social Revolutionaries.

Another event was the final break with the Social Revolutionaries. Green hated the existing system as before, but he began to form his own positive ideal, which was not at all like the Social Revolutionary.

Third important event marriage began - his imaginary "prison bride" 24-year-old Vera Abramova became Green's wife. Knock And Gelli- the main characters of the story "A Hundred Miles Down the River" (1912) are Green and Vera themselves.

According to V. B. Shklovsky, A. S. Green’s aunt was the St. Petersburg poetess, translator and playwright Isabella Grinevskaya. This statement is repeated by L. I. Borisov, the author of the artistic biography “ Wizard of Gel-Gyu". A. N. Varlamov casts doubt on Shklovsky's version, calling him a hoaxer and a possible author of another legend about Grin. The alleged aunt and nephew were published in the same illustrated magazines, but one way or another, Alexander Green's entry into literature was quite independent.

In 1910, his second collection, stories". Most of the stories included there are written in a realistic manner, but two - "Reno Island" and " Colony Lanfier”- the future Green the storyteller is already guessing. The action of these stories takes place in a conditional country, in style they are close to his later work. Green himself believed that starting from these stories he could be considered a writer. In the early years, he published 25 stories a year.

A. Green in St. Petersburg. Photo 1910

As a new original and talented Russian writer, he meets Alexei Tolstoy, Leonid Andreev, Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin and other major writers. He became especially close to A.I. Kuprin. For the first time in his life, Green began to earn a lot of money, which, however, did not stay with him, quickly disappearing after revelry and card games.

On July 27, 1910, the police finally discovered that the writer Green was the fugitive exile Grinevsky. He was arrested for the third time and in the autumn of 1911 was exiled to Pinega, Arkhangelsk province. Vera went with him, they were allowed to officially get married. In the link, Greene wrote " Life of Gnor" And " Blue Telluri Cascade". The term of his exile was reduced to two years, and in May 1912 the Grinevskys returned to St. Petersburg. Other works of the romantic direction soon followed: Devil of orange waters», « Zurbagan shooter"(1913). They finally form the features of a fictional country, which the literary critic K. Zelinsky will call "Greenland".

Green publishes mainly in the "small" press: in newspapers and illustrated magazines. His works are published by Birzhevye Vedomosti and the supplement to the newspaper, the Novoye Slovo magazine, the New Journal for All, Rodina, Niva and its monthly supplements, the Vyatskaya Rech newspaper and many others. Occasionally, his prose is placed in the solid "thick" monthly journals "Russian Thought" and "Modern World". In the latter, Green published from 1912 to 1918 thanks to his acquaintance with A.I. Kuprin. In 1913-1914, his three-volume edition was published by the Prometheus publishing house.

In the autumn of 1913, Vera decided to separate from her husband. In her memoirs, she complains about Green's unpredictability and uncontrollability, his constant revelry, mutual misunderstanding. Green made several attempts at reconciliation, but without success. On his 1915 collection given to Vera, Greene wrote: To my only friend". He did not part with the portrait of Vera until the end of his life. Almost simultaneously (1914), Green suffered another loss: his father died in Vyatka. Green also kept a photograph of his father in all his travels.

In the memoirs of Nina Nikolaevna Green, Green's words are cited about how he spent the bohemian pre-war years.

I was nicknamed "mustang", so I was charged with a thirst for life, full of fire, images, plots. He wrote on a grand scale, and did not outlive himself. I seized upon life, accumulating greed for it in a hungry, vagabond, compressed youth, prison. Greedily grabbed and devoured it. Couldn't get enough. Wasted and burned himself from all over. I forgave myself everything, I have not yet found myself.

In 1914, Green became a contributor to the popular New Satyricon magazine, and published his collection Incident on Dog Street as an appendix to the magazine. Green worked during this period extremely productively. He did not yet dare to start writing a long story or novel, but his best stories of this time show the deep progress of Green the writer. The subject of his works is expanding, the style is becoming more and more professional - it is enough to compare the cheerful story " Captain Duke"and a sophisticated, psychologically accurate short story" Returned hell"(1915).

"Captain Duke" Monthly literary and popular-scientific supplements to Niva, October 1916

After the outbreak of the First World War, some of Greene's stories take on a distinct anti-war character: such, for example, " Battalist Shuang», « blue spinning top"("Niva", 1915) and "Poisoned Island". Due to the “impermissible review of the reigning monarch” that became known to the police, Green was forced to hide in Finland from the end of 1916, but, having learned about February Revolution returned to Petrograd.

In the spring of 1917, he wrote a story-essay " On foot for the revolution”, testifying to the writer's hope for renewal. I. S. Sokolov-Mikitov recalled how he and Green " lived with the anxieties and hopes of those days". Some hope for a change for the better fills the poems written by Green during this period (“XX Century”, 1917, No. 13):

The bells are ringing,
And their powerfully formidable singing ...
They hum, they call the bells
On the bright holiday of rebirth.

Soon the revolutionary reality disappointed the writer.

After the October Revolution, Green's notes and feuilletons appeared one after another in the journal "New Satyricon" and in the small small-circulation newspaper "Devil's Pepper Pot", condemning cruelty and atrocities. He said: " I can't get my head around the idea that violence can be destroyed by violence.". In the spring of 1918, the magazine, along with all other opposition publications, was banned. Greene was arrested for the fourth time and almost shot. According to A. N. Varlamov, the facts show that Green " did not accept Soviet life ... even more violently than pre-revolutionary life: he did not speak at meetings, did not join any literary groups, did not sign collective letters, platforms and appeals to the Central Committee of the party, wrote his manuscripts and letters according to pre-revolutionary spelling, and counted the days according to the old calendar ... this dreamer and inventor - in the words of a writer from the near future - did not live by lies". The only good news was the resolution of divorces, which Green immediately took advantage of and married a certain Maria Dolidze. Within a few months, the marriage was recognized as a mistake, and the couple broke up.

In the summer of 1919, Green was drafted into the Red Army as a signalman, but he soon fell ill with typhus and ended up in the Botkin barracks for almost a month. Maxim Gorky sent honey, tea and bread to the seriously ill Green.

After recovering, Grin, with the assistance of Gorky, managed to get an academic ration and housing - a room in the "House of Arts" on Nevsky Prospekt, 15, where Green lived next to N. S. Gumilyov, V. A. Rozhdestvensky, O. E. Mandelstam, V. Kaverin. Neighbors recalled that Green lived as a hermit, almost did not communicate with anyone, but it was here that he wrote his most famous, touching and poetic work - the Scarlet Sails extravaganza (published in 1923). " It was hard to imagine that such a bright flower, warmed by love for people, could be born here, in gloomy, cold and half-starved Petrograd, in the winter twilight of the harsh 1920; and that he was raised by a man outwardly gloomy, unfriendly and, as it were, closed in a special world where he did not want to let anyone in", - recalled Vs. Christmas. Among the first to appreciate this masterpiece was Maxim Gorky, who often read to guests the episode of the appearance before Assol - main character extravaganza - a fabulous ship.

In the spring of 1921, Green married a 26-year-old widow, nurse Nina Nikolaevna Mironova (after Korotkova's first husband). They met back in early 1918, when Nina worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. Her first husband died in the war. A new meeting took place in January 1921, Nina was in desperate need and was selling things (Green later described a similar episode at the beginning of the story "Pied Piper"). A month later, he proposed to her. During the next eleven years assigned to Green by fate, they did not part, and both considered their meeting a gift of fate. Green dedicated the Scarlet Sails extravaganza completed this year to Nina. (" Nina Nikolaevna Green is presented and dedicated by the Author. PBG, November 23, 1922»)

The couple rented a room on Panteleymonovskaya Street, moved their meager luggage there: a bunch of manuscripts, a few clothes, a photograph of Father Green, and an unchanging portrait of Vera Pavlovna. At first, Green was hardly published, but with the beginning of the NEP, private publishing houses appeared, and he managed to publish a new collection " White fire» (1922). The collection included a vivid story "Ships in Lissa", which Green himself considered one of the best.

In the early 1920s, Green decided to start his first novel, which he called The Shining World. Main character of this complex symbolist work - a flying superman Drood, persuading people to choose instead of the values ​​of "this world" the highest values ​​of the Shining World. In 1924 the novel was published in Leningrad. He continued to write stories, the peaks here were " Loquacious brownie», « Pied Piper», « Fandango».

With the fees, Green arranged a feast, went with Nina to his beloved Crimea and bought an apartment in Leningrad, then sold this apartment and moved to Feodosia. The initiator of the move was Nina, who wanted to save Green from drunken Petrograd sprees and pretended to be sick. In the autumn of 1924, Green bought an apartment at 10 Galereinaya Street (now there is the Alexander Green Museum). Occasionally, the couple went to Koktebel to see Maximilian Voloshin.

In Feodosia, Green wrote the novel " gold chain" (1925, published in the journal "New World"), conceived as " memories of the dream of a boy seeking miracles and finding them". In the autumn of 1926, Green completed his main masterpiece - the novel "Running on the Waves", on which he worked for a year and a half. This novel combines the best features of the writer's talent: a deep mystical idea of ​​the need for a dream and the realization of a dream, subtle poetic psychologism, and a fascinating romantic plot. For two years the author tried to publish the novel in Soviet publishing houses, and only at the end of 1928 the book was published by the Zemlya i Fabrika publishing house. With great difficulty in 1929 it was possible to publish and latest novels Green: " Jessie and Morgiana», « Road to nowhere».

Green noted sadly: The era is passing by. She doesn't need me, just the way I am. And I can't be different. And I don't want». « Even though for all my writing nothing has been said about me as a person who has not licked the heels of modernity, never, ever, but I know my own worth.».

Prohibited. Last years and death (1929-1932)

ghoul, Green's favorite hawk, with his owner (1929). The writer's story is dedicated to him. The story of one hawk».

In 1927, the private publisher L.V. Wolfson began publishing a 15-volume collection of Green's works, but only 8 volumes were published, after which Wolfson was arrested by the GPU.

NEP came to an end. Green's attempts to insist on fulfilling the contract with the publishing house only led to huge legal costs and ruin. Green's binges began to repeat again. However, in the end, the Green family still managed to win the process, sue seven thousand rubles, which, however, greatly depreciated inflation.

The apartment in Feodosia had to be sold. In 1930, the Grinevskys moved to the city of Stary Krym, where life was cheaper. Since 1930 Soviet censorship, with motivation you do not merge with the era”, banned Green's reprints and imposed a limit on new books: one per year. Both Green and Nina were desperately hungry and often sick. Green tried to hunt the surrounding birds with a bow and arrow, but was unsuccessful.

Novel " touchy”, begun by Green at this time, was never completed, although some critics consider him the best in his work. Green mentally thought through the whole plot to the end and said to Nina: “ Some scenes are so good that when I remember them, I smile myself.". At the end of April 1931, being already seriously ill, Grin went for the last time (through the mountains) to Koktebel, to visit Voloshin. This route is still popular with hikers and is known as "Green's trail".

In the summer, Green went to Moscow, but not a single publisher showed interest in his new novel. Upon his return, Green said wearily to Nina: “ Amba us. No more printing". There was no response to a request for a pension from the Writers' Union. As historians found out, at a meeting of the board, Lidia Seifullina stated: “ Green is our ideological enemy. The Union should not help such writers! Not a single penny in principle!» Green sent another request for help to Gorky; it is not known whether she reached her destination, but there was no answer either. In the memoirs of Nina Nikolaevna, this period is characterized by one phrase: “ Then he began to die».

In May 1932, after new petitions, a transfer of 250 rubles unexpectedly came. from the Union of Writers, sent for some reason to the name " writer Green's widow Nadezhda Green”, although Green was still alive. There is a legend that the reason was Green's last mischief - he sent a telegram to Moscow " Green died send two hundred funeral».

The grave of A. S. Grin at the city cemetery of Stary Krym

Alexander Grin died on the morning of July 8, 1932, at the age of 52, in Stary Krym, from stomach cancer. Two days before his death, he asked to invite a priest and confessed.

The writer was buried at the city cemetery of Stary Krym. Nina chose a place with a view of the sea. On the grave of Green, the sculptor Tatyana Gagarina erected a monument " Running on the waves».

Upon learning of Grin's death, several leading Soviet writers called for a collection of his writings to be published; even Seifullina joined them. A. Green's collection " Fantastic novels” came out 2 years later, in 1934.

Nina Nikolaevna Green, the writer's widow, continued to live in Stary Krym, in an adobe house, and worked as a nurse. When the Nazi army captured the Crimea, Nina stayed with her seriously ill mother in the Nazi-occupied territory, worked in the occupation newspaper "Official Bulletin of the Staro-Krymsky District". She was then taken to labor work in Germany, in 1945 she voluntarily returned from the American zone of occupation to the USSR.

After the trial, Nina received ten years in the camps for "collaborationism and treason", with confiscation of property. She served her sentence in the camps on the Pechora. Great support, including things and products, was provided to her by Green's first wife, Vera Pavlovna. Nina served almost her entire term and was released in 1955 under an amnesty (rehabilitated in 1997). Vera Pavlovna died earlier, in 1951.

Scene from V. M. Yurovsky's ballet " Scarlet Sails". Bolshoi Theatre, December 5, 1943 Assol- Olga Lepeshinskaya.

Meanwhile, the books of the "Soviet romantic" Green continued to be published in the USSR until 1944. In besieged Leningrad, radio programs were broadcast with the reading of "Scarlet Sails" (1943), the premiere of the ballet "Scarlet Sails" was held at the Bolshoi Theater. In 1946, the story of L. I. Borisov " Wizard of Gel-Gyu” about Alexander Grin, which earned the praise of K. G. Paustovsky and B. S. Grinevsky, but later - condemnation from N. N. Green.

During the years of the struggle against cosmopolitanism, Alexander Grin, like many other cultural figures (A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko, D. D. Shostakovich), was branded in the Soviet press as a “cosmopolitan”, alien to proletarian literature, “ militant reactionary and spiritual emigrant". For example, an article by V. Vazhdaev was devoted to Green's "exposing" Preacher of cosmopolitanism"(" New World ", No. 1, 1950). Green's books were taken from libraries en masse.

After Stalin's death (1953), the ban on some writers was lifted. Beginning in 1956, through the efforts of K. Paustovsky, Yu. Olesha, I. Novikov and others, Green was returned to literature. His works were published in millions of copies. Having received through the efforts of Green's friends a fee for " Favorites”(1956), Nina Nikolaevna arrived in Stary Krym, found with difficulty the abandoned grave of her husband and found out that the house where Green died had passed to the chairman of the local executive committee and was used as a barn and a chicken coop. In 1960, after several years of struggle to return home, Nina Nikolaevna opened voluntary Green Museum in Stary Krym. There she spent the last ten years of her life, with a pension of 21 rubles (the copyright was no longer valid). In July 1970, the Green Museum in Feodosia was also opened, and a year later, Green's house in Stary Krym also received the status of a museum. Its opening by the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU was linked to the conflict with Nina Nikolaevna: “ We are for Green, but against his widow. The museum will be only when she dies».

Nina Nikolaevna Green died on September 27, 1970 in a Kyiv hospital. She bequeathed to bury herself next to her husband. The local party leadership, irritated by the loss of the chicken coop, imposed a ban; and Nina was buried at the other end of the cemetery. On October 23 of the following year, Nina's birthday, six of her friends reburied the coffin at night in the place intended for it.

Creativity and personal position

Artistic and ideological features of prose

Green is openly didactic, that is, his works are based on a clear system of values ​​and invite the reader to accept and share these ideals with the author.

It is generally accepted that Green is a romantic, " dream knight". Greene understands a dream as a desire of a spiritually rich person for higher, truly human values, opposing them to soullessness, greed and animal pleasures. The difficult choice between these two paths and the consequences of the choice made is one of important topics at Green. Its goal is to show how good and dream, love and compassion are organic for a person, and how evil, cruelty, alienation are destructive. Critic Irina Vasyuchenko notes the rare transparency and purity of the moral atmosphere inherent in Green's prose. " The author more than believes in the power of the good beginnings of life - he knows it". Existing simultaneously in the real world and in the world of dreams, Green felt himself " translator between these two worlds". IN " scarlet sails" the author, through the mouth of Gray, calls to "work a miracle" for another person; " He will have a new soul and you will have a new one". In The Shining World, a similar call: " Enter into your life that world, the sparkles of which have already been given to you by a generous, secret hand.».

Among Green's tools are excellent taste, alien to naturalism, the ability to elevate the story to the level of a deep parable by simple means, and a vivid and exciting plot. Critics note that Greene is incredibly "cinematic". Transferring the action to a fictional country is also a well-thought-out technique: “ Greene is important by and large a person and only a person outside of his connection with history, nationality, wealth or poverty, religion and political beliefs. Green, as it were, abstracts, clears his heroes of these layers and sterilizes his world, because this way a person is better visible to him».

The writer focuses on the struggle in the human soul and depicts the subtlest psychological nuances with amazing skill. " The amount of Green's knowledge in this area, the accuracy of depicting the most complex mental processes, sometimes surpassing the level of ideas and the possibilities of his time, today surprise specialists.».

« Green said that sometimes he spends hours on a phrase, achieving the highest completeness of its expression, brilliance". He was close to the symbolists, who tried to expand the possibilities of prose, to give it more dimensions - hence frequent use metaphors, paradoxical combinations of words, etc.

An example of Green's style on an example from "Scarlet Sails":

She knew how and loved to read, but in the book she read mainly between the lines, how she lived. Unconsciously, through a kind of inspiration, she made many ethereal-subtle discoveries at every step, inexpressible, but important, like cleanliness and warmth. Sometimes - and this went on for a number of days - she was even reborn; the physical opposition of life vanished like silence in the strike of a bow, and everything that she saw, what she lived with, what was around, became a lace of secrets in the image of everyday life.

Green the Poet

Alexander Green from a poem "Dispute"

The balloon flew over the field of death.
Two wise men were arguing in a basket.
One said: “Let's rise to the blue firmament!
Get off the ground!
The earth is insane; her bloody world
Indomitable, eternal and heavy.
Let it amuse itself with bloody fun,
Breaking down the fence, yawning ox!
There, in the clouds, we will not worry,
The marble of their airy forms is beautiful.
Beautiful shine, and we ourselves, like gods,
Let us inhale the good nirvana chloroform.
Should I open the valve? "No! - the second answered. -
I hear the rumble of battle below me...
Didn't you notice the movement of the troops?
They crawl like an ant swarm;
Their squares, trapezoids and rhombuses
Here, from a height, exquisitely funny ...
Oh king of the earth! How you deserve a bomb
Iron fury of war!
For centuries of incredible pain,
Suffering, wisdom only led to that,
So that you, drawn by an alien will,
Lying, crushed, in the dust?!
No, let's go down.
A picture of a vile dump,
Closely observed, will show again and again,
That humanity needs sticks
Not love."

Since 1907, Green's poetic works have appeared in print, although Green began writing poetry while still in the Vyatka real school. One of the poems then rendered a disservice to the twelve-year-old student - in 1892 he was expelled. After entering the Vyatka city school, writing poetry continued. Green spoke of this period as follows:

Sometimes I wrote poems and sent them to Niva, Rodina, never getting a response from the editors, although I attached stamps to the response. The poems were about hopelessness, hopelessness, broken dreams and loneliness - exactly the same poems that the weeklies were then full of. From the outside, one might think that a forty-year-old Chekhov hero is writing, and not a boy of eleven or fifteen years old

- A. S. Green, "Autobiographical Tale"

In an earlier autobiography written in 1913, Green stated: As a child, I diligently wrote bad poetry". The first mature poems that appeared in print, like his prose, were of a realistic nature. In addition, the satirical vein of Green the high school student showed itself with might and main in the poet's "adult" poems, which was reflected in a long-term collaboration with the New Satyricon magazine. In 1907, his first poem " Elegy"("When the blushing Duma is agitated", to the motive of Lermontov's poem "When the yellowing field is agitated"). But already in the poems of 1908-1909, romantic motives were clearly manifested in his work: “ young death», « Tramp», « Motyka».

Among the poets of the older generation, A.N. Varlamov calls the name of Valery Bryusov the most attractive for Alexander Green. Greene's biographer concludes: Greene " in his youth he wrote poems in which the influence of symbolism is felt stronger than in his prose". During the years of the revolution, Green paid tribute to civil poetry: " bells», « Dispute», « Petrograd in autumn 1917". Literary critic and emigre poet Vadim Kreid at the end of the 20th century commented in the New York "New Journal" about last poem: ““Petrograd in the autumn of 1917” by A. Green is newspaper poetry, which has something of a reportage in itself, but this is what is valuable, because they are historical in literally words. This kind of poetry was written by Pyotr Potemkin and Sasha Cherny, the émigré newspaper poet Munstein and the “red”, as he called himself, the newspaper poet Vasily Knyazev.

Many lyric poems poet of the 1910-1920s were dedicated Vera Pavlovna Abramova(Kalitskaya), Nina Nikolaevna Mironova(Greene). In 1919, he published in the journal Flame, edited by A. V. Lunacharsky, the poem “ Thrush and Lark Factory". However, by the 1920s, Green the prose writer overshadowed Green the poet.

The first attempt to publish in Soviet times (early 1960s) Green's collection of poetry ended in failure. Only the intervention of the poet Leonid Martynov shook the established opinion: “ Green's poems must be published. And as soon as possible". As N. Orishchuk writes, the fact that Green wrote satirical poems came in handy. This allowed Soviet criticism to conclude that the poet was revolutionary. However, Orishchuk believes that one of the Soviet myths about Grin, namely the myth of Grin as the author of a political declaration, lies in the statement about Grin's susceptibility to revolutionary sentiments. One way or another, several of Green's satirical poems were published in 1969 in the large series "Poet's Library" as part of the publication "Poetic Satire of the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)". In the Collected Works of Green in 1991, as part of the third volume, 27 poems by the poet were printed.

Place in literature

A sailboat symbolizing Gray's ship from A. S. Green's story "Scarlet Sails"

Alexander Grin occupies a very special place in Russian and world literature. He had neither predecessors nor direct successors. Critics tried to compare him with those close in style to Edgar Allan Poe, Ernst Hoffmann, Robert Stevenson, Bret Hart and others - but each time it turned out that the similarity was superficial and limited. " He seems to be a classic of Soviet literature, but at the same time not quite: he is alone, out of the cage, out of the row, out of literary continuity.».

Even the genre of his works is difficult to determine. Sometimes Greene's books are classified as science fiction (or fantasy), but he himself protested against this. Yuri Olesha recalled that he once expressed to Green his admiration for the wonderful fantastic idea of ​​a flying man (“ shining world”), but Green was even offended: “ This is a symbolic novel, not a fantasy one! This is not a man flying at all, this is the soaring of the spirit!". A significant part of Green's works does not contain any fantastic devices (for example, " Scarlet Sails»).

However, for all the originality of Green's work, his main value orientations are in line with the traditions of Russian classics. From what has been said above about the ideological motives of Green's prose, we can formulate brief conclusions: Grin is a moralist, a talented defender of humanistic moral ideals traditional for Russian literature. " For the most part, A. Green's works are poetically and psychologically refined fairy tales, short stories and sketches, which tell about the joy of fantasies coming true, about the human right to more than just "living" on earth, and that the land and sea are full of miracles - miracles of love, thought and nature, - gratifying encounters, deeds and legends ... In the romance of Green's type "there is no peace, there is no comfort", it comes from an unbearable thirst to see the world more perfect, more sublime, and therefore the artist's soul reacts so painfully to everything gloomy , mournful, humiliated, offending humanity».

The poet Leonid Martynov, who revered the work of Alexander Grin, in the late 1960s drew the attention of his contemporaries to the fact that “ Greene was not only an excellent romanticist, but one of the brilliant critical realists". Due to the reprinting of the same works, Greene is known " far from being entirely, presenting it is still somehow one-sided, often tinsel-romantic».

Religious views

Alexander Grin was baptized according to the Orthodox rite, although his father was still a Catholic at that moment (he converted to Orthodoxy when Alexander was 11 years old). Some of his episodes early life described in " Autobiographical story”, are interpreted as an indicator that in his youth Green was far from religion.

Later religious views Green began to change. The novel The Shining World (1921) contains an extensive and vivid scene, which was later cut out at the request of Soviet censorship: Runa enters the village church, kneels in front of the painted “holy girl from Nazareth”, next to which “the thoughtful eyes of the little Christ looked to the distant destiny of the world." Runa asks God to strengthen her faith, and in response she sees how Drood appears in the picture and joins Christ and the Madonna. This scene and Drood's numerous addresses in the novel show that Greene viewed his ideals as close to Christian ones, as one of the paths to the Shining World, "where it is quiet and dazzling."

Nina Nikolaevna recalled that in the Crimea they often attended church, Green's favorite holiday was Easter. In a letter to Vera shortly before his death (1930), Greene explained: " Nina and I believe, not trying to understand anything, because it is impossible to understand. We have been given only signs of the participation of the Higher Will in life". Green declined to be interviewed by Godless magazine, saying " I believe in God". Before his death, Green invited a local priest, confessed and took communion.

Creativity in the mirror of criticism

Pre-revolutionary criticism

Attitude literary critics to Green's work was heterogeneous and changed over time. Pre-revolutionary criticism was generally dismissive of Greene's writings, despite the fact that Greene's early realist stories were well received by readers. In particular, the Menshevik critic N.V. Volsky condemned Grin for excessive display of violence. Critics did not like the new romantic stage of the writer's work that followed the realistic, which manifested itself in the choice of exotic names and plots, Green was not taken seriously and accused of imitating Edgar Allan Poe, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Jack London, Haggard. The writer was defended by L. N. Voitolovsky and A. G. Gornfeld, who believed that the assimilation of Green to popular Western romantic writers, in fact, explains nothing in the creative method of Alexander Green.

Thus, the critic Gornfeld wrote in 1910: “Stranger people are his own, distant countries are close to him, because they are people, because all countries are our land ... Therefore, Bret Hart or Kipling, or Poe, who really gave a lot to Green's stories, - only a shell ... Green is par excellence a poet of an intense life. He wants to talk only about the important, the main, the fatal: and not in everyday life, but in the human soul. L. N. Voitolovsky supported Gornfeld, speaking about the story “Reno Island”: “Maybe this air is not quite tropical, but this is a new special air that all modernity breathes - disturbing, stuffy, tense and powerless ... Romance is a strife. And decadents are called romantics... Green's romanticism is of a different sort. It is akin to Gorky's romanticism… He breathes with faith in life, with a thirst for healthy and strong sensations.” kinship romantic works Gorky and Green were also noted by other critics, for example, V. E. Kovsky.

Once again, Arkady Gornfeld returned to the allusions of Edgar Allan Poe in Green in 1917 in a review of the story “ Seeker of adventures". “At first impression, the story of Mr. Alexander Grin is easy to take for the story of Edgar Allan Poe ... It is not difficult to reveal and show everything that is external, conditional, mechanical in this imitation ... Russian imitation is infinitely weaker than the English original. It is indeed weaker... This... would not be worth talking about if Green were a powerless imitator, if he wrote only useless parodies of Edgar Allan Poe, if only it would be an unnecessary insult to compare his works with the work of his wonderful prototype... Green - an outstanding figure in our fiction, the fact that he is little appreciated is rooted to a certain extent in his shortcomings, but his merits play a much more significant role ... Green is still not an imitator of Edgar Allan Poe, not an adopter of a stencil, not even a stylist; he is more independent than many who write ordinary stories ... Green has no template at the core; ... Green would be Green if there were no Edgar Allan Poe.

Gradually, in the criticism of the 1910s, an opinion was formed about the writer as a "master of the plot", a stylist and a romantic. Therefore, in the following decades, the leitmotif of Green's research was the study of the writer's psychologism and the principles of his plot composition.

Criticism of the 1920s and 1930s

In the 1920s, after Green wrote his most significant works, interest in his prose reached its peak. Eduard Bagritsky wrote that " few Russian writers have so perfectly mastered the word in all its usefulness". Maxim Gorky spoke of Grin in the following way: “ useful storyteller, necessary visionary". Mayakovsky, on the contrary, was skeptical about Green's work: “The counter of the large Baku Worker store. In total, 47 books fit in ... Of the fit - 22 foreign ones ... Russian, and then Green.

In the 1930s-1940s, attention to the work of A. Grin was complicated by the general ideologization of literary criticism. However, in the 1930s, articles about Grin by Marietta Shaginyan, Kornely Zelinsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Caesar Volpe, Mikhail Levidov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Ivan Sergievsky were published , Alexandra Roskina. According to Shaginyan, “Green’s misfortune and misfortune is that he developed and embodied his theme not on the material of living reality - then we would have before us the true romance of socialism, but on the material of the conditional world of a fairy tale, wholly included in the “associative system” capitalist relations.

Kornely Zelinsky's approach was different. Like Gornfeld, he juxtaposes creative method Green and Edgar Allan Poe. According to Zelinsky, A. Green is not just a dreamer, but a "militant dreamer." Speaking about the style of the writer, he comes to the following conclusion: In the eternal hunt for the melody of poetic fantasy, Green learned to weave such verbal networks, to operate with the word so freely, resiliently and subtly that his skill cannot but attract our working interest.". “Green in his fantasy novels creates such a game art forms, where the content is also conveyed by the movement of verbal parts, the properties of a difficult style. "On Green's stories, one can trace the curious and gradual transformation of his style, in connection with the evolution from a realist to a science fiction writer, from Kuprin to ... Edgar Allan Poe."

Literary critic Ivan Sergievsky did not escape the traditional comparison of Green with the classics of the adventure genre in the West: “Green's novels and stories echo the works of the classic adventurous fantasy novel by Edgar Allan Poe and the best works of Joseph Conrad. However, Green does not have the power of thought, and there are no realistic features of these writers. It is much closer to an adventurous fantasy novel by contemporary decadent artists like, say, McOrlan. In the end, I. V. Sergievsky nevertheless comes to the conclusion that Alexander Green overcame "the adventurous canon of literature of bourgeois decadence."

But not all pre-war critics could fit Green into the usual scheme socialist creativity. An ideologized approach to the writer in pre-war journalism was revealed with all its force in Vera Smirnova's article "A Ship Without a Flag". In her opinion, writers like Greene deserve to have their anti-Soviet essence presented with all obviousness, and that “the ship on which Greene and his team of outcasts sailed from the shores of their fatherland does not have any flag, he is on his way“ to nowhere."

Post-war criticism

Free discussion of Green's work was interrupted at the end of the forties at the time of the ideological struggle with representatives of the so-called cosmopolitanism. Making settings new program VKP(b) to toughen the country's ideological course and for the establishment of a new "Soviet patriotism", the Soviet writer V. M. Vazhdaev in the article " Preacher of cosmopolitanism" in the journal "New World" (1950) turned to the work of Alexander Grin. Vazhdaev’s entire article is an open and unambiguous call to combat cosmopolitanism, which, according to Vazhdaev, was embodied by A.S. Green: , a writer who for many years was stubbornly praised by aesthetic criticism.

V. Vazhdaev further claimed that A. Green's numerous admirers are Konstantin Paustovsky, Sergei Bobrov, Boris Annibal, Mikh. Slonimsky, L. Borisov and others - exaggerated Green's work beyond all measure into a major literary phenomenon. Moreover, the Stalinist publicist saw some political background in the creation of Greenland. The apotheosis of Vazhdaev was expressed in the following statement: “A. Green was never a harmless "dreamer". He was a militant reactionary and cosmopolitan." “The skill of an artist is inextricably linked with his worldview, determined by him; innovation is possible only where there is a bold revolutionary thought, deep ideological commitment and devotion of the artist to his homeland and people. And the work of A. Green, according to Vazhdaev, did not meet the requirements of revolutionary innovation, since Green did not love his homeland, but he painted and poeticized the alien bourgeois world. Vazhdaev’s rhetoric was repeated word for word in A. Tarasenkov’s article “On national traditions and bourgeois cosmopolitanism" in the magazine "Znamya", published simultaneously with the article by Vazhdaev.

After Stalin's death, Green's books were again in demand by readers. The ideological approach to Green gradually began to give way to a literary one. In 1955, in the book Golden Rose" Konstantin Paustovsky assessed the significance of the story "Scarlet Sails" as follows: " If Green died, leaving us only one of his poems in prose, Scarlet Sails, then this would be enough to put him in the ranks of great writers disturbing the human heart with a call to perfection».

The writer and literary critic Viktor Shklovsky, reflecting on Greene-romantic, wrote that Greene " led people, leading them away from the desire for ordinary philistine well-being. He taught them to be brave, truthful, believing in themselves, believing in Human».

Writer and critic Vladimir Amlinsky drew attention to Green's peculiar loneliness in the literary world of the Soviet Union. "In today's literary process he is less noticeable than any of the Masters of his scale, in today's criticism (...) his name is mentioned in passing. Analyzing Green’s work in comparison with the work of M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, K. Paustovsky, who are somewhat similar to Green, Amlinsky concludes: “Green’s failure lies in the extraordinary concentration of romanticism, which had the opposite effect, especially in early stories” .

Vadim Kovsky believes that " Green's prose often provokes "superficial enthusiasm" (…) However, more often than not, Green simply fools us around his finger, hiding under the guise of an adventure-adventure genre and the infallibility of an emotional impact a high artistic idea, a complex concept of personality, an extensive system of connections with surrounding reality ». « Green tends to the highest degree poetic, all-penetrating lyricism vision of the world. The “cognitive part”, the material specification of the description is contraindicated for such a vision,” he writes in the book “ romantic world Alexandra Green».

Critic V. A. Revich (1929-1997) in his posthumously published essay "Unreal Reality" stated that those who accused Green of "escape from reality" were right in many respects - defiantly ignoring the surrounding imperial or Soviet realities was a deliberate challenge to the vices of this reality. Because Green has never been a retired novelist, " his world is a world of militant goodness, kindness and harmony. Unlike many noisy and presumptuous contemporaries, Green reads just as well today as when it was first published. So, in his conditional plots there is something eternal».

Critic and writer Irina Vasyuchenko in the monograph " The life and work of Alexander Grin” writes that Green had not only numerous predecessors, but also heirs. Among them, she points to Vladimir Nabokov. In her opinion, Green's style of writing is close to the style of V. V. Nabokov's novel "Invitation to the Execution". Vasyuchenko also claims that Green managed to anticipate creative search Mikhail Bulgakov in The Master and Margarita. On the similarity of Green's story " Fandango” and some episodes of Bulgakov’s novel were also noted by the literary critic Marietta Chudakova.

Contemporary writer Natalia Meteleva published own analysis Green's work. The basis of Green's worldview is, in her opinion, a childish attitude to the world (infantility). The writer is distinguished naivety<…>eternal teenager with complete inability to be in the world, which he retained until the end of his life". “When they talk about the “romantic maximalism” of A.S. Green, they always forget for some reason that maximalism in adulthood is a sign of the infantile development of the personality.” Meteleva reproaches Green for being unfriendly towards technical progress, calls the writer a "hippie petrel", and in his books he sees "the eternal dreams of a dependent about equalization" ("do good": have you noticed at whose expense this good is done?).

Green expert Natalya Orishchuk points out that the term is more applicable to Green neo-romanticism than conventional romanticism. She dwells in detail on the process of "Sovietization" of Green's work in the 1960s - the posthumous insertion of the writer's initially apolitical work into the context of art. socialist realism. In her opinion, Green's works have become the object of very intensive indoctrination. The resulting Soviet stereotype of Green's perception has become unique cultural phenomenon- "Green's sign". "Products of Soviet ideological myth-making", according to Orishchuk, are four myths:

1. Green's devotion to the October Revolution and the state political regime; 2. Green's transition to the bosom of socialist realism; 3. Interpretation of Green's early prose as a political declaration of the writer; 4. Green as an author of works for children.

As a result, in the 1960s, the phenomenon of a mass Soviet cult of Green was formed.

Bibliography

• 1906 : To Italy (the first legally published story by A.S. Green) Merit of Private Panteleev Elephant and Pug
• 1907 : Oranges Brick and music Favorite Marat On the stock exchange At leisure Underground Occasion
• 1908 : Hunchback Guest Eroshka Toy Captain Quarantine Swan Small committee Checkmate in three moves Punishment She Ruka Telegraph operator from Medyansky pine forest Third floor Hold and deck Murderer The man who cries
• 1909 : Barca on the Green Canal Airship Big lake dacha Nightmare Little conspiracy Maniac Lodging for the night Window in the woods Reno Island By marriage announcement Incident in Dog Street Paradise Cyclone in the Plain of Rains Navigator of the "Four Winds"
• 1910 : In the flood In the snow Return of the "Seagull" Duel Khons' estate The story of a murder Colony Lanfier Jakobson's raspberry Puppet On the island On the hillside Discovery Easter on the steamboat Powder magazine Strait of storms Birka's story The river Death Romelinka The mystery of the forest A box of soap
• 1911 : Forest drama Moonlight Pillory Mnemonic system Atleus Words
• 1912 : Inn of Evening Lights (1912) Gnor's Life winter fairy tale From the memoir of the detective Ksenia Turpanova Puddle of the Bearded Pig Passenger Pyzhikov The Adventures of Ginch Passage Yard A Strange Fate Story The Telluri Blue Cascade Tragedy of the Suan Plateau Heavy Air Fourth for All
• 1913 : Adventurous Balcony Headless Horseman Dead Path Granka and His Son Long Journey Devil of Orange Waters Lives of Great People Zurbagan Shooter History of Tauren On the Hillside Naive Tussaletto New Circus Siurge Tribe Last Minutes of Ryabinin Seller of Happiness Sweet Poison of the City Taboo Mysterious Forest Silent Weekdays Three Adventures of Ehma Man with a person
• 1914 : Without an audience Forgotten Mystery of foreseen death Earth and water And spring will come for me How a strong man Red John fought the king War legends Dead for the living By a thread One of many A story ended thanks to a bullet A duel A penitent manuscript Incidents in Mrs. Cerise's apartment A rare photographic camera Conscience spoke The sufferer A strange incident at the masquerade Fate taken by the horns Three brothers Urban Graz receives guests The episode during the capture of Fort Cyclops
• 1915 : Lunatic Aviator Shark Diamonds Armenian Tintos Attack Battalist Shuang Missing Air Battle Blonde Bullfight Bayonet Fight Machine Gun Fighting Eternal Bullet Alarm Explosion Returned Hell Magic Screen Invention of Epitrim Khaki Bey's Harem Voice and Sounds Two Brothers Doppelgänger Deal with White a bird, or White bird and ruined church Wild Mill Man's Friend Iron Bird Yellow City Beast of Rochefort Golden Pond Game Toys Interesting Photo Adventurer Captain Duke Swinging Rock Dagger and Mask Nightmare Case Leal at Home Flying Doge Bear and German Bear Hunt Sea Battle On American Mountains Above the Abyss Assassin for Hire Pik-Mik's Legacy Impenetrable Carapace Night Walk Night Night and Day Dangerous Leap Original Spy Island Hunt in the Air Marbrun Hunt Hooligan Hunt Mine Hunter Death Dance Chieftains Duel Death Note Sentinel Incident Kam-Boo Bird Way Fifteenth of July Scout Jealousy and Sword Fatal place Hand of a woman Knight Malyar Masha's wedding Serious prisoner The power of the word Blue top Killer word Alamber's death Calm soul Strange weapon Terrible parcel Terrible secret of the car The fate of the first platoon The mystery of the moonlit night There or there Three meetings Three bullets Murder in a fish shop Murder romance Asphyxiating gas Horrible vision The Host from Łódź Black Flowers Black Romance Black Farm Wonderful Failure
• 1916 : Scarlet Sails (fairy story) (publ. 1923) Little Wrestler's Great Happiness Merry Butterfly Around the World Pierre's Resurrection High Technique Behind Bars Capture the Banner Idiot How I Died on the Screen Labyrinth Lion's Strike Invincible Something from a Diary Fire and Water Poisoned Island Hermit of Vine Peak Vocation Romantic murder Blind Day Canet One hundred miles down the river Mysterious record The mystery of the house 41 Dance Tram sickness Dreamers Black diamond
• 1917 : Bourgeois spirit Return Rebellion Enemies The main culprit Wild rose Every millionaire Mistress of the bailiff Pendulum of spring Gloom Knife and pencil Fire water Orgy On foot to the revolution (essay) Peace To be continued by Rene Birth of thunder Circle of Doom Suicide Creation of Asper Merchants Invisible corpse Prisoner of the "Crosses" Apprentice sorcerer Fantastic providence The man from Durnovo's dacha Black car Masterpiece Esperanto
• 1918 : Atu it! The fight against the death of the ignorant Buk Vanya became angry with mankind The merry dead Forward and backward The hairdresser's invention How I was Tsar Carnival Club black ears Ships in Lissa (publ. 1922) The footman spat into the food It became easier The straggler platoon The crime of the Fallen Leaf Trivia Conversation Make a grandmother The power of the incomprehensible The old man walks in a circle Three candles
• 1919 : Magical Outrage Fighter
• 1921 : Vulture Competition in Lissa
• 1922 : White fire Visiting a friend Kanat Monte Cristo Gentle romance New Year's celebration father and little daughter Saryn on the kichka Typhoid dotted line
• 1923 : Riot on the ship "Alceste" Ingenious player Gladiators Voice and eye of Willow Whatever it was Horse head Order for the army Lost sun Traveler Uy-fu-ey Mermaids of the air Heart of the desert Loquacious brownie Murder in Kunst-Fisch
• 1924 : Legless White Ball Tramp and warden Jolly fellow traveler Gutt, Witt and Redott Siren's voice Boarded-up house Pied Piper On the cloudy shore Monkey By law Incidental income
• 1925 : Gold and miners Winner Gray car Fourteen feet Six matches
• 1926 : Marriage of August Esborn Snake Personal reception Nanny Glenaugh Other people's fault
• 1927 : Two Promises The Legend of Ferguson Daniel Horton's Weakness A Strange Evening of Fandango Four Guineas
• 1928 : Watercolor Social reflex of Held and Angotey
• 1929 : Mistletoe branch Thief in the forest Father's wrath Treason Opener of locks
• 1930 : Barrel of fresh water Green lamp The story of a hawk Silence
• 1932 : An autobiographical story
• 1933 : Velvet Drapery Commandant of the Port of Pari

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1965.

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1980. Republished in 1983.

Green A. Collected works, 1-5 vols. M.: Fiction, 1991.

Green A. From the unknown and the forgotten. - Literary heritage, vol. 74. M .: Nauka, 1965.

Green A. I am writing you the whole truth. Letters 1906-1932. - Koktebel, 2012, series: Images of the past., (erroneous).

Memory

Named after Alexander Green

• In 1985, the name "Grinevia" was given to the minor planet 2786, discovered on September 6, 1978 by the Soviet astronomer N. S. Chernykh.

• In 2000, on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Green, the Union of Writers of Russia, the administration of the cities of Kirov and Slobodsky established the annual Alexander Grin Russian Literary Prize for works for children and youth, imbued with the spirit of romance and hope.
• In 2012, the three-deck river passenger ship was named "Alexander Grin".

Museums

• In 1960, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, the writer's wife opened the Writer's House-Museum in Stary Krym.
• In 1970, a literary and memorial museum of Green was also created in Feodosia.
• On the centenary of his birth, in 1980, the Alexander Grin Museum was opened in the city of Kirov.
• In 2010, the Museum of Romance of Alexander Grin was created in the city of Slobodskaya.

Green Readings and Festivals

• The international scientific conference "Green's Readings" has been held in even years in the city of Feodosia since 1988 (first half of September).
• Green's readings in Kirov have been held every 5 years (sometimes more often) since 1975, on the writer's birthday (August 23).
• Since 1987, the festival of author's song "Greenland" has been held in the village of Basharovo near Kirov.
• "Green's Shore" - a Far Eastern festival of author's song and poetry near Nakhodka; has been held since 1994.
• The annual Greenland festival in Stary Krym, held since 2005 on the writer's birthday.

Streets

Alexander Grin Street exists in many Russian cities:

• Arkhangelsk,
• Gelendzhik,
• Moscow (since 1986),
• Naberezhnye Chelny,
• Saint Petersburg,
• Sloboda,
• Old Crimea,
• Theodosius.

In Kirov there is an embankment named after the writer.

Libraries

Several major libraries are named after Greene:

• Kirovskaya regional library for children and youth.
• Youth Library No. 16 in Moscow.
• City library in Slobodskoy.
• Library in Nizhny Novgorod.
• The central city library in the city of Feodosia.

Other

• There is a Gymnasium named after Alexander Grin in Kirov.
• In 1986, a memorial plaque (architect V. B. Bukhaev) with the text: “ The well-known Soviet writer Alexander Grin lived and worked in this house in 1921-1922.". The board should be located at 11 Pestel Street (in the early 1920s it was called “Dekabrist Pestel Street”), but for more than 30 years the board has been hanging at a different address.
• In 2000, a bronze bust of the writer was installed on the Green Embankment in Kirov. (Sculptors Kotsienko K.I. and Bondarev V.A.)
• There is a tradition in St. Petersburg when at night at the mouth of the Neva prom Russian schoolchildren enter a sailing ship with scarlet sails. See Scarlet Sails (holiday of graduates).
• In 1987, in the town of Chusovoy (where Grin lived for some time in his youth) in the ethnographic park, at the initiative of Leonard Postnikov, local sculptor Viktor Bokarev created a project for a monument to Alexander Grin, and a year later Radik Mustafin, a Permian, carved the image of the writer from a single piece of granite. This monument is one of a kind, since there are no more monuments to Alexander Grin in full height. Now the monument stands right in the waters of the Arkhipovka River. According to the established tradition, newlyweds often come to him. Next to Green sway on the waves of his " Scarlet Sails».
• In 2014, Green Boulevard was named after the writer in Saint Petersburg.

Residential addresses

House-Museum of A.S. Green, Kirov. It is located on the site of the house where the future writer spent his childhood in 1888-1894. The dilapidated house was demolished in 1902, the new building was built in 1905.

Vyatka province

• 1880-1881 - Slobodskoy.
• 1881-1888 - Vyatka, in the building of the Vyatka provincial zemstvo council.
• 1888-1894 - Vyatka, st. Nikitskaya (now Volodarsky street, 44).
• 1894-1896 - Vyatka, st. Preobrazhenskaya, 17.

Petrograd-Leningrad

• 1913-1914 - Zagorodny avenue, 10
• 1914-1916 - Pushkinskaya street, 1:
• 1920 - May 1921 - House of Arts (DISK) - Nevsky Prospekt (then called: Prospect of the 25th October), 15 ("Chicherin's House").
• May 1921 - February 1922 - tenement house Zaremby - Panteleymonovskaya street (Pestel street since 1923), 11.
• 1922-1924 - tenement house - 8th Rozhdestvenskaya (Soviet since 1923) street, 23.

Odessa

• st. Lanzheronovskaya, 2.

Feodosia

• Gallery, 10.

Screen adaptations

• 1958 - Watercolor
• 1961 - Scarlet Sails, dir. A. L. Ptushko
• 1967 - Running on the waves, dir. P. G. Lyubimov
• 1968 - Knight of Dreams, dir. V. Derbenev, Moldova-film, Lenfilm, pseudo-biographical ballad about the youth of A. Green
• 1969 - Colony Lanfier
• 1972 - Morgiana, Juraj Hertz
• 1976 - The Redeemer (a film by the Yugoslav-Croatian director Krsto Papich, based on the story "The Pied Piper")
• 1982 - Assol, television film-play directed by B. P. Stepantsev
• 1983 - Man from Green Country (teleplay)
• 1984 - Shining World
• 1984 - Life and Books of Alexander Grin (teleplay)
• 1986 - Golden chain
• 1988 - Mr. Designer
• 1988 - "Father's Wrath" (short film, dir. I. Morozov)]
• 1990 - One hundred miles on the river
• 1992 - Road to nowhere
• 1992 - "Pied Piper" (short film, dir. Yuri Pokrovsky)]
• 1994 - "Angothea" (short film, dir. Elena Malikova)]
• 1995 - Gelly and Knock
• 2003 - Infection
• 2007 - Running on the waves
• 2010 - True story about scarlet sails
• 2010 - Man from the unfulfilled (documentary film by V. Nedoshivin about A. Green)
• 2012 - Green lamp

Alexander Grin (real name Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky). August 11 (23), 1880, Sloboda, Vyatka province, Russian Empire - July 8, 1932, Stary Krym, USSR. Russian prose writer, poet, representative of neo-romanticism, author of philosophical and psychological works, with elements of symbolic fantasy.

Father - Stefan Grinevsky (Polish Stefan Hryniewski, 1843-1914), a Polish gentry from the Disna district of the Vilna province of the Russian Empire. For participation in the January Uprising of 1863, at the age of 20, he was exiled indefinitely to Kolyvan, Tomsk province. Later he was allowed to move to the Vyatka province, where he arrived in 1868. In Russia, he was called "Stepan Evseevich".

In 1873 he married 16-year-old Russian nurse Anna Stepanovna Lepkova (1857-1895). For the first 7 years they had no children, Alexander became the first-born, later he had a brother Boris and two sisters, Antonina and Ekaterina.

Sasha learned to read at the age of 6, and the first book he read was Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. From childhood, Green loved books about sailors and travels. He dreamed of going to sea as a sailor and, driven by this dream, made attempts to run away from home. The upbringing of the boy was inconsistent - he was either spoiled, then severely punished, then left unattended.

In 1889, nine-year-old Sasha was sent to the preparatory class of the local real school. There fellow practitioners first gave him Nickname "Greene". The report of the school noted that the behavior of Alexander Grinevsky was worse than all the others, and in case of non-correction, he could be expelled from the school.

Nevertheless, Alexander was able to finish the preparatory class and enter the first class, but in the second class he wrote an insulting poem about teachers and was nevertheless expelled from the school. At the request of his father, Alexander in 1892 was admitted to another school, which had a bad reputation in Vyatka.

At the age of 15, Sasha was left without a mother who died of tuberculosis. 4 months later (May 1895), my father married the widow Lidia Avenirovna Boretskaya. Alexander's relationship with his stepmother was tense, and he settled separately from his father's new family.

The boy lived alone, enthusiastically reading books and writing poetry. He worked as a binder of books, correspondence of documents. At the suggestion of his father, he became interested in hunting, but due to his impulsive nature, he rarely returned with prey.

In 1896, after graduating from the four-year Vyatka city school, 16-year-old Alexander left for Odessa deciding to become a sailor. His father gave him 25 rubles of money and the address of his Odessa friend. For some time, "a sixteen-year-old, beardless, puny, narrow-shouldered boy in a straw hat" (as the then Greene described himself ironically in "Autobiographies") wandered in an unsuccessful search for work and was desperately hungry.

In the end, he turned to a friend of his father, who fed him and got him a job as a sailor on the steamer "Platon", cruising along the route Odessa - Batum - Odessa. However, once Green managed to visit abroad, in Egyptian Alexandria.

A sailor did not come out of Green - he was disgusted with the prosaic sailor's work. Soon he quarreled with the captain and left the ship.

In 1897, Green went back to Vyatka, spent a year there and again left in search of happiness - this time to Baku. There he tried many professions - he was a fisherman, laborer, worked in railway workshops. In the summer he returned to his father, then again went on a journey. He was a lumberjack, a gold digger in the Urals, a miner in an iron mine, and a theater copyist.

In March 1902, Green interrupted his series of wanderings and became (either under pressure from his father, or tired of starvation ordeals) a soldier in the 213th Orovai reserve infantry battalion stationed in Penza. The morals of military service significantly increased Green's revolutionary moods.

Six months later (of which he spent three and a half in a punishment cell), he deserted, was caught in Kamyshin, and fled again. In the army, Green met with the Socialist-Revolutionary propagandists, who appreciated the young rebel and helped him hide in Simbirsk.

From that moment on, Green, having received the party nickname "Lanky", sincerely gives all his strength to the fight against the social system he hates, although he refused to participate in the execution of terrorist acts, limiting himself to propaganda among the workers and soldiers of different cities. Subsequently, he did not like to talk about his "Socialist-Revolutionary" activities.

In 1903, Grin was once again arrested in Sevastopol for "speeches of anti-government content" and the dissemination of revolutionary ideas, "which led to the undermining of the foundations of autocracy and the overthrow of the foundations of the existing system." For trying to escape, he was transferred to a maximum security prison, where he spent more than a year.

In the documents of the police, it is characterized as "a closed nature, embittered, capable of anything, even risking his life." In January 1904, the Minister of the Interior V.K. Plehve, shortly before the SR assassination attempt on him, received a report from the Minister of War A.N. and then Grinevsky.

The investigation dragged on for more than a year (November 1903 - February 1905) because of two attempts to escape Green and his complete denial. Green was judged in February 1905 by the Sevastopol Naval Court. The prosecutor demanded 20 years of hard labor. Lawyer A. S. Zarudny managed to reduce the sentence to 10 years of exile in Siberia.

In October 1905, Grin was released under a general amnesty, but already in January 1906 he was arrested again in St. Petersburg.

In May, Grin was exiled for four years to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. He stayed there for only 3 days and fled to Vyatka, where, with the help of his father, he obtained someone else's passport in the name of Malginov (later it would be one of the literary pseudonyms of the writer), according to which he left for St. Petersburg.

In the summer of 1906, Green wrote 2 stories - "Merit of Private Panteleev" And "Elephant and Pug".

The first story was signed "A. S. G.” and published in the autumn of the same year. It was published as a propaganda brochure for punishing soldiers and described the atrocities of the army among the peasants. Green received the fee, but the entire circulation was confiscated at the printing house and destroyed (burned) by the police, only a few copies were accidentally preserved. The second story suffered a similar fate - it was handed over to the printing house, but was not printed.

Only starting from December 5 of the same year, Green's stories began to reach readers. And the first "legal" work was the story written in the autumn of 1906 "To Italy", signed "A. A. M-v "(that is, Malginov).

For the first time (under the title "In Italy") it was published in the evening edition of the newspaper "Birzhevye Vedomosti" dated December 5 (18), 1906. Pseudonym "A. S. Green first appeared under story "Happening"(first publication - in the newspaper "Tovarishch" dated March 25 (April 7), 1907).

At the beginning of 1908, in St. Petersburg, Green published the first author's collection "Invisible hat"(subtitled "Tales of the Revolutionaries"). Most of the stories in it are about the Social Revolutionaries.

Another event was the final break with the Social Revolutionaries. Green hated the existing system as before, but he began to form his own positive ideal, which was not at all like the Social Revolutionary.

The third important event was the marriage - his imaginary "prison bride" 24-year-old Vera Abramova became Green's wife. Knock and Gelli - the main characters of the story "A Hundred Miles Down the River" (1912) - are Green and Vera themselves.

In 1910, his second collection, Stories, was published. Most of the stories included there are written in a realistic manner, but in two - "Reno Island" and "Lanfier Colony" - the future Green storyteller is already guessed. The action of these stories takes place in a conditional country, in style they are close to his later work. Green himself believed that starting from these stories he could be considered a writer.

In the early years, he published 25 stories a year.

As a new original and talented Russian writer, he meets Alexei Tolstoy, Leonid Andreev, Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin and other major writers. He became especially close with.

For the first time in his life, Green began to earn a lot of money, which, however, did not stay with him, quickly disappearing after revelry and card games.

On July 27, 1910, the police finally discovered that the writer Green was the fugitive exile Grinevsky. He was arrested for the third time and in the autumn of 1911 was exiled to Pinega, Arkhangelsk province. Vera went with him, they were allowed to officially get married.

In the link Green wrote "Life of Gnor" And "The Blue Cascade of Telluri". The term of his exile was reduced to two years, and in May 1912 the Grinevskys returned to St. Petersburg. Other works of the romantic direction soon followed: The Devil of Orange Waters, The Zurbagan Shooter (1913). They finally form the features of a fictional country, which the literary critic K. Zelinsky will call "Greenland".

Green publishes mainly in the "small" press: in newspapers and illustrated magazines. His works are published by Birzhevye Vedomosti and the supplement to the newspaper, the Novoye Slovo magazine, the New Journal for All, Rodina, Niva and its monthly supplements, the Vyatskaya Rech newspaper and many others. Occasionally, his prose is placed in the solid "thick" monthly journals "Russian Thought" and "Modern World". In the latter, Green published from 1912 to 1918 thanks to his acquaintance with A.I. Kuprin.

In 1913-1914, his three-volume edition was published by the Prometheus publishing house.

In 1914, Green became a contributor to the popular New Satyricon magazine, and published his collection Incident on Dog Street as an appendix to the magazine. Green worked during this period extremely productively. He did not yet dare to start writing a long story or novel, but his best stories of this time show the deep progress of Green the writer. The subject of his works is expanding, the style is becoming more and more professional - it is enough to compare a funny story "Captain Duke" and a refined, psychologically accurate novella "Returned Hell" (1915).

After the outbreak of the First World War, some of Greene's stories take on a distinct anti-war character: such are, for example, "Batalist Shuang", "Blue Top" ("Niva", 1915) and "Poisoned Island". Due to the “impermissible review of the reigning monarch” that became known to the police, Green was forced to hide in Finland from the end of 1916, but, having learned about the February Revolution, he returned to Petrograd.

In the spring of 1917 he wrote a short story "Walk to the Revolution", indicating the writer's hope for renewal.

After the October Revolution, Green's notes and feuilletons appeared one after another in the journal "New Satyricon" and in the small small-circulation newspaper "Devil's Pepper Pot", condemning cruelty and atrocities. He said, "I can't get my head around the idea that violence can be destroyed by violence."

In the spring of 1918, the magazine, along with all other opposition publications, was banned. Greene was arrested for the fourth time and almost shot.

In the summer of 1919, Green was drafted into the Red Army as a signalman, but he soon fell ill with typhus and ended up in the Botkin barracks for almost a month. sent seriously ill Greene honey, tea and bread.

After recovering, Green, with the assistance of Gorky, managed to get an academic ration and housing - a room in the "House of Arts" on Nevsky Prospekt, 15, where Green lived next to, V. A. Rozhdestvensky, O. E. Mandelstam, V. Kaverin.

Neighbors recalled that Green lived as a hermit, almost did not communicate with anyone, but it was here that he wrote his most famous, touching and poetic work - extravaganza "Scarlet Sails"(published in 1923).

In the early 1920s, Green decided to start his first novel, which he called The Shining World. The protagonist of this complex symbolist work is the flying superman Drud, who convinces people to choose the highest values ​​of the Shining World instead of the values ​​of "this world". In 1924 the novel was published in Leningrad. He continued to write stories, the peaks here were "The Loquacious Brownie", "The Pied Piper", "Fandango".

In Feodosia Green wrote a novel "Gold chain"(1925, published in Novy Mir), conceived as "a memoir of the dream of a boy seeking miracles and finding them."

In the autumn of 1926, Green completed his main masterpiece - the novel "Running on the waves", on which he worked for a year and a half. This novel combines the best features of the writer's talent: a deep mystical idea of ​​the need for a dream and the realization of a dream, subtle poetic psychologism, and a fascinating romantic plot. For two years the author tried to publish the novel in Soviet publishing houses, and only at the end of 1928 the book was published by the Zemlya i Fabrika publishing house.

With great difficulty, in 1929, Greene's last novels were also published: "Jesse and Morgiana", "The Road to Nowhere".

In 1927, the private publisher L.V. Wolfson began publishing a 15-volume collection of Green's works, but only 8 volumes were published, after which Wolfson was arrested by the GPU.

NEP came to an end. Green's attempts to insist on fulfilling the contract with the publishing house only led to huge legal costs and ruin. Green's binges began to repeat again. However, in the end, the Green family still managed to win the process, sue seven thousand rubles, which, however, greatly depreciated inflation.

In 1930, the Grinevskys moved to the city of Stary Krym, where life was cheaper. Since 1930, Soviet censorship, with the motivation "you do not merge with the era", banned the reprints of Green and introduced a limit on new books: one per year. Greene and his wife were desperately hungry and often sick. Green tried to hunt the surrounding birds with a bow and arrow, but was unsuccessful.

Novel "Handy", begun by Green at this time, was never completed, although some critics consider it to be his best work.

In May 1932, after new petitions, a transfer of 250 rubles unexpectedly came. from the Writers' Union, sent for some reason in the name of "the writer Green's widow Nadezhda Green", although Green was still alive. There is a legend that the reason was Green's last mischief - he sent a telegram to Moscow: "Green is dead, send two hundred funerals."

Alexander Grin died on the morning of July 8, 1932 at the age of 52 in Stary Krym from stomach cancer. Two days before his death, he asked to invite a priest and confessed. The writer was buried at the city cemetery of Stary Krym. Nina chose a place from where the sea can be seen... Sculptor Tatyana Gagarina erected a monument "Running on the Waves" on Green's grave.

Upon learning of Grin's death, several leading Soviet writers called for a collection of his writings to be published; even Seifullina joined them.

Collection of A. Green "Fantastic Novels" came out in 1934.

Alexander Green. Geniuses and villains

Personal life of Alexander Green:

Since 1903, in prison - due to the absence of acquaintances and relatives - she visited him (under the guise of a bride) Vera Pavlovna Abramova, the daughter of a wealthy official who sympathized with revolutionary ideals.

She became his first wife.

In the autumn of 1913, Vera decided to separate from her husband. In her memoirs, she complains about Green's unpredictability and uncontrollability, his constant revelry, mutual misunderstanding. Green made several attempts at reconciliation, but without success. On his 1915 collection, presented to Vera, Green wrote: "To my only friend."

He did not part with the portrait of Vera until the end of his life.

In 1918 he married a certain Maria Dolidze. Within a few months, the marriage was recognized as a mistake, and the couple broke up.

In the spring of 1921, Green married a 26-year-old widow, a nurse Nina Nikolaevna Mironova(after Korotkova's first husband). They met back in early 1918, when Nina worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. Her first husband died in the war. A new meeting took place in January 1921, Nina was in desperate need and was selling things (Green later described a similar episode at the beginning of the story "Pied Piper"). A month later, he proposed to her.

During the next eleven years assigned to Green by fate, they did not part, and both considered their meeting a gift of fate. Green dedicated the Scarlet Sails extravaganza completed this year to Nina: “The Author offers and dedicates to Nina Nikolaevna Green. PBG, November 23, 1922"

The couple rented a room on Panteleymonovskaya Street, moved their meager luggage there: a bunch of manuscripts, a few clothes, a photograph of Father Green, and an unchanging portrait of Vera Pavlovna. At first, Grin was hardly published, but with the beginning of the NEP, private publishing houses appeared, and he managed to publish a new collection, White Fire (1922). The collection included a vivid story "Ships in Lissa", which Green himself considered one of the best ..

Nina Nikolaevna Green, the writer's widow, continued to live in Stary Krym, in an adobe house, and worked as a nurse. When the Nazi army captured the Crimea, Nina stayed with her seriously ill mother in the Nazi-occupied territory, worked in the occupation newspaper "Official Bulletin of the Staro-Krymsky District". Then she was driven away to work in Germany, in 1945 she voluntarily returned from the American zone of occupation to the USSR.

After the trial, Nina received ten years in the camps for "collaborationism and treason", with confiscation of property. She served her sentence in the Stalinist camps on the Pechora. Great support, including things and products, was provided to her by Green's first wife, Vera Pavlovna. Nina served almost her entire term and was released in 1955 under an amnesty (rehabilitated in 1997). Vera Pavlovna died earlier, in 1951.

Meanwhile, the books of the "Soviet romantic" Green continued to be published in the USSR until 1944. In besieged Leningrad, radio programs were broadcast with the reading of "Scarlet Sails" (1943), the premiere of the ballet "Scarlet Sails" was held at the Bolshoi Theater.

In 1946, L. I. Borisov’s story “The Wizard from Gel-Gyu” about Alexander Green was published, which earned praise from K. G. Paustovsky and B. S. Grinevsky, but later - condemnation from N. N. Green.

During the years of the struggle against cosmopolitanism, Alexander Grin, like many other cultural figures (A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko, D. D. Shostakovich), was branded in the Soviet press as a “cosmopolitan”, alien to proletarian literature, “militant reactionary and spiritual emigrant". For example, V. Vazhdaev's article "Preacher of Cosmopolitanism" ("New World", No. 1, 1950) was devoted to "exposing" Green. Green's books were taken from libraries en masse.

Beginning in 1956, through the efforts of K. Paustovsky, Yu. Olesha, I. Novikov and others, Green was returned to literature. His works were published in millions of copies. Having received through the efforts of Green's friends a fee for "Favorites" (1956), Nina Nikolaevna arrived in Stary Krym, found with difficulty the abandoned grave of her husband and found out that the house where Green died had passed to the chairman of the local executive committee and was used as a barn and a chicken coop.

In 1960, after several years of struggle to return home, Nina Nikolaevna opened the Green Museum in Stary Krym on a voluntary basis. There she spent the last ten years of her life, with a pension of 21 rubles (the copyright was no longer valid).

In July 1970, the Green Museum in Feodosia was also opened, and a year later, Green's house in Stary Krym also received the status of a museum. Its opening by the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU was linked to the conflict with Nina Nikolaevna: “We are for Grin, but against his widow. The museum will only be there when she dies.”

Nina Nikolaevna Green died on September 27, 1970 in a Kyiv hospital. She bequeathed to bury herself next to her husband. The local party leadership, irritated by the loss of the chicken coop, imposed a ban; and Nina was buried at the other end of the cemetery. On October 23 of the following year, Nina's birthday, six of her friends reburied the coffin at night in the place intended for it.

Bibliography of Alexander Green:

Novels:

Shining World (1924)
Golden Chain (1925)
Wave Runner (1928)
Jesse and Morgiana (1929)
Road to Nowhere (1930)
Impatiens (not finished)

Novels and stories:

1906 - To Italy (the first legally published story by A. S. Green)
1906 - Merit of Private Panteleev
1906 - Elephant and Pug
1907 - Oranges
1907 - Brick and Music
1907 - Beloved
1907 - Marat
1907 - On the stock exchange
1907 - At leisure
1907 - Underground
1907 - Case
1908 - Hunchback
1908 - Guest
1908 - Eroshka
1908 - Toy
1908 - Captain
1908 - Quarantine
1908 - Swan
1908 - Little Committee
1908 - Mate in three moves
1908 - Punishment
1908 - She
1908 - Hand
1908 - Telegrapher from Medyansky Bor
1908 - Third floor
1908 - Hold and deck
1908 - Assassin
1908 - The Man Who Cries
1909 - Barca on the Green Canal
1909 - Airship
1909 - Dacha of a large lake
1909 - Nightmare
1909 - Little conspiracy
1909 - Maniac
1909 - Overnight stay
1909 - Window in the forest
1909 - Reno Island
1909 - By marriage announcement
1909 - Incident in Dog Street
1909 - Paradise
1909 - Cyclone in the Plain of Rains
1909 - Navigator of the Four Winds
1910 - In flood
1910 - In the snow
1910 - Return of the "Seagull"
1910 - Duel
1910 - Khonsa estate
1910 - The story of one murder
1910 - Lanfier Colony
1910 - Yakobson's raspberry
1910 - Puppet
1910 - On the island
1910 - On the hillside
1910 - Find
1910 - Easter on the steamer
1910 - Powder magazine
1910 - Strait of Storms
1910 - Birk's story
1910 - River
1910 - Death of Romelink
1910 - The Secret of the Forest
1910 - A box of soap
1911 - Forest drama
1911 - Moonlight
1911 - Pillory
1911 - Atley's mnemonic system
1911 - Words
1912 - Hotel of Evening Lights
1912 - Life of Gnor
1912 - Winter's Tale
1912 - From the detective's memorial book
1912 - Ksenia Turpanova
1912 - Puddle of the Bearded Pig
1912 - Passenger Pyzhikov
1912 - The Adventures of Ginch
1912 - Passage yard
1912 - A story about a strange fate
1912 - Telluri Blue Cascade
1912 - Tragedy of the Suan Plateau
1912 - Heavy air
1912 - Fourth for all
1913 - Adventure
1913 - Balcony
1913 - Headless Horseman
1913 - Back of the Road
1913 - Granka and his son
1913 - Long way
1913 - Devil of Orange Waters
1913 - Lives of great people
1913 - Zurbagan shooter
1913 - History of the Tauren
1913 - On the hillside
1913 - Naive Tussaletto
1913 - New circus
1913 - Tribe Siurg
1913 - The last minutes of Ryabinin
1913 - The seller of happiness
1913 - Sweet Poison of the City
1913 - Taboo
1913 - Mysterious Forest
1913 - Quiet weekdays
1913 - Three Adventures of Ehma
1913 - Man with man
1914 - Without an audience
1914 - Forgotten
1914 - The riddle of foreseen death
1914 - Earth and water
1914 - And spring will come for me
1914 - How the strong man Red John fought the king
1914 - War Legends
1914 - Dead for the living
1914 - In the balance
1914 - One of many
1914 - A story ended thanks to a bullet
1914 - Duel
1914 - Penitential manuscript
1914 - Incidents in Mrs. Cerise's apartment
1914 - Rare photographic apparatus
1914 - Conscience spoke
1914 - Sufferer
1914 - A strange incident at the masquerade
1914 - Fate taken by the horns
1914 - Three brothers
1914 - Urban Graz receives guests
1914 - Episode during the capture of Fort Cyclops
1915 - Sleepwalking Aviator
1915 - Shark
1915 - Diamonds
1915 - Armenian Tintos
1915 - Attack
1915 - Battle painter Shuang
1915 - missing
1915 - Battle in the air
1915 - Blonde
1915 - Bullfight
1915 - Bayonet fight
1915 - Machine gun fight
1915 - Eternal Bullet
1915 - Explosion of the alarm clock
1915 - Returned Hell
1915 - Magic Screen
1915 - Invention of Epitrim
1915 - Khaki Bey's Harem
1915 - Voice and sounds
1915 - Two brothers
1915 - Double of Plereza
1915 - The Case with the White Bird, or the White Bird and the Ruined Church
1915 - Wild Mill
1915 - Man's Friend
1915 - Iron bird
1915 - Yellow City
1915 - The Beast of Rochefort
1915 - Golden Pond
1915 - Game
1915 - Toys
1915 - Interesting photo
1915 - Adventurer
1915 - Captain Duke
1915 - Swinging Rock
1915 - Dagger and mask
1915 - Nightmare case
1915 - Leal at home
1915 - Flying Doge
1915 - Bear and German
1915 - Bear Hunt
1915 - Sea battle
1915 - On the American mountains
1915 - Over the abyss
1915 - Assassin
1915 - Pick-Meek's legacy
1915 - Impenetrable shell
1915 - Night walk
1915 - At night
1915 - Night and day
1915 - Dangerous Jump
1915 - The original spy
1915 - Island
1915 - Hunting in the air
1915 - Hunting for Marbrun
1915 - Hunt for a bully
1915 - Mine Hunter
1915 - Dance of Death
1915 - The duel of leaders
1915 - Suicide note
1915 - The incident with the sentry
1915 - Kam-Boo Bird
1915 - Way
1915 - Fifteenth of July
1915 - Scout
1915 - Jealousy and a sword
1915 - Fatal place
1915 - Woman's hand
1915 - Knight Mallar
1915 - Masha's wedding
1915 - Serious prisoner
1915 - The power of the word
1915 - Blue top
1915 - Killer Word
1915 - Death of Alamber
1915 - Calm soul
1915 - Strange weapon
1915 - Terrible package
1915 - The terrible secret of the car
1915 - The fate of the first platoon
1915 - The mystery of the moonlit night
1915 - There or There
1915 - Three meetings
1915 - Three bullets
1915 - Murder in a fish shop
1915 - The murder of a romantic
1915 - Suffocating gas
1915 - Terrible vision
1915 - Host from Lodz
1915 - Black Flowers
1915 - Black novel
1915 - Black Farm
1915 - Miraculous failure
1916 - Scarlet Sails (fantastic story) (published 1923)
1916 - Great happiness of a little wrestler
1916 - Merry Butterfly
1916 - Around the World
1916 - Resurrection of Pierre
1916 - High technology
1916 - Behind bars
1916 - Capture the banner
1916 - Idiot
1916 - How I was dying on the screen
1916 - Labyrinth
1916 - Lion Strike
1916 - Invincible
1916 - Something from a diary
1916 - Fire and Water
1916 - Poison Island
1916 - Grape Peak Hermit
1916 - Vocation
1916 - Romantic murder
1916 - Blind Day Canet
1916 - One hundred miles along the river
1916 - Mysterious record
1916 - The Secret of House 41
1916 - Dance
1916 - Tram sickness
1916 - Dreamers
1916 - Black Diamond
1917 - Bourgeois Spirit
1917 - Return
1917 - Uprising
1917 - Enemies
1917 - The main culprit
1917 - Wild Rose
1917 - Everyone is a millionaire
1917 - Mistress of the bailiff
1917 - Pendulum of Spring
1917 - Gloom
1917 - Knife and pencil
1917 - Firewater
1917 - Orgy
1917 - On foot to the revolution (essay)
1917 - Peace
1917 - To be continued
1917 - Rene
1917 - Birth of Thunder
1917 - Fatal Circle
1917 - Suicide
1917 - Creation of Asper
1917 - Merchants
1917 - Invisible Corpse
1917 - Prisoner of the "Crosses"
1917 - Sorcerer's Apprentice
1917 - Fantastic Providence
1917 - A man from Durnovo's dacha
1917 - Black car
1917 - Masterpiece
1917 - Esperanto
1918 - Atu him!
1918 - Fighting death
1918 - Ignorant Buka
1918 - Vanya got angry with humanity
1918 - Jolly Dead
1918 - Back and forth
1918 - Barber's invention
1918 - How I was king
1918 - Carnival
1918 - Club black
1918 - Ears
1918 - Ships in Lisse (publ. 1922)
1918 - The footman spat in the dish
1918 - It became easier
1918 - Retired platoon
1918 - Fallen Leaf's Crime
1918 - Trivia
1918 - Conversation
1918 - Make a grandmother
1918 - The power of the incomprehensible
1918 - The old man walks in a circle
1918 - Three Candles
1919 - Magical disgrace
1919 - Fighter
1921 - Vulture
1921 - Competition in Lissa
1922 - White fire
1922 - Visiting a friend
1922 - Rope
1922 - Monte Cristo
1922 - Gentle romance
1922 - New Year's holiday of father and little daughter
1922 - Saryn on the kitch
1922 - Typhoid dotted line
1923 - Riot on the ship "Alceste"
1923 - Brilliant player
1923 - Gladiators
1923 - Voice and Eye
1923 - Willow
1923 - Be that as it may
1923 - Horsehead
1923 - Order for the army
1923 - The Lost Sun
1923 - Traveler Uy-Fyu-Eoy
1923 - Mermaids of the Air
1923 - Desert Heart
1923 - Loquacious brownie
1923 - Murder in Kunst-Fisch
1924 - Legless
1924 - White Ball
1924 - The Tramp and Warden
1924 - Cheerful fellow traveler
1924 - Gatt, Witt and Redott
1924 - Siren Voice
1924 - Boarded up house
1924 - Pied Piper
1924 - On the Cloudy Shore
1924 - Monkey
1924 - By law
1924 - Incidental Income
1925 - Gold and miners
1925 - Winner
1925 - Gray car
1925 - Fourteen Feet
1925 - Six matches
1926 - Marriage of August Esborn
1926 - Snake
1926 - Personal reception
1926 - Nurse Glenaugh
1926 - Someone else's fault
1927 - Two Promises
1927 - The Legend of Ferguson
1927 - Daniel Horton's Weakness
1927 - A strange evening
1927 - Fandango
1927 - Four guineas
1928 - Watercolor
1928 - Social reflex
1928 - Elda and Angotea
1929 - Mistletoe branch
1929 - Thief in the woods
1929 - Father's Wrath
1929 - Treason
1929 - Opener of locks
1930 - Barrel of fresh water
1930 - Green Lamp
1930 - The story of one hawk
1930 - Silence
1932 - Autobiographical story
1933 - Velvet curtain
1933 - Commandant of the port
1933 - Pari

Storybooks:

Cap of Invisibility (1908)
Stories (1910)
Curious Stories (1915)
Famous Book (1915)
Incident in Dog Street (1915)
Adventurer (1916)
The Tragedy of the Xuan Plateau. On the Hillside (1916)
White Fire (1922)
Desert Heart (1924)
Gladiators (1925)
On the Cloudy Shore (1925)
Golden Pond (1926)
The Story of a Murder (1926)
Navigator of the Four Winds (1926)
Marriage of August Esborn (1927)
Ships in Lissa (1927)
By Law (1927)
Merry Traveler (1928)
Around the World (1928)
Black Diamond (1928)
Colony Lanfier (1929)
Window in the Woods (1929)
The Adventures of Ginch (1929)
Fire and Water (1930)

Collected works:

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1965.

Green A. Collected works, 1-6 vols. M., Pravda, 1980. Reprinted in 1983.
Green A. Collected works, 1-5 vols. M .: Fiction, 1991.
Green A. From the Unpublished and Forgotten. - Literary heritage, vol. 74. M .: Nauka, 1965.
Green A. I am writing you the whole truth. Letters 1906-1932. - Koktebel, 2012, series: Images of the past.

Screen versions of Alexander Green:

1958 - Watercolor
1961 - Scarlet Sails
1967 - Running on the waves
1968 - Dream Knight
1969 - Colony Lanfier
1972 - Morgiana
1976 - Redeemer
1982 - Assol
1983 - Man from the country Green
1984 - Shining World
1984 - Life and books of Alexander Grin
1986 - Golden chain
1988 - Mr. Designer
1990 - One hundred miles on the river
1992 - Road to nowhere
1995 - Gelly and Knock
2003 - Infection
2007 - Running on the waves
2010 - The True Story of Scarlet Sails
2010 - Man from the unfulfilled
2012 - Green lamp

• Father - Stefan (Stepan) Evseevich Grinevsky (1843-1914), Belarusian, hereditary nobleman of the Disna district of the Vilna province of the North-Western Territory of the Russian Empire, was exiled to Kolyvan in the Tomsk province for participating in the Belarusian-Polish uprising of 1863. Later, he was allowed to move to the Vyatka province, where he arrived in 1868.
• Mother - Anna Stepanovna Grinevskaya (nee Lepkova; 1857-1895) was Russian, the daughter of collegiate secretary Stepan Fedorovich Lepkov and Agrippina Yakovlevna. She graduated from the Vyatka midwifery school and received a certificate for the title of midwife and smallpox vaccinator.
• Natalia (1878-?) - stepdaughter Grinevsky.
• Alexander (1879-1879). Died in infancy.
• Antonina (1887-1969) - lived in Warsaw.
• Ekaterina (1889-1968) - in the autumn of 1910 she attended the wedding of Alexander Grin and Vera Abramova.
• Boris (1894-1949) - lived in Leningrad. In 1947-48. came to the city of Stary Krym and tried to open the first museum of the writer in Green's house. Then he failed.
• Pavel Dmitrievich Boretsky (1884-?) - step-brother Alexander Green. Son of Lydia Avenirovna Grinevskaya and her first husband.
• Nikolai (1896-1960) - the son of Stepan Evseevich and Lydia Avenirovna (stepmother of Alexander Grin).
• Varvara (1898-?) - daughter of Stepan Evseevich and Lydia Avenirovna. Teacher.
• Angelina (1902-1971) - daughter of Stepan Evseevich and Lydia Avenirovna. Teacher.

Biography

From childhood, Green loved books about sailors and travels. He dreamed of going to sea as a sailor and, driven by this dream, made attempts to run away from home.

Green was greatly influenced by his father, the Belarusian nobleman Stefan Grinevsky, who allowed his son to buy a gun and encouraged him to take long excursions into nature, which influenced both the development of the young man's character and the future original style of Green's prose.

In 1896, after graduating from the four-year Vyatka city school, he left for Odessa. For some time he wandered in search of work. He got a job as a sailor on a ship cruising along the route Odessa - Batumi - Odessa. Soon he decided to leave his career as a sailor. He tried many professions - he was a fisherman, a laborer, a lumberjack, a gold digger in the Urals.

He served as a soldier in the 213th Orovai reserve infantry battalion stationed in Penza. In the summer of 1902 he deserted, but was caught in Kamyshin. After the escape, he met the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In the winter of 1902, they arranged for Grin to escape again, after which he went underground and began to conduct revolutionary activities. In 1903 he was arrested for propaganda work among sailors in Sevastopol. For attempting to escape, he was transferred to a maximum security prison, where he spent about two years. In 1905 he was released under an amnesty.

In 1906, in St. Petersburg, Grin was again arrested and exiled for four years to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. Green spent only 3 days in Turinsk: in the book “The Best Travels in the Middle Urals: Facts, Legends, Traditions” is given funny story how he, having drunk the police officer and the police, who could not resist free vodka, escaped. He fled to Vyatka, got hold of someone else's passport, with which he left for Moscow. Here his first politically biased story “The Merit of Private Panteleev” was born, signed by A. S. G. The circulation was confiscated in the printing house and burned. The pseudonym A. S. Green first appeared under the story "The Case" (1907). In 1908, Green published his first collection, The Cap of Invisibility, with the subtitle Stories about Revolutionaries.

Due to a conflict with the authorities, Grin was forced to hide in Finland from the end of 1916, but, having learned about the February Revolution, he returned to Petrograd. In the spring of 1917, he wrote a story-essay "On foot to the revolution", testifying to the writer's hope for renewal. However, reality soon disappoints the writer.

In 1919, Green served in the Red Army as a signalman and fell ill with typhus. The seriously ill writer was brought in 1920 to Petrograd, where, with the assistance of M. Gorky, he managed to get an academic ration and housing - a room in the "House of Arts", where Green lived next to V. Piast, V. A. Rozhdestvensky, N. S. Tikhonov, M. Shaginyan.

In 1921, the Greens left for the whole summer in the Finnish village of Toksovo. During the years of his stay in Toksovo, Alexander Grin lived in Rogiainen's house (Sanatornaya st. 19).

During the Civil War, he publishes his works in the Flame magazine. During the revolutionary years in Petrograd, Grin began to write a "fairy story" "Scarlet Sails" (published in 1923). This story is his most famous work. It is believed that the prototype of Assol is Green's wife, Nina Nikolaevna.

In 1924 Green's novel The Shining World was published in Leningrad. In the same year, Green moved to Feodosia. In 1927 he took part in the collective novel "Big Fires", published in the magazine "Spark".

In 1929, he spent the whole summer in Stary Krym, working on the novel The Road to Nowhere, and in 1930 he completely moved to the city of Stary Krym. At the end of April 1931, being already seriously ill, Green went to Koktebel to visit Voloshin. This route is still known and popular among hikers as "Green's trail".

The novel "Touchless", begun by him at this time, was never completed.

Grin died on July 8, 1932 in the city of Stary Krym. He was buried there in the city cemetery. On his grave, the sculptor Tatyana Gagarina erected a monument "Running on the Waves".

Since 1945, his books have not been published; in 1950, Green was posthumously accused of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism." Through the efforts of K. Paustovsky, Yu. Olesha and others, in 1956 he was returned to literature; His works were published in millions of copies.

Addresses

In Petrograd - Leningrad

• 1920 - 05.1921 - DISK - Avenue of the 25th of October, 15;
• 05.1921 - 02.1922 - Zaremba apartment house - Panteleymonovskaya street, 11;
• 1923-1924 - tenement house - Dekabristov street, 11.

Addresses in Odessa

• st. Lanzheronovskaya, 2.

Bibliography

Memory

Alexander Green Prize

In 2000, on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Green, the Union of Writers of Russia, the administration of Kirov and Slobodsky established the annual Alexander Grin Russian Literary Prize for works for children and youth, imbued with the spirit of romance and hope.

Museums

• In 1960, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, the writer's wife opened the Writer's House-Museum in Stary Krym.
• In 1970, a literary and memorial museum of Green was also created in Feodosia.
• On the centenary of his birth, in 1980, the House-Museum of Alexander Grin was opened in the city of Kirov.
• In 2010, the Alexander Grin Museum of Romance was created in the city of Slobodskaya.

Green Readings

• The international scientific conference "Green's Readings" has been held in even years in the city of Feodosia since 1988 (first half of September).
• Green Readings in Stary Krym is an annual festival on the writer's birthday (August 23).
• Green Readings in Kirov - held once every 5 years since 1975 on the writer's birthday.

Streets

• In Kirov there is an embankment named after him.
• In Moscow in 1986, a street (Green Street) was named after the writer.
• In Stary Krym there is a street named after him.
• In Slobodskoye, the street where A. Grin was born is named after him.
• In the city of Naberezhnye Chelny there is a street named after the writer (Alexander Grin Street).
• In Gelendzhik there is a street named after him (Green Street).

Libraries

• The Kirov Regional Children's Library named after AS Grin is located in Kirov.
• In Slobodskoye, the city library bears the name of A. Green.
• In Moscow, Youth Library No. 16 named after. A. Green.
• Library them. A. Green

MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND CREATIVITY OF A. S. GREEN

1880, 11 (23) August- In the city of Slobodsky, Vyatka province, Stepan Evseevich Grinevsky and Anna Stepanovna Grinevskaya (nee Lepkova) had a son, Alexander.

August 13 (25)- Alexander Grinevsky was baptized in the St. Nicholas Church in Slobodsky. 1881 - The Grinevsky family moves to Vyatka.

1889, August 16- Alexander Grinevsky was enrolled in the preparatory class of the Vyatka Alexander Real School (VARU). In October, the Pedagogical Council of the VARU notifies S. E. and A. S. Grinevsky about bad behavior their son Alexander. Alexander Grinevsky drops out of the 1st grade of the VARU "at the request of his father."

1892 October 15- Alexander is expelled from the 2nd grade for satirical poems that make fun of teachers.

1894, autumn– 3rd grade student Alexander Grinevsky was fired from the school for two weeks for bad behavior.

May- Alexander's father Stepan Evseevich marries the widow Lidia Avenirovna Boretskaya. Alexander is evicted from the family due to conflicts with his stepmother.

August- Accepted as a sailor's apprentice on the ship "Platon". In October, he was landed in Odessa for non-payment of maintenance money. Autumn- He enters the service as a sailor on the schooner "Saint Nicholas", going to Kherson. Not having received the payment, he returns to Odessa.

1897, spring- Hired as a sailor on the steamer "Tsesarevich", going to Alexandria. On the way back, he was fired for a conflict with the captain.

July- Returns from Odessa to Vyatka.

Autumn and winter- Serves in the office of the Vyatka city government, earns by correspondence of documents and roles for the actors of the city theater, plays "third-rate" roles, attends a railway school for about a week.

1898 July- Alexander Grinevsky leaves Vyatka for Baku, where he works in fisheries, serves on the Atrek steamer, and wanders.

1899, spring- He returns from Baku to Vyatka, enters the bath attendant at the Murashi station of the Perm-Kotlas railway.

Autumn– Works in the railway workshops of the Vyatka depot. Composes satirical stories about Vyatka.

1900, April 19 to July 19– Serves as a sailor on the barge No. 8 of the shipping company T. F. Bulycheva.

1901 February 23- He goes on foot to the Urals, works "at the Pashiysky mines, at blast furnaces, in the iron mines of the village of Kushva (Blagodat), on peat bogs, on rafting and discount firewood and as a woodcutter."

August- He returns to Vyatka, is engaged in the correspondence of roles for theater actors.

August 31- Alexander Grinevsky, at the request of his friend Mikhail Nazaryev, sells a gold chain stolen from the doctor V. A. Treiter.

September- He is under investigation on charges of selling stolen goods.

November- Included in the lists of persons subject to military service in 1901 from the 1st recruiting station of the Vyatka district. Receives a deferment from military service until the end of the investigation and trial.

1902 February 4– At a meeting of the Vyatka District Court, A. Grinevsky and M. Nazaryev were found not guilty of “committing the criminal acts attributed to them.”

March- Alexander Grinevsky was drafted into the army, serving in Penza in the 213th Orovai reserve battalion.

November 27- He escapes again with the help of a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party A. I. Studentsov and leaves for Simbirsk. Works at the Simbirsk sawmill.

1903, beginning of spring- After a temporary “quarantine” in Tver and a refusal to participate in the terrorist attack, he was sent as an agitator to Saratov, where he spent about a month, then left for Tambov and met N. Ya. Bykhovsky, a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, his “godfather” in literature. He moved to Yekaterinoslav, then to Kyiv under the command of the Social Revolutionary S. N. Sletov.

September- Arrives in Sevastopol. Engaged in propaganda and agitation among the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet and soldiers of the fortress artillery. Meets Socialist-Revolutionary E. A. Bibergal (“Kiska”).

11th of November- Alexander Grinevsky was arrested for revolutionary propaganda activities and imprisoned in the Sevastopol prison.

1904 April- Alexander Grinevsky submits a petition addressed to the prosecutor of the Odessa Judicial Chamber to be transferred to the prison in Vyatka.

May 20- Submits a similar petition addressed to the Minister of the Interior. Both requests were dismissed.

1905 February 22- Alexander Grinevsky was sentenced by the Sevastopol Naval Court to 10 years in exile in Siberia.

May, 23rd- A second trial took place in Feodosia. In addition to the previous sentence, a year of imprisonment has been added.

December- comes to St. Petersburg.

Late December 1905 or early January 1906– Dramatic explanation with E. A. Bibergal.

1906, January 7- Alexander Grinevsky was arrested for living on someone else's passport (the tradesman Nikolai Maltsev) and imprisoned in the Vyborg prison ("Crosses").

Spring– Meets Vera Pavlovna Abramova (1882–1951) in prison, who visits political prisoners as a “prison bride”.

July- He comes to Vyatka for a few days, where his father gets him the passport of Alexei Alekseevich Malginov, who died in the hospital.

August- Arrives in Moscow, where he stays for about ten days and, on the instructions of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, writes his first propaganda story "The Merit of Private Panteleev." The story was published under the signature "A. S. G.

5th of December- The newspaper "Birzhevye Vedomosti" publishes the story "To Italy" (in the newspaper it is erroneously called "In Italy") under the pseudonym A. A. M-v.

The end of the year- Alexander Grinevsky arrives in St. Petersburg. The beginning of a life together with Vera Abramova.

1907, March 25- The story "The Case", published in the newspaper "Tovarishch", was first signed with the pseudonym A. S. Green.

1908 January- In St. Petersburg, the first collection of A. S. Green "Invisibility Cap" is published with the subtitle "Stories about revolutionaries." The book includes the stories "Marat", "Brick and Music", "Underground", "To Italy", "Incident", "Oranges", "At Leisure", "Guest", "Beloved", "Quarantine". A letter from A. S. Green to Gorky with a request to publish the book in Znanie.

1910 - The publishing house "Earth" publishes the second book of Green "Stories".

March- In the journal " Russian wealth» A positive review of this book by A. G. Gornfeld was published.

April– Green visits aviation week near St. Petersburg.

August 1- Petitions for release and permission to live in the province addressed to the Minister of the Interior.

Autumn- A. S. Grinevsky and Vera Pavlovna Abramova are getting married in the church of the city administration of St. Petersburg.

October 31– A. S. Grin and his wife go to the place of exile – in the city of Pinega, Arkhangelsk province.

1911 July 10- A. S. Green submits a petition to the Arkhangelsk governor to be transferred to the city of Arkhangelsk.

August 15– A. S. Grin was transferred from Pinega to Kegostrov. Publication in St. Petersburg of the stories "Atley's mnemonic system" and "The Pillory". Acquaintance with R. L. Samoilovich, the future famous polar explorer.

16th of May- Returning from exile to St. Petersburg. Publication of the stories "The Blue Telluri Cascade", "Ksenia Turpanova", "The Adventures of Ginch", "The Tragedy on the Suan Plateau", "The Life of Gnor", "The Puddle of a Bearded Pig". Acquaintance with A. I. Kuprin, M. Artsybashev, M. Kuzmin.

1913 - The publication of the Collected Works of A. S. Green in three volumes by the publishing house "Prometheus". Publication in periodical press of stories and novellas "History of Tauren", "Mysterious Forest", "Zurbagan Shooter", "Devil of Orange Waters", "Reno Island".

September– Green is divorcing V.P. Abramova and leads a “Bohemian” life.

1914 - Becomes an employee of the magazine "New Satyricon" (chief editor Arkady Averchenko).

February- Located in the psychiatric hospital of Dr. Troshin.

March 1- The death of the father of the writer Stepan Evseevich Grinevsky. Green is not present at the funeral due to illness. The stories "Dead for the Living", "The Riddle of Foreseen Death", "The Incident in Madame Cerise's Apartment", "A Tale Ended by a Bullet" have been published. Acquaintance of A. S. Green with I. S. Sokolov-Mikitov.

1915 - The stories "Adventurer", "Murder in the Fishmonger", "Captain Duke", "Hell Restored" have been published. Green meets L. Reisner. The books "Mysterious Stories" and "The Incident on Dog Street" are published. The "Journal of Journals" publishes an article by M. Levidov "Foreigner of Russian Literature".

Autumn- For a disrespectful review of the tsar, A.S. Green was expelled from Petrograd.

1917 February- Walking back to Petrograd. The stories and essays “The Creation of Asper”, “Prisoner of the Crosses”, “Uprising”, “Rene”, “Return” (“Pendulum of the Soul”), “Walking to the Revolution” were published. A. G. Gornfeld's review of the book The Adventurer is published in Russian Wealth.

1918 - Acquaintance of A. S. Green with N. N. Korotkova (nee Mironova). Cooperation with newspapers and magazines "New Satyricon", "Svobodny Zhurnal", "Petrograd Echo", "Devil's Pepper Pot" until their closure.

Summer- Green lives in Barvikha with journalist N. Verzhbitsky, writes for the newspaper " Honestly". Invites Blok to participate in it.

Autumn- Grin returns to Petrograd, marries M. V. Dolidze and divorces her at the end of the same year.

1919 January- Moves to the Gunzburg House on Vasilyevsky Island and becomes a member of the "Society of Workers of Fiction". Collaborates with the magazine "Flame". In the summer he is called up for military service near Pskov.

1920 March 20- Willfully leaves the military unit, returns to Petrograd and lives with a friend in northern exile, I. I. Karel.

April- He ends up with typhus in the Smolninsky infirmary and writes a letter to Gorky asking for help. At the same time, he bequeaths all his works to his wife V.P. Grinevskaya, with whom he has not actually lived since 1913.

Summer- V. P. Grinevskaya marries the geologist K. P. Kalitsky. After recovery and a period of wandering around friends, Green receives from Gorky a referral to the House of Arts, where he works on Scarlet (Red) Sails. Gorky edits Green's novel The Mysterious Circle about Nansen. The novel was not completed. Green's acquaintance with N. S. Tikhonov, Vs. Rozhdestvensky, V. Kaverin. Strengthening friendly ties with V. Shklovsky and V. Piast. Mutual hostility between Green and the "tops" of the House of Arts (Khodasevich, Chukovsky). Unrequited love for MS Alonkina and letters to her.

March 8- Green writes a letter to Gorky with a request to intercede for the arrested poet Vs. Rozhdestvensky.

May- A. S. Green and N. N. Korotkova register their marriage in the registry office. Because of Green's conflicts with the servants of the House of Arts, A.S. and N.N. Greens leave the House of Arts and settle on Panteleimonovskaya Street.

Summer- life in Toksovo. Green cooperates with the newspaper "Red Policeman", where he publishes the story "Competition in Lissa".

1922 - Publication of the first book after the revolution "White Fire", which includes the stories "Ships in Lissa" and "Rope". February The Greens are moving to 2nd Christmas Street. Work on the novel "The Shining World".

1923, spring- The release of the novel "The Shining World" in the "Krasnaya Niva".

May- Green's trip to the Crimea. Release of the film "Duel", based on Green's story "The Life of Gnor". Publication of "Scarlet Sails" with a dedication to N. N. Grin and a collection of short stories in the State Publishing House. Publication in periodicals of the stories "The Murder in Kunst-Fisch", "The Lost Sun", "The Loquacious Brownie", "Heart of the Desert", "Mermaids of the Air", "Willow".

Summer– Moving to a new apartment and renovation. The abolition of the "dry law" and the resumption of hard drinking at Green.

Spring- "Disease" N. N. Green and the decision of the Greens to move to the Crimea. Consultations with M. A. Voloshin on the choice of place of residence.

May 10- They come to Feodosia and settle in the Astoria Hotel, then in a house on Sevastopol Boulevard.

Summer- Arrival in Moscow for advance payments. Meeting with K. Paustovsky and M. Prishvin. M. Prishvin's entry in his diary about Grin. The magazine "Russia" publishes the story "Pied Piper", in the "Krasnaya Niva" - "Return". Publication of the novel "The Shining World" by the publishing house "Earth and Factory" (without the scene in the church). In the fall, the Greens move to Gallery Street, where they live until the fall of 1928. Green is working on the novel The Golden Chain.

1925 - During the year, Green has seven books published by various publishers. In one of them (“On the Cloudy Shore”) the story “The Gray Car” is printed. Publication of the novel "Golden Chain" in the journal "New World". Work on the story "Fandango" and the novel "Running on the Waves". Gorky highly appreciates the book "Gladiators". Closing of the Rossiya magazine, where Fandango was supposed to be published.

1926 - Refusal of "New World" and "Krasnaya Nov" to publish "Running on the Waves". Unsuccessful attempt publication of the novel in the publishing houses "Priboy" and "Proletary". Publication of the story "The Marriage of August Esborn" in Krasnaya Niva. Release of five collections of Green's prose. Acquaintance with V. V. Veresaev and M. A. Bulgakov.

1927 - Green meets in Feodosia with the publisher L. V. Volfson and concludes an agreement on the publication of a 15-volume Collected Works. On the received advance, the Greens make a trip to Yalta, Leningrad, Kislovodsk. Green gives his wife a gold watch. Green's attempt to participate in writing a collective novel by twenty-five Soviet writers "Big Fires". The release of the story "Fandango" in the book "War in Gold: Adventure Almanac". In total, eight books of stories by A. S. Green are published in various publishing houses.

1928 - Green reads excerpts from "Running on the Waves" at Nikitinsky subbotniks. Publication of the novel in the publishing house "Earth and Factory". The release of the first scattered volumes of the Collected Works in "Thoughts" and the beginning of the trial with L.V. Wolfson. The return of the acute alcoholic period in Green's life.

Autumn- Moving from the house on Galereinaya to Verkhne-Lazaretnaya Street. The deterioration of the financial situation of the Green family. Publication of the story "Watercolor" in "Krasnaya Niva".

1929 – Continuation of the trial with Wolfson. Judicial setbacks, periods of drinking bouts at Greene. Extremely heavy financial situation. The release of Jessie and Morgiana ( original name"Wrapped Hill") in the publishing house "Earth and Factory". Publication of the stories "Treason", "Mistletoe Branch" and "Father's Wrath" in the magazine "Krasnaya Niva".

1930 - The release of the novel "The Road to Nowhere" in the publishing house "Federation".

Summer– Successful completion of the trial with L.V. Wolfson and winning seven thousand rubles. The wife threatens to leave Green because of his drinking.

Autumn- The Greens leave Feodosia and move to Stary Krym on Lenin Street. Work on " Autobiographical story". Publication of the story "The Green Lamp" in the magazine "Krasnaya Nov".

1931 - Publication of "Autobiographical Tale" in the magazine "Star". The onset of Green's fatal disease. Work on the novel "Touchless".

Spring- Green visits M. Voloshin in Koktebel for the last time.

May The Greens are moving into an apartment on Oktyabrskaya Street. There is famine in Crimea.

Summer Greene makes one last trip to Moscow to get money, drinks heavily and comes back empty-handed. Refusal to publish a number of Green's stories, including the story "Commandant of the Port".

Autumn- Continuation of Green's disease. Letters to the Writers' Union with a request for pension and assistance for treatment.

November- 25th anniversary of the literary activity of A. S. Grin. Congratulatory telegram from N. S. Tikhonov.

1932, spring- A sharp deterioration in Green's health.

May- Grin's wife receives a telegram from the Writers' Union with an expression of condolences in connection with the "death" of A. S. Green.

The beginning of June- The Greens move into their own house on Liebknecht Street, bought with N. N. Green's gold watch. A council of doctors diagnoses Greene with cancer. Green's last lifetime book, An Autobiographical Tale, is published.

Chronicle of the life of N. N. Green and the fate of the literary heritage and the house of A. S. Green after the death of the writer

1933 – The Krasnaya Nov magazine publishes the stories “Commandant of the Port”, “Velvet Curtain” and “Paris” with a foreword by M. Shaginyan. E. Bagritsky, Yu. Olesha, A. Fadeev, L. Seifullina, L. Leonov, A. Malyshkin and their letter to the publishing house " Soviet literature with a proposal to publish a book of stories by A. S. Green.

1934 - The publishing house "Soviet Writer" publishes a book by A. S. Green "Fantastic novels" with a foreword by K. Zelinsky. N. N. Green becomes the wife of the phthisiatrician P. I. Nania. Writes the first version of the memoirs of Grin.

1935 – Release of a separate edition of the novel "The Road to Nowhere" and a collection of stories by Green. The journal "Fiction" publishes a critical article by A. I. Roskin "The fate of the storyteller" about the work of Grin.

1936 - Publication of fragments of the unfinished novel "Touchless" in the magazine "Spark". K. G. Paustovsky publishes his novel The Black Sea, where A. S. Green is portrayed as the writer Garth. The newspaper "Literaturny Leningrad" publishes an article by N. Komarsky "Justification of Romance" about the work of A. S. Green and K. G. Paustovsky.

1937 – Temporary cessation of correspondence between N. N. Green and V. P. Kalitskaya in connection with the writing of the latter memoirs about Green. The publishing house "Soviet Writer" publishes stories by A. S. Green.

1939 - The publishing house "Soviet Writer" publishes Green's novel "The Golden Chain". A. I. Roskin responds to him with a positive review in Literaturnaya Gazeta.

1940 - The release of the stories of A. S. Green in Detgiz. Critical article A. Platonov about the work of Green. N. N. Green appeals to the People's Commissariat of Education with a request to open the House Museum of Green and receives a promise that the museum will be opened in 1942 on the 10th anniversary of the writer's death.

1941 February 23– An article by Vera Smirnova “A ship without a flag” is published in Literaturnaya Gazeta.

Summer- N. N. Green is divorcing P. I. Naniya. Mother N. N. Green O. A. Mironova falls ill with a severe mental illness.

1942 - Occupation of the Crimea by German troops.

January- N. N. Grin begins to work as a printing press in Stary Krym on the issue of the "Official Bulletin of the Staro-Krymsky District".

1943, March 1-March 1943– Works as an editor of the “Official Bulletin of the Staro-Krymsky District”.

1944 - The release of separate editions of the extravaganza "Scarlet Sails" in "Voenmorizdat" with a foreword by K. G. Paustovsky and the novel "Running on the Waves" in "Detgiz" with a foreword by L. Borisov. Death of mother N. N. Grin O. A. Mironova. N. N. Green leaves for Odessa, from where she is driven to Germany.

1945 - N. N. Green voluntarily returns to his homeland and declares himself in the MGB.

Autumn- N. N. Green was arrested, found guilty of collaborating with the German punitive authorities and treason, and sentenced to 10 years in prison with a loss of rights for 5 years and confiscation of property.

1946–1955 - N. N. Grin is serving a term in the camp (in 1946-1953 - on the Pechora; in 1953-1955 - near Astrakhan), works as a nurse. Corresponds with V. P. Kalitskaya, B. S. Grinevsky (brother of A. S. Green), V. V. Smirensky. He writes his memoirs about Grin and sends them to his brother K. N. Mironov, who destroys the manuscript. N. N. Green creates a new version.

1946 – Publication of L. I. Borisov’s story “The Magician from Gel-Gyu” about A. S. Grin. The story is highly appreciated by K. G. Paustovsky and B. S. Grinevsky and subsequently an angry rebuke from N. N. Green.

1947 - B. S. Grinevsky visits Stary Krym and Grin's grave. In the house where Grin died, there is a barn belonging to the first secretary of the Crimean district party committee.

1950 – In January, the Novy Mir magazine publishes an article by V. M. Vazhdaev “Preacher of Cosmopolitanism: The Impure Meaning of Alexander Grin’s ‘Pure Art’.” Books by A. S. Green are removed from libraries.

1951 - Death of V.P. Kalitskaya.

1952 - The publication of an article about A. S. Grin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, where the writer is called a bourgeois cosmopolitan.

1955 - N. N. Green comes to Moscow and, thanks to the efforts of K. G. Paustovsky and I. A. Novikov, receives a pension from the Writers' Union. Paustovsky and Novikov approached Goslitizdat with a proposal to publish A.S. Green's "Favorites".

1956 - "Selected" with a preface by Paustovsky is published in Goslitizdat. The journal "New World" publishes an article by M. Shcheglov "The Ships of Alexander Green". Thanks to the intervention of the General of the MGB, Deputy Secretary for Administrative and Economic Affairs of the Union of Writers of the USSR V. N. Ilyin, N. N. Green receives a fee of 100 thousand rubles for A. S. Green's "Favorites". N. N. Green comes to Stary Krym and restores Green's grave. A struggle begins for the house where the writer died.

1958 - N. N. Green appeals to the prosecutor's office with a request for rehabilitation. Application rejected. In Stary Krym, the district committee of the party spread rumors that N. N. Green left her husband two years before his death.

1959 – “Literaturnaya Gazeta” publishes L. Lench's feuilleton “The Hen and Immortality” about the fate of the house where A. S. Green died, and during the year addresses this topic twice.

1960 – Green's house was returned to the writer's widow. Opening an unofficial memorial museum A. S. Green.

1965 – Publication of the Collected Works of AS Grin in six volumes by the publishing house Pravda. N. N. Green's new appeal to the Prosecutor General's Office with a petition for rehabilitation and a new refusal.

1969 – Publication of the monograph by V. E. Kovsky “The Romantic World of Alexander Grin”.

1970 - Opening of the House-Museum of A.S. Green in Feodosia on Gallery Street.

September 27- N. N. Green died in Kyiv at the age of 74, having bequeathed to bury herself next to her husband and mother. Local authorities refuse to fulfill the will of the deceased.

1971 – Opening of the Green Museum in Stary Krym.

October 23- N. N. Green, at the behest of her executor Yu. A. Pervovoy, was secretly reburied next to her husband.

1997 – N. N. Grin was posthumously rehabilitated by the prosecutor's office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

The main dates of life and work 1883, April 30 - Yaroslav Gashek was born in Prague. 1893 - admitted to the gymnasium on Zhitnaya Street. 1898, February 12 - leaves the gymnasium. 1899 - enters the Prague Commercial School. 1900, summer - wandering around Slovakia. 1901 , January 26 - in the newspaper "Parody sheets"