- COURTY
- a system of rules of conduct at the court or a set of qualities that a courtier should have in the Middle Ages and early modern times. In Middle… - COURTY
politeness, courtesy, mannerism, ... - COURTY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
and. obsolete Distraction noun by value adj.: ... - COURTY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
courtesy, ... - COURTY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
courtesy, ... - COURTY in the Spelling Dictionary:
courtesy, ... - COURTY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
and. obsolete distraction noun according to adj. … - COURTY in the Big Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
and. distraction noun according to adj. … - COURTESY in Gender Studies Glossary.:
- … - KING ARTHUR V Literary Encyclopedia:
(French le roi Arthur; lat. Artorius; Celt. Artos - bear) - a cross-cutting character that combines medieval chivalric novels into one cycle ... - REALISM in the Literary Encyclopedia:
" id=Realism.Table of Contents> I. General character of realism II. Stages of realism A. Realism in the literature of pre-capitalist society B. Bourgeois realism ... - FRENCH LITERATURE V encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
occupies a central position in the mental and artistic development throughout Europe. It belonged to her in the 12th century. that advanced meaning, which ... - COURTOISE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
oh, oh, zen, knowing, outdated. book. Exquisitely polite, gracious. Courtesy is a property of the courtly. and Courtly literature - European medieval knights ... - FRENCH LITERATURE in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
- TROUBADOURS in Collier's Dictionary:
(from Provence trobar - to find, create), medieval poets of southern France who composed poems in the Provençal dialect of the Languedoc (langue d "oc). The heyday of lyrics ... - COURTESY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
bonton, politeness, haberdashery, gallantry, delicacy, correctness, courtesy, courtesy, courtesy, deference, courtesy, tact, ... - MANERABILITY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
fidgetiness, pretentiousness, artificiality, cuteness, brokenness, artificiality, curlyness, courtesy, camp, affectation, deliberateness, tightness, unnaturalness, pretentiousness, ... - COURSE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
politeness, gallantry, delicacy, compliment, complimentarity, correctness, courtesy, affectionateness, courtesy, favor, courtesy, friendliness, pleasantness, tact, respectfulness, service, ... - POLITENESS in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
bonton, haberdashery, gallantry, delicacy, correctness, courtesy, courtesy, courtesy, courtesy, friendliness, decency, decency, propriety, tact, tact, respectfulness, courtesy, ...
The modern practice of using the word "courtly" is rather ironic, and implies a fanatical, often beyond common sense following rules and manners high style» behavior.
see also
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Links
- Duby J. Courtly love and changes in the position of women in France in the twelfth century. / Per. from fr. E. Yu. Simakova // Odysseus. Man in history. 1990. - M., 1990. - S. 90-96
- Smolitskaya O. V.// Dictionary medieval culture. - M., 2003. - S. 253-255
- in the Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.
An excerpt describing courtesy
“Sideways, cover yourself with a pistol,” Nesvitsky said.- 3ak "ope!" - unable to stand it, even Denisov shouted to his opponent.
Pierre, with a meek smile of regret and repentance, helplessly spreading his legs and arms, stood straight in front of Dolokhov with his broad chest and looked sadly at him. Denisov, Rostov and Nesvitsky closed their eyes. At the same time they heard a shot and an angry cry from Dolokhov.
- Past! - shouted Dolokhov and powerlessly lay down on the snow with his face down. Pierre clutched his head and, turning back, went into the forest, walking entirely in the snow and aloud saying incomprehensible words:
“Stupid… stupid!” Death... lie... - he repeated wincing. Nesvitsky stopped him and took him home.
Rostov and Denisov carried the wounded Dolokhov.
Dolokhov, silently, with eyes closed, lay in the sleigh and did not answer a word to the questions that were made to him; but, having entered Moscow, he suddenly came to himself and, raising his head with difficulty, took Rostov, who was sitting beside him, by the hand. Rostov was struck by the completely changed and unexpectedly enthusiastically tender expression of Dolokhov's face.
- Well? How do you feel? Rostov asked.
- Bad! but that's not the point. My friend, - said Dolokhov in a broken voice, - where are we? We are in Moscow, I know. I'm fine, but I killed her, killed her... She can't take it. She won't bear...
- Who? Rostov asked.
- My mother. My mother, my angel, my adored angel, mother, - and Dolokhov began to cry, squeezing Rostov's hand. When he calmed down somewhat, he explained to Rostov that he was living with his mother, that if his mother saw him dying, she would not be able to bear it. He begged Rostov to go to her and prepare her.
Rostov went ahead to carry out the assignment, and to his great surprise he learned that Dolokhov, this brawler, Dolokhov lived in Moscow with an old mother and a hunchbacked sister, and was the most tender son and brother.
pierre in Lately I rarely saw my wife face to face. Both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, their house was constantly full of guests. The next night after the duel, as he often did, he did not go to the bedroom, but remained in his huge, father's study, in the very one in which Count Bezuhy died.
Courtesy in the Middle Ages | The concept of courtesy | Courtesy as a basis chivalrous culture
A story about the very concept of "courtesy", about courtesy as the basis of knightly culture, about courtly love, courtly literature and knightly battles for girls.
The Middle Ages were marked by dramatic changes in public relations, the coming to replace the slave system of feudalism, the primacy of the Church and other events, so this period is often called one of the darkest in history.
However, it was at this time (XII-XIII centuries) that the knightly culture was finally formed. And the basis of knightly behavior was courtesy, a kind of code good manners.
In my work, I will try to define courtesy and identify the main features of courtly love.
Consider the concept of "courtiness" in more detail.
1. The concept of courtesy
Courtesy (from courtois - courteous, chivalrous) is a medieval concept of love, according to which the relationship between a lover and his Lady is similar to the relationship between a vassal and his master. Subsequently, courtesy began to be guided not only in relationships with women from a noble society, but also in relationships with men.
In more general sense, courtesy - these are the rules of good taste, good manners. We can say that courtesy is a kind of semblance, or rather the beginnings of modern ethics and morality.
2. Courtesy as the basis of knightly culture
Thanks to crusades, in the VIII century, a new class begins to emerge - chivalry. TO XII century chivalric culture is flourishing. During this period, developed over the centuries own traditions And ethical standards, a special worldview is formulated in a special code of the knight.
If in early middle ages chivalric values were mainly of a military-heroic nature, then by the 12th century they were replaced by chivalric ideals, not related to the honor of the master or the country, but related to the image beautiful lady(beloved knight).
At the heart of the code of knightly nobility is courtesy. This means that a real knight must be not only brave, but also polite, courteous, well-mannered, and literate. Must be able to compose poems in honor of the lady and show gallantry. Subtly feel and tremble at the sight of his beloved.
2.1 Courtly love
Since then, I have become yours forever,
And your will is my law.
So that you are honored everywhere,
You alone are the object of my praise.
Guillaume de Cabestany
Such a code of chivalrous nobility marked the birth new form relationship between a woman and a man. It is called "courtly love". Her contemporaries called her "fine amour", i.e. "refined love".
As a rule, this is the love of an unmarried man (young man) for a married woman (or a woman of the upper class, perhaps the wife of a seigneur). The ardent young man languishes in love and pretends that he obeys the chosen one in everything, giving his freedom to her in order to achieve his goal. However, the lady already belongs to her husband and, if she is seen in violation of the rules of conduct, then she, along with an accomplice, may be subjected to severe punishment.
Moreover, often neither the knight nor the lady had any real feelings, and the relationship resembled dangerous game, in which the main thing is not the result (achieving the favor of the Lady), but the experience and expectation. That is, play for the sake of play.
The knight performs his feats in the name of the lady of the heart in order to glorify her name through his own and achieve her favor. A prerequisite such love is an insurmountable barrier. That is why the knights chose married ladies or ladies who were higher on the class ladder as their chosen one.
The desire for the Lady is endless: the goal of courtly love is not the possession of an object of worship, but the difficult but joyful spiritual improvement of a man.
2.2 Knightly tournaments
In the Middle Ages, duels were a favorite pastime. These were magnificent spectacles, to which crowds of people gathered, including noble ladies. As a rule, these were fights of equestrian knights in armor, the essence of which was to knock the enemy out of the saddle with a blunt spear.
Victory in such a tournament promised the knight the location of his lady. The gift of a smile, a ribbon at the end of the tournament was an immense happiness for the lover.
2.3 Courtly literature
Knightly morals and courtly love are reflected in medieval literature and music. And, along with strict church-Christian works and patriotic epic about ancient heroes, novels about knightly love began to appear with the obligatory cult of a lady (for example, Tristan and Isolde by Gottfried of Strasbourg).
Heroic patriotic works, where the hero defended the honor of the clan, master or country, gave way to romantic ones. At the center of the courtly novel is a heroic personality - a wise, refined and gallant knight who performs unprecedented feats in distant semi-fairy lands for the glory of his lady. Knightly literature did not reflect reality, but only embodied ideal ideas about a knight. The knight fought dragons, sorcerers, giants and fairies and others mythical creatures.
The creators of courtly poetry are troubadours (poets and singers), in Germany - minnesingers. William of Aquitaine is considered the first troubadour.
The poems of the troubadours were dedicated to knightly virtues, but main topic- courtly love, from which the hero suffers, but does not put off trying to achieve his chosen one.
Troubadours set many poems to music (ballads) and often performed them themselves.
Most famous works courtly literature were "The Arthurian Cycle", "The Romance of the Rose" by Guillaume de Loris and others.
in Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries. the ideas of courtly love received their highest embodiment in Francesco Petrarch's sonnets to Laura.
Thus, the central place in the work of the troubadours was occupied by that "refined love" with courtly values: a heroic personality, courtly behavior and the joy of courtly service.
In the 14th century courtly poetry gives way to literature, becoming more and more the object of ridicule and parody.
Conclusion
Thus, the concept of courtesy is closely related to the ideals of medieval chivalry. The ideals of nobility and fidelity, selflessness and disinterestedness, courtesy towards women had a huge impact on the people of that era and have not lost their significance in our days.
A courtly personality is a "man of honor". A knight who possesses every conceivable virtue, such as: generosity, politeness, courage, attractiveness and eloquence, refinement and sophistication, insight and modesty.
The ideas of courtly love are reflected in literature in the form of poems and ballads by troubadours and chivalric romances.
And, despite the fact that over time, courtesy has become an object of ridicule and parodies, it continues to occupy young minds in our time. For the observance of etiquette, the gallant and courteous attitude towards women, the elderly - this is a sign, if not of a chivalrous personality in the modern world, then at least an indicator cultural development and upbringing.
Courtesy Courtesy
Courtly love (English courtly love; French amour courtois from courtois - courteous, chivalrous), a medieval concept of love, according to which the relationship between a lover and his Lady is similar to the relationship between a vassal and his master; had a significant impact on the entire European culture up to the present. For the first time, the concept of "courtly love" is found in con. 11th c. in troubadour poetry (cm. TROUBADOURS) at the court of the sovereign lords of Aquitaine and Provence.
origins
The most important influence on the formation of the ideal of courtly love was the Roman poet Ovid (cm. Ovid)(1st century), whose poetic "treatise" - "The Art of Love" - became a kind of encyclopedia of the behavior of a knight in love with a Beautiful Lady: he trembles with love, does not sleep, he is pale, he can die from the inseparability of his feelings. Ideas about such a model of behavior became more complicated due to Christian ideas about the cult of the Virgin Mary - in this case, the Beautiful Lady, whom the knight served, became the image of his spiritual love. The influence of Arab mystical philosophy, which developed the concept of Platonic feeling, was also significant.
At the court of the Beautiful Lady
Courtly love was not an exclusively literary phenomenon, but was a complex of many factors - social, religious, erotic, philosophical. The idea is often expressed of the revolutionary influence of the courtesy, which entailed a softening of morals and the addition of a code of knightly honor, on Europe. Courtly culture experienced its heyday at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of the French king Louis VII. (cm. LOUIS VIII) and then King Henry II of England (cm. HENRY II Plantagenet (King of England), the patroness of Bernart de Ventadorna and other poets who glorified courtly love. Eleanor's daughter Countess Marie of Champagne inspired Chrétien de Troyes (cm. CHRETIEN DE TROIS)(c. 1130 - c. 91) to write the courtly novel "Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart", the hero of which is unconditionally subordinate to his mistress. The doctrine of courtesy was soon "codified" in three books by André le Chapelin.
"Romance of the Rose"
In the 13th century the largest work courtly culture was the poem "The Romance of the Rose (cm. ROMAN ABOUT THE ROSE)", written ca. 1230 by the knight Guillaume de Loris (c. 1210–1240) and representing a courtly love allegory, a kind of “dictionary of symbols” of love. Continuing the theme started by Ovid, Guillaume de Loris plays with the slightest shades love feeling. The author's goal is the embodiment of the sublime ideal of courtly love, the experiences of his hero are sublime and refined, descriptions of nature and feelings are in the highest degree poetic.
The young hero of the novel finds a wonderful garden, behind the walls of which beautiful maidens lead a round dance, led by Joy. Idleness admits the knight into this Garden of Delights, where in the Fountain of Love, in which Narcissus is buried, he sees the reflection of the Rose. He is immediately struck with an arrow by Cupid - from now on, the lover is doomed to Rose - and, turning him into a vassal, teaches how to achieve the desired goal. Friendliness, Friendship, Pity, Sincerity help the hero, Maliciousness, Fear, Shame and others protect the Rose from him. The young knight manages to get a kiss from Rose, but Maliciousness spreads a rumor about it, and Jealousy erects a tower around Rose, in which Friendliness is also locked. The Lover's Lament ends the piece written by Guillaume de Loris.
The storyline interrupted by Guillaume was completed 40 years after his death by the learned citizen Jean de Maine (Jean Clopinel, or Chopinel, from Maine; c. 1240 - 1305). Now there are new ones in the novel characters: Hypocrisy, Nature, Joy, which teach the lover on his way to the Rose. Hypocrisy suffocates Maliciousness, Generosity and Virtue try to free Friendliness, which Shame and Fear have once again imprisoned in the tower. A battle is played out in front of the tower, and Nature helps the lover to win. He plucks Rose and wakes up.
Courtly motifs in the culture of the peoples of Western Europe
The concept of courtly love and courtly culture spread widely in Europe. Product of the German Minnesinger (cm. MINNESINGERS) Gottfried of Strasbourg's Tristan and Isolde is evidence of this influence. In England, Lewis's Allegory of Love became the most significant monument of the courtesy. In Italy, courtship spread in the 12th century, and in the 13th-14th centuries. received its highest embodiment in the poetry of the "new sweet style (cm. DOLCE STYLE NUOVO)", in poetic inserts in Dante's "New Life" (cm. Dante Alighieri), in the sonnets of Francesco Petrarch (cm. Petrarch Francesco) to Laura. IN " Divine Comedy» The beautiful Lady of Dante - Beatrice - becomes not only his platonic lover, but also the poet's spiritual guide to the mysteries of Paradise.
The influence of the courtly ideal of refined behavior and manners, chivalrous service to the Lady, a special kind of fragile and thin male and female beauty reflected in the Gothic painting and miniature of the 12th-13th centuries, the art of the late Gothic of the 14th-15th centuries; guardian of "courtiness" in the 15th century. was the court of the Dukes of Burgundy (cm. BURGUNDY (historical region)). Echoes of courtesy - in the fashion for gallantry of the 18th century, poetry and art of European romanticism (cm. ROMANTICISM) con. 18th–1st quarter 19th centuries
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
Synonyms:See what "COURTY" is in other dictionaries:
Politeness, mannerism, politeness, courtesy, delicacy, courtesy, courtesy, subtlety, courtesy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. courtesy, see politeness Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: R ... Synonym dictionary
courtesy- and, well. courtois, se adj. Same as courtesy. And courtesy is courtesy, to which is added a little affectation and a little voluptuousness .. Difficult to achieve, because affectation and voluptuousness are almost uncontrollable, and in the absence of almost inaccessible ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
E. Leighton. Tristan and Iseult Courtly love (English courtly love; French amour courtois from courtois courteous, chivalrous), a system of rules of conduct at court or a set of qualities that courtiers should have ... Wikipedia
courtesy- a system of rules of conduct at the court or a set of qualities that a courtier should have in the Middle Ages and early modern times. In the Middle Ages, courtesy concerned, first of all, the rules of behavior in relation to a woman and was expressed in courtly ... ... Gender Studies Terms
courtesy- a variant of politeness, courtesy, in which actions and words are redundant in relation to functional ones and therefore can be perceived as underlining, accentuation: ஐ I listened without any interest, especially since his persistent courtesy ... Lem's world - dictionary and guide
J. distraction. noun according to adj. Courtly Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
courtesy- (from French cour yard) good manners, good manners. K. became the basis of knightly behavior in the XII-XIII centuries. The courtly code assumed not only courage, but also courtesy, courtesy, gallantry, courtesy, the ability to feel subtly, ... ... medieval world in terms, names and titles
Courtesy is a kind of set of rules of conduct, invented back in the Middle Ages. It had to be studied by every courtier who dreamed of achieving success, having good reputation. Initially, this system regulated mainly the relationship between members of the opposite sexes, but gradually the concept expanded. So, what does the mysterious word “courtiness” hide, what was meant by it then and now?
Courtesy is a code of good manners
The classical Middle Ages is the period when the slave system was finally replaced by the feudal system. The Church also began to play a leading role, actively intervening in worldly affairs. It was then that the formation was completed; it happened approximately by the beginning of the 13th century.
Courtesy is a code of good manners, which all knights and beautiful ladies were obliged to follow in those days. Gradually, a kind of set of "laws" was supplemented and expanded, acquired more and more new rules, many of which are considered relevant today.
concept
Courtesy is a concept that comes from the French word "courtois", which translates as "knightly", "courteous". Initially, this system was a kind of concept of love. She set the rules according to which the relationship between the knight and his lady of the heart developed. It was believed that a man in love should behave with his chosen one in much the same way as a vassal behaves with a master.
Of course, courtesy is not only a love concept. Gradually, this system also began to regulate the relationship of men with each other. Then she completely turned into a set of rules of good taste. In this regard, courtesy is considered by many historians to be the germ of morality and ethics, which guide modern people in their actions.
Courtesy is a stronghold of chivalric culture
The Crusades gradually led to the emergence of a new estate - chivalry. Around the 12th century, golden days came for its representatives. It was at this time that the unique code of the knight appeared, which reflected the traditions and norms of ethics that mankind had come to over the centuries.
It was in the 12th century that they first started talking about chivalric ideals that are not related to the prosperity of the country, the honor of the master. Courtesy in the Middle Ages extolled the image of the Beautiful Lady. Of course, every knight must have had a lover.
Gradually, mankind came to the fact that the knight is required not only courage and willingness to give his life for the interests of the state. Other qualities also began to be valued: courtesy, politeness, good breeding. Courtesy is a set of laws that asserted that a representative of this class must be literate, be able to compose verses glorifying the beauty of the chosen one. In addition, the knight is obliged to feel subtly and show gallantry.
courtly love
What else should be said, defining the meaning and interpretation of the term "courtesy"? Of course, about courtly love - a unique form of relationships between opposite sexes. Refined love is the definition given to it by contemporaries.
Courtly love basically meant the romance of a married lady and a single young man. Often, women belonged to a higher class than their chosen ones, and romances with the spouses of their own seigneur were also welcomed. The young man was required to portray love languor, to fulfill all the whims of the lady, to hand over her freedom.
Often a woman and a man were not even passionate about each other, but just played a dangerous game. Of course, beautiful feats dedicated to the chosen one were also expected from the knights, which allowed him to win her favor. It was believed that a barrier was needed that prevents lovers from connecting, so the young men preferred to play this game with married women. Interestingly, there was no closeness at all main goal courtly love, the players enjoyed the very process of conquest.
courtly literature
What is a "courtly romance"? This is a work, the main character of which certainly became a gallant and refined knight. The hero performs glorious deeds in honor of his lady of the heart, travels in semi-fairy lands. Of course, such literature had nothing to do with reality; it allowed one to get acquainted only with perfect ideas about the image of a knight, always ready to defeat witches, giants, dragons. For example, we can recall the novel "Tristan and Isolde", which is fully consistent with the spirit of that time.
It is impossible not to mention the courtly poetry that was created by the troubadours. The favorite theme of the wandering singers, of course, was courtly love. The characters were always ready to make any sacrifice in order to win their lady, to attract her attention. It is impossible to forget about the sonnets that Francesco Petrarch dedicated to the beautiful Laura, with whom he was in love throughout his life.
Our days
The courtesy of behavior in our days often causes ridicule, becomes the object of parodies. However, the residents modern world agree that it is necessary to show courtesy and gallantry towards the elderly, women, remember to observe the rules of etiquette. All this is still considered an indicator of cultural development, even if today there is no longer a cult of the Beautiful Lady and
What are the synonyms
So, what words can replace the term "courtiness" without loss of meaning? A synonym that fits perfectly in this case is courtesy. It is not surprising, because it was from this word that the name of the code, which originated during the Middle Ages, came from. Of course, courtesy is far from the only synonym that can be safely used instead of this concept. Eg, similar meaning have the following words: courtesy, mannerism, courtesy, delicacy, politeness.
