Decorative - applied art.

Decorative and Applied Arts (DPI) - the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating homes, architectural structures, parks, etc.

The whole life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped various deities, objects - grass, the sun, a bird, a tree. To "appease" some gods and "drive away" evil spirits, ancient man, building a house, he necessarily supplemented it with "amulets" - a relief, platbands on the windows, animals and geometric signs that have a symbolic and iconic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a strip of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar, and all dishes had a ritual ornament.

But since ancient times, the desire for beauty in the objective world around him was also characteristic of man, so the images began to take on an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate a thing more than carry some kind of magical information. applied to fabrics embroidered patterns, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching.

The arts and crafts are and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural decorative trim interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained-glass windows, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art- panels, tapestries, plafonds, decorative statues, etc. - which are part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.

On development applied arts the conditions of life, the life of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of its dwelling affected. DPI is one of ancient species art. For many centuries, it has developed among the people in the form of folk arts and crafts.

Embroidery. It takes its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. Embroidered on linen, cotton, woolen clothes. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silk, in India, Iran, Turkey - with gold. Embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within one country there were completely different types embroideries, depending on the area and the nationality living there, such as, for example, red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross-stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motives and color often depended on the purpose of the object, festive or everyday.

Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or dressing. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Application decorate panels, tapestries, curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.

Stained glass. This is a storyline decorative composition from colored glass or other material that transmits light. In a classic stained glass window, individual pieces of colored glass were interconnected by spacers made of the softest material - lead. Such are the stained-glass windows of many cathedrals and churches in Europe and Russia. Also used was the technique of painting on colorless or colored glass with silicate paints, which were then fixed by light firing. In the 20th century stained-glass windows were made of transparent plastics.

Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.

Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wooden, ceramic, metal and other products. Murals are plot and ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.

Ceramics. Products and materials made of clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from the area in Greece, which was the center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics is also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.

Lace. Openwork products from threads. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into manual (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitting) and machine-made.

Weaving from birch bark, straw, vines, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest species decorative and applied art (known since the Neolithic). Mostly weaving was used to make dishes, furniture, bodies, toys, boxes.

Thread. Way artistic processing materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some kind of image is made on a smooth surface. In Rus', woodcarving was the most common. She covered the platbands of houses, furniture, tools. There is a carved sculpture made of bone, stone, gypsum, etc. Many carvings are ornaments (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).

The role of arts and crafts and crafts in the development of children preschool age.

Education has been and remains the most important transformative factor community development. The future is largely determined by the level of upbringing of the spiritual and moral development of the younger generation. Kindergarten along with the family plays important role in the upbringing of preschool children. A preschool educational institution has its educational impact on the child in the most sensitive (sensitive, receptive) period of his life. The main task of the kindergarten is to improve the efficiency and quality of children's education based on the comprehensive education and development of the personality of each child. Before a preschool educational institution, among the most important tasks are the formation of the earliest childhood of the basic culture of the individual, high moral qualities: love for the motherland, respect for its historical and cultural heritage; culture and traditions of other nations.

Folk arts and crafts of our country is an integral part of culture. Emotionality, poetic imagery of this art are close, understandable and dear to people. It brings up a sensitive attitude to beauty, contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. Based on deep artistic traditions, folk art enters the life and culture of our people, has a beneficial effect on the formation of a person of the future. Works of art, created by folk craftsmen, always reflect the love for native land ability to see and understand the world around.

IN contemporary culture folk art lives on in its traditional forms. Thanks to this product folk craftsmen retain their stable features and are perceived as carriers of an integral artistic culture.

The traditions and way of life of any people are embodied in costumes, jewelry, household items, home decoration, which come from ancient times and change over time, while maintaining the main characteristics.

Increasingly, works of arts and crafts penetrate into the life of people, form artistic taste, creating an aesthetically complete environment that determines the creative potential of the individual. Therefore, the role of preschool educational institutions is great, where work is being successfully carried out to familiarize children with examples of folk art. The objects of folk art are diverse. These can be toys made of wood, clay, dishes, carpets, lace, lacquer miniatures.

The high spiritual and ideological significance of folk arts and crafts has a powerful influence on the formation inner peace children. Systematic classes various types artistic processing of materials has a beneficial effect on the development of the aesthetic taste of children and, at the same time, is associated with the acquisition of the skills necessary for their further labor activity.

Thanks to interest in these activities, enthusiasm for them, industriousness and perseverance in work are brought up. Through the process of creating beautiful, aesthetically justified products of arts and crafts, gradually, unobtrusively, but very productively, love for various professions is instilled in children.

The greatest educational effect is given by the acquaintance of preschoolers with the arts and crafts of folk art crafts. The products of folk craftsmen are distinguished by their sense of material, the organic unity of the utilitarian (practical orientation) of a thing with its decor, national color, and high moral and aesthetic merits. There is so much educative charge in folk art (not only in finished goods pleasing to the eye, but also in the process itself, in the technology of their creation), which naturally raises the question of its most active use in working with preschoolers.

The role of the educator is to guide creative process preschoolers, orienting them to the study of samples of folk arts and crafts. The principle of focusing on folk art should form the basis of the content of classes with preschoolers in various types of arts and crafts.

In the process of studying the main types folk art children master the artistic structure of the ornament, get acquainted with the work of artists. Patriotic feelings, pride in their Motherland, their people, respect for the culture and traditions of other peoples are brought up. Through folk traditions, the upbringing of emotional sensitivity, kindness, a sense of camaraderie and dignity, develops the artistic creativity of the individual, aesthetic sense, horizons. Pupils receive knowledge about the development of the main types of arts and crafts, about the creativity of the most significant artists and craftsmen, characteristic features national costumes and ornamentation, about the collection of works of art and folk art crafts of local museums; get acquainted with elementary concepts, such as color, rhythm, shape, proportion, line, volume, space.

Folk art is figurative, colorful, original in its design. It is accessible to children's perception, as it carries an understandable content, which specifically, in simple concise forms, reveals to the child the beauty and charm of the surrounding world. It's always familiar to children fabulous images animals made of wood and clay.

Ornaments used by folk craftsmen for painting toys and dishes include flowers, berries, leaves, some the child meets in the forest, in the field, in the kindergarten area. Kindergartens should have a sufficient number of items of folk art. Art products are shown to children during conversations about craftsmen, are used in educational activities. For younger preschool children it is good to have chiseled wooden toys, fun toys of Bogorodsk masters, products of Kargopol craftsmen. If in the first junior group children play with toys, then already in the second younger group these toys can be considered before modeling. For the middle group, it is good to have Semenov, Filimonovo and Kargopol toys, Bogorodsk turned wooden toys.

For children of the senior and preparatory groups for school, any folk toy, clay and wooden, is available.

Folk toys with their rich themes influence the child's idea during modeling, enrich the idea of ​​the world around them. Under the influence of objects of folk art, children perceive deeper and with great interest illustrations for folk tales, the work of which is based on national traditions. The teacher needs to know folk crafts, the history of their occurrence. But first of all, he must understand and love folk arts and crafts, to know what kind of folk craft this or that toy belongs to. Be able to talk about the masters who make toys, and tell it in a fun way to interest a small child.

Thus, folk art has a great power of emotional impact and is a good basis for the formation of a person's spiritual world.

INTRODUCTION

Decorative arts - a vast field creative activity person. Products made of ceramics, wood, glass, textiles are the oldest products of human labor and creativity, they mark the progressive development of civilization and culture at all stages of history. Arising at the earliest stage of development human society, arts and crafts for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities the main area artistic creativity. However, the role and importance decorative arts in the general cultural process is still underestimated. In world history art, it is usually not singled out as a special area of ​​​​aesthetic activity, but is considered only in its utilitarian function: as the design of object products and the living environment, as a product of handicraft or industrial production. In principle, this is true: the decorative arts are closely related to material production and architecture. It is difficult to agree that the cultural level of an era is determined only by pictorial views arts and architecture, and artistic items - furniture, dishes, textiles, jewelry - only serve the everyday needs of people and shine with the reflected light of "high arts".

This paper sets the goal of a comprehensive study of modern domestic decorative art, establishes the problem of the development of mass production in the context of the socio-cultural situation in Russia in the 20th century.

The following tasks are set in the work:

Principles of modern shaping of subject and decorative products;

Their influence on addition artistic style objective world and living environment

The specific place of decorative art in the visual culture of the modern era is noted.

RESEARCH SECTION

History of Arts and Crafts

Folk arts and crafts is the result of creativity of many generations of craftsmen. It is one in its artistic structure and extraordinarily diverse in their national characteristics, which manifest themselves in everything from the choice (use) of the material to the interpretation of pictorial forms.

Born among farmers, pastoralists, hunters, folk art throughout the history of its development is associated with nature, the laws of its renewal, the manifestation of its life-giving forces.

The very existence of a person is inseparable from nature, which provides material for housing and clothing, food, determines the rhythm human life change of day and night, alternation of seasons. Therefore, all this is reflected in the works of folk art, which constitute an integral phenomenon of the culture of each people.

The well-known assertion that folk art is firmly connected with everyday life concerns not only arts and crafts. Songs and dances, epics and fairy tales are also inseparable from the daily life of the people, because they embodied dreams of beauty, ideas about a better life, about good and evil, about the harmony of the world. In harvest festivals, seeing off winter, meeting spring, in various rites and rituals creativity manifested itself in a complex, multifunctional way. In this regard, folk art is called syncretic, i.e. uniting different functions of objects and connecting them with everyday life(Appendix, Fig. 1).

And today, art products made by folk craftsmen from various materials serve as an indispensable part of a person's daily life. They entered life as necessary items performing certain utilitarian functions. These are floor carpets and ceramic dishes, woven bedspreads and embroidered tablecloths, wooden toys and decorations. women's clothing. Their thoughtful shape and proportions, the pattern of the ornament and the color of the material itself characterize the aesthetics of these things, their artistic content, turn a utilitarian object into a work of art. All such products belong to the field of arts and crafts, in the sphere of which they find an organic unity of the spiritual and material principles of creativity. The world of this area is vast.

Many art objects are produced by enterprises equipped with advanced technology, which makes it possible to make things in large quantities. But in them there is a mechanical repetition of the original sample. This type of production is called the art industry. Adjacent to it, but noticeably different in the nature of products, are folk art crafts, in which the appearance of an object, the formation of its artistic features depend on the manual creative work of the master artist, which determines final result. Therefore, the significance of the master in folk art is so great. The artistic level of the thing he creates depends on how he masters his craft, how he uses his knowledge and practical skills.

As a result of this development of folk art, the form of products was polished, beautiful and meaningful ornamental motifs were preserved, an artistic tradition was formed as a system of worldview of folk craftsmen and as a handicraft basis for creativity.

All these features that characterize folk arts and crafts were manifested in the course of its historical development. Coming from the depths of centuries, the creative development of the material, the improvement of the function of each object led to the endowment of the thing with additional significance. For example, a lock in the shape of a lion was supposed to enhance, according to the master, the protective function of this household item. The ornament in the form of a hoop, encircling the body of the lathe, visually strengthened the shape.

Folk arts and crafts not everywhere and not at the same time switched to functioning in the form of crafts. They arose only where there were appropriate economic conditions (steady demand, a sufficient amount of local raw materials, etc.). The most active development

Even before the revolution, the artel form of housekeeping was tested by masters of the Moscow Region and a number of other centers of folk art. So, after the ruin of the owners of the craft of the Fedoskino miniature, the craftsmen organized an artel in 1903, thanks to which the core of creatively working painters was preserved, and the art of craft did not die out (Appendix, Fig. 3).

In the 1920-1930s. the process of creating cooperative industrial artels of an artistic profile continued. New productions arose, but the main attention was paid to strengthening traditional crafts in areas where the ancient centers of folk art united several settlements. The production of products with Khokhloma painting on wood was restored on a large scale in Nizhny Novgorod region, production of manual lace in the Vologda region. New types of products were also born. So, the masters of the former icon-painting crafts switched to work in the field lacquer miniature. Painting on papier-mache by the masters of the village of Palekh Ivanovo region already in the first works were highly appreciated by the largest scientists-researchers of folk art.

By the early 1960s, supplies of art products for export were being restored. In the future, a number of decrees were issued to promote the development of crafts. In particular, it is accepted important decision about attracting homeworkers to work. It not only made it possible to expand the staff, but also made it possible to create entire associations of craftsmen working at home in many Union republics. Masters of artistic crafts are provided with a number of economic benefits. In accordance with the tasks set in the directive documents, expeditions, competitions, gatherings of masters, crafts festivals began to be held regularly. Such an integrated approach to enhancing the creativity of masters, promoting their achievements allowed each nation to see the values ​​of its national culture to attract young people to the craft, which gives them the opportunity to show their abilities. That is why the number of young people who want to enter special educational institutions is increasing every year.

Elegance, artistic content of handicrafts creates an atmosphere of festivity, causes a person to be in high spirits. Products of folk craftsmen are indispensable attributes of our life, enliven everyday life people become the main "actors" in solemn occasions. suits in folk traditions- required attributes folklore ensembles, fairs, special exhibitions. Finally, almost every thing created by craftsmen serves as a wonderful gift for anyone. important event in life individual person, family or team. And small, convenient things for transportation - souvenirs - signs of memory of the national culture of the people and even the whole country.

THE ROLE OF APPLIED ARTS IN THE FORMATION

PERSONALITIES

Decorative and applied art is the art of creating household items designed to satisfy both practical and artistic and aesthetic needs of a person. It arose in ancient times and developed over the course of many centuries in the form of folk art crafts. ( Philosophical Dictionary)

Decorative and applied art is the soil and basis of any national culture. It covers many types of folk craft and lives with the people, rooted in hoary antiquity and developing in our days.

We almost do not know the names of folk masters. They passed on their skills from generation to generation. Arts and crafts is a special world of artistic creativity, a diverse area art objects that were created during centuries of history development of human civilization. The sphere of arts and crafts is extremely wide: from the design of everyday items to the ennoblement of architectural and park complexes. A number of types of arts and crafts are associated with the desire to "decorate" the person himself (clothing, jewelry, makeup, etc.).

The issue of the development of arts and crafts is also relevant because it combines the cultural and economic aspects. On the one hand, the revival of traditions is more than a cultural and historical foundation on which further development state, and is calling card for the world community, and on the other hand, it is a productive niche for the development of small businesses.

Folk arts and crafts is rich and varied. Works of arts and crafts, penetrating into the life of people, form an artistic taste, bring up a sensitive attitude to beauty, and contribute to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. Artistic works created by folk craftsmen always reflect love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the world around them.

Modern arts and crafts develops on the best traditions of folk art. This is a huge force of moral and aesthetic impact on the younger generation.

Introducing children to arts and crafts at school, we satisfy their craving for knowledge, artistic and technical creativity, contributing to the harmonious development of the individual. Educational area"Technology" holds the primacy in this matter. At present, our society is faced with the task of educating new personality, free, capable of active, creative activity in all spheres of life. Without high-quality labor education, it is impossible to grow a full-fledged citizen of our country. In order to become a personality, a child must show in practice, reveal his abilities inherent in nature and formed in him by upbringing and life. A variety of works of arts and crafts, which children get acquainted with in the classroom, help to introduce the younger generation to folk culture And traditional crafts, develop personality, enrich spiritual world form an idea of ​​beauty and harmony. Decorative and applied arts provide an opportunity for students to develop creativity, the formation of special skills in the creation of works of arts and crafts.

At the technology lessons in the learning process, children are instilled with such important qualities as perseverance, attentiveness, purposefulness, mutual assistance, mutual understanding. The acquired knowledge is very important to teach to apply in practice - thinking, horizons, the ability to see the beautiful and bring it to life with your own hands develop. Successfully completed work gives the child moral satisfaction. The finished product is the conquest of its own peak. There is a process of self-affirmation, self-esteem rises, self-confidence grows. Not everyone can become an artist, but everyone can learn to see and understand the beauty that transforms the human soul, makes it more kind, responsive, creative

The lessons of technology at school are the lessons of creation, development, creativity, fulfillment of a dream. Discoveries, search, development of ideas that will lead to a meaningful work activity. They give confidence in yourself and allow you to discover individual abilities every child. At technology lessons, arts and crafts require special attention - success in creating any craft depends on how a child relates to needlework. It is very important in the learning process not only to give new knowledge, but also to teach how to apply it in life, to develop your own special vision, creative thinking. All this leads to the development creativity and display of talent.

Manual labor is effective for the development of the child's intellect and psyche, the sphere of feelings and aesthetic taste. The child is very proud that the products made by him can be a useful piece of furniture or a wonderful gift. close person. In this case, the student is not only a spectator, he is also a creator. Creative expression is necessary for capable, gifted children, but even more necessary for children with any physical or mental disabilities. mental development. It has long been known that creativity can heal. The role of arts and crafts in education is connected with the natural human need for self-expression. For children, all events and experiences are very important. For proper development the child needs to learn to express their impressions and experiences in any kind of creativity. A person deprived of creativity in childhood experiences difficulties in communication, it is difficult for him to find his calling in life. Even if his future profession will not be associated with creativity, it is necessary, because. creates conditions for the harmonious development of the individual. Decorative and applied art is used as a way of self-expression. In addition, most types of arts and crafts contribute to the development fine motor skills, which stimulates areas of the brain associated with memory, attention, perseverance. Therefore, children who have the opportunity for creative self-expression are the most successful in learning and other types of intellectual activity. "The more skill in a child's hand, the smarter the child" (V.A. Sukhomlinsky).

Every person is naturally huge opportunities. Help to realize them, develop abilities most easily in an interesting activity. To maintain interest in the subject and work, students need to offer an idea or business that is unusual for them, capable of capturing novelty. The hardest part of learning anything is getting started. And here you can not do without the help of a teacher.

Not everyone can teach creativity, only those who are passionate about creativity themselves. A creative teacher is needed now more than ever. creative activity teachers are the most valuable quality. A labor training teacher should be able to think in advance and plan his impact on students, carefully select tasks, taking into account possible difficulties and mistakes, apply a variety of teaching methods in a complex, combine various forms learning, taking into account the individual abilities and abilities of their students. And most importantly, the teacher of labor training must be fluent in those types of arts and crafts that he wants to teach children.

Computerization today is quite significant and relevant. The need for application information technologies in school education is obvious, so teachers actively use Computer techologies. The forms of presentation of material and assessment of knowledge using a computer are diverse: presentation, work on interactive whiteboard, tests, etc. Using a computer in a lesson increases the intensity of learning, but technology lessons are good because children work more with their hands. Artistic manual labor creative work child in the process of which he creates useful and aesthetically significant objects and products. Such work is a decorative, artistic and applied activity of students and is considered as necessary element moral, intellectual and aesthetic education children. Based on deep artistic traditions, folk art enters life, has a beneficial effect on the formation of a person of the future.

Elena Pavlovna Kolmakova

Decorative and applied art by origin - folk art, people creates things, preserves the beauty found in them and passes all his achievements from generation to generation. In these works we see folk character, his feelings and ideas.

Studying works decorative-applied art, their features and means of creation brings up a careful attitude to things, develops creative personality , raises the cultural level.

Many works of folk masters are examples genuine art, in which the form decor and content are in undissolved unity. Humans have been selecting in nature for centuries ideal forms, color combinations and created new ornaments.

Now in Russia there is a rise in interest in folk culture. Various aspects of the not-quite-lost are being explored folk life. For the older generation, it is important to preserve and convey the particles of folk art more young generation. Therefore, preschoolers are already introduced to folk creativity. It is important to interest and involve in the study decorative- applied arts. For children preschool age the most important thing is motivation. And the main tool is to get a "little thing" made by your little hands.

Decorative and applied art allows children to develop their imagination, choice of material, manufacturing technique, which contributes to development individual personality.

Studying traditions, we inevitably show a cultural aspect. The most important thing in the classroom is to involve children to folk culture through knowledge.

A handmade product is the result of an activity that has important properties.

Today, needlework is becoming relevant, since a thing made by oneself turns out to be unique, individual, special, we put our feelings, imagination, love into it, and therefore this thing is unique.

We teach by example children To careful attitude To ancient traditions masters, respect for the work of people, through their own work. Classes decorative art may affect the self-determination of the child and influence the choice of profession in the future.

M. Gorky:

Man is an artist by nature. Everywhere, one way or another, he strives to bring beauty into his life. Beautiful things educate creative people's imagination and respect for their work.

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