Maxim Gorky detailed biography. The mysterious death of Maxim Gorky

Gorky Maxim

Autobiography

A.M. Gorky

Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, pseudonym Maxim Gorky

Born March 14, 1869 in Nizhny Novgorod. The father is the son of a soldier, the mother is a bourgeois. The grandfather on the father's side was an officer, demoted by Nicholas the First for cruel treatment with the lower ranks. He was a man so tough that my father, from the age of ten to seventeen, ran away from him five times. Last time my father managed to escape from his family forever - he came on foot from Tobolsk to Nizhny and here he became an apprentice to a draper. Obviously, he had the ability and he was literate, for for twenty-two years the Kolchin shipping company (now Karpova) appointed him the manager of their office in Astrakhan, where in 1873 he died of cholera, which he contracted from me. According to my grandmother, my father was a smart, kind and very cheerful person.

My grandfather on my mother's side began his career as a barge hauler on the Volga, after three Putin days he was already a clerk on the caravan of the Balakhna merchant Zaev, then he took up dyeing yarn, got hold of it and opened a dyeing establishment on a broad basis in Nizhny Novgorod. Soon he had several houses in the city and three workshops for printing and dyeing fabric, was elected to the shop foremen, served in this position for three three years, after which he refused, offended by the fact that he was not chosen as a craftsman. He was very religious, brutally despotic and painfully stingy. He lived for ninety-two years, and the year before his death he went mad, in 1888.

The father and mother got married "with a cigarette", because the grandfather could not, of course, marry his beloved daughter to a rootless person with a dubious future. My mother had no influence on my life, for, considering me the cause of my father's death, she did not love me, and, having soon married a second time, she had already completely handed me over to my grandfather, who began my upbringing with the Psalter and the Book of Hours. Then, at the age of seven, I was sent to a school where I studied for five months. I studied poorly, I hated school rules, my comrades too, because I always loved solitude. Having contracted smallpox at school, I finished my studies and did not resume it any more. At this time, my mother died of transient consumption, while my grandfather went bankrupt. In his family, which was very large, since two sons lived with him, married and having children, no one loved me, except for my grandmother, an amazingly kind and selfless old woman, whom I will remember all my life with a feeling of love and respect for her. My uncles liked to live widely, that is, to drink and eat well and drink a lot. After drinking, they usually fought among themselves or with guests, whom we always had a lot of, or they beat their wives. One uncle drove two wives into the coffin, the other - one. Sometimes they beat me too. In such an environment, there can be no question of any mental influences, especially since all my relatives are semi-literate people.

For eight years I was sent "as a boy" to a shoe store, but two months later I boiled my hands with boiling cabbage soup and was sent by the owner again to my grandfather. Upon my recovery, I was apprenticed to a draftsman, a distant relative, but a year later, due to very difficult living conditions, I ran away from him and went on a ship as an apprentice to a cook. It was a retired non-commissioned officer of the guard, Mikhail Antonov Smury, a man of fabulous physical strength, rude, very well-read; he aroused my interest in reading books. Until that time I hated books and all printed paper, but by beatings and caresses my teacher made me convinced of the great significance of the book, to love it. The first book I liked to the point of madness was "The Tradition of How a Soldier Saved Peter the Great." Smury had a whole chest, mostly filled with small leather-bound volumes, and it was the most strange library in the world. Eckarthausen was lying next to Nekrasov, Anna Radcliffe with a volume of Sovremennik, there was also Iskra for 1864, The Stone of Faith, and books in Little Russian.

From that moment in my life I began to read everything that came to hand; At the age of ten, he began to keep a diary, where he entered impressions made from life and books. Future life very colorful and complex: from a cook, I again returned to a draftsman, then I traded icons, served on the Gryaz-Tsaritsyno railway as a watchman, was a pretzel maker, a baker, it happened to live in slums, several times I went on foot to travel around Russia. In 1888, while living in Kazan, he first met students, participated in self-education circles; In 1890, I felt out of place among the intelligentsia and left to travel. He went from Nizhny to Tsaritsyn, the Don region, Ukraine, went to Bessarabia, from there along the southern coast of Crimea to the Kuban, in the Black Sea. In October 1892 he lived in Tiflis, where he published his first essay "Makar Chudra" in the newspaper "Kavkaz". I was praised a lot for it, and, having moved to Nizhny, I tried to write short stories for the Kazan newspaper Volzhsky Vestnik. They were readily accepted and published. He sent the essay "Emelyan Pilyai" to "Russian Vedomosti", which was also accepted and printed. I should perhaps remark here that the ease with which the provincial newspapers print the works of "beginners" is truly amazing, and I think that it must testify either to the extreme kindness of the gentlemen of the editors, or to their complete lack of literary instinct.

In 1895, in "Russian wealth" (book 6), my story "Chelkash" was published - Russian Thought spoke about it - I don't remember in which book. In the same year, my essay "Mistake" was published in Russian Thought - there were no reviews, it seems. In 1896, in the "New Word" essay "Tosca" - a review in the September book "Education". In March of this year, in the "New Dictionary" essay "Konovalov".

Until now, I have not yet written a single thing that would satisfy me, and therefore I do not save my works - ergo *: I cannot send. It seems that there were no remarkable events in my life, but, by the way, I do not clearly imagine what exactly should be meant by these words.

---------* Therefore (lat.)

NOTES

For the first time, the autobiography was published in the book "Russian Literature of the 20th Century", vol. 1, ed. "Mir", M. 1914.

An autobiography was written in 1897, as evidenced by the author's note in the manuscript: "Crimea, Alupka, the village of Hadji-Mustafa." M. Gorky lived in Alupka in January - May 1897.

The autobiography was written by M. Gorky at the request of the literary critic and bibliographer S.A. Vengerov.

Apparently, at the same time or somewhat later, M. Gorky wrote an autobiography, published in extracts in 1899 in an article by D. Gorodetsky "Two Portraits" (magazine "Family", 1899, number 36, September 5):

“I was born on March 14, 1868 or the 9th year in Nizhny, in the family of the dyer Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, from his daughter Varvara and the Perm tradesman Maxim Savvatiev Peshkov, by the craft of a draper or upholsterer. .. My father died in Astrakhan when I was 5 years old, my mother - in Kanavin-Sloboda.After my mother's death, my grandfather sent me to a shoe store; at that time I was 9 years old and was taught by my grandfather to read and write in the psalter and hours. From the "boys" he escaped and became an apprentice to a draftsman - he escaped and entered an icon-painting workshop, then on a steamer, a cook, then a gardener's assistant. classical works unknown authors, such as: "Guak, or irresistible fidelity", "Andrey the Fearless", "Yapancha", "Yashka Smertensky", etc.

Unknown facts from the life of Gorky. April 19th, 2009

There were many mysteries in Gorky. For example, he did not feel physical pain, but at the same time he experienced someone else's pain so painfully that when he described the scene of a woman being stabbed, a huge scar swelled on his body. From a young age he suffered from tuberculosis and smoked 75 cigarettes a day. He tried several times to commit suicide, and each time he was saved by an unknown force, for example, in 1887, he deflected a bullet aimed at the heart by a millimeter from the target. He could drink as much alcohol as he wanted and never got drunk. In 1936 he died twice, on June 9 and 18. On June 9, the already practically dead writer was wonderfully revived by the arrival of Stalin, who came to Gorky's dacha in Gorki near Moscow in order to say goodbye to the deceased.

On the same day, Gorky arranged a strange vote of relatives and friends, asking them: should he die or not? In fact, he controlled the process of his dying ...
Gorky's life is an amazing carnival that ended tragically. The question still remains unresolved: whether Gorky died a natural death or was killed on Stalin's orders. The last days and hours of Gorky are filled with some kind of horror. Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov drank champagne near the bedside of the dying Russian writer. Nizhny Novgorod friend of Gorky, and then a political emigrant Ekaterina Kuskova wrote: "But they also stood over the silent writer with a candle day and night ..."
Leo Tolstoy at first mistook Gorky for a peasant and spoke obscenities to him, but then he realized that he had made a big mistake. “I can’t treat Gorky sincerely, I don’t know why, but I can’t,” he complained to Chekhov. evil person. He has a soul of a spy, he came from somewhere to a strange land of Canaan, looks at everything, notices everything and reports everything to some god of his.
Gorky paid the intelligentsia in the same coin. In letters to I. Repin and Tolstoy, he sang hymns in praise of Man: "I don't know anything better, harder, more interesting than a person..."; "I deeply believe that better than a man there is nothing on earth ... "And at the same time he wrote to his wife:" It would be better if I did not see all this bastard, all these pathetic, little people ..." (this is about those who in St. Petersburg raised their glasses in his honor (Yes, and who is his wife, an NKVD agent?)
He passed Luka, a crafty wanderer,” wrote the poet Vladislav Khodasevich. This is just as true as the fact that he was a wanderer always and everywhere, being connected and in correspondence with Lenin, Chekhov, Bryusov, Rozanov, Morozov, Gapon, Bunin, Artsybashev, Gippius, Mayakovsky, Panferov, realists, symbolists, priests, Bolsheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, monarchists, Zionists, anti-Semites, terrorists, academicians, collective farmers, GEP workers and all people on this sinful earth. "Gorky did not live, but examined ... ." - said Viktor Shklovsky.
Everyone saw in him "Gorky", not a person, but a character that he himself invented while in Tiflis in 1892, when he signed his first story "Makar Chudra" with this pseudonym
A contemporary of the writer, emigrant I.D. Surguchev seriously believed that Gorky once made a pact with the devil - the same one that Christ refused in the wilderness. "And to him, average in general writer, a success was given that neither Pushkin, nor Gogol, nor Leo Tolstoy, nor Dostoevsky knew during their lifetime. He had everything: fame, money, and female sly love. "Maybe it's true. Only this is not our business.
Pundits on his planet, after reading the report on the trip, nevertheless asked:
- Did you see the man?
- Saw!
- What is he?
- Oh-oh... That sounds proud!
- What does it look like?
And he drew a strange figure in the air with his wing.

Gorky was married to Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, in marriage - Peshkova (1876-1965; public figure, employee of the International Red Cross).
Son - Maxim Maksimovich Peshkov (1896-1934). His sudden death was explained, like Gorky's death, by poisoning.
The adopted son of Gorky, whose godfather he was - Zinovy ​​\u200b\u200bMikhailovich Peshkov - general of the French army, brother of Y. Sverdlov).
Among the women who enjoyed Gorky's special favor was Maria Ignatievna Budberg (1892-1974), a baroness, nee Countess Zakrevskaya, by her first marriage, Benkendorf. Lev Nikulin writes about her in his memoirs; “When we are asked who Klim Samgin is dedicated to, who Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya is, we think that her portrait stood on Gorky’s table until his last days” (Moscow. 1966. N 2). She was with him and V last hours his life. A photograph has been preserved where Budberg, next to Stalin, follows Gorky's coffin. It was she who, fulfilling the task of the GPU, brought Gorky's Italian archive to Stalin, which contained what Stalin was especially interested in - Gorky's correspondence with Bukharin, Rykov and other Soviet figures who, having escaped from the USSR on a business trip, bombarded Gorky with letters about the atrocities of "the very wise and great” (about Budberg, see: Berberova N. Iron Woman. New York, 1982).
http://belsoch.exe.by/bio2/04_16.shtml
The common-law wife of M. Grky was also Maria Andreeva.
YURKOVSKAYA MARIA FYODOROVNA (ANDREEVA, ZHELYABUZHSKAYA, PHENOMENON) 1868-1953 Born in St. Petersburg. Actress. On stage since 1886, in 1898-1905 at the Moscow Art Theater. Roles: Rautendelein ("The Drowned Bell" by G. Hauptmann, 1898), Natasha ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1902), etc. In 1904 she joined the Bolsheviks. Publisher of the Bolshevik newspaper "New Life" (1905). In 1906 she married an official Zhelyabuzhsky, but later became the common-law wife of Maxim Gorky and emigrated with him. In 1913 she returned to Moscow after breaking off relations with Gorky. She resumed acting work in Ukraine. Together with M. Gorky and A. A. Blok, she participated in the creation of the Bolshoi Drama Theater (Petrograd, 1919), until 1926 she was an actress of this theater. Commissioner of theaters and spectacles of Petrograd (in 1919-1921), director of the Moscow House of Scientists (in 1931-1948).
With what did Gorky come to our world?

In 1895, almost simultaneously, he published in Samarskaya Gazeta the romantic tale "About the Little Fairy and the Young Shepherd", the famous "Old Woman Izergil" and the realistic story "On the Salt", dedicated to describing the hard work of tramps in the salt mines. Patterned, brightly colored fabric artistic narrative in the first two works, it does not harmonize in any way with the mundane everyday depiction of tramps, in one of which the author himself is guessed. The text of the story "On the salt" is replete with rude cruel images, common speech, abuse, conveying feelings of pain and resentment, "senseless rage" of people brought to complete stupefaction in salt hard labor. Romantically colored landscape in "Old Woman Izergil" ("dark blue patches of the sky, decorated with golden specks of stars"), the harmony of colors and sounds, amazing beautiful heroes legends about a little fairy (the shepherd does not resemble a Wallachian shepherd, but a biblical prophet) create sunny fairy tale about love and freedom. The story "On the Salt" also describes the sea, the sky, the shore of the estuary, but the color of the story is completely different: unbearably scorching heat, cracked gray earth, red-brown grass like blood, women and men swarming like worms in greasy mud. Instead of a solemn symphony of sounds - the squeal of wheelbarrows, rude and angry abuse, groans and "dreary protest".
Larra is the son of a woman and an eagle. His mother brought him to people in the hope that he would live happily among his kind. Larra was the same as everyone else, "only his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds." The young man did not respect anyone, did not listen to anyone, behaved arrogantly and proudly. There was both strength and beauty in him, but he repelled him with pride and coldness. Larra behaved among people, as animals behave in a herd, where everything is allowed to the strongest. He kills the "obstinate" girl right in front of the whole tribe, not knowing that by doing so he signs a sentence for himself to be rejected for the rest of his life. Angry people decided that: “The punishment for him is in himself!” They let him go, gave him freedom.
the theme of an ungrateful, capricious crowd, because people, having fallen into the thickest darkness of the forest and swamp swamps, attacked Danko with reproaches and threats. They called him "an insignificant and harmful person", they decided to kill him. However, the young man forgave the people for their anger and unfair reproaches. He tore out his heart from his chest, which burned with a bright fire of love for these same people, and lit the way for them: “It (the heart) burned as brightly as the sun, and brighter than the sun, and the whole forest fell silent, lit by this great torch love for people...
Danko and Larra are antipodes, they are both young, strong and beautiful. But Larra is a slave to his egoism, and this makes him lonely and rejected by everyone. Danko lives for people, therefore he is truly immortal.
The falcon is a symbol of a fearless fighter: "We sing glory to the madness of the brave." And Already is a symbol of a cautious and sensible man in the street. The images of cowardly loons, a penguin and seagulls are allegorical, which frantically rush about, trying to hide from reality and its changes.
Chudra says: “You have chosen a glorious fate for yourself, falcon. That’s the way it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die - that’s all!”
Izergil lives among people, looking for human love ready for her heroic deeds. Why is the ugliness of her old age so cruelly emphasized by the writer? She is “almost a shadow” - this is associated with the shadow of Larra. Apparently, because her way is life strong man but lived for himself.
“... O brave Falcon! In a battle with enemies you bled to death... But there will be time - and drops of your hot blood, like sparks, will flare up in the darkness of life and will light many brave hearts with an insane thirst for freedom, light! .. We sing a song to the madness of the brave! .. "
For him, a fact, a case from reality, was always important. He was hostile to the human imagination, he did not understand fairy tales.
Most of the Russian writers of the 19th century were his personal enemies: he hated Dostoevsky, he despised Gogol as a sick man, he laughed at Turgenev.
His personal enemies were the Kamenev family.
- Trotsky's sister, Olga Kameneva (Bronstein) - the wife of Lev Kamenev (Rozenfeld Lev Borisovich), who headed the Moscow Soviet from 1918 to 1924, a former member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. But the most interesting thing is that until December 1934 (before his arrest), Lev Kamenev was the director of the Institute of World Literature. M. Gorky (?!).
Olga Kameneva was in charge of the theatrical department of the People's Commissariat of Education. In February 1920, she told Khodasevich: “I am surprised how you can get to know Gorky. All he does is cover up scammers - and he himself is a scammer. If not for Vladimir Ilyich, he would have been in prison long ago! Gorky had a long acquaintance with Lenin. Nevertheless, it was Lenin who advised Gorky to leave new Russia.

Having gone abroad in 1921, Gorky, in a letter to V. Khodasevich, sharply criticized N. Krupskaya's circular about the removal from Soviet libraries for the mass reader of the works of Plato, Kant, Schopenhauer, V. Solovyov, L. Tolstoy and others.
One of the many testimonies that Gorky was poisoned by Stalin, and perhaps the most convincing, although indirect, belongs to B. Gerland and was published in No. 6 of the Socialist Bulletin in 1954. B. Gerland was a Gulag prisoner in Vorkuta and worked in the barracks of the camp together with Professor Pletnev, also exiled. He was sentenced to death for the murder of Gorky, later replaced by 25 years in prison. She recorded his story: “We treated Gorky for heart disease, but he suffered not so much physically as morally: he did not stop tormenting himself with self-reproach. He no longer had anything to breathe in the USSR, he passionately longed back to Italy. The Kremlin was most afraid of the famous writer's open speech against his regime, and, as always, he came up with an effective remedy at the right time. who loved to treat his visitors. This time he generously gave sweets to two orderlies who worked with him, and he himself ate some sweets. An hour later, all three began excruciating stomach pains, and an hour later death occurred. An autopsy was immediately performed. Result "He lived up to our worst fears. All three died of the poison."

Long before Gorky's death, Stalin tried to make him his political ally. Those who knew Gorky's incorruptibility could imagine how hopeless the task was. But Stalin never believed in human incorruptibility. On the contrary, he often pointed out to the NKVD officers that in their activities they should proceed from the fact that incorruptible people do not exist at all. Everyone has their own price.
Under the influence of these appeals, Gorky returned to Moscow. From that moment on, a program of appeasing him, sustained in the Stalinist style, began to operate. At his disposal were given a mansion in Moscow and two comfortable villas - one in the Moscow region, the other in the Crimea. The supply of the writer and his family with everything necessary was entrusted to the same department of the NKVD, which was responsible for providing for Stalin and the members of the Politburo. For trips to the Crimea and abroad, Gorky was allocated a specially equipped railway car. On Stalin's instructions, Yagoda (Enoch Gershonovich Yehuda) sought to catch Gorky's slightest desires on the fly and fulfill them. Around his villas, his favorite flowers were planted, specially delivered from abroad. He smoked special cigarettes ordered for him in Egypt. On demand, any book from any country was delivered to him. Gorky, by nature a modest and moderate person, tried to protest against the defiant luxury that surrounded him, but he was told that Maxim Gorky was alone in the country.
Along with concern for material well-being Gorky, Stalin instructed Yagoda to "re-educate" him. It was necessary to convince the old writer that Stalin was building real socialism and was doing everything in his power to raise the standard of living of the working people.
He participated in the work of the so-called association of proletarian writers, headed by Averbakh, who was married to Yagoda's niece.

IN famous book"The Stalin Canal", written by a group of writers led by Maxim Gorky, who visited the White Sea Canal, tells, in particular, about the gathering of the builders of the canal - Chekists and prisoners - in August 1933. M. Gorky also spoke there. He said excitedly, “I am happy, overwhelmed. Since 1928, I have been looking closely at how the OGPU re-educates people. You have done a great job, a great job!”
Completely isolated from the people, he moved along the conveyor organized for him by Yagoda, in the constant company of Chekists and several young writers who collaborated with the NKVD. Everyone who surrounded Gorky was made to tell him about the miracles of socialist construction and sing praises to Stalin. Even the gardener and cook assigned to the writer knew that from time to time they had to tell him that they "just" received a letter from their village relatives who report that life there is getting more and more beautiful.
Stalin was impatient for a popular Russian writer to immortalize his name. He decided to shower Gorky with royal gifts and honors and thus influence the content and, so to speak, the tone of the future book.
Sun. Vishnevsky was at Gorky's banquet and says that it even mattered who was further and who was closer to Gorky. He says that this spectacle was so disgusting that Pasternak could not stand it and ran away from the middle of the banquet.

They boast that there has never been slavery in Russia, that she immediately stepped into feudalism. Pardon me, Russia has not stepped anywhere. All attempts to reform the social structure burned in the slave psychology, so convenient for the bureaucratic-feudal state ...
Behind a short time Gorky received such honors that the greatest writers of the world could not even dream of. Stalin ordered that a large industrial center, Nizhny Novgorod, be named after Gorky. Accordingly, all Nizhny Novgorod Region renamed Gorkovskaya. Gorky's name was given to the Moscow Art Theater, which, by the way, was founded and gained worldwide fame thanks to Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, and not Gorky.
The Council of People's Commissars by a special resolution noted his great services to Russian literature. Several businesses have been named after him. The Moscow City Council decided to rename the main street of Moscow - Tverskaya - into Gorky Street.
The famous French writer, Russian by origin, Victor Serge, who stayed in Russia until 1936, in his diary, published in 1949 in the Parisian magazine Le Tan Modern, spoke about his recent meetings with Gorky:
“I once met him on the street,” writes Serge, “and was shocked by his appearance. He was unrecognizable - it was a skeleton. He wrote official articles, really disgusting, justifying the trials of the Bolsheviks. But in an intimate setting he grumbled. He spoke with bitterness and contempt about the present, entered into or almost entered into conflicts with Stalin. Serge also said that Gorky cried at night.

In Russia, Gorky lost his son, perhaps skillfully groomed by Yagoda, who liked Maxim's wife. There is a suspicion that Kryuchkov killed Maxim on behalf of Yagoda. From Kryuchkov’s confession: “I asked what I need to do. To this he answered me:“ Eliminate Maxim. ”Yagoda said that he should be given as much alcohol as possible and then he should have caught a cold. Kryuchkov, according to him, did this When it turned out that Maxim had pneumonia, they did not listen to Professor Speransky, but listened to Dr. Levin and Vinogradov (not brought to trial), who gave Maxim champagne, then a laxative, which hastened his death.
IN last years life, Gorky became a dangerous burden for the Soviet government. He was forbidden to leave Moscow, Gorki and the Crimea when he traveled south.
As an example of "socialist realism", government critics usually point to Gorky's story "Mother", written by him in 1906. But Gorky himself in 1933 told his old friend and biographer V. A. Desnitsky that "Mother" was "long, boring and carelessly written." And in a letter to Fyodor Gladkov, he wrote: "Mother" is a book, really only a bad one, written in a state of vehemence and irritation.
“After Gorky’s death, the NKVD officers found carefully hidden notes in his papers. When Yagoda finished reading these notes, he cursed and said: "No matter how you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest."
« Untimely Thoughts”- this is a series of articles by M. Gorky, published in 1917-1918 in the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, where he, in particular, wrote: “Rumors are spreading more and more persistently that on October 20 there will be a“ performance of the Bolsheviks ”- in other words: the disgusting scenes of July 3-5 can be repeated ... An unorganized crowd will crawl out into the street, poorly understanding what it wants, and, hiding behind it, adventurers, thieves, professional killers will begin to “create the history of the Russian revolution” ”(emphasis mine. - In .B.).

After the October Revolution, Gorky wrote: “Lenin, Trotsky and those accompanying them have already been poisoned by the rotten poison of power ... The working class must know that it will face famine, a complete breakdown of industry, the destruction of transport, a long bloody anarchy ...”.

“Imagining themselves as Napoleons from socialism, the Leninists tear and rush, completing the destruction of Russia - the Russian people will pay for this with lakes of blood.”

“To frighten with terror and pogrom people who do not want to participate in the frantic dance of Mr. Trotsky over the ruins of Russia is shameful and criminal.”

“People's commissars treat Russia as a material for experiment, the Russian people for them are the horse into which bacteriologists inoculate typhus so that the horse develops anti-typhoid serum in its blood. It is precisely such a cruel and doomed to failure experiment that the commissars perform on the Russian people, not thinking that the exhausted, half-starved horse can die.
At Lubyanka, the investigator was summoned to the office one at a time. Each signed a non-disclosure agreement. Everyone was warned that if he let out even one word, at least to his own wife, he would be immediately liquidated along with his entire family.
The notebook found in the mansion on Povarskaya Street was M. Gorky's diary. The full text of this diary was read only by the most responsible employee of the NKVD, by some of the Politburo and, of course, by Stalin.
Stalin, puffing on his pipe, was sorting through photographs of pages from Gorky's diary lying in front of him. He fixed his heavy gaze on one.

“An idle mechanic calculated that if an ordinary vile flea is increased hundreds of times, then it turns out to be the most terrible beast on earth, which no one would be able to control. With modern great technique a giant flea can be seen in the cinema. But the monstrous grimaces of history sometimes create similar exaggerations in the real world ... Stalin is such a flea that Bolshevik propaganda and the hypnosis of fear have increased to incredible proportions.
On the same day, June 18, 1936, Genrikh Yagoda went to Gorki, where Maxim Gorky was being treated for influenza, accompanied by several of his henchmen, including a mysterious woman in black. The People's Commissar of the NKVD looked at Alexei Maksimovich for a short time, but the woman, according to eyewitnesses, spent more than forty minutes at the writer's bedside ...
It's been a day solar eclipse.
On the morning of June 19, a mournful message was placed in Soviet newspapers: the great proletarian writer Alexei Maksimovich Gorky died of pneumonia.
But here is other evidence. During last illness Gorky, M.I. Budberg was on duty at Gorky’s deathbed and, together with other people close to him (P.P. Kryuchkov, nurse O.D. Chertkova, his last affection), was an eyewitness to the last moments of his life. Particularly difficult for her were the night hours of duty, when Gorky often woke up and was tormented by attacks of suffocation. All these observations of M.I. Budberg are confirmed by the memoirs of E.P. Peshkova, P.P. Kryuchkov and M.I. Budberg herself, which were recorded by A.N. Tikhonov, a friend and colleague of Gorky, immediately after the death of the writer.
Whether it really was so or not (there are many versions of what Gorky died from, and the above is just one of them), we will probably never know.
MARIA Ignatievna Budberg, nee Zakrevskaya, by her first marriage, Countess Benckendorff, a truly legendary woman, an adventurer and a double (and maybe triple, even German intelligence) agent of the GPU and British intelligence, the mistress of Lockhart and Herbert Wells.
Being the mistress of the English envoy, Lockhart, she came to him for the family's departure documents. But while she was in the capital, bandits attacked her estate in Estonia and killed her husband. But the Chekists found Moura herself in bed with Lockhart and escorted her to the Lubyanka. The accusations were clearly not groundless, since the head of the English mission Lockhart himself rushed to rescue the countess. He failed to rescue the agent-mistress, and he himself fell under arrest.
Most likely, it was not beauty (Maria Ignatievna was not a beauty in the full sense of the word), but Zakrevskaya's wayward character and independence that captivated Gorky. But in general, her energy potential was huge and immediately attracted men to her. At first he took her to his literary secretary. But very soon, despite the big age difference (she was 24 years younger than the writer), he offered her a hand and a heart. Maria did not want to officially marry the petrel of the revolution, or maybe she did not receive a blessing for marriage from her "godparents" from the NKVD, however, be that as it may, for 16 years she remained Gorky's common-law wife.
Agents of the NKVD, and specifically, the well-known Yagoda, allegedly bring her to the dying writer. Moura removes the nurse from the room, declaring that she will prepare the medicine herself (by the way, she never studied medicine). The nurse sees how Mura dilutes some liquid in a glass and gives the writer a drink, and then hurriedly leaves, accompanied by Yagoda. The nurse, peeping behind her through the crack of the half-open door, rushes to the patient and notices that the glass from which Gorky drank the medicine has disappeared from the writer's table. So Moura took it with her. 20 minutes after her departure, Gorky dies. But this is most likely another legend.
Although the NKVD did indeed have a huge secret laboratory engaged in the manufacture of poisons, this project was supervised by Yagoda, a former pharmacist. In addition, it is necessary to recall one more episode: a few days before Gorky's death, he was sent a box of chocolates, which the writer loved very much. Not eating them, Gorky treats two orderlies caring for him. A few minutes later, the orderlies show signs of poisoning and die. Subsequently, the death of these orderlies will become one of the main points of indictment in the "doctors' case", when Stalin accuses the doctors who treated the writer of killing him.
In Russia, people are buried according to seven categories, Kipnis joked. - The seventh is when the deceased himself controls the horse that carries him to the cemetery.
Leon Trotsky, who was well versed in the Stalinist climate prevailing in Moscow, wrote:
“Gorky was neither a conspirator nor a politician. He was a kind and sensitive old man, protective of the weak, sensitive Protestant. During the famine and the first two five-year plans, when general indignation threatened the authorities, repressions exceeded all limits ... Gorky, who enjoyed influence at home and abroad, could not endure the liquidation of the old Bolsheviks, prepared by Stalin. Gorky would have immediately protested, his voice would have been heard, and the Stalinist trials of the so-called "conspirators" would have turned out to be unfulfilled. It would also be absurd to attempt to prescribe silence to Gorky. His arrest, deportation or open liquidation was even more unthinkable. There was only one possibility: to hasten his death with poison, without shedding blood. The Kremlin dictator saw no other way out.”
But Trotsky himself could have desired the removal of a writer who knew too much and was unpleasant to him for family reasons.
In his book Vladimir Lenin, published in Leningrad in 1924, on page 23, Gorky wrote about Lenin:
“I often heard him praise his comrades. And even about those who, according to rumors, did not seem to enjoy his personal sympathies. Surprised by his assessment of one of these comrades, I noticed that for many this assessment would have seemed unexpected. “Yes, yes, I know,” said Lenin. - There's something lying about my relationship with him. They lie a lot and even especially a lot about me and Trotsky. Hitting the table with his hand, Lenin said: “But they would point out another person who is capable of organizing an almost exemplary army in a year and even gaining the respect of military specialists. We have such a person!”
All this was thrown out by the editors of the posthumous edition of Gorky's collected works, and instead they inserted the following gag: “But still, not ours! With us, not ours! Ambitious. And there is something bad in him, from Lassalle. This was not in the book written by Gorky in 1924, shortly after Lenin's death, and published in the same year in Leningrad.
Gorky's book on Lenin ended (in 1924) with these words:
“In the end, the honest and truthful, created by man, wins, that without which there is no man wins.”
In the collected works of Gorky, these words of his were thrown out, and instead of them, the party editors entered the following gag: “Vladimir Lenin is dead. The heirs of his mind and will are alive. They are alive and working as successfully as no one has ever worked anywhere in the world.”

Nadya Vvedenskaya is married to her father's intern Dr. Sinichkin. Around - nine brothers of the young bride... The wedding night. As soon as the groom approached the bride, at the moment when they were alone in the room, she ... jumped out the window and ran away to Maxim Peshkov, her first love ...

Nadia met the son of Maxim Gorky in the last grade of the gymnasium, when one day she came to the skating rink with her friends. Maxim immediately struck her with boundless kindness and equally boundless irresponsibility. They didn't get married right away.
After October and civil war Maxim Peshkov was going to the Italian shores, to his father. And then Lenin gave Maxim Peshkov an important party assignment: to explain to his father the meaning of the "great proletarian revolution" - which the great proletarian writer took for an immoral massacre.

Together with her son Gorky, in 1922 Nadezhda Vvedenskaya also went abroad. They got married in Berlin. The Peshkovs' daughters were born already in Italy: Marfa - in Sorrento, Daria two years later - in Naples. But the family life of the young spouses did not work out. The writer Vladislav Khodasevich recalled: “Maxim was then about thirty years old, but by nature it was difficult to give him more than thirteen.”

In Italy, Nadezhda Alekseevna discovered her husband's strong addiction to strong drinks and women. However, here he followed in the footsteps of his father ...
The great writer was not shy in the same place, in Italy, to show all kinds of signs of attention to Varvara Sheikevich, the wife of Andrey Diderikhs. She was an amazing woman. After the break with Gorky, Varvara alternately became the wife of the publisher A. Tikhonov and the artist Z. Grzhebin. Gorky courted V. Sheikevich in the presence of his second wife, actress Maria Andreeva. Of course, my wife was crying. However, Alexei Maksimovich was also crying. In fact, he loved to cry. But in fact, Gorky's wife at that time was a well-known adventurer associated with the Chekists, Maria Benkendorf, who, after the writer left for her homeland, married another writer, Herbert Wells.

Maria Andreeva was not going to lag behind her husband - a "traitor". She made her lover Pyotr Kryuchkov, Gorky's assistant, who was 21 years her junior. In 1938, P. Kryuchkov, who was undoubtedly an agent of the OGPU, was accused of "villainous killing" of Gorky and shot.
Before Kryuchkov, Andreeva's lovers were a certain Yakov Lvovich Izrailevich. Upon learning of his unexpected resignation, he did not find anything better than to beat his opponent, driving him under the table. The situation that prevailed in the family is also evidenced by the following fact: the mother of M. Andreeva committed suicide, having previously gouged out the eyes of her granddaughter Katya in the portrait.
Gerling-Grudzinsky in the article “Seven Deaths of Maxim Gorky” draws attention to the fact that “there is no reason to believe the indictment of the 1938 trial, which said that Yagoda decided - partly for political, partly for personal reasons (it was known that he was in love to Nadezhda) - to send Maxim Peshkov to the next world.
The daughter of Nadezhda Alekseevna - Marfa Maksimovna Peshkova - was a friend of the daughter of I.V. Stalin Svetlana and became the wife of Sergo Lavrentievich Beria (son of Lavrenty Pavlovich).
Well, Gorky and Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov knew each other from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1902, the son of Yakov Sverdlov, Zinovy, converted to Orthodoxy, Gorky was his godfather, and Zinovy ​​Mikhailovich Sverdlov became Zinovy ​​Alekseevich Peshkov, the adopted son of Maxim Gorky.
Subsequently, Gorky wrote in a letter to Peshkova: “This handsome boy has recently behaved surprisingly boorishly towards me, and my friendship with him is over. It's very sad and hard."
Fathers Sverdlov and Yagoda were cousins
Berries are gone. But the Chekists continued to influence the life of Nadezhda Peshkova. She had just gathered on the eve of the war to marry her longtime friend I. K. Lupol - one of the most educated people of his time, philosopher, historian, writer, director of the Institute of World Literature. Gorky, - how her chosen one ended up in the dungeons of the NKVD and died in the camp in 1943. After the war, Nadezhda Alekseevna married the architect Miron Merzhanov. Six months later, in 1946, her husband was arrested. Already after the death of Stalin, in 1953, N.A. Peshkova agreed to become the wife of engineer V.F. Popov ... The groom was arrested ...
Nadezhda Alekseevna carried the cross of the "untouchable" until the end of her days. As soon as a man appeared near her, who could have serious intentions, he disappeared. Most often - forever. All the years in the USSR, she lived under a magnifying glass, which was constantly held in her hands by the "organs" ... The daughter-in-law of Maxim Gorky was supposed to go to the grave as his daughter-in-law.
Gorky's son Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov. The monument of the sculptor Mukhina is so good, so similar to the original, that when Maxim's mother saw it, she had an attack. "You extended my meeting with my son," she said to Mukhina. For hours I sat near the monument. Now resting nearby.
Maxim Alekseevich's wife, Gorky's daughter-in-law - Nadezhda. She was a stunningly beautiful woman. She painted beautifully. Surrounded by Gorky, it was customary to give playful nicknames: his second civil wife the actress of the Bolshoi Drama Theater in Petrograd Maria Fedorovna Andreeva had the nickname "Phenomenon", the son of Maxim was called "The Singing Worm", the wife of Gorky's secretary Kryuchkov - "Tse-tse" ... The wife of Maxim's son Nadezhda Gorky gave the nickname "Timosha". Why? For recalcitrant curls sticking out in all directions. First there was a scythe, with which it was possible to kill the spine of a teenage calf. Nadezhda secretly cut it off and at the hairdresser's (it was in Italy) they laid down what was left after the haircut. For the first half hour, it seemed to look good, but in the morning ... Gorky, seeing his son's wife, named her Timosha - in honor of the coachman Timofey, whose unkempt tufts always aroused general delight. However, Nadezhda-Timosha was so good that Genrikh Yagoda fell in love with her. (For the country's chief Chekist, by occupation, it seems that falling in love meant betraying the Motherland. Assess the risk of Yagoda - he openly gave Gorky's daughter-in-law orchids).
Maxim died early - at the age of 37. Died weird. His daughter Martha, sharing her memories with the poetess Larisa Vasilyeva, suspects poisoning. Maxim liked to drink (they even quarreled on this basis with the patient but proud Timosha). But on that ill-fated day (early May 1934) he did not take a sip. We were returning from the dacha Yagoda. Felt bad. Gorky's secretary, Kryuchkov, left Maxim on the bench - in one shirt, there was still snow in Gorki.

Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. After the death of his father, Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, a cabinetmaker, his mother, Varvara Vasilievna, with three-year-old Alyosha, returned to the house of her father Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing workshop. Since 1876, Alexei Peshkov studied first at the Ilyinsky School, then at the Nizhny Novgorod Sloboda Kunavinsky Primary School, but "he did not finish the course in it due to poverty."

When his mother died, Alyosha was 11 years old. Left an orphan, he lived in his grandfather's house in an atmosphere of “mutual enmity of everyone with everyone; she poisoned adults, and even children took an active part in it ”(“ Childhood ”), Alyosha was loved only by grandmother Akulina Ivanovna, who replaced his mother. She managed to develop in him an interest in folk songs and fairy tales.

The ruined grandfather gave his grandson to serve in a shoe store. Then Alexey worked as a servant, a "boy" in an icon shop, an apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at a construction site, and an extra in a theater at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. He worked constantly and at the same time read a lot. Alexey read especially a lot while working on the Dobry steamship - cook Potap Andreev gave him books. Later, Gorky would write: “More and more expanding the limits of the world before me, the books told me how great and beautiful a person is in striving for the best, how much he did on earth and what incredible suffering it cost him.”

In 1884, Alexei Peshkov left for Kazan, dreaming of entering Kazan University. But the dream was not destined to come true - instead of studying, I had to work. The future writer lived in a friend's family, sometimes among tramps in a rooming house, worked as a laborer and loader on the pier, then got a job as a baker's assistant in A. S. Derenkov's bakery, which was called "a place of suspicious gatherings of student youth" in gendarme documents. Alexey Maksimovich during this period was especially actively engaged in self-education, got acquainted with Marxist teachings, studied the works of G.V. Plekhanov. In 1888, in search of work, he wandered around Russia. A year later, returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he met V.G. Korolenko. He brought famous writer his first composition - "The Song of the Old Oak" - and received support. At the same time, Alexey Maksimovich met Olga Yulyevna Kamenskaya, who soon became his wife.

In 1891-1892 he made a new journey through Rus'. The experience of wandering was reflected in his early romantic works and a later cycle of stories "Across Rus'".

There are many lyrical "digressions" in the cycle "Across Rus'". They express author's attitude to the world, pictorial and subjective-evaluative plans are combined, the socio-historical and generalized-philosophical image of life prevails. "Passing" - this is how Gorky called the autobiographical hero "Across Rus'". The writer borrowed this word from V.G. Korolenko ("... passing - your word from the story" The river plays ... "" - he wrote to Korolenko). “I deliberately say “passing” and not “passer-by”, it seems to me that the passer-by leaves no traces for himself, while the passing one is to some extent an active person and not only receiving impressions of being, but also consciously creating something definite.

Gorky tried to truthfully capture life in its most difficult manifestations (“On Salt”, “Conclusion”, “Twenty-six and One”, “Spouses of the Orlovs”, etc.), however, he also noticed the light that is in it.

In 1892, the first story of the writer "Makar Chudra", signed by the pseudonym M. Gorky, was published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz".

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Maksim Gorky - pseudonym Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, the incorrect use of the writer's real name in combination with a pseudonym is also well-established - Alexei Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian empire- June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.

Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the publishing house " world literature”, petitioned the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and living abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where in the last years of his life he received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.

Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from officers. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.

In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went on a wandering and soon reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:

And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a train of the railway appears on the screen. He rushes with an arrow straight at you - beware! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you sit, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building, where there is so much wine. , women, music and vice.

1897 - " former people"," Orlov's Spouses "," Malva "," Konovalov ".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.

In 1902 Gorky was elected an honorary member Imperial Academy Sciences ... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician "was under police surveillance." In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy

1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In defense of Gorky famous figures art G. Hauptmann, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer G. Puccini, philosopher B. Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva set off through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.

1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.

1914 - founded the Chronicle magazine and the Parus publishing house.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the Parus publishing house published autobiographical story"In people" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of public and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from the repressions of the Bolsheviks and hunger.

Emigration

1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. official reason departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays "On the Soviet Union."
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.

Return to the USSR

(From November 1935 to June 1936)

1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "The History of Factories and Plants", "The History of the Civil War", "The Poet's Library", "The History of the Young human XIX centuries”, the journal “Literary Studies”, he writes the plays “Egor Bulychev and Others” (1932), “Dostigaev and Others” (1933).

1934 - Gorky spends I All-Union Congress Soviet writers, speaks at it with the main report.
1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel".
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.

“Medicine is innocent here ...” This is exactly what the doctors Levin and Pletnev, who treated the writer in recent months of his life, and later brought in as defendants in the process of the "Right-Trotsky bloc". Soon, however, they "recognized" the deliberately wrong treatment...
and even "showed" that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in fact, there is no consensus.
The historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: "The fact of Gorky's murder can be considered irrevocably established." V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of a proletarian writer.

On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the government dacha in Gorki-10.

The autopsy was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov recalled, “the attitude of the doctors towards him changed. He became just a corpse for them ...

They treated him horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began ... Then they began to wash the insides. The incision was sewn up somehow with a simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket ... "

This bucket, intended for the Institute of the Brain, Kryuchkov personally carried to the car.

In Kryuchkov's memoirs there is a strange entry: "Alexey Maksimovich died on the 8th."

Ekaterina Peshkova, the writer's widow, recalls: "June 8, 6 pm. Alexei Maksimovich's condition worsened so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that the near end was inevitable ... Alexei Maksimovich - in an armchair with his eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning on something on one, then on the other hand, pressed to the temple and leaning with the elbow on the arm of the chair.

The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing weakened, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, as we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be pushing something away or filming something ... "

And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They were waiting in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter with a cheerful gait to the resurrected Gorky. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes - the head of the NKVD Heinrich Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.

"And why is this one hanging out here? So that he wouldn't be here."

Stalin behaves in the house in a businesslike way. Shuganul Genrikh, scared Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"

The "owner" has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only a corps de ballet.

When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone should be supported ... Stalin jokingly besieged Gorky: "We'll talk about business when you get better.
Thinking of getting sick, get better soon. Or maybe there is wine in the house, we would drink a glass to your health.

They brought wine... They all drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they left, Gorky seemed to say: "What good guys! How much strength they have ..."

But how much can one trust these memoirs of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by the American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky's death, she replied: "Don't ask me about it! I won't be able to sleep for three days..."

The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the terminally ill Gorky on June 10 at two in the morning. But why? Gorky was asleep. No matter how afraid the doctors were, they did not let Stalin in. Stalin's third visit took place on 12 June. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? ABOUT peasant uprising Bolotnikov ... We have moved on to the position of the French peasantry.

It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, were writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became. All this is somehow very strange.

The visits of the leader seemed to magically enliven Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin's permission. It's unbelievable, but Budberg will be blunt about it:
"He died, in fact, on the 8th, and if not for a visit to Stalin, he would hardly have returned to life."

Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. So the nighttime intrusion attempt was driven by necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed either a frank conversation with Gorky, or a steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon, who was traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?

After Gorky's death, Kryuchkov was accused of having "killed" Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov, along with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on the instructions of Yagoda, by "wrecking methods of treatment". But why?

If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the "customers" - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev - had a political calculation. In this way, they allegedly wanted to hasten the death of Gorky himself, fulfilling the task of their "leader" Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial, there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) Doctors.

One of the first to talk about the poisoning of Gorky was the revolutionary émigré B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere with poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.

Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, anyone around Gorky could be poisoned with sweets, except for himself. Only an idiot would think of such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.

There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to hang on him one more - unproven.

The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.

Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html

The purpose of this article is to find out true reason the death of the Russian writer ALEKSEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P ESH K OVA A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24

1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
ALEKSEY M A K S I M O V I CH P E SH K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3

PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH \u003d 258 \u003d NATURAL DEATH.

258 \u003d 77-LACK OF \ Oxygen \ + 181- LACK OF OXYGEN.

258 = OXYGEN STARVATION MYO \ karda \.

258 \u003d 165-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\ + 93-INFARCTION.

258 \u003d 58-FROM IN \\ infarction ... \ + 200-FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \.

258 = HYPOXIA OF THE MYOCARDIAL HEART \ a \.

258 \u003d 228-LIDING TO DEATH HEART + 30- ... CT (the end of the word coming towards the HEART).

Let's check this statement:

10 24 45 46 63 74 93
I N F A R C T
93 83 69 48 47 30 19

We see the numbers 19, 30, 48, 93

Let's decrypt individual columns:

89 = DEATH
_____
181 = 77-SHORT + 104-OXYGEN

198 = SUDDEN DEATH
_____________________________
76 = LACK OF Oxygen \

145 = DEAD
___________________________________________________
128 \u003d FROM HYPOXIA \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT CIS / LORD \ \u003d FROM INFARCTION

140 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT ACID / OROD \
__________________________________
128 \u003d MYOCARDIA WITHOUT KIS\ loroda \

193 = MYOCARDIA WITHOUT OXYGEN
__________________________________
75 = HEART

73 = MYOCARDIA
___________________________________
200 = FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION \ a \

154 = MYOCARDIAL FASTING \ a \
________________________________
105 = FASTING MI\okarda\

165 = NOT ENOUGH
_______________________
104 = OXYGEN

Reference:

Myocardial hypoxia is a condition in which the heart muscle, and the myocardium - this is the muscle of the heart, does not receive the right amount of oxygen.
ddhealth.ru›bolezni-i-lechenie/1190…miocarda

DATE OF DEATH code: 06/18/1936. This is \u003d 18 + 06 + 19 + 36 \u003d 79 \u003d FROM HYPO \ xii \ = FROM INF \ arcta \.

258 = 79 + 179- THE END HAS COME.

Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = JUNE 226-EIGHTEENTH + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-\ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \-DIES = 281.

281 = 75-HEART + 206-OXYGEN HUNGER = HEART ENDED.

281 - 258-\ FULL NAME code \ \u003d 23 \u003d MI \ ocard \.

Number code full YEARS LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261 = SUDDEN MYOCAR INFARCTION \ yes \.

Let's look at the column:

89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = SIXTY B \ eight \

180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.

Reviews

Are you sure that he is a great Russian??? Very doubtful...
Maxim Gorky (real name and surname - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov; 1868-1936) thanks to his pre-revolutionary writings, enjoyed a reputation as a friend of the poor, a fighter for social justice. Meanwhile, sympathy for people of the social “bottom” merged in these works with arguments that all Russian life is continuous “ lead abomination"(" The town of Okurov "," The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin ", etc.). Gorky argued that the Russian soul is by its very nature "cowardly" and "morbidly evil" (he considered the disgusting old voluptuous Fyodor Karamazov from Dostoevsky's novel to be the most successful portrait of it). He wrote about "the sadistic cruelty inherent in the Russian people" (an afterword to the book by S. Gusev-Orenburgsky on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine, 1923). Perhaps not a single publicist wrote with such hostility about any nation - except perhaps Hitler's ideologists about the Jews. Such accusations as expressed by Gorky in the work "On the Russian Peasantry" are brought only to those whom it is decided to destroy.
And Gorky took a direct part in this destruction. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP. In 1917, having parted with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of their coup, he formally remained outside the party. He was rich, could afford from 1906 to 1914 to live in a villa on about. Capri and donate large sums to the party fund. He financed the Leninist newspapers Iskra and Vperyod. During the December rebellion of 1905, his Moscow apartment, guarded by the Caucasian squad, became a workshop where bombs were made; where they brought weapons for the militants. In 1906, Gorky went on a tour of America, collected about 10 thousand dollars for the Bolsheviks. After the newspapers printed his proclamation "Don't give money to the Russian government," the US refused to give Russia a loan of half a billion dollars. Gorky thanked America by describing it as a gloomy "country of the yellow devil."
After 1917, Gorky continued to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. In words, often criticizing their policies (with their full permission), he actually took part in their actions. For example, in 1919, on behalf of the Bolsheviks, he formed an expert Commission, the conclusions of which served as the basis for the export of many works of art abroad. This ruined the largest art repositories in Russia.
Although Gorky understood that “the commissars treat Russia as material for experiment” and that “Bolshevism is a national misfortune,” he continued to be on friendly terms with the new government and with its leader, in the essay “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1920; not to be confused with the later “V. I. Lenin”) equated them with saints (I. A. Bunin called this article a “shameless akathist”).
From 1921 to 1931 Gorky lived abroad, mainly in Italy. Even from abroad, the proletarian writer consecrated with his authority death sentences handed down on absurd charges. Returning to the USSR, he energetically joined in the all-out hunt for imaginary "enemies" and "spies." In 1929–1931 Gorky regularly published articles in Pravda, which later compiled the collection Let's Be on Guard! They urge readers to look around them for wreckers who have secretly betrayed the cause of communism. The most famous of these articles is "If the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed" (1930); its title became a kind of motto for all Soviet politics. At the same time, Gorky, like the punitive organs that admired him, did not need any evidence to attach the label “enemy”. Most worst enemies, in his opinion, are those against whom there is no evidence. "Gorky not only sings in the choir of accusers - he writes music for this choir," states the Swiss researcher J. Niva.
The language of these articles by the "humanist writer" is striking: people here are constantly referred to as flies, tapeworms, parasites, semi-human beings, degenerates. “There are traitors, traitors, spies among the masses of the workers of the Union of Soviets… It is only natural that the workers’ and peasants’ power beats its enemies like a louse.” At the same time, Gorky praised the "historically and scientifically substantiated, truly universal, proletarian humanism of Marx - Lenin - Stalin" (article "Proletarian Humanism"); admired “how simple and accessible the wise comrade Stalin” (“Letter to the delegates of the All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Workers”). Preserving his long-standing hatred of the peasantry, Gorky reminded that “peasant strength is a socially unhealthy force and that the cultural-political, consistent work of Lenin-Stalin is aimed precisely at eradicating this ‘strength’ from the consciousness of the peasant, for this strength is ... the instinct of the small proprietor, expressed, as we know, in the forms of zoological bestiality" (" Open letter A. S. Serafimovich”, 1934). Recall that this was published in the years when the most industrious and economic peasants ("kulaks") were shot or evicted to the permafrost zone.
In support of the “case of the Industrial Party” fabricated by the OGPU, Gorky wrote the play “Somov and Others” (1930). In accordance with this absurd process, wrecking engineers are bred in it, who, in spite of the people, slow down production. In the finale, “just retribution” comes in the person of the OGPU agents, who arrest not only engineers, but also former teacher singing (his crime is that he "poisoned" the Soviet youth with talk about the soul and ancient music). In the articles "To the Workers and Peasants" and "Humanists" Gorky supports an equally ridiculous accusation against Professor Ryazanov and his "accomplices" who were shot for "organizing a food famine."
Gorky did not necessarily approve of all repressions. The arrests of the old Bolsheviks, fighters against "damned tsarism," worried him. In 1932, he even expressed his bewilderment at the arrest of L. Kamenev to the head of the Chekists, G. Yagoda. But the fate of millions condemned to death ordinary people he was not so perplexed. In 1929 Gorky visited the Solovetsky camp. One of the juvenile prisoners, seeing in him a defender of the oppressed, ventured to tell him about the monstrous conditions of life in this camp. Gorky shed a tear, but after talking with the boy (almost immediately shot) in the Book of Reviews of the Solovetsky camp, he left enthusiastic praises for the jailers.
In 1934, under the editorship of Gorky, the collection "The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin" was published. The book supports all the delusional accusations of those years: that engineers, for example, poison workers with arsenic in factory canteens, and secretly break machine tools. The concentration camp is depicted as a beacon of progress; it is claimed that no one dies in it (in reality, at least 100,000 prisoners died during the construction of the White Sea Canal). Speaking to the builders of the canal on August 25, 1933, Gorky admired “how the OGPU re-educates people,” and spoke with tears of emotion about the excessive modesty of the Chekists. According to A. I. Solzhenitsyn, given by him in The Gulag Archipelago, in the book The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin, Gorky for the first time in Russian literature glorified slave labor.
Regardless of whether Gorky's talent is considered top-notch or overblown by the press; whether to believe in his sincerity or in the fact that in his heart he did not approve of Stalin's policy; Regardless of whether to trust the version that the 68-year-old writer, who had been treated for a long time for consumption, died not from the disease, but from poison given by order from the Kremlin, the fact remains: Gorky contributed to the organized murder of millions of innocent people.

Alexey Peshkov, better known as the writer Maxim Gorky, for Russian and Soviet literature cult figure. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize, was the most published Soviet author throughout the existence of the USSR and was considered on a par with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and the main creator of Russian literary art.

Alexey Peshkov - future Maxim Gorky | Pandia

He was born in the town of Kanavino, which at that time was located in Nizhny Novgorod province, and now is one of the districts of Nizhny Novgorod. His father, Maxim Peshkov, was a carpenter, and in the last years of his life he ran a steamship office. Mother Vasilievna died of consumption, so Alyosha Peshkov's parents were replaced by her grandmother Akulina Ivanovna. From the age of 11, the boy was forced to start working: Maxim Gorky was a messenger at the store, a barmaid on a steamer, an assistant baker and an icon painter. The biography of Maxim Gorky is reflected by him personally in the stories "Childhood", "In People" and "My Universities".

Photo of Gorky in his youth | Poetic portal

After an unsuccessful attempt to become a student at Kazan University and an arrest due to connection with a Marxist circle future writer became a railroad guard. And at the age of 23, the young man sets off to wander around the country and managed to get on foot to the Caucasus. It was during this journey that Maxim Gorky briefly wrote down his thoughts, which would later be the basis for his future works. By the way, the first stories of Maxim Gorky also began to be published around that time.

Alexei Peshkov, pseudonym Gorky | Nostalgia

Having already become a famous writer, Alexei Peshkov leaves for the United States, then moves to Italy. This happened not at all because of problems with the authorities, as some sources sometimes present, but because of changes in family life. Although abroad, Gorky continues to write revolutionary books. He returned to Russia in 1913, settled in St. Petersburg and began working for various publishing houses.

It is curious that with all the Marxist views October revolution Peshkov took it rather skeptically. After the Civil War, Maxim Gorky, who had some disagreements with the new government, again went abroad, but in 1932 he finally returned home.

Writer

The first of the published stories by Maxim Gorky was the famous "Makar Chudra", which was published in 1892. And the fame of the writer was brought by the two-volume Essays and Stories. It is interesting that the circulation of these volumes was almost three times higher than was usually accepted in those years. Of the most popular works of that period, it is worth noting the stories "Old Woman Izergil", "Former People", "Chelkash", "Twenty-Six and One", as well as the poem "Song of the Falcon". Another poem "Song of the Petrel" became a textbook. Maxim Gorky devoted a lot of time to children's literature. He wrote a number of fairy tales, for example, "Vorobishko", "Samovar", "Tales of Italy", published the first special book in the Soviet Union children's magazine and organized holidays for children from poor families.

Legendary Soviet writer | Kyiv Jewish Community

The plays “At the Bottom”, “Petty Bourgeois” and “Egor Bulychov and Others” by Maxim Gorky are very important for understanding the work of the writer, in which he reveals the talent of the playwright and shows how he sees the life around him. The stories “Childhood” and “In People”, the social novels “Mother” and “The Artamonov Case” are of great cultural importance for Russian literature. The last work of Gorky is the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which has the second name "Forty Years". The writer worked on this manuscript for 11 years, but did not have time to finish it.

Personal life

The personal life of Maxim Gorky was quite stormy. For the first and officially the only time he married at the age of 28. The young man met his wife Ekaterina Volzhina at the Samarskaya Gazeta publishing house, where the girl worked as a proofreader. A year after the wedding, the son Maxim appeared in the family, and soon the daughter Ekaterina, named after her mother. Also in the upbringing of the writer was his godson Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who later took the name Peshkov.

With his first wife Ekaterina Volzhina | Livejournal

But Gorky's love quickly disappeared. He began to gravitate family life and their marriage with Ekaterina Volzhina turned into a parental union: they lived together solely because of the children. When little daughter Katya died unexpectedly, this tragic event was the impetus for breaking family ties. However, Maxim Gorky and his wife remained friends until the end of their lives and maintained correspondence.

With his second wife, actress Maria Andreeva | Livejournal

After parting with his wife, Maxim Gorky, with the help of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, met the actress of the Moscow Art Theater Maria Andreeva, who became his de facto wife for the next 16 years. It was because of her work that the writer left for America and Italy. From a previous relationship, the actress had a daughter, Ekaterina, and a son, Andrei, who were raised by Maxim Peshkov-Gorky. But after the revolution, Andreeva became interested in party work, began to pay less attention to the family, so in 1919 this relationship also came to an end.

With third wife Maria Budberg and writer HG Wells | Livejournal

Gorky himself put an end to it, declaring that he was leaving for Maria Budberg, the former baroness and concurrently his secretary. The writer lived with this woman for 13 years. The marriage, like the previous one, was unregistered. Last wife Maxima Gorky was 24 years younger than him, and all her acquaintances were aware that she was "spinning novels" on the side. One of the lovers of Gorky's wife was an English science fiction writer H. G. Wells, to which she left immediately after the death of the actual spouse. There is a huge possibility that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and clearly collaborated with the NKVD, could be a double agent and also work for British intelligence.

Death

After the final return to his homeland in 1932, Maxim Gorky worked in the publishing houses of newspapers and magazines, created a series of books "The History of Factories and Plants", "The Poet's Library", "The History of the Civil War", organized and held the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. After unexpected death son from pneumonia, the writer wilted. During the next visit to the grave of Maxim, he caught a bad cold. For three weeks Gorky had a fever that led to his death on June 18, 1936. Body Soviet writer was cremated, and the ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. But first, the brain of Maxim Gorky was removed and transferred to the Research Institute for further study.

In the last years of life | Digital library

Later, the question was raised several times that the legendary writer and his son could have been poisoned. By this case passed People's Commissar Genrikh Yagoda, who was the lover of Maxim Peshkov's wife. They also suspected involvement and even. During the repressions and consideration of the famous "doctors' case", three doctors were blamed, among other things, for the death of Maxim Gorky.

Books by Maxim Gorky

• 1899 - Foma Gordeev
• 1902 - At the bottom
• 1906 - Mother
• 1908 - Life of an unnecessary person
• 1914 - Childhood
• 1916 - In people
• 1923 - My universities
• 1925 - The Artamonov Case
• 1931 - Yegor Bulychov and others
• 1936 - Life of Klim Samgin