ART

I. in the broad sense of the word, denoting high level skill in any field of activity, non-artistic and artistic, i.e. the perfect execution of this work, thereby acquires directly aesthetic. meaning, because skillful activity, wherever and however it manifests itself, becomes beautiful, aesthetically significant. This also applies to the activities of the artist-poet, painter, musician, whose creations are beautiful to the extent that they capture the high skill of their creator and evoke aesthetics in us. admiration. However ch. distinctive artistic creativity consists not in the creation of beauty for the sake of excitation of aesthetic pleasure, but in the figurative assimilation of reality, i.e. in the development of a specific spiritual content and in specific. social functioning.

In an effort to determine the meaning of the existence of I. as a special sphere of activity, fundamentally different from I. in the broad sense of the word, theorists throughout the history of aesthetic. thoughts went in two ways: some were convinced that the “secret” of I. consists in some one of his abilities, one vocation and appointment - or in knowledge real world, or in the creation of a fictional, ideal world, or in the expression internal the world of the artist, or in the organization of communication between people, or in an end in itself, purely playful activity; others Scientists, discovering that each of these definitions absolutizes some of the qualities inherent in I., but ignores others, asserted precisely the multidimensionality, versatility of I. and tried to describe it as a set of various qualities and functions. But at the same time, I. was inevitably lost, and appeared in the form of a sum of heterogeneous properties and functions, the method of combining which into a qualitatively original remained incomprehensible.

Marxist-Leninist aesthetics considers I. as one of the main. forms of spiritual assimilation of reality. Relying on the knower. the ability of societies. man, I. is on a par with such forms of societies. consciousness, as a science, although it differs from it in its subject, in the form of reflection and spiritual assimilation of reality, in its social function. Common in both science and art. consciousness - the ability to objectively reflect the world, to know reality in its essence. In this, I. is opposite to religion (although they were closely connected at certain stages of historical development), since religion. consciousness reflects reality wrongly and is incapable of penetrating into the objective essence of things.

Unlike science, which theoretically masters the world, I. masters reality aesthetically, embracing the world holistically, in all the richness of living manifestations of essence, in all feelings. brightness of a single, unique. But, at the same time, it is in its best works, the disclosure of truth, a deep penetration into the essence of societies. life. Aesthetic man's relationship to the world is manifested in society in a variety of forms and, in particular, in any objective activity, in which creativity is more or less freely revealed. the nature of work. This, in particular, explains the presence of art. element in certain products of material production. However, I. is historically formed as a special, specific. the area of ​​spiritual production, designed to master reality aesthetically: it generalizes, identifies and develops aesthetic. society's relationship to the real world.

Arts. consciousness does not aim to give any special knowledge, it is cognizable. is not associated with any private branches of material production. or societies. practice and does not aim to highlight in the phenomena some special chain of patterns, for example. physical, technological or, on the other hand, specifically economic, psychological. etc. The subject of I. is "everything that is interesting for a person in life" (Chernyshevsky N. G., Poln. sobr. soch., v. 2, 1949, p. 91), it masters the world in all the richness of its manifestations, since they turn out to be the object of practical-concrete interest of people. Hence the holistic and comprehensive character of the arts. consciousness, contributing to the individual in the realization of his "generic essence" (Marx), in the development of his social self-consciousness as a member of society, defined. class. I. is called upon to expand and enrich the practical-spiritual experience of a person, it pushes the boundaries of the "direct experience" of individuals, being a powerful tool for the formation of human beings. personality. Specific The social function of I. lies in the fact that it, being a form of awareness of reality, condenses in itself the infinite variety of spiritual experience accumulated by mankind, taken not in its universal and end results but in the very process of living relationships between societies. man with peace. In the work of I., not only the result of knowledge is embodied, but also its path, a complex and flexible process of comprehension and aesthetic. processing of the subject world. This is the most important difference. a feature of "artistic ... development ... of the world" (see K. Marx, in the book: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 12, p. 728). Since in I. the world appears mastered, meaningful, aesthetically processed, the picture of reality in a large, truly classic. I.'s work has orderliness, harmonious logic, beauty, even if it is about reproducing the base or ugly phenomena of life. This is not included in object world by the arbitrariness of the subject, but is revealed by the artist in the process of spiritual assimilation of reality (a person creates "according to the laws of beauty" - see K. Marx, From Early Works, 1956, p. 566). Perceiving the work of I., a person, as it were, re-performs creativity. mastering the subject, becomes involved in the practical and spiritual experience fixed in I., which causes a special feeling of joy in the spiritual possession of the world, aesthetic. , without which neither the creation nor the perception of art is inconceivable. works.

The awareness of societies also has a long history. the role of I. Understanding I. as a means of social education is outlined already in antiquity (Plato, Aristotle) ​​and in the classic. aesthetics of the East (for example, in China - Confucius). According to the thinkers of antiquity, I. has the ability to adjust the definition. image of the human psyche, to make him a full-fledged member of civil society, a useful servant of the state. Wed-century. philosophy interpreted this role in a perversely theological way. sense; The Renaissance opposed it with the idea of ​​the meaning of I. in free and comprehensive development personality (Campanella). Enlightenment aesthetics clearly revealed the significance of art. consciousness in practice. social struggle, emphasizing the moral and educational (Shaftesbury) and socially mobilizing function of I. (Didero). critical role to understand I. as an active society. forces in the struggle for the liberation of man played by representatives of it. classical aesthetics (Goethe, Schiller, Hegel), who understood I. as "freedom". However, this problem was posed by her idealistically, which led to the opposition of "fettered life" to free art (Kant). On the contradictions of it. idealism indicated Rus. revolutionary democrats who saw in I. a "textbook of life" and saw its function in a "sentence" to its phenomena (Chernyshevsky).

Marxism-Leninism set about educate. the role of I. on the historical. soil. Being a tool for realizing reality, I. is an active force in societies. self-consciousness, in a class society - class. Knowledge of the world in I. is inextricably linked with its aesthetic. assessment, which, being social in nature, necessarily includes the entire system of views of societies. person; arts. the work is able to organically express in its aesthetic. content of philosophy. morality, society and political ideas. I. advanced, responding to the act. human development, plays progressive role in spiritual development people, in their comprehensive ideological and emotional. growth. A measure of freedom in the exercise of this will educate him. role is determined by specific social conditions. The exploitation of man by man inevitably leads to a one-sided and sometimes ugly manifestation of ideological education. functions I. Only socialist. provides I. the opportunity to freely form each member of society in all its wealth life relationships and subjective ability.

The syncretic and predominantly ritual-magical nature of the “works” of primitive art of the late Paleolithic era (30-20 thousand years BC), despite the lack of manifestation of aesthetic principles proper, nevertheless allows us to attribute them to the facts of art. Ancient sculptures, figurines of animals and people, drawings on clay, rock “frescoes” are distinguished by liveliness, immediacy and authenticity of the image, testify to knowledge and command of the language and means of conditional reflection on a plane, the ability to work with volumes. The definition of primitive art as "realistic", "naturalistic" or "impressionistic" essentially fixes the "kinship" connection between the distant initial and subsequent stages of the development of art, its modern forms and typological characteristics.

Various interpretations of the concept of art reflect various aspects of its social nature and species specificity. Thus, ancient aesthetics emphasized the mimetic, “imitative” moment, emphasizing cognitive value and moral value art. In the Middle Ages, art is seen as a way and means of familiarization with the “infinite”, “divine” principle: they see it as a carrier, albeit imperfect, of the image of spiritual, “incorporeal” beauty. The Renaissance returns and develops the antique about art as a “mirror”, “imitation of beautiful nature”, joining Aristotle rather than Plato. German classical aesthetics (Kant, Schiller, Hegel, etc.) considers art as “an expedient activity without a goal”, “the realm of visibility”, “the play of creative forces”, the manifestation and expression of the being of the “Absolute Spirit”, makes significant adjustments to the understanding of the relationship of art with empirical reality, science, morality and religion. The Russian aesthetics of realism insists on the idea of ​​an organic connection between art and reality, considering it the main subject “everything that is interesting for a person in life” (Chernyshevsky N. G. Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2. M., 1947, p. .91). Modern “postmodern aesthetics”, questioning and denying the tradition and value of the “old”, humanistic culture, tries in the spirit of “new mimesis” (J. Derrida) to reinterpret the relationship of works of art with what lies beyond the edges of the “text” and is classified as “reality”.

Revealing the relationship between art and reality does not exhaust the problem of defining its essence. The concrete universal nature of art is embraced and revealed by a whole range of approaches that presuppose and complement each other; among them it is customary to single out epistemological (epistemological), value (axiological), aesthetic and sociological (functional) ones. Considering art in the epistemological plane, which Plato emphasized, or within the framework of the function it performs, with which Aristotle began his analysis of the Greek tragedy, the theorist somehow determines the value of artistic knowledge and activity. In turn, the value approach cannot neglect the sociological characterization of the essence and function of art. To understand the specifics of art special meaning have epistemological and value aspects, and the place and role of art in public life is adequately grasped and revealed through aesthetic and sociological analysis. Kant, having analyzed the “judgments of taste”, convincingly showed the independence (albeit relative) of the epistemological aspect. Question about social entity art arises only within the framework of a discussion of its communicative capabilities and functions. After all, art in the proper sense of the word itself forms an audience that understands it and is able to enjoy beauty.

Historically, art arises when a person goes beyond the satisfaction of his immediate physical needs, practical utilitarian interests and goals and gets the opportunity to create universally, freely, producing things and objects that give him pleasure by the very process of activity. The emergence of art is connected with the satisfaction of the need, first foreseeable, and then realized, in the production and reproduction of the proper human nature of one's life activity, and of oneself as a universal and universal being. Art reveals, exposes and presents illusoryly, in “appearance” what is hidden - how, purpose and mode of action - is contained in the subject-social content of human activity, which is an objective source of individual activity. At the same time, art affirms the potential possibility of the universal development of the social individual as a real possibility and an actual force, without losing sight of the fact that it is realized under the dominance of the “realm of necessity”.

Art, by its very nature, ahead of the norms and ideas of its time, in in a certain sense able to target. In the world of artistic imagination, a person, as it were, hovers above the necessities, not fitting into the framework of mandatory compliance with “existing”. In this sense, art creates “a possible “dynamic” being” (Aristotle), a world of “expediency beyond any purpose” (Kant). External circumstances do not have absolute power over the internal norms of human attitude to reality, which art develops “ideally”. That's why piece of art is a projection of a spiritual aspiration, a search for feelings, a fantasy of desires, because it is born from the need of a person to transform his sensual attitude to reality, which supplies this need with all the necessary material. Art does not turn away in disgust from the fullness of the manifestations of life (and in this sense there is nothing “forbidden” for it), but at the same time, as L. Feuerbach noted, it does not require recognition of its works as reality. The power of art is manifested in its well-known freedom from the factual side of life. It was precisely this feature of it that Hegel had in mind, representing the history of art as the “self-movement” of the aesthetic ideal embodied in images, and Belinsky, who saw in “longing for the ideal” an illusory form of expression of urgent needs peculiar to art. public man. The ideal as a matter of course and possible reality receives in art its object-true embodiment and justification. Reflecting and expressing reality from the standpoint of the highest needs of a developing person, art shows how the present enters the future, what belongs to the future in the present.

In principle, art is created by the individual and appeals to the individual. No area creative activity of a person cannot compete with him in the fullness of the reflection of the whole variety of human sensations. This also applies to the artist, the author of a work in which he “expresses himself”, often believing the reader, the viewer, the innermost secrets of his heart, mind, soul (cf. Flaubert’s words about the heroine of his novel: “Emma is me”). Unprecedented possibilities of art in revealing the motives of human behavior, deed, experience. Removing the already known, fixed meanings of facts, phenomena, events, the artist exposes and reproduces them. inner meaning in an individually unique appearance and form, which significantly and obviously differs from a theoretical scientist (for more details, see: A. N. Leontiev. Problems of the development of the psyche. M., 1965, pp. 286-290). Being a creative and biased act, art counts on an adequate response. In the process of perceiving a work of art, as a rule, a deeply individual, uniquely personal act, the fullness of the universal, universal nature of the reader, viewer, listener is manifested. All kinds of deviations due to the difference in the level of development of taste, imagination, general and emotional culture of the recipients do not cancel this norm of truly artistic perception.

The "imaginary being", the "possible reality" of art are no less (often more) valid than the one that served as the starting point for contemplation and representation objectively. existing world; and in form, it is an image of the whole in the “look” of an artistic representation, where generalization is built through the transition from one specificity to another, and in such a way that image-creation necessarily acts as meaning-creation (see Artistic image. Typical). So, through art - a special kind of spiritual and practical mastering of reality - the formation and development of the ability of a social person to creatively perceive and transform the world and himself according to the laws of beauty. Unlike other spheres and forms public consciousness and activity (science, morality, religion, politics), art satisfies the most important human need - perception, knowledge of reality in developed forms of human sensibility, i.e. with the help of a specifically human ability of sensual (“aesthetic”, visual-expressive) perception of a phenomenon, objects and events of the objective world as a “living concrete whole” embodied in works of art through creative, “productive” imagination. Since art includes, as it were, in a filmed form, all forms of social activity, its impact on life and man is truly limitless. On the one hand, this deprives any sense of art's claim to any exclusivity, except for that which is dictated by its species essence. On the other hand, having a transformative effect on many social spheres and institutions, art retains its inherent features and relative independence. Historically, art develops as a certain system of concrete types. These are literature, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, etc. Their diversity and differences are fixed and classified according to criteria developed by aesthetic theory and art history: according to the way reality is reflected (epistemological criterion) - pictorial, expressive; according to the way of being of an artistic image (ontological criterion) - spatial, temporal, space-time; according to the method of perception (psychological criterion) - auditory, visual and visual-auditory. However, this is relative. A work that is predominantly “pictorial” is also “expressive” (e.g., a pictorial portrait or landscape, acting, etc.), while “expressive” includes a “pictorial” element (as, for example, “Pictures from an exhibition” by M. Mussorgsky, dance or architectural image). The classification, which is based on the principle of the dominant attribute, does not take into account the fact that each type of art uses and represents (in different proportions) all forms and means of artistic "language" - figurativeness, expressiveness, symbolization, temporal and spatial characteristics. Literature occupies a special place in this system of art forms, as the most “synthetic” form. artistic imagery. Types of art are a dynamically developing system: in one or another era, one of the types prevails, becomes dominant (epos and tragedy - in Ancient Greece, architecture and iconography - in the Middle Ages, cinema and television - in the 20th century). With the development of science and technology, improvement communication tools new types of art are emerging; so, in the beginning 20th century a movie appears, and at the end of it - art photography, using the principle of “collage” (a technique developed by Braque and Picasso) and claiming the status of a new visual art.

The question “what is art?” acquires relevance and urgency with the advent of postmodernism, which puts under many “old”, classical ideas, including about aesthetic, artistic, and therefore, about art. For postmodernists, they retain their meaning only as "transcultural, transtemporal values." Antique ideas about realism are being revised. The idea of ​​the so-called priority is defended. tangible, rather than illusionistic objects, representing an original means of interaction between artistic expression and experience Everyday life. Corresponding to this principle, “postmodernist” artistic practice are considered (more precisely, they are passed off) as a new and unpredictable step in the convergence of art and life, supposedly merging into a “simultaneous experience”. This approach to art is quite consonant with and adequate to the modernist rejection of complete picture world, in reality discrete and incomplete. However, such a decisive break with the past, the classical heritage is unlikely to be more powerful than the spiritual and practical power of art itself, which continues to amaze and give pleasure to new generations of people.

Experts give the term "art" different definitions, since it is impossible to contain all the huge meaning that this word carries in one concept, one phrase. It performs a lot of useful functions for mankind. Art forms spiritual values ​​and brings up the understanding of beauty.

What is art

Again, there are several definitions of the concept of "art". First of all, this is a high level of human skill in any field of activity. If explained in more detail, then it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, and actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.

The subject of art is a set of relations between the world and man. The form of existence is a work of art, the means of manifestation of which can be a word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator with the help of his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, aesthetic pleasure in the contemplator.

Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusoryness instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In human life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment with knowledge, education of values, as well as a source of aesthetic joys.

The main functions of art

Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:

1. Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on the formation of aesthetic taste, the ability to live and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
2. Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
3. Compensatory. Solution psychological problems, Recovery peace of mind and balance. Detachment from the gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
4. Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
5. Cognitive. The study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about the processes of the public.
6. Prognostic. The ability to predict and predict the future.
7. Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral development of a person.

Classification of art forms

Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to various criteria into genres, genera, species, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, so art is divided into groups according to certain factors.

Dynamics is one of the criteria by which art forms are classified. The table posted in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to the dynamics, art is divided into:

Temporary (dynamic);

Spatial (plastic);

Space-time (synthetic).

In accordance with the expressed emotions and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

The types of art are also determined by the materials used:

Traditional - paints, clay, metal, plaster, wood, granite, canvas;

Modern - electrical engineering, computers;

The main classification system distinguishes the main 5 types of art, each of which additionally has several subspecies:

Applied (labor);

Fine;

Spectacular (game);

Sound;

Verbal.

For an illustrative example, a summary table is provided for your attention, which contains all the main types of art.

Temporary	Sound
	verbal	Literature
Spatio-temporal	Spectacular
		Choreography
		TV
	Applied	Decorative and applied
		Architecture
Spatial	Fine	Photo
		Painting
		Sculpture

Literature

The material carrier of the literary art form is the word, with the help of which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect the epic narrative of certain events, the lyrical disclosure inner peace and the experience of the author, a dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.

The literature is divided into:

historical;

scientific;

educational;

Artistic.

Reference.

The genres of works are determined by type, form, content.

Music

There is also art capable of conveying emotions in an audible form - music. It is the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of organized in a special way silence and sound. It is an art fixed by reproduction and musical notation. Music, depending on the functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, theatrical. According to the performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. Main musical genres and directions are:

Variety;

Alternative;

non-European;

ethnic;

Popular;

classical;

Avant-garde.

Applied (labor) arts

Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and

Architecture helps shape the spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. It helps to make the buildings that people need correspond to their spiritual needs.

Architecture is closely related to the development of engineering and technology, so it can be used to judge scientific achievements and artistic features different eras. Among the best known historical styles buildings can be distinguished baroque, modern, classicism, renaissance, gothic. Depending on the purpose of the structures, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, landscape gardening, etc.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art to some extent has a national and ethnic character. Among its main types are: knitting, embroidery, lace-making, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, artistic painting and processing of various materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technologies.

Fine Arts

Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as an art form that uses an image, clearly show reality in art forms that are tangible to the eye.

Painting is a color reflection of reality on a plane. This is one of oldest species art. Depending on the subject of the picture, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, household.

Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or with a cutter on a hard material, followed by an imprint on paper. This type of creativity, depending on the method of applying the drawing, is divided into subspecies: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There are also book industrial and computer graphics.

Photography is the art of documenting a visual image, which is carried out with the help of technical means. It has almost the same genres as painting.

Sculpture - the creation of three-dimensional three-dimensional With the help of this art, relief and round images are created. By size it is divided into easel, monumental, decorative.

Spectacular (playing) arts

Spectacular arts are aimed not only at but also at entertaining people. Just the person is the main object, with the help of which performing arts conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.

Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images with the help of plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, modern. choreographic art ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.

Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature. It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action movie, melodrama) and subspecies (documentary, feature, series).

Circus - a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, pantomime, magic tricks, etc.

Theater, like cinema, consists in combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, fine arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.

Estrada is the art of small forms, which has a popular and entertaining orientation. Includes choreography, vocals, colloquial genre and others.

Mankind has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural asset of society, plays a huge role in its development and improvement.

NRI. Game processGame characters Are the games frustrating?

The concept of "art"

What is "art"? This term does not have a simple and intuitive meaning. Most people understand this word completely different, contradictory meanings. And at the same time, it is a very important entity that surrounds us from all sides.

Let's try to figure it out. To begin with, let's look at the meaning of this word in the most popular source of information - in the Wikipedia computer encyclopedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art

Art(from "the art of creating") - the process or result of expressing the inner world in an (artistic) image, a creative combination of elements in a way that reflects feelings or emotions.

For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating expressive forms in accordance with aesthetic ideals has gained the right to be called art.

On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture both a person and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.

The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area.

Agree, it is quite difficult to understand. As if they had specially encrypted and hidden the meaning from all the uninitiated. Now let's try to interpret this term in a human way: simpler and more concise.

Art is an instrument of culture

The description slips a keyword, but it is buried in a mass of nonsense. That important word is culture. Art is the main instrument of culture. It is through culture that the term "art" is most easily understood.

Culture is what distinguishes a person from an animal, it is all the accumulated information of mankind, passed down from generation to generation. Animals are in constant development, passing changes to their descendants through genes. Mankind, in addition to genetic development, uses information development. People are born and die, but the information recorded by them remains forever in culture, and is constantly available to new generations. Art is concrete intellectual or physical objects through which culture is transmitted.

It is not necessary to understand culture only as something lyrical, opposed to scientific and technical. Official science is only one of the sections of culture. In science, information about the outside world is carefully dismantled, sorted, sorted into shelves, and turned into formulas. Culture contains not only formulas, but also poorly structured information that has not yet succumbed to scientific analysis. People have already seized on this information, but have not yet fully realized it, therefore they use not exact words to describe it, but numerous examples, situations, actions, similar images.

Doesn't it remind you of anything? This poorly structured information is what art is based on.

Art is the transmission of unstructured information.

Art filtering

Do you not like the stingy scientific formulation? Not surprising. For most people, the word "art" is clearly associated with such words as "beautiful", "creativity", "skill", "skill", "masterpiece", but not with the term "unstructured information". All this can be explained, a little more, by understanding the process of creating works of art.

Modern authors sometimes create things that are terrible in quality and content, but nevertheless they are considered part of the art. For real connoisseurs, these facts do not fit in the head. Art critics even came up with special categories " modern Art" and " high art to separate one from the other. Good, kind, eternal should not be on a par with bad, evil and momentary.

But both are art. And there is no need to think that “modern” is a designation only for what has appeared in our 21st century. Obscene paintings, books, statues have been sold in the markets since time immemorial. Perhaps even in the Stone Age there were cave drawings of this kind. Only all these creations, aimed at meeting current needs, have not survived to this day. When the foam of modernity settles, everything temporary evaporates, leaving only the dry residue of the best masterpieces.

This is how art works: creators create works of various styles, directions, qualities, but only the best specimens, masterpieces, end up in the treasury of culture. Masters of their craft initially aimed at such a result - to leave a mark on culture, therefore they consider in their works eternal themes that will be relevant to both contemporaries and descendants. In the memory of people, unpleasant and insignificant events are quickly forgotten, for purely psycho-physiological reasons, only pleasant or vivid memories are remembered for a long time, giving emotional strength with every memory. That is why all classical works seem so wonderful to us, and for the same reason we associate the words "art" and "beautiful" together. The input filters of culture are arranged in such a way that only that which corresponds to universal human values ​​gets into it and contributes to the further development of mankind.

From this point of view, the entire dispute among art historians boils down to what part of art is considered art: the whole variety of unstructured information, or only that which has already passed through the filters of universal human values.

The pace of our lives is accelerating every year. The period by which it is possible to determine whether a work has become a classic has been reduced to literally 10-20 years. It is unequivocally necessary to separate the eternal from the momentary, but for this it is necessary to study both sides of art, and not to fence off from modern trends. After all, it is we, the entire human community, who decide what descendants will watch, and what will be dissolved in the abyss of time. Every year more and more information appears, and less and less time is given to sort it. Because of this, strange and absurd works suddenly get high title classics. The structure and appreciation of the arts needs to be sorted out so that more people can participate in this process, and so that the cultural filters do their job as well as they did before the advent of the digital age.

Art is the ability to create beauty

Let's consider that same "filtered art" that will ultimately remain in the memory of mankind. To designate it, you can come up with a more elegant and concise formulation:

Art is the ability to create beauty Source of art - creation(creation).
Art medium - skill(craft).
The purpose of art is beautiful(spiritual pleasure).

Only three words were needed for the definition, but at the same time, the whole meaning fits in them: both the source, and the means, and the goal.

There are also three actions that are important for art: comprehension new (to motivate creativity), expression thoughts and feelings (to use skill, skill), belief(to achieve the consciousness of connoisseurs). The first three components - the very essence of art, these other three components - do not belong to art, but are necessary for it. In pure, disinterested art, no special attention is ever paid to these actions. If, on the other hand, some element (comprehension, expression, conviction) is emphasized, then art becomes a tool for some other action, and ceases to be itself.

Emphasis on comprehension. The goal is the fame of the author, or the notification of the event described, the delivery of information (science, news, PR campaigns, advertising).
Emphasis on expression. The goal is the trust required to beliefs(deception, exploitation of human weaknesses).
Emphasis on persuasion. The goal is to impose one's values, one's point of view, change one's worldview (power, religion).

The figure shows a diagram of art in the form of a regular hexagon. In this diagram, one can notice one similarity, if we move counterclockwise: comprehension, creativity, expression, craft, persuasion, enjoyment. It resembles the cycle of any product: study, modeling, design, production, distribution, consumption. It turns out:

Art is the production cycle of goods for the soul

The hexagon is a closed figure, there is tension inside it. Each facet opposes its opposite facet.

Expression is opposed to pleasure.

Pleasure is a need, a craving for the beautiful and spiritual. An expression is a possibility, something that a person can do. Often there are not enough opportunities to meet the needs. To get new needs, you need to change the possibilities.

Craft is opposed to comprehension.

Production is focused on creating ready-made ideas, they are honed to the ideal, a lot of effort is invested in the finished production. Therefore, the emergence of new knowledge is not beneficial to production: everything will have to be rebuilt to fit new ideas, spending resources on it, and re-achieving the ideal. Changes in production never happen voluntarily, only under the pressure of external circumstances (example: the successful role of an actor closes all other roles for him, he is forced to play what he does best). To comprehend the new, you need to escape from the old.

Persuasion is opposed to creativity.

With the help of persuasion, the products of production are spread and fixed. "Persuasion" is as rigid a structure as "craft." It counteracts new creations, does not allow them to break through to the consumer. (example: real fans of the series of computer games always meet with hostility the new game of the series, no matter how good it is). To create something new, you have to give up on the old.

This internal tension causes the entire system to almost always stand still. Only when one of the three elements of movement (enjoyment, comprehension, creativity) becomes stronger than its opposite (the elements of inertia: conviction, craft, expression), only then do changes occur in the entire cycle. Changes occur, and immediately the elements of inertia begin to stiffen again, until the next change.

Art goods

Now let's analyze what kind of "goods for the soul" art produces.

All goods of art are sensations with which a person perceives the world around him, namely: smells, tastes, touches, colors, movements, sounds, thoughts. In general, all our sensations about the world can be divided into two groups: sensations of form and sensations of movement. The sensation of color, which is located at the junction of these two groups, gives us the most complete information about the world.

As can be seen from the diagram, movement and form are two opposites of which the whole world consists. Perhaps consciousness is the third full-fledged component of the world, then again the scheme can be represented as a regular hexagon, but so far this does not work out, there are not enough facts. Try it, maybe you will be able to prove this theory.

Let's consider each sensation separately.

Smell - analysis chemical composition forms at a distance (using gas analysis (individual atoms detached from the analyzed object)).

Taste is a direct analysis of the chemical composition of the form.

Touch is the sensation of encountering form. But the form itself cannot be directly felt.

Acceleration - sensations when changing speed. If we are moving at a uniform constant speed, then there is simply nothing to feel it with. The sensation of the movement itself is inaccessible to consciousness.

Sound is the sensation of air density waves emitted as the form moves. In this case, the sound itself is a movement (wave). Hearing, which perceives sounds, as if analyzes the movements that have occurred around.

Thought - long-term analysis of movements. Represents assumptions about what movements can occur after a while. Assumptions are built on the basis of already happened movements (experience). The more experience, the more difficult and closer to the truth of thought. It's like a scent, but not for objects and their atoms, but for events and their consequences.

The movement of form is light. As mentioned above, we cannot directly feel the form and movement. Also, we cannot fully feel their merging - light. Only a small part of it (called color) is available for perception.

All motion sensations and color sensations are simulated by a human using a computer. In practice, a new virtual world is being created, for the completeness of which only the sensations of taste, smell, and touch are lacking. And people are constantly trying to make the virtual more and more like the real world.

God, who created the world, created man in his own image and likeness. The desire of a person to create and create is that part of God that he endowed us with, having which we become like gods. Art is a manifestation of the desire to create and create your own own world like God. Previously, creators created only separate parts of the world they conceived, now well-coordinated teams of creators create entire invented worlds.

There is a general rule: “90% of everything that is created in the world is utter nonsense and not worth your attention”, this rule applies to art, and to all its types separately. In every form: in music, and in films, and in computer games - only about 10% of the works of all created are real masterpieces, everything else is 90% slag. There is nothing good in it, but it is necessary, slag is a dark background against which the remaining 10% of works shine with a bright light.

Classification, types and forms of arts

Let us analyze all the types of art created by mankind according to their composition of sensations.

We start viewing the scheme from the bottom up. We examine a person and highlight all his senses: nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch), eyes (sight), ears (hearing). There is also something with which he evokes feelings: the whole body and mouth (vocal cords). Well, what eventually processes all the received feelings is the brain.

Encoding. All feelings can be encoded: a thought can be encoded into text, sound, movement, color and form; sound can be encoded into text or image; the shape is coded as a color; and in general, everything that has no form, everything that consists only of waves - color (as well as a form encoded in color), movement, sound, thought - everything can be encoded as a sequence of "0" and "1".

The nose perceives odors, and the only form of human activity that works on these senses is perfumery. It is very controversial to call perfumery an art, but it is quite possible to call it a lower art (as opposed to the expression "high art"). Smells in the physical sense are recognition chemical elements in the gaseous state.

The tongue perceives tastes, and again there is only one form of human activity that works on these feelings - cooking. But cooking is more complex, it involves the creation of smells, tastes, and shapes. The same applies to lower art. Taste in the physical sense is the recognition of chemical elements that are in any state, unlike smells, but only in close proximity.

The skin perceives the touch of other physical objects. The sense of form is used in design all varieties in fine arts, in sports(the art of sports can be attributed eSports , military art). The form is directly felt only in close proximity, so most often its sensations are perceived at a distance using color coding.

The eyes perceive color, which carries most of the information about the world around us. As already mentioned, form and movement are encoded in it, and all kinds of arts related to them also apply to color. But the main thing for the eyes is fine art, which, with the advent of special devices, was continued in the form photography art and animations.

At the junction of movements and sounds is theatre. The sounds themselves are used in more complex types arts, and at the same time are subdivided according to their form into music , singing, speech. Speech - sounds that carry thought, includes calligraphy. But the main thing is what thoughts are embedded in this text. A special kind of thought is humor. The controversial moment, is it art at all? But in our country it is definitely a special kind of art. Includes such forms as jokes, parodies, jokes. The text is used in more complex forms: in literature(books) and press(newspapers, magazines), while images are additionally used in the form of photographs.

The higher in the diagram, the newer the media that store the works of art.

With the advent of videotape, the old art forms have been transformed. The theater has been transformed into movie. Musical compositions in video clips. The rest of the arts of movement and sound: animation, sports, dance, concerts - have not changed, but have become available in the form of recordings.

With the advent of computers and the binary storage system, most of the previous media (such as images, video, audio, text) can be encoded and stored in this binary system without modification. Some old art forms have been transformed into new ones on the computer: design + animation in modeling, text + move in programming. And already on the basis of these new arts, even more complex ones appeared - computer and video games(modeling (design, image, animation), theater (movement, sound, music, speech), programming (movement, text)) and sites(programming (movement, text), press, animation).

At the very top of the diagram are the mediators of information.

Designs, images and photographs can be found in the exhibitions.

Animations and films are created and replicated in film studios.

Musical compositions are replicated in music studios.

Literature and the press are replicated in book publishing houses.

Computer games are created and replicated in computer studios and publishing houses.

Television distributes everything that can be encoded in video.

Radio distributes everything that can be encoded in audio.

The Internet distributes everything that can be encoded into a binary system.

A more correct, but also more difficult to perceive scheme for the arts

Click on image to enlarge

Conclusion

In this way, computer games- a composite art form, consisting of many previous art forms. And the Internet is a huge public museum of almost everyone known species creativity.

The only difference from classical art is that this is new and not yet filtered information. Masterpieces on the Internet are placed on the same shelves next to low-grade works that will be forgotten in a week. So far, only a few specialists can understand the information diversity of the oversaturated market. We, on this site, will help you navigate the turbulent flow of the modern look art.

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Art - the sphere of human activity, covering creative work on the creation of aesthetically significant objects - works of art, ways of storing them and bringing them to the public through inclusion in the process of public communication.

Currently, there are many definitions of the concept of "art". Here is some of them:

"Art- a special form of social consciousness, which is an artistic (figurative) reflection of life. Displaying the world, the artist embodies his thoughts, feelings, aspirations, ideals in a work of art. He reproduces the phenomena of life and at the same time gives them his assessment, explains their essence and meaning, expresses his understanding of the world. "/Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary/

"Art(lat. ars) any ability to produce skillful work requiring talent, knowledge and experience was called.

"Art- the totality of all possible types of artistic creativity, including literature"

Art is understood and defined as a set of art forms, attempts to classify which can only be considered relatively successful.

From the point of view of the material conditions used, it is customary to divide art into three groups:

1) spatial (plastic)

Sculpture, painting, graphics and art photography constitute a special group of visual arts.

2) temporary

music (composing art)

literature

3) spatio-temporal

acting art (as well as the so-called synthetic art: choreography, theater, cinema, television and video art, variety art, circus)

computer art

In each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activity can enjoy

figurative signs, i.e. suggesting the similarity of images with sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts; literature; acting art)

signs of a non-figurative type, i.e. not allowing recognition in images of any real objects, phenomena, actions (architecture, music, dance)

signs of a mixed pictorial - non-pictorial nature, characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative - applied arts with fine arts, etc.)

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the list of art forms is not unchanged in time and space - in different cultures and societies, we are dealing with different configurations, besides, in some cases it is difficult to draw a hard line separating artistic activity from non-artistic (various types of applied art, as well as design).

Art reflects the world holistically. The main subject of art is a person, public life. The circle of phenomena of reality depicted by the artist is usually called the theme of the work

the inner world of the depicted is called idea emotionally expressed attitude of the artist to the depicted - evaluation . The theme, idea and evaluation, being inseparable, constitute the content of a work of art.

We call modern works of art those where complete unity of content and form, design and implementation, and mastery has been achieved. This unity is the basis of the beauty of art. Embodying the ideal of the artist, works of art are created according to the laws of beauty, become the embodiment and personification of beauty.

Art (lat. experimentum - experience, test) - figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of the expression of the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects the interests of not only the author himself, but also other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in religious picture perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area. For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activities that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has gained the right to be called art. On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both man and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called both the actual creative artistic activity and its result - a work of art. In the most general sense art is called craftsmanship (Slovak. Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: "The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings or activities that can be shared with others." Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is the subject of ongoing debate. During the Romantic era, the traditional understanding of art as craftsmanship of any kind gave way to a vision of it as "a feature of the human mind along with religion and science." In the XX century. in understanding the aesthetic, there have been three main approaches: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers aesthetic properties object immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which the aesthetic properties of the object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized according to the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life can be considered a work of art if it was created only for ornamenting, and an image can be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" (art) remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "make up". In this sense, everything that was created in the process of deliberately compiling a certain composition can be called art. There are some examples that illustrate the broad meaning of this term: "artificial", "art of war", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have a similar etymology. Artist Ma Lin, an example of painting of the Song era, circa 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge

Until the 19th century, fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or artist to express their talent, to awaken aesthetic feelings in the audience and engage in the contemplation of "fine" things.

The term art can be used in different meanings: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by the audience, as well as the study of art (art history). “Fine Arts” is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as activity) and evoke a response, mood, convey symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). A work of art is the intentional and talented interpretation of an unlimited number of concepts and ideas in order to convey them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose, or they may be represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, representations and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, accepts the most different forms and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can be admired. Art that evokes positive emotions and mental satisfaction with its harmony can also evoke a creative response from the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is how the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, said about art: "Art can destroy and heal human soul, corrupt and educate. And only light art is able to save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world."